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Insects for biodiesel production
... Insects have become popular of late as lipid producers because of their capacity to feed on a variety of biomass sources [91] . Insects that are members of the Lepidoptera order, such as Galleria mellonella and Phases triangularis, can have a lipid percentage of more than 60% [91,92] . If fed using garbage from restaurant after extraction of the grease in portion of the solid residual, Diptera which include black soldier fly (Hermetial illucens) can create 30% lipids using their larvae state [92] . ...
... Insects that are members of the Lepidoptera order, such as Galleria mellonella and Phases triangularis, can have a lipid percentage of more than 60% [91,92] . If fed using garbage from restaurant after extraction of the grease in portion of the solid residual, Diptera which include black soldier fly (Hermetial illucens) can create 30% lipids using their larvae state [92] . According to research, biodiesel was made utilizing triglycerides produced by black soldier fly in larvae that was fed with yellow grease extracted from restaurant garbage in a recent study [93,94] . ...
... The amount of fat found in different orders, species, and even among the same species varies. Musca domestica, as an example, has a percentage range of 8.1 to 32.6% in the order Diptera [92][93][94][95] . Furthermore, larvae have a larger body fat percentage than adults [92,96] . ...
Ghana is a country rich in natural resources, including biodiversity and large water bodies, but it is also plagued by food and energy shortages. Fuel prices are also increasing. Biodiesel made from lipids will attract increasing attention as researchers and experts look for a solution. However, the obvious cheapest option of edible feedstock will be insufficient to meet rising energy and food demand, necessitating the need for a guaranteed feedstock. As a result, this research was conducted to identify lipid-based biomass feedstocks that would be ideal for biodiesel production in Ghana. This research seeks to give current information on the biofuel feedstock currently existing (mostly biodiesel) synthesis from lipid-based biomasses in Ghana. Edible plant oils were the first generation of lipid-based feedstocks, whereas alternative types of feedstocks were identified and reported as the second generation. Non-edible oils, like Jatropha oil, Neem oil, Karanja oil, Nagchampa oil, Calophyllum inophyllum oil, Mahua indica oil, Rubber seed oil, and other non-edible feedstocks are used to make second-generation biodiesels. Vegetable oil waste, industrial wastes and by-products, animal fats, and lipid-derived from microorganisms and insects are also among the 2nd generation feedstocks discussed in this paper. The advantages of 2nd generation feedstocks are the low-cost, high-yielding, and the fact that they do not economically or ethically compete with edible oils (food crops). Nevertheless, all 2nd generation feedstocks are often free fatty acids and having high moisture, which have a significant detrimental impact on the conventional biodiesel synthesis process. As a result, this article contains basic information on processing procedures that can handle 2nd generation feedstocks.
... Due to the poor quality of used cooking oil and availability and economic viability of oleaginous microorganisms, their usage has been restricted (Pinzi et al., 2014). In general, insects has been repeatedly utilized for biodiesel production due to their high fat content and availability (Manzano-Agugliaro et al., 2012). Moreover, insects have a high fat content (34-58 %), which is comparable to canola oil (40 %), rapeseed oil (38-46 %), jatropha oil (30-40 %), palm oil (30-50 %), soybean oil (15-20 %), and sunflower oil (25-35 %) (Ambat et al., 2018). ...
... Moreover, insects have a high fat content (34-58 %), which is comparable to canola oil (40 %), rapeseed oil (38-46 %), jatropha oil (30-40 %), palm oil (30-50 %), soybean oil (15-20 %), and sunflower oil (25-35 %) (Ambat et al., 2018). When compared to other livestocks, insects mature more quickly and can be cultured less expensively (Manzano-Agugliaro et al., 2012). ...
... Earlier reports demonstrated that 11-42 % of lipids has been noticed in BSFL (Wang and Shelomi, 2017). The production of biodiesel using insect species have been reviewed earlier (Manzano-Agugliaro et al., 2012;Nguyen et al., 2019). Recently, there are~80 research articles from web of science and Scopus have been reported on producing biodiesel from BSFL. ...
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) Hermetia illucens is fastest growing and most promising insect species especially recommended to bring high-fat content as 5th generation bioenergy. The fat content can be fully optimized during the life-cycle of the BSFL through various organic dietary supplements and environmental conditions. Enriched fat can be obtained during the larval stages of the BSF. The presence of high saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in their body helps to produce 70 % of extractable oil which can be converted into biodiesel through transesterification. The first-generation biodiesel process mainly depends on catalytic transesterification, however, BSFL had 94 % of biodiesel production through non-catalytic transesterification. This increases the sustainability of producing biodiesel with less energy input in the process line. Other carbon emitting factors involved in the rearing of BSFL are less than the other biodiesel feedstocks including microalgae, cooking oil, and non-edible oil. Therefore, this review is focused on evaluating the optimum dietary source to produce fatty acid rich larvae and larval growth to accumulate C16–18 fatty acids in larger amounts from agro food waste. The process of optimization and biorefining of lipids using novel techniques have been discussed herein. The sustainability impact was evaluated from the cultivation to biodiesel conversion with greenhouse gas emissions scores in the entire life-cycle of process flow. The state-of-the-art in connecting circular bioeconomy loop in the search for bioenergy was meticulously covered.
... Hermetia illucens biowaste treatment has garnered increased attention over the last few decades [25,26]. The process consists of waste preprocessing, biowaste treatment by H. illucens larvae, separation of larvae from the process residue, and refinement of the larvae and residue into upcycled marketable products [27]. The whole process involves killing, cleaning, sterilising, drying, and fractionating (proteins, lipids, and chitin) followed by composting or anaerobic digestion [26]. ...
... The economical scale of technologies [11,12,27]-the supply chains for the input of waste and distribution of extracted products and frass for various industries are still lacking. For example, the processing of animal feed in one location and the sending of the frass to nearby farms and agricultural land may be a logistical challenge. ...
... Incomplete or restrictive local regulations on usage-Several countries have started allowing the use of H. illucens larvae for the production of feeds under certain strict conditions (registration, processing, animal specificity) [11]. However, some countries still prohibit its use as feeds for livestock that are meant for later consumption by humans [27]. Given the general novelty of this approach, there may be regions with blanket prohibitions on it from the lack of established guidelines. ...
The negative impact of the modern-day lifestyle on the environment was aggravated during the COVID-19 pandemic through the increased use of single-use plastics from food take-aways to medical supplies. Similarly, the closure of food outlets and disrupted supply chains have also resulted in significant food wastage. As the pandemic rages on, the aggravation of increased waste becomes an increasingly urgent problem that threatens the biodiversity, ecosystems, and human health worldwide through pollution. While there are existing methods to deal with organic and plastic waste, many of the solutions cause additional problems. Increasingly proposed as a natural solution to man-made problems, there are insect solutions for dealing with the artificial and organic waste products and moving towards a circular economy, making the use of natural insect solutions commercially sustainable. This review discusses the findings on how some of these insects, particularly Hermetia illucens, Tenebrio molitor, and Zophobas morio, can play an increasingly important role in food and plastics, with a focus on the latter.
... Biodiesel is a promising nonfossil fuel, derived from renewable feedstock, such as vegetable oil or animal fat. This latter represents a more cost-efficient choice, if compared to the vegetable one, thus it is often preferred for the biodiesel conversion (Manzano-Agugliaro et al., 2012). Recently, insects have been proposed as a valid source of fat for biodiesel production, for its high content and production rate (Li et al., 2011). ...
... H. illucens fat has a high concentration of medium chain saturated fatty acids and a low concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which potentially makes it an ideal substrate for producing high-quality biodiesel (Surendra, Olivier, Tomberlin, Jha, & Khanal, 2016). After lipids are extracted, the biodiesel production is accomplished by acid-catalyzed esterification of free fatty acids and alkaline-catalyzed transesterification (Manzano-Agugliaro et al., 2012). The obtained biodiesel is a mixture of mono-acyl esters of fatty acids, and so, its final quality is strictly correlated to the amount and type of esters which compose the insect lipid fraction (Manzano-Agugliaro et al., 2012). ...
... After lipids are extracted, the biodiesel production is accomplished by acid-catalyzed esterification of free fatty acids and alkaline-catalyzed transesterification (Manzano-Agugliaro et al., 2012). The obtained biodiesel is a mixture of mono-acyl esters of fatty acids, and so, its final quality is strictly correlated to the amount and type of esters which compose the insect lipid fraction (Manzano-Agugliaro et al., 2012). As a matter of fact, the insect lipid profile is highly variable and depends on the insect species, the life cycle stage and the substrate of growth. ...
The complete valorization of wastes and by-products to new valuable commodities requires innovative, “out-of-the-box” technologies, also including biological technologies, which must be at the same time economically, socially, and environmentally sustainable. Inside this scenario, insects have been gaining a lot of momentum as a promising biotechnological solution for exploiting residual biomasses. The diversity of these residual biomasses constitutes a technological problem for processing, and insects may represent a possible biotechnological solution. Several insect species naturally develop on organic wastes and, via the incorporation of the nutrients into their bodies, can be used to reduce the amount of waste material, while at the same time generating a more homogeneous and more valuable biomass. As a matter of fact, insects are a good source of useful compounds, being rich in protein, fat, chitin, and micronutrients. These biomolecules can be used for different purposes (e.g., for feed/food ingredients, cosmetics, pharma, bioplastics, and others), actually upgrading the value of the starting waste. In this chapter the possibility to use insects as bioagents in the agro-food by-products management will be explored, outlining their potential role in a circular economy system.
... For example, rapeseed and sunflower oils are used as feedstock for biodiesel production in Europe; while soybean oil and coconut oil are used as feedstock for biodiesel production in the US and the Philippines, respectively [18,19]. However, the current focus of many studies on biodiesel has shifted towards the production of biodiesel from alternative feedstocks such as waste oils [20][21][22][23], grease [24], microalgae [25,26], seaweeds [27] and insect oil [28][29][30]. The major disadvantage of edible and nonedible crops is the fact that their use for biodiesel production threatens the global food and feed supply chain by placing a demand on the land used for agricultural purposes [31,32]. ...
... The fat body plays a major role in some of the insect body metabolisms, and serves as food and medicine for both man and animals [37,38]. Manzano-Agugliaro et al. [28] reported that the fat content of a large number of insect species ranges from 25% to 77%, and also suggested that the excess fat could be used for biodiesel production. Li et al. [29] studied the biodiesel potential of black soldier fly (BSF) larvae which were grown on 1 kg of chicken manure for 10 days, and observed that the fuel properties of the biodiesel from the BSF larvae, such as density (885 kg/m 3 ), viscosity (5.8 mm 2 s -1 ), ester content (97.2%), flash point (123 • C), and cetane number (53) were comparable to those of rapeseed-oil-based biodiesel. ...
... Despite the prospects of biodiesel production from insect feedstock [28,29,39,40], research on the production of biodiesel from M. nigeriensis has never been reported. Thus, considering that M. nigeriensis is one of the gregarious termites that are readily available in different parts of Nigeria and in a few other African countries [41], effort was made in this study to produce biodiesel from the insect in order to analyze its properties. ...
The use of insects as feedstock for biodiesel production has sparsely been studied and very little is known of the fuel properties and engine performance of insect biodiesel. In this study, biodiesel was initially produced from an insect feedstock M. nigeriensis, then its physicochemical properties were characterized. The biodiesel was produced via the three-step process of lipid extraction, acid esterification (1 wt% H2SO4) and alkaline transesterification (0.5 wt% NaOH). The optimal reaction time, temperature and methanol-oil molar ratio for the acid-esterification process resulted in a free fatty acid conversion of 96.58%. The volumetric yield, fatty acid methyl esters content and physicochemical properties of M. nigeriensis biodiesel were analyzed using various analytical equipment such as the GC-HRMS, and ¹H NMR. Analysis of the production process showed that 86.54 vol% biodiesel was obtained from M. nigeriensis oil. Further analysis showed that the biodiesel contained 96.72% fatty acid methyl esters. The composition of the fatty acid methyl esters was found to be 48% saturated esters and 52% monosaturated esters. The biodiesel density (841 kg m⁻³), viscosity (2.32 mm² s⁻¹), flash point (125 °C), pour point (−15 °C), cetane number (51.4), higher heating value (41.8 MJ kg⁻¹) and acid value (0.44 mgKOH.g⁻¹) were in compliance with the ASTM D6751 standards. One of the important results to highlight is the remarkably low viscosity of the biodiesel, which is attributed to the high concentration of monounsaturated fatty acid methyl esters. Lower viscosity of fuel helps to improve fuel atomization and combustion efficiency, and hence lower emissions. The absence of polyunsaturated fatty acid esters also indicates that the biodiesel will have good oxidation stability.
