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... Basil seed is rich in fiber, nutrients, and health benefits [79][80][81][82][83]. The seeds are high in dietary fiber and thus have significant potential as a functional ingredients, and the mucilage obtained from basil seeds has been extensively studied and has notable emulsifying, thickening, foaming, viscosity, stabilizing, and gelling properties [84][85][86][87][88]. Basil seeds are not normally utilized as a food, despite the literature indicating that its consumption provides both nutritional value and significant health advantages, such as antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anticancer ones [89,90]. Basil has also been extensively applied in traditional medicine in the treatment of headaches, constipation, coughs, warts, diarrhea, kidney problems, and worms [91]. ...
... [83][84][85][86][87] Basil seeds not only have high nutritious value but have also been used due to their high and notable health benefits, including anticancer, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial activities. [87][88][89][90] The importance of the physical and morphological characterization of the seeds is a result of the relationship between the size and shape of the seeds; the design of tools for agricultural activities, such as production and storage; and its potency for food application. ...
... [ [90][91][92][93][94][95] The area in which the seeds are planted and their origin are both important factors that influence seed changes. [83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90] The correlation with moisture may influence the size of the seeds. [85][86][87][88][89][90] The bioactive components and the nutritional composition of the seeds can vary depending on environmental conditions, agronomic management, altitude, geographical location, origin of the seeds, soil properties, and the degree of water absorption. ...
Knowledge about the pharmacological benefits of different seeds is an important factor for the cultivation and application of medicinal herbs and plants. The seeds of medicinal plants are stores of valuable and active secondary metabolites that have been commercially and economically beneficial and helpful for medicine and pharmacy. The major parameter of reproduction and the preservation of plants are seeds, which have a functional role in the distribution and establishment of plants in different regions. Five important seeds that have tremendous medicinal and pharmacological benefits are anise, basil, borage, cilantro, and chamomile. Anise seed is used as a spice, either whole or ground, and its essential oil and extract are also obtained from the seeds. Basil seeds have a long history of usage in Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine, and they are a good source of minerals, are high in fiber (including pectin), and are rich is flavonoids and other polyphenols. Borage seed oil is used for skin disorders, such as seborrheic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, and neurodermatitis. Coriander is an annual herb that is part of the Apiaceae family, and the seeds are rich in iron, zinc, copper, and essential minerals, which can decrease bad cholesterol and improve good cholesterol in the body. Chamomile can be considered for the treatment of insomnia, hemorrhoids, anxiety, and diarrhea, and it may help with wound healing and skin irritation.
... The antioxidant activity assays demonstrated that OAP-1A, which isolated from BSG, had good potential to inhibit free radicals of DPPH with an IC 50 value about 1.3 mg/mL (Ascorbic acid was used as a positive control) [8]. Imam et al. (2012) demonstrated the anti-diabetic activity of BSG by using a protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibition assay, and the IC 50 was proven to be 8.20 g/mL [60]. And the basil seed mucilage's strongest inhibitory effect on α-amylase confirmed this viewpoint [55]. ...
... The antioxidant activity assays demonstrated that OAP-1A, which isolated from BSG, had good potential to inhibit free radicals of DPPH with an IC 50 value about 1.3 mg/mL (Ascorbic acid was used as a positive control) [8]. Imam et al. (2012) demonstrated the anti-diabetic activity of BSG by using a protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibition assay, and the IC 50 was proven to be 8.20 g/mL [60]. And the basil seed mucilage's strongest inhibitory effect on α-amylase confirmed this viewpoint [55]. ...
Basil seed gum (BSG) is a new hydrophilic colloid of natural plant origin. Extracted from basil seeds, it possesses excellent functional characteristics in terms of emulsification, rheology, gelation, stability, and adsorption, which are just as favorable as those of certain commercial gums. Besides, BSG has been widely used in food, medicine, industry, and many other fields for its physiological functions of weight reduction, detoxification, and control of blood sugar and cholesterol as a good dietary fiber. In this paper, we analyzed and discussed the extraction procedures, composition structures, functional characteristics, and modification strategies of BSG. In addition, we summarized the latest research on the applications of BSG in different industries to provide theoretical references for the high-value processing and utilization of BSG.
... The seeds of O. basilicum exhibit antidiabetic activity (Imam, Lian, Kasimu, Rakhmanberdyeva, & Aisa, 2012;Prakash & Gupta, 2000). The anti-diabetic activity of water-soluble polysaccharides from seeds of O.basilicum has been determined by measuring the inhibitory activity for protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B in vitro by Imam et al. (2012). ...