... Recently, environmental sustainability researchers strongly recommended the participation of insects in biodiesel production instead of using extracted edible crop oils, such as coconut, soybeans, rapeseed, palm, peanut, sunflower, jatropha, neem, and castor. In this case, biodiesel synthesis is very costly (Manzano-Agugliaro et al., 2012). Therefore, recent research on several insect fats indicated that the majority of these feedstocks might be utilized to generate biodiesel (Hasnol et al., 2020). ...
... Furthermore, insect biomass represents a relatively high yield of protein content, about 42%-63% of the total biomass production, with a high proportion of digestibility of 77%-98%, providing them as a significant protein source for domestic animals (Hasnol et al., 2020). The fat content of the larval stage of some species (like Phassus triangularis and Hermetia illucens) varies between 25% and 77% of the total body weight (Manzano-Agugliaro et al., 2012). For instance, Zheng et al. (2012) used black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) combined with Rid-X bacteria to metabolize 30% rice straw and 70% kitchen debris, yielding 43.8 g of biodiesel per kilogram of waste. ...
Currently, fossil fuels dominate the global energy mix, causing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and climate change. In this context, the conversion of bioenergy materials to secondary biofuels can be profitable to substitute fossil fuels. This chapter discusses the most common biofuel production technologies and recent advances, highlighting the role of insects in production processes as a sustainable green approach. Since these processes should be environmentally evaluated, the environmental impacts were discussed in respect of life cycle assessment (LCA). Production and measurement systems of different types of biofuels have also been reported. This chapter builds knowledge and provides background information on promising biofuel production technologies.
... These include fat content usually of larva, speed of completion of insect life cycle, space requirements, and feeding costs. Detailed discussions on this can be studied in the review by Manzano-Agugliaro et al. [160]. At their larva stage, metabolic reserves for non-feeding periods are developed. ...
... At their larva stage, metabolic reserves for non-feeding periods are developed. These reserves are majorly composed of high quantities of fat, in addition to glycogen and proteins [160]. Insects which have shown high lipid content include Musca domestica, Hermetia illucens, and Rhynchophorus sp. with lipid contents of approximately 21%, 29%, and 43%, respectively [161]. ...
Biodiesel has become a very popular renewable/alternative fuel. The popularity of biodiesel is driven by the relative ease of synthesis and the wide array of feedstock from which it can be produced. These include vegetable oils, animal fats, and other sources of biomass. Vegetable oils are the main feed stock that have been used for biodiesel synthesis. To the extent that oils meant as food for humans and animals are being diverted for biodiesel production. To stop this unsustainable practice, nonedible vegetable feedstocks are constantly identified, researched, and cultivated. Much progress has been made over the last few years in this especially in terms of oils from seeds of plants such as Jatropha curcas, Calophyllum inophyllum, Azadirachta indica, Hevea brasiliensis, and Ricinus communis, among others. In addition, waste vegetable oils are also being harnessed for the purpose of biodiesel production, rather than being discarded once they degrade. Furthermore, the use of microalgae, a third‐generation source of biodiesel, was equally discussed, owing to their popularity among researchers. The increased interest is a consequence of the speed and ease of cultivation and to a larger extent the quantity of oil that could be harvested. As a matter of fact, fourth‐generation biodiesel is now being derived from genetically modified algae strains which contain even more oils. Accordingly, this chapter aims to critically review a portion of the numerous developments concerning biodiesel from non‐edible sources.
... BSF larvae have the potential to curb MSW generation. The most straightforward utilization of BSF larvae is as animal feed, and a number of researchers have investigated this application (Manzano-Agugliaro et al., 2012;Sánchez-Muros et al., 2014;Tschirner and Simon, 2015;Surendra et al., 2016;Hussein et al., 2017;Su et al., 2019;Wynants et al., 2019). BSF larvae can also produce biodiesel through fat processing and biologically active substances (Li et al., 2011;Manzano-Agugliaro et al., 2012;Surendra et al., 2016;Su et al., 2019). ...
... The most straightforward utilization of BSF larvae is as animal feed, and a number of researchers have investigated this application (Manzano-Agugliaro et al., 2012;Sánchez-Muros et al., 2014;Tschirner and Simon, 2015;Surendra et al., 2016;Hussein et al., 2017;Su et al., 2019;Wynants et al., 2019). BSF larvae can also produce biodiesel through fat processing and biologically active substances (Li et al., 2011;Manzano-Agugliaro et al., 2012;Surendra et al., 2016;Su et al., 2019). With the help of enzymes contained in BSF larvae, contaminants in waste and nitrogen levels can be reduced by 50-60% and around 40-62%, respectively (Paz et al., 2015). ...
Known
as a promising protein source, black soldier fly (BSF) larva has attracted the
attention of many researchers. BSF larvae have the ability to convert organic
waste into protein. However, the growth modeling of this process has not been
studied previously. Hence, this study generated a BSF larvae growth model to explain
BSF larvae production. Vegetable and fruit waste collected from the Gamping
fruit market was used as the growth media. The weight of larvae and the leftover
substrate were measured for 20 days. The substrate consumed was related to larvae
body mass. The model was properly fitted with R-squared values of 0.9988 and
0.9312 for the substrate consumption and larvae growth, respectively. The value
of the kinetics constants in this study were 0.847 ± 0.018 g 0.5
day-1 for k1; 0.058 ± 0.019 g-0.5
day-1 for k2; and 0.007 ± 0.013 g-1.0
day-1 for k3.
... Among all, Phasus triangularis has found to have the high amount of fat (77%) and the lowest was Gonimbrasia alopia. The rich amount of fat in P. trian-gularis not only made it as valuable insect for human diet, but it also identified as a potential organism to be utilized for environmental-friendly biodiesel production (Manzano-Agugliaro et al., 2012). ...
As the global population continues to grow, traditional protein sources like meat and fish are becoming increasingly unsustainable due to their environmental impact. Edible insects, on the other hand, are highly nutritious, require minimal resources to produce, and emit significantly fewer greenhouse gases than traditional livestock. Lepidoptera, one of the most diverse insect orders, contains some popular edible species that have been consumed traditionally for centuries across the globe. Based on this review, about 24 families with a total of about 350 edible lepidopteran species were recorded. They are often praised for their excellent nutritional value, such as having high protein and healthy fat content. Edible lepidopterans also contain minerals, essential amino acids, and vitamins, making them a nutritious addition to a balanced diet. They also contain bioactive compounds which have various nutraceutical and pharmaceutical properties. Furthermore, some edible lepidopterans can be farmed and require minimal space and resources. However, there are significant challenges associated with their use as food. One of the primary challenges is the lack of regulations governing their production and distribution, which creates uncertainty for consumers and businesses alike. Consumer acceptance is also a significant barrier to the widespread adoption of insects as food. To overcome these challenges, there is a need for clear regulations that ensure the safety and quality of insect-based products. Furthermore, it is important to raise awareness about the nutritional and environmental benefits of edible insects as sustainable food for the future to promote their acceptance among consumers.
... Increasing worry over the dwindling supply of fossil fuels, along with concerns about energy security and environmental impact resulting from the burning of such fuels, has urged energy sector decision-makers to look to sustainable and renewable options [1][2][3]. Biomass has been identified as promising renewable energy sources, capable of boosting global energy sustainability and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions [4][5][6][7]. Biomass, ranked third globally as a primary energy source behind coal and oil, offers numerous advantages, including its renewable nature, simple storage, and capacity to emit CO 2 in a climate-neutral way by approximately offsetting the absorbed CO 2 during biomass lifetime through biofuel combustion [8,9]. ...
Biochar can be useful to overcome several environmental challenges in different sectors of energy, industry, and agriculture. However, there are currently only a limited number of studies with the employment of biochar for various applications and their environmental impacts. This study develops an LCA framework to evaluate the climate impacts of biochar production and its applications in soil enhancement and as a substitute for coal-based fuels in steel industries and then compares it with conventional biomass usage for energy production for Sweden, Italy, and Poland. Various pyrolysis operating temperatures are also considered to determine the optimal conditions for each location. The results show that biomass pyrolysis with biochar usage in the agricultural sector has the least environmental impact with the most significant potential in Poland followed by Italy. lower temperatures (around 350 °C) are more favorable for Sweden in terms of CO2 emissions, due to the country’s renewable energy-based electrical system. Low to moderate temperatures (350–500 °C) are found to be optimal for pyrolysis temperature in Italy, while higher temperatures (around 650 °C) yield the highest GHG reduction for both biochar applications in Poland.
... Insect larvae contain a high crude fat content (approximately 16.7-57.9% of total dried body weight), and their fat levels can be modified by adjusting the feed ingredients [2,11]. Furthermore, insects can degrade organic waste and some plastics; thus, biodiesel production using insects can be an eco-friendly and economic strategy for preventing environmental problems [12][13][14][15][16][17]. ...
Super mealworm Zophobas morio (Coleoptera: Tenbrionidea) larvae (ZML) are being investigated as potential candidates for biodiesel production. Several studies have revealed that the crude fat content of ZML can be enhanced by increasing the feed consumed. We aimed to develop an optimized ZML feed that enhances the lipid gain using 10 different ingredients. The results revealed that the highest lipid content was observed in ZML fed food waste (FW). Furthermore, we found that the weight gain of ZML improved when fed fermented FW using three selected microorganisms (3M), Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Pediococcus acidilactici. We also analyzed the effects of preservatives on the weight gain of ZML, and the results revealed that ZML fed 5-day 3M-fermented FW (FFW) containing 0.05% sorbic acid exhibited the highest weight gain. Based on these findings, we produced solid FFW containing 0.05% sorbic acid using 5% agar and established a manufacturing process. Body composition analysis revealed that the lipid content of the ZML fed manufactured feed was higher than that of the ZML fed wheat bran. Therefore, this study suggests that solid FFW containing 0.05% sorbic acid should be used as a commercial feed for ZML breeding to enhance lipid gain, making it an economical substrate for raw biodiesel production.
... As the fossil fuel depletion crisis advances, the search for an alternative energy source is becoming increasingly necessary (Pandey et al., 2011). Among the alternatives, such as vegetable oils, animal fats, cooking oils, and oleaginous microorganisms, some insect oils could be used for the production of biodiesel (Manzano-Agugliaro et al., 2012). Indeed, biodiesel made from black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae and prepupae was reported to have characteristics and properties that fall within international biodiesel standards. ...
Current estimations showed that the number of people affected by hunger doubled in the last two years, reaching 9.8% of the global population. According to FAO, in order to satisfy the demand for food in the next few years, it will be necessary to double food production. Moreover, the call for a change in dietary patterns has been raised, showing how the food sector is responsible of 1/3 of climate change where meat-based diets or overconsumption of meat play an important role in the negative environmental impact. Consequently, there is a growing concern in how to achieve the goal of increasing food productions without exploiting environmental resources and to explore the production and use of alternative resources, such as insects. Insects are gaining interests both as food and feed not only to reduce the environmental costs in feed production for common livestock, but also to reduce farmers’ dependence on traditional protein sources.
In this work we aimed to provide an overview of the state-of-the-art upon insect studies, highlighting the most important results obtained from both an industrial and market perspective. The legislative framework concerning edible insects as food and feed is also analyzed, with the final purpose to highlight recent reforms, relevant case-law as well as unsolved regulatory challenges.
From a normative perspective, regulatory efforts are still required to fully take advantage of the potentialities of insects-industry. From a consumer point of view, consumers’ willingness to pay a premium is going to be a key issue for economic sustainability of the insect farming chain. To meet the food and feed security challenges, insects will have to be considered all-around, including applications in the food, feed, and other sectors.
We believe that this review is an important contribution to the field of food science and will be of interest to researchers, food industry professionals, and policymakers in order to prioritize research questions and help communicate scientific knowledge to a broader audience.
... Οι ιχθυοκαλλιέργειες αντιμετωπίζουν προβλήματα εξαιτίας της δυσμενούς κατάστασης στην οποία βρίσκονται τα αποθέματα του θαλασσίου περιβάλλοντος και της αύξησης του κόστους των ιχθυαλεύρων (Sancez-Muros et al. 2014). Η ανάγκη εύρεσης εναλλακτικών πηγών πρωτεΐνης, γίνεται ολοένα και πιο επιτακτική (Manzano-Agugliaro et al. 2012). ...
A study on the enzyme activity of chitinase in farmed fish supplied with food where fishmeal was partially substituted with insect meal The use of insect meal, rich in protein, is considered as a new alternative source of protein to the diet of farmed fish. However serious problems have been reported in fish growth rate when fish meal was substituted by insect meal at a percentage higher than 25%. The presence of insect's body chitin was suggested as a reason for the observed lower growth rate. In our present work we investigated the effect of partially substituted fish meal by insect meal on the enzyme of chitinase in cultured gilthead seabream and rainbow trout. We also investigated the possibility of chitin from various sources being a limiting factor for food availability in alternatively fed cultured fish. For this reason we studied the effect of various chitins deriving from different organisms upon the activity of chitinase. Significant differences were noticed in both, the effect of the diet and the chitin source upon the kinetics of the enzyme activity.
... Selected diets for each insect were created using either a single or a combination of agro-industrial byproducts (such as feed mill, leftover grain and yeast from breweries, and apricots) and were then compared with a control diet. 61 The amount of fat in BSFL has been discovered to be higher than that of other insects, particularly in the form of SFA. 62 One problem affecting the levels of BSFL meal or BSFLO in fish feeds is that it reduces the concentration of α-linolenic acid (ALA), EPA and DHA in fish fillets. ...
Insect lipid/oil is a by‐product of insect meal production. The quantity and nutritional quality of insect lipid varies with species, life stages, the kind of substrate used to raise the insects, as well as the extraction process. Insect lipid products have been successfully used in animal feeds as source of nutrients, notably energy and indispensable fatty acids. Further some insect lipid products are potential functional ingredients in feed formulations because of the existence of some functional compounds, for example, lauric acid and monolaurin in black solder fly larvae oil (BSFLO). To date, research on the effects of insect product inclusion in aquafeed mainly focused on insect meal as protein source rather than insect oil/lipid as a lipid source. Research to date indicates that insect lipids can replace traditional energy sources in fish nutrition without negatively affecting fish growth and feed utilization performance. By raising the amount of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish fillets, insect lipids can improve fillet quality. Insect lipids may also positively influence general health of fish by stimulating the immune system and manipulating the gut microbiota. As there is a crucial need for searching alternate lipid sources in aquafeed to extend limited global supplies of fish oil and due to the insect lipids content and its fatty acid quality, there is a pressing need to expand experimentation concerning their application in aquafeed to support sustainable growth of the aquaculture industry.
... With the vigorous economic development all over the world, fossil energy that is limited is constantly being consumed [1], which will lead to increasingly serious environmental pollution, global warming and ozone layer depletion. The use of clean renewable energy and the improvement of energy utilization rates are effective ways to achieve the aim of the 2015 Paris Agreement. ...
Owing to different temperature rages of power generation and refrigeration in the cogeneration system, for the sake of selecting the working fluids that are suitable for both power generation and refrigeration simultaneously, 17 commonly used working fluids are evaluated in this paper, based on an organic Rankine cycle coupled with a two-stage vapor compression cycle system in different geothermal fluid temperatures. The performances of working fluids under different working conditions, and the maximum power generation as well as cooling capacity are analyzed. Additionally, the main parameters are analyzed to optimize the system performance. The results indicate that net power output has a local maximum where it corresponds to the optimal evaporation temperature. Besides, the lower the critical temperature, the greater the thermal conductance, and the pressure ratio decreases with evaporation temperature. Hydrocarbons all have higher total heat source recovery efficiency. R1234yf, propane and R1234ze, R152a have excellent maximum net power output when the geothermal fluid temperature is low and high, respectively. R134a always has better maximum net power output and cooling capacity. The net power output is used for cooling, and the COP is closed, therefore, maximum net power output results in the maximum cooling capacity. In addition, that of propane and R1234yf are excellent until the geothermal fluid temperature are 140 °C and 120 °C separately. R1234ze and R152a are good when the geothermal fluid temperatures are 140 °C and 150 °C, respectively.
... Insects are the most abundant in terms of biomass, population, and species, with their high nutritive potential and services, which have demanded their prospects in biodiesel production (Abduh et al. 2017). In some parts of the world, extensive evidence has been gathered to identify the most important oil-rich insects and associated procedures for refining their associated biodiesel globally (Manzano-Agugliaro et al. 2012). The chemistry of insect nutritional composition is a key prerequisite for determining and selecting a potential candidate for biodiesel production. ...
Fossil fuels have remained a major global energy source for many decades, and their use has lingered on with downbeat attendants, considering their high demands and environmental issues caused by overexploitation and exploration. The increase in global energy consumption, emerging issues of climate change, and perceived decline in fossil reserves due to the world’s increasing population has raised serious concerns and clamor for the replacement of fossil fuel with biological substitutes. Biodiesels have received much attention in all countries due to their renewability, non-toxicity, biodegradability, and low pollution emissions, and are projected as a promising alternative to fossil fuels. Although biodiesel is mainly a derivative of edible/non-edible plant oil extractions, in this review, biodiesel derived from non-vegetable oils e.g. animal fats/waste, leather industry waste, lipids from microalgae, insects, and waste rubber tires were explored as potential biodiesel feedstocks. In addition, waste materials as heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production, environmental and economic impacts were also highlighted. Noteworthily, the transesterification of these non-vegetable oil feedstock to biodiesel in the presence of waste materials as heterogeneous catalysts could afford up to 98% biodiesel production, and the catalyst can be recycled. The inherent ability to compensate for the quantity supply of biodiesel is the aim of every energy-producing nation in order to maximize economic development and minimize pollution in the environment.
... The use of WFTs as an example of insects for biodiesel production is justified by the fact that insects are capable of accumulating metabolic reserves known as fat bodies, which they can use during certain non-feeding periods of their life cycle (Kalu-Uka et al., 2021). The fat content of a large number of insect species ranges from 25 to 77%, and the excess fat could be used for biodiesel production (Manzano-Agugliaro et al., 2012). The fat body is critical to the WFTs insect metabolism (Fombong and Kinyuru, 2018). ...
Beyond energy crisis, biodiesel offers renewable and unlimited option to the challenges associated with fossil fuels depletion. Biodiesel could reduce the carbon foot print and gas emissions. Therefore, China has set an audacious goal of carbon neutrality by 2060. In order to reduce the cost of biodiesel production, it is critical to look for alternative feedstocks and unconventional resources. Biodiesel can be produced from renewable and sustainable feedstocks like edible and non-edible oils, insects, municipal sewage sludge, and oleaginous microorganisms. Existing life cycle assessments of yeast-based biodiesel production are required to assess potential environmental impacts and obtain a holistic picture. The circular economy paradigm has recently emerged as a viable alternative to linear, unsustainable production and consumption systems. Given the legislative requirements and the circular economy principle, the use of textile azo dye wastewater is a promising alternative for its management. The annual disposal of 4,500,000 tons of textile dyes is an environmental and socioeconomic concern due to their carcinogenic potential. Azo dyes account for over 70% of global industrial demand. Biological-mediated azo dye degradation is thought to be cost-effective, and environmentally friendly when compared to physical and chemical approaches. To this end, yeasts can play a significant role, owing to their high growth rate, tolerance to extreme conditions, and ability to effectively degrade lignin and aromatic compounds, concurrently representing a highly promising feedstock for biodiesel production. Interestingly, an emphasis has been recently given on novel symbiotic yeasts isolated from termite guts as promising microbiomes for multiple biotechnological applications. Therefore, this review focuses on recent findings of biodiesel production from azo dye degrading yeasts inhabiting termite guts. While capturing recent research advancements for sustainable biodiesel production, this review emphasizes a novel concept for using azo dyes/aromatic wastes as a feedstock for biodiesel production.
... It is evident that fossil fuels are globally still a critical energy source. However, there are limited reserves of fossil fuels, and their overuse is accompanied by environmental degradation [5][6][7]. Thus, this situation encourages the use of renewable resources even more than before. ...
Biomass pyrolysis is considered as a thermochemical conversion system that is performed under oxygen-depleted conditions. A large body of literature exists in which thermodynamic equilibrium (TE) and kinetic approaches have been applied to predict pyrolysis products. However, the reliability, accuracy and predictive power of both modeling approaches is an area of concern. To address these concerns, in this paper, two new simulation models based on the TE and kinetic approaches are developed using Aspen Plus, to analyze the performance of each approach. Subsequently, the results of two models are compared with modeling and experimental results available in the literature. The comparison shows that, on the one hand, the performance of the TE approach is not satisfactory and cannot be used as an effective way for pyrolysis modeling. On the other hand, the results generated by the new model based on the kinetic approach suggests that this approach is suitable for modeling biomass pyrolysis processes. Calculation of the root mean square error (RMS), to quantify the deviation of the model results from the experiment results, confirms that this kinetic model presents superior agreement with experimental data in comparison with other kinetic models in the literature. The acquired RMS for the developed kinetic method in this paper varies within the span of 1.2 to 3.2 depending on temperature (400–600 °C) and various feedstocks (pine spruce sawdust, bagasse, wood bark, beech wood and paddy straw).
... TOrCs (e.g., bifenthrin) that primarily accumulate in lipid or fatty fractions of BSFL tissues may be eliminated from protein-based BSFL feeds by using defatting processes. The separated fatty fractions could be used in nonconsumptive pipelines such as biofuel production (Wang and Shelomi, 2017;Su et al., 2019;Manzano-agugliaro et al., 2012), while improving the quality of the protein-rich end-products derived from BSFL tissues. ...
Most bioaccumulation assessments select one or several compound classes a priori for analysis performed by either liquid or gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS or GC–MS). When organisms are exposed to complex mixtures of trace organic contaminants (TOrCs), targeted chemical assays limit understanding of contaminant profiles in biological tissues and associated risks. We used a semi-quantitative suspect-screening approach to assess the bioaccumulation potential of diverse TOrCs in black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) using almond hulls (by-products of the booming almond industry in California) as test substrates. BSFL digestion is gaining traction as a resource recovery strategy to generate animal feed from low-value organic wastes. We screened almond hulls from six California farms for the presence of 5728 TOrCs using high resolution mass spectrometry. We then categorized the risk potential of 46 TOrCs detected in the hulls based on their predicted bioaccumulation, persistence, and toxicity in order to select two hulls for an in situ BSFL bioaccumulation screening study. We analyzed larvae tissues and feeding substrate initially and after 14 days of growth using targeted, suspect-screening, and nontarget-screening methods. The survival rate of BSFL in all rearing reactors was greater than 90%, indicating low toxicity of the substrates to BSFL. Esfenvalerate, cyhalothrin, and bifenthrin were the most abundant pyrethroids quantified (81.7 to 381.6 ng/g-dw) in the hulls. Bifenthrin bioaccumulated in BSFL tissues (14-day bioaccumulation factor, BAF, of 2.17 ± 0.24). For nontarget analysis, kendrick mass defect (KMD) analysis of PFAS homologous series revealed hydrogen-substituted perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (H-PFCAs) in the hulls and BSFL tissues after growth. Our approach demonstrates the utility of suspect-screening in chemical safety assessments when organic wastes with highly diverse and variable contaminant profiles are used in resource recovery pipelines.
... In the available literature, various fat-extraction methods from selected insect species have been deliberated, such as solvent systems (direct methylation, pure n-hexane, pure acetone, ethanol with water, hexane with ethanol, and direct saponification), Soxhlet, Fohl, S-C CO 2 extraction and mechanical pressing (Jin et al., 2012;Kroeckel et al., 2012;Purschke et al., 2017b;Ramos-Bueno et al., 2016). The processing of insect biomass plays a crucial role due to the difficulty of lipid droplet acquisition due to their distribution in the invertebrate body; thus, extraction efficiency varies depending on the techniques used (Manzano-Agugliaro et al., 2012;Purschke et al., 2017b;Sun et al., 2018). To increase the effectiveness of the extraction process, microwave irradiation and sonication methods have been used (Sun et al., 2018;Wang et al., 2017). ...