... The seeds of O. basilicum exhibit antidiabetic activity (Imam, Lian, Kasimu, Rakhmanberdyeva, & Aisa, 2012;Prakash & Gupta, 2000). The anti-diabetic activity of water-soluble polysaccharides from seeds of O.basilicum has been determined by measuring the inhibitory activity for protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B in vitro by Imam et al. (2012). ...
... BSG also offers different application potential in remover of chromium (Melo & D'souza, 2004), disintegrant (Patel, Prajapati, & Patel, 2007), pharmaceutical excipient (Kadam et al., 2012), suspending agent (Sudam et al., 2012), anti-diabetic agent (Imam, Lian, Kasimu, Rakhmanberdyeva, & Aisa, 2012;Prakash & Gupta, 2000), phytotoxic agent for germination and seedling growth of plants (Verma, Kumar, Pandey, Verma, & Patra, 2012) and biodegradable edible film (Khazaei, Esmaiili, Djomeh, Ghasemlou, & Jouki, 2014;Mohammad-Amini, Razavi, & Zahedi, 2015). ...
... Mannose, arabinose, xylose and rhamnose were determined 5.05%, 2.15%, 4.41% and 2.54%, respectively. The monosaccharide composition of BSG was in agreement with previous results (Imam et al., 2012). The previous studies showed that water-soluble polysaccharides from seeds of O. basilicum consist of glucose, galacturonic acid, rhamnose, mannose, arabinose, glucuronic acid, and galactose in mole ratio 3.54:2.56:1.56:0.46:0.21:0.99:0.12, ...
... Glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, rhamnose, mannose, arabinose, galactose, and glucose make up the BSG. Because of its unpredictable coil conformation, BSG is prone to the SUPER-BSG faction due to its great chain flexibility [110][111][112].BSG is a hydrocolloid that has surface-active properties, thickening, stabilizing, fat-substituting, texurizer, and emulsifying properties [107,112,113]. Frozen food quality can be enhanced using BSG. ...
Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), one of the most commonly used fragrant herbs, has many bioactive ingredients and is used to flavor and scent food. Both when the leaves are fresh and when they are dried, many civilizations use them in their cuisine. O. basilicum is well known for its therapeutic and preservation qualities. The current study investigated the toxicity of basil at three different growth stages (GS), specifically GS-1 (58 days of development), GS-2 (69 days of growth), and GS-3 (93 days of growth), using the brine shrimp assay. The results demonstrated that cytotoxicity was influenced by both extract concentration and GS. Basil water extracts showed no observable toxicity at concentrations between 10 and 1000 µg/mL. At 8.9%, the death rate observed was lowest for GS-2, extracts of basil. The mortality rates at GS-1, GS-2, and GS-3 were found to be 26.7 ± 3.34%, 8.91 ± 0.10%, and 16.7 ± 0.34%, respectively, at 1000 µg/mL. Among the solvents used to extract the powdered basil, GS-2, the least toxicologically dangerous one was n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethanol, and water. Plant secondary metabolites, including total phenolic acid, flavonoids, and tannin content, were most abundant in ethanol extracts. Ethanol extracts also showed the highest level of antioxidant activity in FRAP, H2O2, and DPPH tests. By using LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis, it was demonstrated that basil ethanol extracts could potentially be a source of well-known therapeutic and health-promoting compounds like liquiritigenin, umbelliferone, ellagic acid, and catechin. The results suggest that the culinary plant basil may be a potential source of bioactive compounds with a variety of therapeutic and health-promoting properties.
... This suggests their potential as a natural alternative to metformin (Glucophage). (Imam et al., 2012;Naji-Tabasi & Razavi, 2017;Hussein et al., 2022) Anti-asthmatic Activity ...
... Basil seed is rich in fiber, nutrients and health benefits [79][80][81][82][83]. The seeds are high in dietary fiber and, thus, have significant potential as a functional ingredients, the mucilage obtained from basil seeds has been extensively studies, and has notable emulsifying, thickening, foaming, viscosity, stabilizing, and gelling properties [84][85][86][87][88]. Basil seeds are not normally utilized as a food, despite the literature indicating that its consumption stands for both its nutritious value and for its significant health advantages, such as antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anticancer characteristics [89,90]. Basil has also been extensively applied in traditional medicine in the treatment of headaches, constipation, coughs, warts, diarrhea, kidney problems and worms [91]. ...