This study aimed to evaluate the partial or total replacement of soybean oil with cold-extracted Hermetia illucens larvae (BSFL) fat in young turkey diets on growth performance, coefficients of apparent ileal nutrient digestibility, pancreatic enzyme activities, selected gastrointestinal tract (GIT) segment measurements, microbial community modulation, selected biochemical blood indices, hormone concentrations, immune status traits, and muscle and liver tissue traits. A total of 216 7-day-old female turkeys (B.U.T. 6) were randomly allotted to 3 dietary treatments. Each group contained 6 replicate pens with 12 birds per pen. The birds were fed a soybean-maize basal diet enriched with 50 g/kg dietary fat, i.e., soybean oil (SO) in the control group, 50:50 SO and H. illucens larvae fat in the BSFL50 treatment group, and BSFL fat as the sole energy source in the BSFL100 group. The experiment lasted 28 days. The provided BSFL fat was characterized by high lauric and palmitic acid contents, as well as saturated fatty acids (SFAs), while concentrations of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids were higher in the SO group. The growth performance parameters were not affected (P>0.05) by BSFL fat substitution. However, the apparent ileal digestibility of the ether extract was significantly increased (P<0.001) after BSFL fat inclusion as the sole energy source with simultaneous enhancement (P<0.001) of lipase activity. Partial or total replacement of SO with BSFL fat improved cecal microbiota communities by limiting (P<0.001) Bacteroides-Prevotella cluster counts. Additionally, the beneficial effect of BSFL100 was observed in the case of a decreased (P=0.004) IL-6 concentration. In conclusion, it is possible to partially or totally substitute SO in turkey diets with cold-extracted BSFL fat without any negative effect on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, physiological traits, or immunological status traits. Furthermore, the cold-pressing technique can be adopted and recommended to obtain BSFL fat as a dietary energy source in turkey nutrition.
... Moreover, it is verified to support future energy demand (Adenle Abbreviations while Bangladesh found that rubber seed oil is their potential feedstock (Morshed et al., 2011). However, the oil mentioned above were edible oil and currently, many researchers swift their interest in non-edible oil (Milano et al., 2018b;Liu et al., 2019), waste oils (Topare and Patil, 2021;Binhayeeding et al., 2020;Goh et al., 2020b), grease (Bashir et al., 2020;Tran et al., 2018), microalgae (Gozmen Sanli et al., 2020;Kale et al., 2021;Milano et al., 2016), and insect oil (Kalu-Uka et al., 2021;Manzano-Agugliaro et al., 2012;Su et al., 2019) to look for other sustainable feedstock which does not compete with edible oil in terms of global food supply, land used and agriculture prospect. Diesel fuel used in transportation is one source of world pollution that leads to global warming and other environmental issues. ...
Biodiesel or biodiesel–diesel fuel is the current fuel used to power transportation engines. Contamination on lubricating oil is a common issue due to leakage or extensive use of engines. This study explores the lubricant oil blend’s friction and wear with the biodiesel derived from waste cooking oil, waste cooking oil blend withCalophyllum inophyllum oil, and biodiesel–diesel blend. The blending of biodiesels and biodiesel–diesel blend with lubricant oil varies from 5% to 25% of biodiesels and biodiesel–diesel with 95% to 75% of lubricating oil based on volume ratio. The test was conducted using a four-ball tribotester according to the ASTM D 4172. The result showed that blending of BWCIL75 with biodiesel–diesel has the lowest friction coefficient (0.072) among tested oil. The wear scar on the ball bearing lubricated with the blending mixture showed an acceptable diameter value. The wear morphology has shown that a worn surface with black spots provides more protection to the tested ball. The result found that fatty acid contained in the biodiesel and the low viscosity of biodiesel significantly reduced the frictional coefficient of the lubricating oil and worked as wear prevention. Mechanical efficiency of machinery component favour low coefficient of friction. This study indicated that biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil blended with Calophyllum inophyllum oil shows better lubricity and can be used as an additive to petroleum-based lubricant for better automotive engine performance.
... The larvae can be processed as feeds for cows, swine, and various poultry species and also for aquaculture species (Newton et al., 2005a;Barroso et al., 2014;Ur Rehman et al 2017;Wang and Shelomi, 2017). Some crude fats of BSF larvae can be changed to biofuels (Manzano-Agugliaro et al., 2012;Zheng et al., 2012;Leong et al., 2016), and one thousand larvae can produce 36g to 91g of biofuel, depending on the type of material in which they are raised (Li et al., 2011a;Li et al., 2011b). Currently black soldier fly larvae oils are been tested for use as skin care products in the multibillion beauty industry (Sangduan, 2018). ...
Fish feed protein ingredients are the most expensive and often unavailable in subSaharan Africa especially in commercial aquaculture systems. The major fish feed protein ingredient in fish farming in Kenya is fishmeal (FM) that is often times expensive and adulterated leading to low productivity of fish farming. This problem has necessitated a need for exploring alternative less expensive and easily available protein sources such as black soldier fly larvae (BSFL). This study aimed at evaluating the growth rate, feed utilization, survivability and carcass characteristics of the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) reared on diets containing BSFL meal as a replacement for FM. Treatment diets were formulated for BSFL meal to replace FM at the rate of 0% (C), 25% (D1), 50% (D2), 75% (D3), 100% (D4) and D5 (49% BSFLM, 49% FM and 2% Baker’s yeast). All diets were formulated to meet the nutritional requirements of catfish. The catfish were housed in harper nets each measuring 2 by 2 by 2 meters and the net had one millimeter perforations to allow proper circulation of water and also prevent escape of the catfish. Each harper net held 20 pieces of catfish. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with each treatment being replicated three times. The performance of the catfish was determined by recording the weights, lengths and mortality biweekly for six months. Analysis of variance was carried to determine the effects of the treatment diets on the weight gain, length gain and carcasses charateristics. Water quality parameters including dissolved oxygen, temperature, salinity and conductivity measured were within the optimum levels recommended for rearing the African catfish. Catfish consuming diets with 50% and 75% BSF larvae meal had the highest growth rates of 1.01g/day and 0.98g/day respectively. However, the growth rates of the catfish consuming the diets with 0% and 100 % BSFL meal as well as the diet containing 2 % baker’s yeast were not significantly different (P>0.05). Mortality of 1.10% was noted in the catfish consuming the control diet and diet containing 25 % BSFL but there was no mortality for the other treatment groups. Carcasses of African catfish fed treatment diets with BSFL meal had significantly (P<0.05) higher amounts of crude protein (CP) especially for D2 and D3. Ether extracts from the carcasses showed that an increase in BSFL meal led to an increase in the lipid content of the carcasses. The inclusion of BSFL meal did not negatively affect the nutritive composition and carcass quality (especially essential amino acids) of the African catfish. The study noted that the concentration of essential amino acids increased as the amount of BSFL meal in the diets increased. Substitution of BSFL meal for FM in the treatment diets didn’t negatively affect the survival rates of the catfish. The study recommends the use of BSFL meal at substitution rates of 50% and 75% for better survival and enhanced growth performance of African catfish as well enhanced quality of its carcass.
... The fat from some insects was proven to be a sustainable feedstock for biodiesel production [100][101][102][103]. In particular, insects can accumulate saturated fatty acids (i.e., C18 and C16) with physical and chemical properties, such as kinematic viscosity, calorific value, oxidation stability, conducive to further conversion into biodiesel [104]. Although there are different kinds of insects, few species have been studied to convert organic wastes into biodiesel [105]. ...
Over the last few years, the concept of Circular Economy (CE) has received a lot of attention due to its potential contribution to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially by reconciling economic growth with the protection of the environment through its grow-make-use-restore approach. The use of insects in circular production systems has been a good example of this concept as insects can transform a wide range of organic waste and by-products into nutritious feedstuffs, which then go back into the production cycle. This paper explores the potential of mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) in circular production systems by reviewing their use and applicability in several industries such as pharmaceuticals, agriculture, food, etc. Despite the high versatility of this insect and its potential as a substitute source of nutrients and other valuable components, there are still many legislative and behavioural challenges that hinder its adoption and acceptance.
... Lipid content averages about 20% (DM basis), and therefore tends to be higher than fishmeal (usually around 8%) or soy meal (around 3%). This has some advantages: it could be useful when formulating high energy diets for animal livestock, like broiler chickens (Sánchez-Muros et al., 2016), or -if properly extracted could serve other purposes: some authors have even proposed use of insect oil to produce biodiesels, and the resulting enriched-protein paste could be used for animal feed (Manzano-Agugliaro et al., 2012). ...
The aquafeed industry is highly dependent on fishmeal (FM) and high-protein plant substitutes. Rising costs and sustainability concerns are fueling the search for novel alternatives. Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae (Hermetia illucens) have been demonstrated to be a potential new source of sustainable protein. While they can be grown on a wide range of waste-substrates, have a short life-cycle, and a favourable nutritional profile, they can be seen as a credible candidate. In this thesis, we focused on the selection of a potential substrate in a local context, and the type of larval stage to harvest in order to optimise both production and quality of the maggot meal (MM). From these preliminary studies fruit waste were selected to grow the larvae, harvested at the “white larvae” stage to produce the MM. As the availability of MM is yet –far- from being sufficient to cover the ever-growing demand for aquafeed, a strategic use was decided in contextualised and commercially-relevant researches. In large-scale tilapia farm, all-male production is desired to optimise the production as they grow bigger and faster than females. To do so 17α-methyltestosterone is added to the feed during the first 21 days of the fry. To maximize the ingestion, low quantities but high quality feed are required. In this context, the MM was used as a feed-hormone carrier for tilapia fry (Oreochromis niloticus) in two experiments. Whereby the first was based on simple substitution of fish meal (FM) and commercial feed with MM (Chapter 5), the second compared 12 isoenergetic and isoproteic formulated feeds based on a prior MM digestibility analysis (Chapter 6). Results indicated that different dietary inclusions of MM did not significantly affect sex reversal rates nor fish production performance, suggesting that MM offers potential as a locally sourced feed ingredient for tilapia hatchery. This strategic application is further enhanced by the potential to co-located MM and fry-production offering producers’ greater ability to manage quality assurance.
... Insects have the ability to convert organic waste into proteins and fat at a high conversion rate . The protein and part of the fat can be utilised directly in the feed industry and the rest of the fat has further uses in the biofuel and other processing industries (Fowles and Nansen, 2020;Li et al., 2011;Manzano-Agugliaro et al., 2012;Wang et al., 2017;Zheng et al., 2012). However, in most countries, there is a regulation in place, which prevents large-scale production of insects for food and feed use (Lähteenmäki-Uutela and Grmelová, 2016;Lotta, 2019;Pinotti et al., 2019). ...
Numerous studies show that insects are efficient in converting organic waste into proteins and fats, which makes them an interesting alternative source of feed. Moreover, since around one-third of global food produced for human consumption is lost or wasted, the production of insect-based meals from food waste is considered a sustainable alternative to other protein sources. This paper introduces a quantitative framework able to analyse the economic implications of developing a large-scale insect-based meal industry worldwide, which would require important regulatory changes. Our calculations, based on findings from the literature, suggest that almost 1.4 billion tonnes of food, that could potentially be used as insect feed, went to waste at the world level in 2018, a figure that is projected to rise to 2 billion tonnes by 2030. Results show that the use of food waste for insect meal and oil production would have important downward price impacts on meals and oils (fish- and plant-based), reducing feed costs and stimulating global aquaculture and livestock production, reducing total land use for agriculture production and lead to a lower dependence on protein imports.
... In Another work, they extracted FFA content of 90% from chicken fat oil at 18:1 MeOH to oil ratio, 5 wt % catalyst loading, 70 • C reaction temperature, and 1 h reaction time . In recent decades insects were found to be a reliable source for biodiesel having higher FFA content of above 77% (Manzano-Agugliaro et al., 2012a). (Li et al., 2012) extracted biodiesel from C. megacephala (Fabricius) larvae insect by transesterification process. ...