Knowledge about pharmacological benefits of different seeds is an important factor for cultivation and application of medicinal herbs and plants. The seeds of medicinal plants are stores of valuable and active secondary metabolites that have been commercially and economically beneficial and helpful for medicine and pharmacy. The major parameter of reproduction and preservation of plants are also seeds which have a functional role in the distribution and establishment of plant in different regions. Five important seeds which have tremendous medicinal and pharmacological benefits are anise, basil, borage, cilantro and chamomile. Anise seed is used as a spice, either whole or ground, and its essential oil and extract are also obtained from the seeds. Basil seeds have a long history of usage in Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine, which are the good source of minerals, high in fiber including pectin, rich is flavonoids and other polyphenols. Borage seed oil is used for skin disorders such as seborrheic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, and neurodermatitis. Cilantro is an annual herb that is part of the Apiaceae family. The seeds are rich in iron, zinc, copper and essential minerals which can decrease bad cholesterol and improves good cholesterol in the body. Chamomile can be considered for treatment of anxiety, insomnia, hemorrhoids, diarrhea and may help with wound healing and skin irritation. The keyword searches for Anise, Seed, Basil, Borage, Cilantro, Chamomile, Seed biology, Traditional medicinal science and seed anatomy were performed by using Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed and Google scholar. The aim of this article review is to survey the pharmacological and health benefits of seeds of five important medicinal plants.
... Polysaccharide extracted from the dried seed of Ocimum basilicum was tested for in vitro antidiabetic action using a protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibition assay, and the IC50 was proven to be 8.20 g/mL [72]. At a dosage of 10 mg/mL, basil seed mucilage and gum demonstrated significant alfa amylase inhibitory action, which was reported to be 55.26% [39]. ...
Gum is a plant-based substance that, when combined with water, creates a thick, sticky solution or gel. Chemically, they are polysaccharides. Some of their characteristics, including plentiful abundance, biodegradability, nontoxicity, and low price, make them more useful in the commercial food and pharmaceutical industries than synthetic polymers. Holy basil (Ocimum sanctum) is a culinary herb of the Labiatae family, with over 150 species in the genus Ocimum. The seed-gum of Ocimum is a complex polysaccharide. It is mostly constituted of d-xylose (35%), d-galacturonic acid (28%), l-arabinose (21%), and l-rhamnose (16%), with traces of galactose and glucose. It has a lengthy, branched (1 → 4) linked xylan backbone in its polysaccharide chain. Protein solubility, syneresis, foaming efficiency, foaming stability, emulsification efficiency, emulsification stability, pH, total dietary fiber, insoluble dietary fiber, soluble dietary fiber, viscosity, and sticking temperature are all physical parameters that have been reported. The qualities of emulsification action, sticky properties, foaming stability, gel formation, viscosity, surface-active activity, and high stabilization demonstrate their usefulness in the processing of functional foods and dairy-derived products. Its capacity to disintegrate and entrap drugs as a polymer matrix is important for innovative drug delivery methods. As a fat substitute, basil seed gum (BSG) is employed in dairy and functional foods to retain their stability, texture, taste, and other organoleptic features. According to a thorough analysis of the literature, basil seed gum has several biological actions such as antibacterial, prebiotic, antioxidant, shelf-life enhancer, antidiabetic, cholesterol, and bile acid-binding. The most recent scientific research on basil seed gum’s chemical, physical, and biological characteristics and uses is gathered from a range of research papers in this study.
... Polysaccharide extracted from the dried seed of Ocimum basilicum was tested for in vitro antidiabetic action using a protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibition assay, and the IC50 was proven to be 8.20 g/mL [72]. At a dosage of 10 mg/mL, basil seed mucilage and gum demonstrated significant alfa amylase inhibitory action, which was reported to be 55.26% [39]. ...
... Mucilage from Ocimum basilicum seeds exhibits antitumor and antidiabetic activity. Polysaccharides obtained by water extraction followed by ethanol precipitation inhibited the invasiveness and progression of a malignant hepatocellular carcinoma tumor [125,126]. Gajendiran et al. found that the petroleum ether and methanol extracts from BSM had antibacterial effects against pathogenic bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, and Klebsiella pneumoniae [127]. ...
Plant mucilage is a renewable and cost-effective source of plant-based compounds that are biologically active, biodegradable, biocompatible, nontoxic, and environmentally friendly. Until recently, plant mucilage has been of interest mostly for technological purposes. This review examined both its traditional uses and potential modern applications in a new generation of health-promoting foods, as well as in cosmetics and biomaterials. We explored the nutritional, phytochemical, and pharmacological richness of plant mucilage, with a particular focus on its biological activity. We also highlighted areas where more research is needed in order to understand the full commercial potential of plant mucilage.
... Imam et al. [14] studied the antidiabetic activity of water-soluble polysaccharides from O. basilicum seeds by measuring the inhibitory activity for protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B in vitro. In addition, Afifah and Gan [72] found that basil seeds contained peptides with an antioxidant activity, as previously mentioned. ...
Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is found worldwide and is used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries; however, the nutritional and functional properties of the seeds are scarcely known. Basil seeds contain high concentrations of proteins (11.4–22.5 g/100 g), with all the essential amino acids except S-containing types and tryptophan; dietary fiber (soluble and insoluble) ranging from 7.11 to 26.2 g/100 g lipids, with linoleic (12–85.6 g/100 g) and linolenic fatty acids (0.3–75 g/100 g) comprising the highest proportions; minerals, such as calcium, potassium, and magnesium, in high amounts; and phenolic compounds, such as orientine, vicentine, and rosmarinic acid. In addition, their consumption is associated with several health benefits, such as the prevention of type-2 diabetes, cardio-protection, antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, and anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, anticoagulant, and anti-depressant properties, among others. The focus of this systematic review was to study the current state of knowledge and explore the enormous potential of basil seeds as a functional food and source of functional ingredients to be incorporated into foods.
... BSG has a random coil conformation, which its high chain flexibility is subjected to SUPER-BSG faction. [110][111][112] BSG can be considered as thickening, stabilizing, fat substitute, texurizer, surface-active, and emulsifying hydrocolloid. [107,112,113] BSG can improve quality of frozen foods. ...
Basil (Ocimum basilicum) is one of the most important crops with essential oils as well as polyphenols, phenolics, flavonoids and phenolic acids. This annual plant belongs to mint family, and indigenous to tropical regions. Basil leaves also has tremendous pharmaceutical benefits and it is common to use in rice, meat, stews and soups. Traditionally, it has been used in kidney problems, as a haemostyptic in childbirth, earache, menstrual irregularities, arthritis, anorexia, treatment of colds and malaria. Basil has been shown positive effects against viral, fungal, bacterial and some infections. Basil leaves have been used in treatment of fevers, coughs, flu, asthma, bronchitis, influenza and diarrhea. Basil Seed Mucilage, commonly known as basil seed gum. Basil seed mucilage can be considered as thickening, stabilizing, fat substitute, texurizer, surface-active and emulsifying hydrocolloid. The most important pharmacological uses of basil are anti-cancer activity, radioprotective activity, anti-microbial activity, anti-inflammatory effects, immunomodulatory activity, anti-stress activity, anti-diabetic activity, anti-pyretic activity, anti-arthritic activity, anti-oxidant activity, as a prophylactic agent and in cardiovascular disease.
... It exhibits remarkable physical and chemical properties like high water absorbing capacity, high viscosity, shear thinning behavior [8], heat resistance, non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behavior [10], adsorption, emulsifying and stabilizing properties [11]. Thus, it is used as emulsifiers, thickeners, foaming agents, gelling agents, stabilizers, binders, disintegrating agents [12], fat substitute in foods, excipients in pharmacy [13], anti-diabetic treatment [14], coagulating agent for textile wastewater treatment [15], phytotoxic agents to help in the growth and germination of seedlings [13] and as bio-degradable edible films [16]. Natural plant derived polymers like BSM are used in skin surgeries, artificial heart coatings, contact lenses, bio-sensors, controlled drug delivery systems, oral edible films, different kinds of implants, wound dressings, and tissue engineering [7,17]. ...
... Basil seed gum contains polysaccharides (2,320 kDa) and is classified into 2 fractions: PER-BSG, which has higher molecular weight (5,980 kDa) and is the bulk of BSG (69%); and SUPER-BSG, which has lower molecular weight (1,045 kDa) and represents a smaller proportion (31%; . It is reported that BSG has shear-thinning properties and is stable under yield stress (Imam et al., 2012). Osano et al. (2014) reported that a BSG solution (0.1-1.0%, wt/wt) can reduce surface tension owing to high molecular weight and can act, for example, as an emulsifying agent, foaming agent, suspending agent, gelling agent, and fat replacer (Naji-Tabasi and Razavi, , 2017a. ...