The entire world is witnessing climate change and its impact on the environment caused by humans. Pollution and the reliance on ever depleting fossil fuels are the major sources. This is a pressing concern to discover a sustainable substitute for energy. In this present research work, the Silkworm Oil Methyl Ester (SWOME) has been prepared by a two-step transesterification process. The catalyst used is Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) for esterification and Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for the second step process. The biodiesel yield is 98.9 wt% is obtained for SWOME at the catalyst concentration of 1.5%, constant temperature of 65°C, methanol to oil molar ratio of 12:1, 400 rpm, and 60 min of reaction time. The physicochemical properties of methyl ester silkworm oil have been tested and are found with ASTM standards. To further enhance the property of SWOME, Nano additive Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3) is added. The various blends of SWOME have been prepared and tested with the single-cylinder stationery (DI) diesel engine to investigate its Performance and Combustion. Brake thermal efficiency is found to be 33.1% for B30SWOME with 75ppm nano additive, which was 3.7% higher than that of diesel. The fuel is also tested against the effectiveness of Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) as a Post-combustion technique to reduce HC and CO emission. From the experimental testing, it is observed that HC for B30SWOME is 90% reduced and CO emission is found to be reduced up to 85% after retrofitting the DOC system. From the result, it is observed that SWOME Nano additive with DOC has more advantages on engine behavior.
... They have a high-fat content of 34 to 40%, which is similar to edible oils such as canola oil (40%), jatropha oil (30 to 40%), and palm oil (50%) [8]. Insect breeding will not exploit the use of agricultural land for crop plantation [9]. On the contrary, it can help to overcome food insecurities caused by standard farming practices. ...
The physical and chemical properties of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) oil were studied. Mealworm powder has a high oil content of 37.54 ± 0.78% with a high free fatty acid (FFA) content of 10.84 ± 0.005%. The primary fatty acids of mealworm oil were oleic acid (30.37%), linoleic acid (25.07%) and palmitic acid (19.54%). The mealworm oil decomposed almost completely after 470 °C. An optimization study of acid-catalyzed esterification using response surface methodology (RSM) was conducted to reduce the high level of FFA content to a range below 1% to be suitably used for biodiesel production via alkali-catalyzed transesterification. The optimum parameters were 5.8% w/w sulfuric acid as catalyst, 24:1 methanol to oil ratio, 174 min reaction time at a temperature of 74 °C. The methyl esters conversion obtained using these optimum condition parameters was 92.74 ± 0.92% indicating FFA content was successfully lowered to less than 1%, which is favorable for alkali-catalyzed transesterification to take place and convert the triglycerides in the oil into biodiesel. The pretreated oil is then converted to biodiesel and the properties were found to meet the ASTM D6751 standards.
... In order to obtain protein-rich BSFL meal, a substantial amount of fat is removed by technological processing of the BSFL. The resulting fat is currently mostly considered for non-food purposes, like biodiesel production (Manzano-Agugliaro et al., 2012;Leong et al., 2016). However, as this form of use represents a great loss of potentially valuable feed energy, it is important to determine how its use affects the composition of the final animal product. ...
Implementing insects, such as the black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), as animal feed commonly includes the previous removal of substantial amounts of fat. This fat may represent an as yet underutilized energy source for livestock. However, transfer of lauric and myristic acid, prevalent in BSFL fat and undesired in human nutrition, into animal-source foods like eggs may limit its implementation. To quantify this, a laying hen experiment was performed comprising five different diets (10 hens/diet). These were a control diet with soybean oil and meal and a second diet with soybean oil but with partially defatted BSFL meal as protein source. The other three diets were based on different combinations of partially defatted BSFL meal and fat obtained by two different production methods. Lauric acid made up half of the BSFL fat from both origins. Both BSFL fats also contained substantial amounts of myristic and palmitic acid. However, in the insect-based diets, the net transfer from diet to egg yolk was less than 1% for lauric acid, whereas the net transfer for myristic and palmitic acid was about 30% and 100%, respectively. The net transfer did not vary between BSFL originating from production on different larval feeding substrates. The results illustrate that hens are able to metabolize or elongate very large proportions of ingested lauric acid and myristic acid, which are predominant in the BSFL lipids (together accounting for as much as 37 mol%), such that they collectively account for less than 3.5 mol% of egg yolk fatty acids.
... Another important aspect that needs consideration in animal fats is in the area of lipid content in insects. Some insect species at larvae stage have shown to exceed 50% lipid content by dry weight matter (Manzano-Agugliaro et al., 2012). Insects' fat content variability is very large with a range of 2%À50% of dry matter, with some insects' polyunsaturated fatty acid content hitting 70% of the total fatty acids. ...
Global energy demand is expected to increase by 48% in the next 20 years owing to the precipitous increase in the global population. Currently, 80% of the energy demand is met by fossil fuels. However, rapidly depleting fossil fuel reserves coupled with the negative environmental impacts from its combustion has prompted significant interest in sustainable biofuels. This will aid in the transition toward a carbon-neutral bio-economy. Several feedstocks have been identified as possible substrates for biofuel production. Agricultural residues have shown significant potential since they are environmentally benign, abundant, and low cost. Nevertheless due to its structural complexity, an appropriate pretreatment is required to enhance enzymatic and microbial conversion. Currently, first-generation biofuels such as bioethanol do not require intensive pretreatments; however, the major drawback is the utilization of food crops, thus contributing to the food versus fuel debate. Additionally, greenhouse gas emissions associated with first-generation biofuels are another obstacle. Second-generation biofuels such as bioethanol, biohydrogen, and biomethane appear to be most promising owing to its bioconversion from waste material. A major bottleneck in this process is the requirement of costly pretreatments and subsequent effluent treatment. Third-generation biofuels such as bioethanol from microalgae also show potential since process optimization could significantly enhance yields. Fourth-generation biofuels aim to utilize genetically optimized feedstocks that are designed to enhance capture of carbon dioxide; however, carbon capture and sequestration technology has limited the commercialization of this process. Integrated biorefineries have the potential to produce several generations of biofuels in one process, thereby completing valorizing the feedstock and enhancing the life cycle and techno-economic assessment of the bioprocess.
... Another important aspect that needs consideration in animal fats is in the area of lipid content in insects. Some insect species at larvae stage have shown to exceed 50% lipid content by dry weight matter (Manzano-Agugliaro et al., 2012). Insects' fat content variability is very large with a range of 2%À50% of dry matter, with some insects' polyunsaturated fatty acid content hitting 70% of the total fatty acids. ...
Recent advancements in the technology, sustainability, and applications of biodiesel from advanced and sustainable sources have been revolutionized. New and innovative thrusts of research priorities and approach in biodiesel development especially from wastes and nonedible feedstocks have given rise to the new concept of advanced and sustainable biodiesel fuels. These sources and alternatives to the conventional crop-based sources have to be friendly to the environment and generated essentially from waste materials by way of either recycling or reprocessing of feedstock viciously as energy. Advanced biodiesel fuels have become useful in bridging the alternative energy sources gap as they are from different feedstocks with variations such as from waste plastics, waste cooking oils, from microalgae, waste residue of oil processing, glycerol after transesterification, alcohols and including biomass materials. An important research thrust is the hybridization of biodiesel feedstocks to produce new products with new properties. This chapter reviews biodiesel feedstocks, development of first-, second-, and third-generation biodiesel, the new concept of advanced and sustainable biodiesel fuels, and feedstock hybridization. Additionally, case studies, biodiesel production technologies and processes, and novel bioprocessing technologies employing metabolic engineering and biotechnology are explored. Further expose was presented in research and development needs on properties, novel approaches, production processes, and relevant outcomes, while also addressing future development and prospects in the new and gray untapped areas.
... Lipid from insects in the form of fat is a predominant biomass composition that has been studied to produce a sustainable biofuel [11]. Larval lipid is stored in its body to be used during the non-feeding period of the larval lifecycle [9,18]. Among the various insect species such as flesh fly, superworm, mealworm beetle, housefly, latrine blowfly, soldier fly, and ants, Hermetia illucens larvae, or black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), are commonly selected for producing biodiesel since BSFL can valorize a variety of organic wastes; contain a high level of lipid content (around 50%); the adults are not a pest; they can cope with a wide range of environmental conditions, e.g., pH, temperature, and humidity; and they need less workforce for mass rearing [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. ...
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) have been employed for valorizing organic waste materials as the larvae are able to consume organic waste and transform it into valuable larval biomass. In this study, BSFL were found to potentially reduce blended sewage sludge. The addition of palm kernel expeller (PKE) fortified the protein and lipid content in blended sewage sludge substrates, leading to larval growth enhancement. In addition, the larval weight also influenced the lipid yield and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profile. However, the optimum ratio of sewage sludge to PKE had to be determined as excess PKE content could become a threat to larval growth by contributing to the reduction of non-fiber carbohydrates content in the feed, thereby resulting in the decrease in lipid yield and FAME content. In this work, a sewage sludge to PKE ratio of 2:3 proffered the highest larval weight gained at 46.99 ± 2.09 mg/larva. Meanwhile, a proportion of 3:2 of sewage sludge to PKE was able provide the highest lipid yield of 17 ± 1.77%. Furthermore, the FAME profile revealed the presence of a significant amount of saturated and monosaturated fatty acids, indicating a good quality biodiesel. Thus, BSFL-based biodiesel fed with blended sewage sludge and PKE could be utilized for producing a high quality biodiesel. However, further improvement on the amount of lipid yield and FAME content should be further investigated.
... It is makes FM expensive and not sustainable. Feed costs are especially high for the culture of carnivorous fish, which require great amounts of FM in their diet (Manzano-Agugliaro et al., 2012). Currently, traditional oil feed ingredients has been partially replaced with alternative sources from terrestrial plants (Fawole et al., 2016;Gatlin et al., 2007;Medale et al., 2013;Quartararo et al., 1998). ...
The growing importance of aquaculture products for human health also raises the question of product sustainability and decreasing its costs. Insects are considered as novel feed ingredients and source of proteins. In this study, a twelve-week feeding trial with replacement of 25% fishmeal by a mixture of house cricket (Acheta domesticus) and superworm (Zophobas morio) in the fish feed was conducted with perch (Perca fluviatilis). There were no significant differences in this feeding trial, regarding survival, but decreased fish growth and increased feed conversion between the control and the experimental fed groups. Hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP1A and CYP3A-like) activity and fatty acid (FA) composition were assessed in perch also. No significant effects were observed on cytochrome P450 activity associated with presence of toxic compounds in fish. Feeding with insect pellets resulted in significant increasing of linoleic FA and an increase of the total content of n-6 FA in fish fillets, compared to the fish fillets from control group. However, changes in FA composition were only minor and did not affect the nutritional value of the fish with insect-based diet for human consumption. Further evaluation should be conducted with different ratios or different insect species.
The Indian as well as world population is ever increasing. Hence, it is
imperative to boost up agriculture production. This problem can be turned into
opportunity by developing skilled manpower to utilize the available resources for food
security. Agricultural research can meet this challenge. New technologies have to be
evolved and taken from lab to land for sustained yield. The present book on agriculture
is to serve as a source of information covering maximum aspects, which can help
understand the topics with eagerness to study further research. We developed this
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Insect farming is a high-potential emerging farming enterprise in sub-Saharan Africa and their production has a relatively small ecological footprint. Black Soldier Fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens, is a promising insect species for a sustainable and innovative alternative protein source in animal feed. Little or no evidence exists showing whether BSF is a viable alternative sustainable feed ingredient in aquaculture and animal feed in Malawi or an economically feasible option for farmers. The objective of the study is to evaluate the financial feasibility of BSF farming at various scales of production using Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) with data collected from a small-scale pilot BSF farm in Lilongwe. The study addressed the following research questions: (a) What are the costs and benefits of farming BSF in Malawi for (i) small-scale farming (individual farmers, clubs, and cooperatives), and (ii) large-scale commercial farmers? (b) What drives variation in the benefit/cost ratio (BCR) of BSF farming across scales? (c) How could policies improve BCRs of BSF farming to support adoption in Malawi? The indicators used to assess the economic viability of BSF farming for smallholder and commercial farmers in this study included Net Present Value (NPV) and Benefit Cost Ratio. Results imply BSF farming is viable and feasible across scales of production. Small-scale farmers will generate roughly MK507,100 of gross revenue for one larval cycle and MK2,535,500 (over $2,500) annually. Commercial farmers can generate MK1,536,100 for one larval cycle and MK7,680,750 annually. Sensitivity analysis shows BSF farming remains profitable even within a 10% variation in the cost of production, the price of outputs, and the yield of BSF larvae and frass. MwAPATA Working Paper 23/01 ii To our knowledge, despite enthusiasm around insects as an alternative protein, this study fills an empirical gap on the viability and feasibility of BSF production across scales. These results also provide a rationale for further development of BSF farming in Malawi, which has received little political attention. These findings will enable the government and other stakeholders to develop strategies and policy actions to promote BSF farming in the country. Based on the findings, we recommend the following: (a) Invest in building the capacity of farmers and extension workers' education in BSF farming and its use in feed to increase the adoption among the farmers. (b) Raise awareness among the farmers, entrepreneurs and policy-makers on the socioeconomic and ecological benefits of BSF farming to facilitate transitioning from conventional animal protein sources to insect protein sources. (c) Provide farmers and entrepreneurs access to capital and formal credit to enhance the uptake of BSF farming. This would require supporting formal lending institutions such as commercial banks, microfinance, private sector savings and credit unions to make their interest rates, repayment periods and lending procedures, especially the collateral security, more favorable. (d) Support more R&D in BSF to enable the development of this emerging industry. (e) Establish a regulatory framework to build consumer confidence in the safe and effective use of insects as animal and aquaculture feed.