This study investigated the use of basil seed gum (BSG) as a fat substitute on the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of yogurt. A 0.5 and 1% BSG solution was supplemented to reduced-fat and nonfat yogurts, and their physicochemical properties, quality properties, antioxidant activity, and sensory evaluation were compared with each control group. We prepared 3 yogurts as controls and 4 yogurt samples containing BSG as follows: FFY (yogurt made from full-fat milk: a control group), LFY (yogurt made from reduced-fat milk: a control group), SY (yogurt made from nonfat milk: a control group), LFY 0.5% (0.5% BSG added to reduced-fat yogurt), and LFY 1.0% (1.0% BSG added to reduced-fat yogurt), SY 0.5% (0.5% BSG added to nonfat yogurt), and SY 1.0% (1.0% BSG added to nonfat yogurt). The pH of LFY 0.5% and LFY 1.0% was decreased compared with LFY control, whereas pH of SY 0.5% and SY 1.0% had no significant difference. The titratable acidity showed no significant increase. The viscosity was the highest in FFY among the control groups and increased with the concentration of BSG in the SY group. The L-value (brightness) and b-value (yellowness) were the highest in FFY at 85.05 among the control groups. The L-value and b-value of LFY 0.5% and SY 0.5% showed higher values than LFY 1% and SY 1%. The a-value (redness) was the highest in SY 0.5% at -2.36, and ΔE (total color difference) was the highest in SY 1% at 7.33. The moisture content of SY was the highest among the control groups and addition of 1% BSG to SY was highest among the BSG-added group. Total contents of phenol and flavonoid slightly increased as the concentration of BSG increased (increase in the contents of phenol and flavonoid). The results of ferric reducing antioxidant power were similar to the findings of phenol and flavonoid content (an increase as the concentration of BSG increased). The overall acceptability of sensory characteristics was improved in all groups of samples when BSG 1% concentration increased. Application of BSG for the production of nonfat yogurt can enhance physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity, and sensory characteristics of reduced-fat and nonfat yogurt. Addition of BSG to reduced-fat and nonfat yogurt can improve their physical and antioxidant properties to the level of FFY.
... Basil seed mucilage has a wide range of applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries such as thickener disintegrant [76], biodegradable edible film [77], binder [78], pharmaceutical excipient [79], anti-diabetic agent [80,81], suspending agent [82] and also as matrices for sustained and controlled drug delivery [83,84]. BSG has good bioadhesive qualities, and many drug actives can be released through such bioadhesives, such as steroids, anti-inflammatory agents, pH-sensitive peptides, and small proteins such as insulin, as well as local treatments to alleviate pain in the buccal cavity [68]. ...
This chapter discusses various types of novel hydrocolloids used as nanostructural systems in food and pharmacy industry and appropriate techniques for their fabrication. The future of functional food is related to the development of novel nanocarriers for oral delivery systems. Researchers have explored the use of novel sources of hydrocolloids in nanosystems, specifically nanofibers, and nanoparticles, as delivery systems. Basil seed gum (BSG) can be used as a natural polymer for the preparation of nanofiber, but it cannot be spun alone and needs to be used with an electrospinning aid agent. Cress seeds are a source of natural gum, which can be used for nanofiber production by electrospinning. The particle size of cress seed gum (CSG) nanoparticles is significantly influenced by the gum concentration, amount of acetone as non‐solvent, and rate of agitation, whereas the relative viscosity of CSG nanoparticles is only affected by the gum concentration.
... BSG is stable during heat and freeze/thaw treatments and recognized as a weak thermo-irreversible gel (Hosseini-Parvar et al., 2010;Rafe & Razavi, 2013). BSG is a source of fibre (Mathews, Singhal, & Kulkarni, 1993) with a wide range of applications in the pharmaceutical industries such as thickeners (Hosseini-Parvar et al., 2010) disintegrant (Patel, Prajapati, & Patel, 2007), binder (Bhosale, Hardikar, Pathak, & Sable, 2009), pharmaceutical excipient (Kadam et al., 2012), suspending agent (Sudam et al., 2012), anti-diabetic agent (Imam, Lian, Kasimu, Rakhmanberdyeva, & Aisa, 2012;Prakash & Gupta, 2000), biodegradable edible film (Khazaei, Esmaiili, Djomeh, Ghasemlou, & Jouki, 2014) and also used as matrices for sustained and controlled drugs delivery (Akbari, Ghoreishi, & Habibi, 2014;Saeedi, Morteza-Semnani, Akbari, Bazargani, & Amin, 2015). ...
Plant derived polymers like mucilage have evoked great attention in the field of functional food ingredient delivery. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of basil seed gum nanoparticles (BSG NPs) as an oral delivery system for glutathione (GSH). BSG NPs (1–0.25 mg ml⁻¹) were fabricated by ion gelling technique and calcium was used as a cross-linking agent (0.7–0.3 mg ml⁻¹). The results showed that BSG NPs (298–595 nm) have spherical shape and the relative viscosity revealed that the possibility of agglomeration of BSG NPs is low. The interaction between BSG and GSH was confirmed by FTIR and DSC studies. Entrapment and loading efficiency of BSG-GSH nanoparticles were in the range of 6.5–43% and 7–13%, respectively. GSH release in gastrointestinal environment showed release speed in pH 1.2 was lower in compared with pH 6.8. As a result, smaller amounts of GSH will be destroyed in the stomach during digestion time.