Access to microcredit has received a lot of attention, but, its role in the adoption of climate change adaptation strategies and improvement of rice yield is not often debated. This study investigated the impacts of access to microcredit on the adoption of climate change adaptation strategies and the yield of rice farmers. A multistage sampling procedure was employed to select 320 rice farmers for the study. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Multivariate Probit regression model, the Poisson regression model with endogenous treatment, and the Endogenous Switching Regression Model. The descriptive results for the entire sample show mean values of 45 years for age, 9 people for household size, 20 years for farming experience, and 19 hectares for farm size. The result also showed that many of the rice farmers are male (94%), married (92%), educated (97%), and belong to rice farmer's associations (85%). Most of the rice farmers have access to microcredit (80%) and the farmers depend largely on their funds from other enterprises (100%). Many of the farmers mostly adopted high-quality-improved seeds (92%). Further findings reveal that age, educational status, household size, farm size, and years of farming experience are factors that largely determine the choice of climate change adaptation strategies adopted. The study also revealed that access to microcredit significantly affected the intensity of adoption of climate change adaptation strategies; and farmers’ age, education, and farm size significantly affected rice yield. Hence, policies that can promote increased access to microcredit should be promoted.
Continued economic growth is accelerating the demand for transport energy in the road, aviation, and marine sectors. The environmental impacts of technologies across these sectors need significant attention if society is to meet its climate change mitigation targets. Current policies focusing entirely on electrification are shown to be insufficient in mitigating environmental impacts. This is because powertrains equipped with combustion engines will still be operational 2040 onwards, especially in the developing countries and currently underdeveloped countries. In addition, the environmental impacts of electrified systems are not negligible, and lifecycle environmental impacts need attention. This paper presents a detailed summary of fuel-powertrain options that society will be dependent on, for next several decades. Environmental impacts using lifecycle assessment (LCA) are presented for various technologies. This review highlights the current inadequacies in application of LCA methods for transport systems, and the need to improve LCA methodologies to drive effective policy and decision making.
The use of insects as a biofuel feedstock has received limited research, and little is known about the fuel characteristics of insect biofuel. Fuel properties characterization can guide researchers focused on renewable fuel for the internal combustion engine. Therefore, this investigation focused on the physical-chemical properties modification of Hermetia illucens larvae oil (HILO) and diesel fuel blends, which could highly become an alternative renewable fuel. Five test fuel blends of HILO and diesel fuel were prepared at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% on a volume basis. Fuel properties such as chemical composition, density, viscosity, heating value, cetane number, and flash point of the test fuel blends were analyzed and compared to the diesel fuel. The main physical-chemical properties of HILO-diesel fuel blends were determined following the ASTM standards. Based on the results, the density, viscosity, cetane number, and flash point of the diesel fuel-HILO fuel blends were increased by 11.28%, 740.30%, 16.92%, and 86.67%, respectively, with the addition of HILO, except for the heating value reduced by 13.66%.
The feeds used in the aquaculture sector are fed with high protein foods obtained from fish at a rate of 70%. Currently, aquaculture feeds are dependent on fish meal and fish oil from wild-caught bait fish. However, the increased use of bait fish is unsustainable, and alternative protein sources are needed as 37.4 million tonnes of additional fish feed will be required by 2025. Beyond plant-derived components, fisheries and aquaculture by-products and insects as a feed source have great potential to provide the protein needed by aquaculture feeds in the next 10-20 years. Food waste also has significant potential through bioconversion of raw waste materials, where microbial and macroalgal biomass has limitations regarding scalability and protein content, respectively. For this purpose, factors including Feed utilization rates, Economic conversion rates, and FIFO (fish put into feed and fish produced in return) values, which is an even more up-to-date approach, are discussed. Today, although the intense animal protein requirements of carnivorous species (especially salmon, tuna, shrimps, sea bream, and sea bass) are focused on uneconomical species obtained from the sea for fishmeal production, the search for alternatives has deepened. Developing and increasing the plant protein sources included in the feed of cyprinids and tilapias, which are grown in inland waters, is relatively more successful than carnivorous species. This review discusses the development and optimization of alternative protein sources for aquaculture to ensure a socially and environmentally sustainable future for the aquaculture industry while focusing on the important scope of improved productivity in aquaculture.
Numerous amounts of sewage sludge have been generated as an organic waste annually at the present time and requires a proper disposal management. However, the conventional methods for sewage sludge disposal may enlarge the carbon footprint and incur a high operating cost due to various hazardous substances that exist in sewage sludge. Hence, a novel secure method is opted in this study by utilizing insect larvae to consume sewage sludge and subsequently, being converted into a high value-added biofuel. As such, black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) were selected to serve this purpose due to the high lipid content (20-40%) within their body and can be extracted for further utilization as biodiesel production feedstock. In addition, BSFL are competency to withstand heavy metals in sewage sludge without any contamination in larval biomass. However, as inadequate nutrition in sewage sludge can possibly retard the larval growth and biomass accumulation, fortification of sewage sludge nutrition will be studied by blending with palm kernel expeller (PKE), a nutrition enriched and low-cost organic waste substrate prior feeding to BSFL to assist larval growth and increase amount of larval lipid accumulation for producing biodiesel. Through the blending, an optimum ratio of sewage sludge to PKE of 2:3 had resulted in highest growth rate at 3.36±0.15 mg/larva/day and survival rate of larvae increased proportionately with PKE in larval feed. The extracted lipid from BSFL paved a pathway towards a new generation of sustainable feedstock in producing biodiesel. The highest lipid content was 17.00±1.77% when fed with sewage sludge to PKE at the ratio of 3:2.
This study aimed to investigate different inclusion levels of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) meal on water stability and floatability of formulated prawn feed as a steam pellet. In preparation for formulated prawn feed, locally available feed ingredients such as turmeric and tapioca starch were purchased, and the making process of formulated prawn feed as the steam pellet was referred. The formulated prawn feeds were prepared manually with 85%, 80%, and 75% of BSFL meal and labelled as Treatment 1, Treatment 2, and Treatment 3 for additional turmeric, respectively. Water stability and floatation test were performed in triplicates for each treatment to determine the pellet’s physical quality. The water stability was carried out in 10 minutes, 20 minutes, and 30 minutes by comparing the stability of the steam pellet when exposed to water of each treatment. In addition, a floatation test was carried out on 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 20 minutes, and 30 minutes. It was observed that the water stability and floatability of steam pellets were affected by the different inclusion levels of BSFL. All treatments of steam pellet with varying levels of inclusion of BSFL meal showed a decreasing trend on water stability and floatability from 85% to 75%. The steam pellet in Treatment 1 with the highest inclusion level of BSFL meal (85%) and the lowest turmeric (5%) had the highest moisture (9.76%), ash (11.39%), total fat (14.45%), protein content (39.28%), and total energy (387.5%) with greater water stability (83%) and greater floatability (86.67%) compared to that of Treatment 2 and Treatment 3 of steam pellet. While considering the better quality of steam pellet, diet in Treatment 1 is recommended due to its highest gelatinisation between BSFL meal and tapioca starch. However, the formulated feed needs some improvement to meet the required demand of M. rosenbergii larvae.
Background:
α-linolenic acid is an essential unsaturated fatty acid in organisms. However, there is a large gap between α-linolenic acid accumulation and its synthesis mechanism in insects. Fatty acid synthases (FASs) and desaturases (Desats) are vital enzymes required for the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acid.
Results:
The pupae of Glyphodes pyloalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), which is a destructive pest of mulberry trees, contain the highest level of α-linolenic acid compared to other life history stages. To further explore the synthesis mechanism of α-linolenic acid in G. pyloalis pupae, we constructed a pupal transcriptome dataset and identified 106 genes related to fatty acids metabolism from it. Among these, two fatty acid synthases (GpylFAS) and five desaturases (GpylDesat) were identified. A qRT-PCR validation revealed that GpylFAS1 and GpylDesat1, 2, 3, 5 were expressed highest at pupal stages. Furthermore, the content of α-linolenic acid decreased significantly after silencing GpylFAS1 and GpylDesat5, respectively. Besides, knocking down GpylFAS1 or GpylDesat5 resulted in more malformed pupae and adults, as well as lower emergence rates. Meanwhile, silencing GpylFAS1 or GpylDesat5 affected the expressions of the other GpylFASs and GpylDesats.
Conclusion:
The present results illustrate the pivotal function of FASs and Desats in α-linolenic acid biosynthesis and metamorphosis in insects. Our research also broadens the sources of unsaturated fatty acids, especially for α-linolenic acid from insects, and provides novel insights for the management of mulberry insect pests from the perspective of utilization rather than control. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
HIL are useful in agriculture because they can be used as feed for livestock or fertilizer and can bioconvert organic wastes, such as food waste and human and animal manure to usable fertilizer. In addition, HIL are being studied as a source of biodiesel because of their high-fat content. However, their use for biodiesel production has not been fully adopted. Here, the results showed that survival, weight gains, and total dried weight were significantly enhanced when HIL were fed dried-food waste (DFW)/chicken manure (CM). Furthermore, increased weight gain was observed in HIL fed DFW containing 5 mL waste cooking oil (WCO) per 100 g and 1.2% (v/w) fermented effective microorganism (F-EM). Based on these results, we prepared experimental feeds containing DFW, CM, WCO, and F-EM to establish an optimal feed for biodiesel production. We found that FT-1-2, a feed prepared with 60 g DFW, 40 g CM, 2 mL WCO, and 0.8% F-EM (v/w), significantly enhanced fat content, weight gain, and total dried weight of HIL. Our results indicate FT-1-2 is a suitable feed to breed HIL for biodiesel production. We then developed an automatic oil extractor for biodiesel production. The yield of the oil extractor was higher than that of solvent extraction. The study shows FT-1-2 is an optimal HIL feed for biodiesel production and that the developed oil extractor is useful for the extraction of crude oil from HIL and for the harvesting of defatted HIL frass for livestock feed and fertilizer. Taken together, we established an optimized low-cost feed for HIL breeding and developed an automatic oil extractor for the production of biodiesel from HIL.
Insect meals are a group of promising feed materials and sources of nutrients. Their production does not entail deforestation, global warming, environmental pollution or decreased biodiversity. One of the most important farmed insect species is mealworm, which is allowed to be used in aquafeeds by the European Commission Regulation no. 2017/893. The aim of this study was to examine four doses of mealworm meal (TM10 = 10%, TM20 = 20%, TM30 = 30% and TM40 = 40%) in sea trout (Salmo trutta m. trutta) fingerling diets and their effects on growth performance, somatic and condition indices, blood parameters, histomorphological characteristics and body composition. Our results showed the most satisfactory growth performance results with 10% mealworm meal. The feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), relative growth rate (RGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) was similar in the control and TM10 group. The lowest fish survival (95%) was occurred in the group of fish fed TM40, and the highest (98.33%) in fish fed control or TM10 diets. The fish condition and the hepatosomatic index were similar among treatments. The histomorphological structures of the intestine and liver were not negatively affected by the experimental diets. The inclusion of up to 40% mealworm meal did not negatively affect growth performance, feed utilization, fish health or survival.