The plant world is a significant source of remedies for various illnesses, with 80% of developing nations using herbal medicine. Research is focused on the discovery of safer and more effective medicinal drugs, particularly in the screening of herbs for pharmacological activity and phytochemical ingredients. Ocimum basilicum, a common plant known for its beauty and medicinal properties, is a key focus. Its leaves are used as expectorants, demulcents, emmenagogues, and exhilarants, and its leaves are often aromatic, fragrant, and antibacterial. Basil seeds are also used as a plant seedling growth agent and an edible film that decomposes naturally. This study on basil seeds' chemical composition, nutritional value, and medicinal properties will help identify research gaps and provide an overview for future opportunities.
The consumption of cereals and grains, along with whole grain food, is considered a healthy food that has various health benefits. Minerals, proteins, carbohydrates, and vitamins are present in the diet of many people. Phytochemicals play an essential role in combating oxidative stress and are present in high amounts in grains. These phytochemicals are also known as secondary metabolites that are present in plants. The nutritional components of basil (Ocimum basilicum), chia (Salvia hispanica), flax (Linum usitatissimmum), Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum), and oat (Avena sativa) are analyzed. Seeds are considered a good source of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids that have a significant impact on human health. The high amount of tocopherol (vitamin E) is due to the high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). γ-Tocopherol is an antioxidant nutrient that usually blocks the formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines from nitrites present in food in the stomach. This review provides detailed information on the nutritional and health benefits of these cereals and grains, in which all the major components have been discussed. Conclusively, the potential use of these cereals and grains alone and by mixing them with other food products is also discussed which may enhance the nutritional content of the food product.
A country's indigenous resources are always considered part of its fortune and wealth. With appropriate geographical conditions, Iran has exceptional marine and plant products, some of which have worthy health-promoting and technological properties. This paper gives an overview of Iranian plant-based hydrocolloids including Basil, Balangou, Sage, Cress, Quince, Qodume Shirazi, and Qodume Shahri seed gums and Persian and Tragacanth gum exudates, from the standpoint of the possibility to produce health-promoting food products. The potential of these sources for the production of healthy food formulation, including their physicochemical characteristics, their therapeutic effects, and their technological applications, as well as the suggestions for challenges faced by their commercialization have comprehensively been presented. The scientific studies between 2012 and 2022 have been covered in this article.
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the partial replacement of commercial thickener by basil seed gum (BSG) as a natural thickening agent, on the texture profile, color parameters, and physicochemical composition of cream cheese made from cheese obtained by different coagulation methods. The cream cheese containing BSG exhibited higher moisture content, and was softer and less sticky when compared with the control formulation. BSG proved to be an alternative source of thickener for the production of cream cheese. However, further studies are needed to evaluate the functional properties and the sensory acceptance of the final product.
Increasing of frozen foods consumption has consequently led to an increased demand for hydrocolloids with special properties. In this study, the effect of freezing treatments (−18 °C and −30 °C for 24 h) on rheological, emulsifying, foaming and textural characteristics of basil seed gum (BSG) at different concentrations (0.50, 0.75 and 1.00% (w/w)) were investigated. BSG viscosity did not change after freezing treatments in all BSG concentrations (p < 0.05). BSG has the ability to control ice crystal growth; hence, the viscoelastic properties exhibited the least alteration after freezing treatments (p > 0.05). Freezing promotes higher intermolecular interactions and entanglements, which result in increment of elastic modulus (p < 0.05). Textural properties of BSG were stable after thawing and no rupture and destruction were observed (p > 0.05). The high tendency of BSG chains to association caused its emulsifying and foaming stability against freezing treatment to increase. According to the result of this investigation, it can be concluded that BSG can improve quality of frozen foods.
The seeds of Ocimum basilicum have traditionally been used for the prevention and treatment of a number of diseases in Xinjiang of China. In this study, six polysaccharide extracts were isolated from the seeds of O. basilicum by sequential extraction and purified. After methanolysis, the monosaccharide compositions of the six polysaccharide extracts were analyzed by high-performance thinlayer chromatography (HPTLC) on HPTLC plates silica gel 60 with a mixture of isopropyl acetate-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (5: 4: 1: 0.1, v/v). After derivatization with the aniline diphenylamine o-phosphoric acid reagent, densitometric quantitation was performed by absorbance measurement at 370 or 630 nm. The results revealed that the polysaccharides in O. basilicum seeds consisted primarily of fructose (hR(F) 80), glucuronic acid (hR(F) 58), galacturonic acid (hR(F) 51), rhamnose (hR(F) 40), xylose (hR(F) 25), arabinose (hR(F) 18), and galactose (hR(F) 9). Xylose, glucuronic acid, and fructose were the three major components found and account for 45, 31, and 21%, respectively. All extracts contained uronic acids, ranged 3 to 24%. An unknown monomeric unit above glucuronic acid was characterized by mass spectrometry (MS) to be a hexuronic acid, and HPTLC-MS proved to be a well suited method for characterization of polysaccharide-based biopolymers and assignment of its monomers. The polysaccharide extracts (aqueous cold, aqueous hot, acidic, and alkaline) showed inhibitor activities of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B in vitro with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 8.2, 2.2, 70.9, and 0.8 mu g mL(-1), respectively. For the first time, a molecular basis was provided to explain the hypoglycemic effect of the seeds of O. basilicum that has been used as antidiabetic adjuvant in traditional Chinese medicine.
This work investigated the constituents and the efficacy against Fusarium verticillioides infection and fumonisin production of essential oils of Ocimum basilicum L. and Ocimum gratissimum L. from different locations in Kenya.The oil of leaves and flowering tops of O. basilicum from Sagana contained mainly linalool (95%). The flowering tops and leaves from Yatta contained mainly camphor (32.6 and 31.0%, respectively) and linalool (28.2 and 29.3, respectively). Eugenol was the main constituent in the oil of O. gratissimum leaves from both Sagana (95.5%) and Yatta (70.1%). The oil of the flowering tops had significantly less eugenol. The main component of the oil of flowering tops from Yatta was Z-β-ocimene (34.1%). Oil from both species had some antifungal activity. The oils of O. basilicum and O. gratissimum from different locations showed chemical variation, antifungal activity, free radical scavenging capacity and antimycotoxicogenic property. These properties are attributed to the phenolic compound eugenol.Industrial relevanceThis manuscript gives the chemical composition and some biological effects of essential oil of two Ocimum species in Kenya namely Ocimum basilicum L. and Ocimum gratissimum L. The work reveals that there are chemovarieties of these plants in different locations in the country. Of significance is the presence of very high amounts of linalool in one chemovariety of O. basilicum while geranial and neral are major in another. The third variety contains almost equal amounts of camphor and linalool. The first two containing high quantities of linalool, geranial and neral could be cultivated after agronomic studies to provide essential oils useful in perfumery, soap or food industry while that containing camphor and linalool may find use in medicine.Proper seed selection and good agricultural practice for O. gratissimum containing high amount of eugenol could serve as good substitute for cloves which grows best only in a few islands in East Africa. Clove oil due to its high eugenol content has many biological activities including those demonstrated in the present work, and many applications in medicine and commercial world.There is need for more research on these plants especially on cultivation and commercial exploitation of the herbs.
Steady shear flow behavior of basil seed gum (BSG) was investigated between 0.5% and 2% (wt/wt) concentration and temperatures of 5–85 °C. BSG showed shear thinning behavior at all concentrations and temperatures. The Herschel–Bulkley model was employed to characterize flow behavior of BSG solutions at 0.1–1000 s−1 shear rate. The pseudoplasticity of BSG increased markedly with concentration. Flow behavior of 1% BSG indicated a higher viscosity of this gum at low shear rates compared to xanthan, konjac and guar gum at similar concentration. The activation energy of BSG quantified using an Arrhenius equation increased from 4.9 × 103 to 8.0 × 103 J mol−1 as concentration changed from 0.5% to 2% wt/wt. This indicated a heat-resistant nature of BSG. Increasing the apparent viscosity of BSG as temperature increase from 60 °C showed a sol–gel behavior of BSG based on dynamic oscillatory measurements. The static yield stress was obvious between shear rates 0.001–0.1 s−1 (9.98 Pa for 1% BSG at 20 °C). The existence of the yield stress, high viscosity at low shear rates and pseudoplastic behavior of BSG make it a good stabilizer in some food formulations such as mayonnaise and salad dressing.
Ephedrine alkaloids cannot account for all the effects of Ephedra sinica and the polysaccharides are also demonstrated to be one of the main bioactive constituents of E. sinica. However, no work has been reported on the analysis of monosaccharide composition of purified polysaccharides isolated from the stem of E. sinica.
To develop a rapid and efficient capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method based on pre-column derivatisation with 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone for the simultaneous determination of neutral and acidic sugars of purified polysaccharides from E. sinica.
Three polysaccharides (ESP-A3, ESP-A4 and ESP-B4) were isolated and purified by ion exchange and gel-filtration chromatography from the stem of E. sinica. The effects of background electrolyte pH and concentration, applied voltage and temperature on the separation were investigated. Meanwhile, factors affecting the hydrolysis of ESP-B4 with sulphuric acid were investigated by changing the hydrolysis time, acid concentration and hydrolytic temperature to achieve complete hydrolysis. The standard curves coupled with correction factors were used to calculate molar ratios.