Oslo agreement was signed in 1993 between the Palestinians and the Israelis as a gesture of hope for the autonomy of the Palestinians on their lands. Palestinians lands was divided into three administrative regions: Areas A, B, and C. These divisions were signed as a temporary transitional period of 5 years, during which the transfer of control over areas C and B to the Palestinian National Authority, was not implemented until the time of writing this research. This work aims to shed light on the impact of the geopolitical division on the possibility of exploiting renewable energy resources on C areas, and the role of that in achieving the Palestinian vision of reducing total dependency on the Israeli side as a net importer of Energy. To conclude, 96% of the total potential of solar energy is in West Bank, while Gaza has only 163 MW. Area C obsesses over 62% of solar energy potential, while about 75% of the potential in area (A+B) is upon the roof tops. It is expected, 98% of the total renewable energy potential is solar energy potential. Only 0.12% of the total A and B lands are suitable for producing solar electricity.
Due to the popularization of insect consumption, several studies have been carried out to elucidate the most diverse questions about nutritional factors, risks related to consumption, processing, production, potential applications, among others. Since then, the high content of insect protein is what has been the most highlighted topic researched. However, insect lipids have gained attention in recent studies. Lipids from insects have excellent nutritional value and can be as healthy as lipids presented in traditional foods. Depending on the insect stage of life, the lipid content and composition may change. In addition to proteins, lipids have been gaining ground in the field of research representing a promising ingredient for the manufacture of insect-based ingredients. In this review, aspects of the nutritional value related to insect lipids, the main processes of extraction, their composition and their current and future possible applications were reported.
Introduction
The main aim of the present review is to describe the advantages of using honey for general population and for athletes during endurance training, and to show its benefits as a healthy natural product, used as a huge energy source for human body.
Conclusion
Honey represents a sustainable and a natural food source which offers many advantages and health benefits through its antioxidant properties, antibacterial and antiseptic effects, as well as antifungal activity. Due to its properties and health benefits, an alternative medicine branch based on honey, called apitherapy, was developed during the last decades.
Currently, there is a great interest in finding alternative protein and energy sources to replace soybean-based feeds in poultry diets. The main objective of the present study was to completely replace soybean in layer diets with defatted meal and fat from black soldier fly larvae without adverse effects. For this purpose, 5 × 10 Lohmann Brown Classic hens were fed either a soybean-based diet or diets based on defatted black soldier fly larvae meal and fat from 2 producers (1 commercial, 1 small-scale) operating with different rearing substrates, temperatures, and larvae processing methods (10 hens/diet). The data obtained included nutrient composition of larvae meals and diets, amino acid digestibility (6 hens/diet), and metabolizability, performance and egg quality (all 10 hens/diet). In addition, the acceptance of the 4 larvae-based diets was tested against the soybean-based diet in a 6-d choice feeding situation (10 hens/treatment). The nutritional value of the larvae-based diets was equivalent to the soybean-based diet in hens with a laying performance of 98%. Although average feed intake was not significantly different over the 7 experimental wk, the diets based on larvae feeds from the small-scale production appeared to be slightly less accepted in a choice situation than the soy-based diet and those with larvae from commercial origin. This was more likely the effect of the larvae fat rather than that of the larvae protein meal. In addition, the commercial larvae material was superior to that from the small-scale production concerning supply with digestible sulfur-containing amino acids (548 vs. 511 mg/d) and lysine (792 vs. 693 mg/d), egg weight (67 vs. 63.2 g), daily egg mass (66 vs. 61 g/d) and, in tendency, feed efficiency. The results indicate that soybean-based feeds can be replaced completely by black soldier fly meal and fat in diets of high-performing layers. However, because of nutritional differences between the larvae materials of different origin the quality of the larvae has to be closely monitored before being used.
The book analyses human entomophagy and the need for using insects s food in the industrialized countries.
Known data on (the distribution of Hermetia illucens (L.) in Europe are summarized and updated. This species has been reliably recorded from Portugal, Spain, France, Switzerland. Italy, Malta, Croatia and Albania. A new record from Turkey represents the eastern most finding in the West Palaearctic and a new species to the fauna of the whole of the Near East. It may be evidence of a recent extension of this species in the Mediterranean area.
The effects of replacing 0, 33.3, 66.7 or 100% of dietary fish meal (9%) with housefly maggots (Musca domestica. Linn) was investigated using broilers from day old to 5 weeks of age. Increasing the dietary level of maggots reduced feed intake and weight gain while increasing the feed: gain ratio (P>0.05), There was however no significant effect of dietary maggots on mortality rate (P>0.05). Replacement of dietary fish meal with maggots caused significant reduction in nitrogen retention (P<0.05) but an increase in fat retention (P>0.05). There was no significant effect of replacing dietary fish meal with maggots on the metabolizable energy value of the diets (P>0.05). It is concluded that maggots could replace only 33% of dietary fish meal (9%) without compromising performance and nutrient retention in broiler chicks. The cost of harvesting and processing maggots is about 15% of equivalent weight of fish meal, making even partial replacement of fishmeal with maggots economical.
Las larvas del picudo del cocotero Rhynchophorus palmarum L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) juegan un rol importante comofuente de proteínas para los indígenas amazónicos y constituye un alimento apetecible para estas poblaciones. Los indígenas las colectan de los tejidos de palmeras descompuestos y luego se los comen directamente o hervidos. En este artículo se describe un sistema no intensivo de cría, disponible para su desarrollo por las comunidades. Las larvas se criaron usando plantas silvestres y de cultivos agrícolas indígenas. Se estudió la supervivencia y la densidad larvaria en cada substrato de palmera. También se estudió: a) la composición nutricional de la larva, b) la composición nutricional de las palmeras Maximiliana regia Mart.(Cucurito), Jessenia bataua Mart. (Seje) y el Mauritzia flexuosa L. (Moriche) y, c) se realizó una prueba de palatibilidad conturistas. Palabras Clave: Composición nutricional, Rhynchophorus palmarum, Maximiliana regia, Jessenia bataua, Mauritzia flexuosa,insectos como alimento, dieta indígena amazónica.
ABSTRACT The larvae of the Rhynchophorus palmarum L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) palm weevil play an important role as a source ofprotein for the Amazonian Indians, and are viewed as a tasty food by the population of the tropical Amazonian areas. These larvae make up a valuable resource for the Indian population. The Indians collect them from rotten palm stems and eat themboiled or raw. In this paper we describe the development of a small-scale growing system to be used by the rain forest Indiancommunities. Larvae are bred using wild plants and traditional Indian crops. We study larval survival and density in each palmsubstrate. We also studied: a) the larvae's nutritional composition, b) the nutritional composition of the Cucurito, Seje andMoriche palm substrata, and c) make a taste test with tourists.
Key words: Nutritional compostion, Rhynchophorus palmarum, Maximiliana regia, Jessenia bataua, Mauritzia flexuosa,insect as food, amazonian
Proximate composition of housefly maggot (Musca domestica) meal produced from decomposition of mixture of whole undiluted blood (WUB) and wheat bran (WB) was evaluated to determine the crude protein, amino acids, crude fibre, ether extract, and ash contents. Results revealed that maggot meal contains 47.1% crude protein, 25.3% fat, 7.5% crude fibre and 6.25% ash at dry matter level of 92.7%. The amino acid profile showed that maggot meal contains 17 amino acids among which are nine essential amino acids. Tryptophan was not identified. The most limiting essential amino acids, lysine and methionine were found to be higher in the maggot meal (6.04% and 2.28% respectively) when compared with those of other conventional protein sources including fish meal. It also revealed a balanced Leucine/Isoleucine ratio.
By means of standardized methods, the nutritive value of some beetle species that are eaten in Mexico and that of Pachymerus nuclcorum from Brazil was analyzed and compared. It is concluded that the edible beetles of Mexico and P. nucleorum show a high nutritive value in proteins, amino acids, fats, calories, and minerals. Their ingestion contributes to the nutrition of the people that use this kind of food resource, in accordance with their abundance during several seasons of the year when they are available.
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Black Soldier Fly EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Previously reported work has shown that black soldier flies (Hermetia illuscens) are effective in reducing the mass as well as the nutrient and moisture content of hen manure. Preliminary results from using the black soldier fly to digest swine manure solids suggested that the system could be even more effective for swine manure. A small scale system for digesting swine manure solids, harvested by a belt beneath a slatted floor holding pigs, was installed and tested. Manure mass was reduced 56% while the concentrations of most elements and nutrients were reduced 40 to 55 %. Nutrient analyses and feeding studies indicate that dried black soldier fly prepupae grown on swine manure solids have value as a feedstuff, particularly for aquaculture. In a pot study, plant growth was increased when the digested manure residue was added to either a clay soil or clean sand.
Seventeen species of edible insects representing nine families from south western Nigeria were analyzed for nutrient composition. They include the orders of Orthoptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Isoptera. Analeptes trifasciata, Rhynchophorus phoenicis and Zonocerus variegatus has the highest crude protein content (29.62, 28.42 and 26.8%, respectively). The Ether Extract content ranged from 1.50 to 31.40%, and the highest amount was found in R. phoenicis (31.4%), Macrotermes bellicosus (28.2%) and Macrotermes notalensis (22.5%). The nitrogen free extract content ranged from 38.5 to 85.3%, with highest values in Brachytrypes spp. and Oryctes boas. The insect richest in Vitamin A, B 2 and C was Apis mellifera (12.44 ug/100 g, 3.24 mg/100g and 10.25 mg/100 g, respectively). Highest calcium and phosphorus contents of 61.28 mg/100g and 136.4 mg/100g were found in Analeptes trifasciata. Iron was found highest in M.notalensi and magnesium in Zonocerus variegatus. These insects which are sources of delicacy are also pests of certain crops at developmental stages of their life. Despite this they constitute a significant component of diet among the people of south western Nigeria.
Samples of four insects cooked according to traditional methods in central Angola, were analysed by approved chemical and microbiological techniques. The quality of the proteins was evaluated by several chemical indices. The larvae of Usta terpsichore had the greatest potential nutritional value but the other insects were also useful sources of nutrients.
SUMMARY By means of standardized methods, the nutritive value of some beetle species that are eaten in Mexico and that of Pachymerus nucleorum from Brazil was analyzed and compared. It is con- cluded that the edible beetles of Mexico and P. nucleorum show a high nutritive value in proteins, amino acids, fats, calories, and minerals. Their ingestion contributes to the nutrition of the people that use this kind of food resource, in accordance with their abun- dance during several seasons of the year when they are available.
Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus, 1758) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) may contribute to clarify the circumstances of a suspicious death and help to estimate the post-mortem interval. This species has been used as a forensic indicator of human corpses in USA [1,2]. In Europe, it was used for first time in 2001, in Italy [3]. The black soldier fly is originally a New World species, but food and other materials transported by man have resulted in the establishment of this species in all regions [4]. It is now widely distributed from approximately latitude 468N to 428S [4–7]. In Europe, it was recorded in Malta for the first time in 1926 [8], and since then it has been found in other parts of the Mediterranean region [4,9], Albania, Croatia, France, Italy, southern Switzerland, Portugal and Spain [10]. In the Iberian Peninsula, H. illucens was first recorded in 1954 from the eastern coast [11], and it was captured in Portugal for the first time in 1995 [12]. However, it has never been found breeding in animal remains or reported in faunistic studies of the sarcosaprophagous community in the Iberian Peninsula [13,14]. Adults probably feed on nectar and pollen, but they can survive for several weeks without food in laboratory conditions [15]. By contrast, larvae can use a wide variety of organic materials as food, but are mainly saprophages in media as diverse as manure or decaying fruits and vegetables, moreover, occasionally causing facultative human myiasis [16,17]. The case described here constitutes the first record of H. illucens breeding on human carrion in Spain. Furthermore, some notes on the biology and geographic distribution of H. illucens in the Iberian Peninsula are presented. This information could, in the future, help to estimate the minimum post-mortem interval in cases of suspicious death in the Mediterranean region. 1. Materials and methods Forensic case report. The body of an elderly man (72 years old) was found on the tiled roof of a farmhouse, located in a rural environment in Reus (N 41.108, E 1.068, Tarragona province, NE Spain) on 26 October 1998. The man had been last seen alive on the day of his disappearance, 8 November 1997. The body was lying face down (Fig. 1), covered by pine foliage and dressed in the same jeans, jacket, T-shirt, socks and shoes as had been worn when he was last seen. The cadaver exhibited mummification in soft tissues and partial skeletisation of the face and the upper part of the thorax. Insects were collected during the autopsy at the Instituto Anató mico Forense in Madrid and preserved in 70% ethanol prior to identification [18]. Meteorological data recorded at the weather station nearest to Reus showed an average daily maximum temperature in July 1998 of 26.9 8C, an average daily minimum temperature in January of 11.6 8C and overall average daily temperature of 17.6 8C. Based on investigations by the forensic medical examiner and police, the death was considered most likely to be on the date of disappearance. At the time of the post-mortem examination, samples of insects from around or under the body were not analysed. This article presents the first record of Hermetia illucens larvae on a human corpse in Spain (the second case report in Europe). Prepupae of H. illucens, and other insects, were recovered from the dead body of a 72-year-old man in an advanced stage of decomposition. The body was located in Reus (NE Spain), in October 1998. This article provides additional biological data on experimental studies and an update on the geographic distribution of this species in the Iberian Peninsula.