The optimal CZE method coupled with correction factors was successfully applied to the determination of molar ratios of three purified polysaccharides and their corresponding partial acid hydrolysis products. ESP-A3, ESP-A4 and ESP-B4 were all typical acidic hetero-polysaccharides and consisted of xylose, arabinose, glucose, rhamnose, mannose, galactose, glucuronic acid and galacturonic acid, and their corresponding molar ratios were 6.8:7.5:1.0:14.0:13.7:22.3:10.2:3.8 for ESP-A3, 1.2:4.1:1.0:5.1:1.6:17.3:3.1:2.2 for ESP-A4, and 1.0:4.5:1.0:2.0:1.0:5.5:1.5:50.0 for ESP-B4.
The results provided scientific evidence for the further study of the structure and bioactivity of complex acidic E. sinica polysaccharides.
We found that 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone reacts with reducing carbohydrates almost quantitatively to yield 2:1 compounds having no stereoisomers, which strongly absorb the uv light at 245 nm and are easily oxidizable on a glassy carbon electrode. Reverse-phase partition chromatography on a column of Capcell Pak C18 with uv or electrochemical detection allowed rapid analysis of aldoses and N-acetylhexosamines with the detection limit of 1 pmol or 100 fmol, respectively. This method proved especially useful for analysis of component monosaccharides of glycorproteins. It was also shown to be valid for separation of reducing oligosaccharides; maltodextrins with a degree of polymerization up to 19 were similarly derivatized and separated on this stationary phase.
We have previously shown that a small peptide bearing the hydrolytically stable phosphotyrosyl (pTyr) mimetic, (difluorophosphonomethyl) phenylalanine (F2Pmp), is an extremely potent inhibitor of PTP1B, with an IC50 value of 100 nM [Burke, T. R., Kole, H. K., & Roller, P. P. (1994) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 204, 129-134]. We further demonstrated that removal of the peptide portion and incorporation of the difluorophosphonomethyl moiety onto a naphthalene ring system, but not a phenyl ring system, resulted in good inhibitory potency [Kole, H. K., Smyth, M. S., Russ, P. L., & Burke, T. R., Jr. (1995) Biochem, J. 311, 1025-1031]. In order to understand the structural basis for this inhibition, and to aid in the design of further analogs, we solved the X-ray structure of [1, 1-difluoro-1-(2-naphthalenyl)-methyl]phosphonic acid (6) complexed within the catalytic site of PTP1B, solved to 2.3 A resolution. In addition to showing the manner in which the phosphonate group is held within the catalytic site, the X-ray structure also revealed extensive hydrophobic interactions with the naphthalene ring system, beyond that possible with an analog bearing a single phenyl ring. It is further evident that, of the two fluorine atoms, the pro-R alpha-fluorine interacts with the enzyme to a significantly greater degree than the pro-S alpha-fluorine, forming a hydrogen bond to Phe 182. On the basis of a computer-assisted molecular modeling analysis, it was determined that addition of a hydroxyl to the naphthyl 4-position, giving [1, 1-difluoro-1-[2-(4-hydroxynaphthalenyl)] methyl]phosphonic acid (8), could potentially replace a water molecule situated in the PTP1B-6 complex, thereby allowing new hydrogen-bonding interactions with Lys 120 and Tyr 46. Compound 8 was therefore prepared and found to exhibit a doubling of affinity (Ki = 94 microM) relative to parent unsubstituted 6 (Ki = 179 microM), supporting, in principle, the development of high-affinity ligands based on molecular modeling analysis of the enzyme-bound parent.
The seed oil of Ocimum sanctum was evaluated for chemopreventive activity against subcutaneously injected 20-methylcholanthrene induced-fibrosarcoma tumors in the thigh region of Swiss albino mice. Supplementation of maximal tolerated dose (100 microl/kg body weight) of the oil significantly reduced 20-methylcholanthrene induced tumor incidence and tumor volume. The enhanced survival rate and delay in tumor incidence was observed in seed oil supplemented mice. Liver enzymatic (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferase), non-enzymatic antioxidants (reduced glutathione) and lipid peroxidation end product, malondialdehyde levels were significantly modulated with oil treatment as compared to untreated 20-methylcholanthrene injected mice. The results of this study suggest that the potential chemopreventive activity of the oil is partly attributable to its antioxidant properties. The chemopreventive efficacy of 100 microl/kg seed oil was comparable to that of 80 mg/kg of vitamin E.
Chinese Materia Medica - Uighur Medicine Volume
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