Larvae of Calliphora vicina R.-D. (Diptera: Calliphoridae) hatching from eggs laid by adult females exposed to short day length, and then raised in darkness at 11oC, normally enter diapause rather than undergoing prompt pupariation. However, if the feeding stage is curtailed by premature extraction of larvae from their food, or if the larvae are subjected to severe overcrowding, smaller larvae side-step the diapause programme to become miniature puparia, whereas larger larvae proceed to diapause as fully-fed ones. In addition, smaller diapausing larvae show a shorter (or less intense) diapause than full-sized larvae. Apart from the smallest individuals, flies can emerge from these miniature puparia and in some cases are capable of laying eggs; this suggests that avoidance of diapause may allow undersized individuals an opportunity to reproduce before winter sets in. Fat determinations performed on larvae and pupae of various sizes, however, showed that short-day (diapause-destined) individuals lay down the same proportion of fat as long-day (non-diapause) individuals, and the same proportion of fat across all size classes. The possible functional significance of this phenomenon is discussed.
Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society brings together leading scientific experts to assess the impact insects have on humankind and the earth's fragile ecosystems. It examines why insect biodiversity matters and how the rapid evolution of insect species is affecting us all. Insects and related arthropods make up more than 50 percent of the known animal diversity globally, yet a lack of knowledge about insects is hindering the advance of science and society. This book explores the wide variety in type and number of insect species and their evolutionary relationships. Case studies offer assessments on how insect biodiversity can help meet the needs of a rapidly expanding human population, and also examine the consequences that an increased loss of insect species will have on the world. The book concludes that a better understanding of the biology and ecology of insects is the only way to sustainably manage ecosystems in an ever changing global environment.
This chapter reviews the path leading to the present knowledge concerning the biodiversity of terrestrial arthropods and the questions raised along the way by both fieldwork and theoretical approaches. Then, it offers plans that will lead directly to a resolution of the biodiversity question, if money and effort are seriously applied to the endeavor. After two and a half centuries of inquiry, we still do not have the crucial answer regarding most of Earth's biota: How many species of terrestrial arthropods are there? As it has been pointed out, we are not even close to knowing the order of magnitude of species on Earth. Recently, at various meetings both in the systematics and conservation communities, some researchers have argued that the question is not important, but rather our energy must go to conserving whatever is out there. Others have argued that the question itself is not helpful scientifically. Those who oppose these two arguments have marshaled various arguments of their own. For example, if we don't know it and where it lives, we cannot save it. Others believe that the actual number does not matter; the academic pursuit of all knowledge is important.
Terrestrial insects belonging to 8 species groups were collected from 5 sites in A.B.U. main campus and analysed for nutritional constituents using standard biochemical methods. The highest level of crude protein was found in Catarrtopsilus taeniolatus (40.57%) and the lowest in Microtermes sp (24.85%). Crude protein and lipid contents varied significantly (P<0.05) between the species groups. Differences between the crude protein content of Zonocerus variegates specimens was not significant (P>0.05) and decreased in the order nymph> winged adult> de-winged adult. Carbohydrate (LSD(0.05) =1.09) and crude fibre (LSD(0.05) = 0.79) also varied significantly between the groups. The ash content ofMicrotermes sp was about 4 times higher than the level in any other species group. The significance of these nutrients and their role as suitable substitutes and supplements in human and livestock diets are discussed.
The production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) from crude tobacco seed oil (TSO) having high free fatty acids (FFA) was investigated. Due to its high FFA, the TSO was processed in two steps: the acid-catalyzed esterification (ACE) followed by the base-catalyzed methanolysis (BCM). The first step reduced the FFA level to less than 2% in 25 min for the molar ratio of 18:1. The second step converted the product of the first step into FAME and glycerol. The maximum yield of FAME was about 91% in about 30 min. The tobacco
biodiesel obtained had the fuel properties within the limits prescribed by the latest American (ASTM D 6751-02) and European (DIN EN 14214) standards, except a somewhat higher acid value than that prescribed by the latter standard (<0.5). Thus, tobacco seeds (TS), as agricultural wastes, might be a valuable renewable raw material for the biodiesel production.
Characterization of solar collectors is based on experimental techniques next to validation of associated models. Both techniques may be adopted assuming different complexities. In this work, a general methodology to validate a collector model, with undetermined associated complexity, is presented. It serves to characterize the device by means of critical coefficients, such as the film (convection) transfer coefficient, plate absortance or emmitance. The first step consists of identifying those significant parameters that match the selected model with the experimental data, via nonlinear optimization techniques, applied to steady state conditions. Second, new correlations must be adopted, in those terms where it is necessary (i.e. film coefficient equations). Finally, the overall model must be checked in transient regime. To illustrate the technique, a tailor-made prototype flat plate solar collector has been analyzed. An intermediate complex collector model has been proposed (2D finite-difference method). Both steady and transient states were analyzed under different operating conditions. Parameter identification is based on Newton's method optimization. For parameter approximation, exponential regression functions through multivariate analysis of variance is proposed among many other alternatives. Results depicted a robustness of the overall proposed method as starting point to optimize models applied to solar collectors.
Recently, the inverse depth parameterization has been widely used in monocular simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) within the standard extended Kalman filter (EKF) framework. However, the feature depth is not able to be estimated at one observation. In fact, the feature depth and its standard deviation are initialized empirically, which may affect the convergence of the standard EKF. In order to improve the performance, a modified covariance extended Kalman filter (MVEKF) is proposed in this paper. Loop closure tests are performed to compare the proposed method with the standard EKF method and the results show that the MVEKF method is more robust to the uncertainty of the initial depth estimation while the computational complexity remains about the same.
Biodiesel is a promising alternative diesel fuel which has increased worldwide public interest in a number of countries including China. But the high cost of producing biodiesel from feedstock, predominately food grade oils, limited its economic feasibility. An alternative of using grease extracted from restaurant waste to produce biodiesel is a potential low cost approach. However, this approach generates a significant large quantity of solid residual fraction which required proper disposal. This study was conducted to evaluate the potential of a secondary biodiesel production from the solid residual fraction of restaurant waste after typical grease extraction (SRF) employing a high fat containing insect, black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens. The SRF was sampled and fed to black soldier fly larvae. The resulting larval biomass was used for crude grease extraction by petroleum ether. The extracted crude grease was then converted into biodiesel by acid-catalyzed (1% H2SO4) esterification and alkaline-catalyzed (0.8% NaOH) transesterification. About 23.6 g larval grease-based biodiesel was produced from approximately 1000 larvae grown on 1 kg of SRF. The weight of SRF was reduced by about 61.8% after being fed by the black soldier fly larvae for 7 days. The amount of biodiesel yield from restaurant waste was nearly doubled (original restaurant waste grease, 2.7%; larval grease, 2.4%). The major methyl ester components of the biodiesel derived from black soldier fly larvae fed on SRF were oleinic acid methyl ester (27.1%), lauric acid methyl ester (23.4%), and palmitic acid methyl ester (18.2%). Most of the properties of this biodiesel met the specifications of the standard EN 14214, including density (860 kg/m3), viscosity (4.9 mm2/s), flash point (128 °C), cetane number (58) and ester contents (96.9%). These results indicated that black soldier fly larval biomass obtained from larvae reared on SRF could potentially be used as a non-food feedstock for biodiesel production. This approach not only enhances the efficiency of biodiesel production from restaurant waste, it also helps to better manage and significantly reduce the large quantity of solid residual fraction produced during the process of biodiesel production using restaurant waste.
Seventy-eight species of edible insects, representing twenty-three families from the state of Oaxaca in Mexico, were analyzed for nutrient composition. They include the orders of Anoplura, Diptera, Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera. The dry basis protein content ranged from 15 to 81%. The highest was found in a wasp of the genusPolybia.Fat content ranged from 4.2% (several grasshopper species:Boopedon flaviventris, Sphenarium sp., Melanoplus mexicanus) to 77.2% in the larvae of a butterflyPhasus triangularis.The insect richest in carbohydrates was the antMyrmecosistus melligerwith 77.7%. The amino acid profile of the studied insects compares with the preschooler and adult requirements indicated in 1985 by the F.A.O. and the W.H.O. Their protein chemical score (corresponding to the capacity for fulfilling the requirement of the most limiting essential amino acid) ranged from 46 to 96%; in a few cases there were deficiences of tryptophan and lysine. Protein digestibility varied between 76 and 98% for the species analyzed. The caloric contribution varied from 293 to 762 kcal/100 g, the highest value also being for the butterfly larvae ofPhasus triangularis.Constituting a significant component of the diet of some rural communities in Oaxaca, consumption parameters vary depending on the species, season, habitat, climate, and biotope. Eaten daily in some regions, insects are roasted, fried, or incorporated into a ragout dish, generally in the immature stage. Hymenoptera (ants, bees, and wasps) are preferred for consumption.
Biodiesel is a renewable fuel comprised of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) derived from vegetable oils or animal fats. Comparisons between biodiesel and petroleum-based diesel have shown biodiesel to be effective in reducing exhaust emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, particulate matter, and sulfur dioxide. While there are advantages of biodiesel over the traditional petroleum based diesel, biodiesel commercialization is limited by production cost that is dominated by the price of the feedstock (soybean oil). Yellow grease has the potential to be an effective feedstock with lower cost, but the chemical composition of these oils is variable depending on the source of collection and differs from that of virgin oil due to the presence of free fatty acids (FFA). Esterification has been previously demonstrated to reduce the FFA levels of YG; however, large quantities of methanol were required to drive the reaction to high yield. Methanol usage for processing and FFA content are the main factors affecting the economics of FAME production from YG. In this study, the relationship between composition and process variables was systematically studied. The effect of FFA ranging from 2% to 32% (w/w) was studied at three different molar ratios of methanol to FFA (4.5:1, 9:1, 18:1) and was found to have a non-linear relationship. Data obtained from this full factorial screening was used to develop a predictive statistical model to forecast the conversion based on initial FFA level and proportion of alcohol applied for esterification.
1.1. The proteins of the larval fat body of the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella, were subjected to isoelectric focusing and disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels to examine the diapause-associated protein (DAP).2.2. The fat bodies of last instar pre-diapausing larvae, as well as those of non-diapausing larvae which had been treated with juvenile hormone or a juvenile hormone mimic, were shown to store DAP.3.3. The protein fraction has an isoelectric point of 5.9, and appears to be a single polypeptide unit with a molecular weight of about 35,000.4.4. The protein was resistant to hydrolysis at 37°C by midgut enzymes and trypsin.5.5. De novo synthesis of DAP was demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo in the fat body of pre-diapausing larvae using radioactive leucine.6.6. Isolated fat bodies of 33-day old last instar pre-diapausing larvae incubated in macromolecule-free Grace's medium incorporated [3H]leucine selectively into DAP.7.7. Experiments employing [14C] and [3H]leucine and cycloheximide, an inhibitor of peptide bond formation, confirmed the synthesis of DAP in vivo.8.8. DAP was released unchanged from the fat body of mid-diapausing larvae in vitro. Since the protein does not accumulate in the haemolymph in vivo it may be structurally modified before or after release in vivo.9.9. The possible diapause-related functions of DAP are appraised.