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White tea: Offering something new to your health
Abstract and Figures
For centuries tea is a popular beverage and has also been used as medicine. While green and black teas are very healthy, white tea is a superb tonic and one of the nature's great gifts. It is the least processed tea and has the highest antioxidant levels as compare to black and green tea. A supreme drink for health ―white tea‖ plays an important role in preventing diseases and disorders. White tea protects against cancer, heart disease, and stroke, the leading causes of death in the industrial world, as well as numerous other conditions. The symptoms of illness reduce and it promotes recovery. White tea strengthens the circulatory, immune systems as well as bones and teeth, and builds healthy skin. White tea has many other benefits to offer like it may reduce blood sugar and help prevent symptoms of diabetes to elevate. It reduces stress and increases energy. The aim of this present article is to enlist various health benefits of white tea especially its role in prevention of cardio-vascular diseases, cancer, obesity, skin and eye disorders. An attempt is also made to highlight the history, contents, manufacturing, production, varieties as well as the past and the ongoing researches on white tea related to the clinical uses of white tea.
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... Chinese legend asserts that tea has been consumed since 3,000 years ago 1 , but archaeological research indicates that tea was first consumed around 5,000 years ago, during the early paleolithic period 2 . In addition to being the oldest beverage, tea is the second most consumed beverage in the world, behind mineral water 3 . By 2025, global consumption and production of tea are projected to increase by 3.08%, reaching 7,000 metric tons 4 . ...
Green tea (Camellia sinensis) consumption has increased due to the compounds in green tea that have health benefits. Fermenting brewed green tea with a Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast (SCOBY) to create green tea kombucha is a suitable strategy to raise that benefit. Free-radical scavenging activity, alcohol level, sugar reduction, and the hedonic test (color, aroma, and flavor hedonic test) were used to determine the quality of kombucha. This study determined how various sweeteners influence that parameter using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method to determine free-radical scavenging activity; distillation, and specific weight to determine alcohol level; refractometer to determine sugar reduction content; and scoring preference from 30 panelists to determined hedonic. This study revealed that the IC50 value of kombucha ranged between 33.44 and 38.85 ppm. The honey yielded the highest alcohol content, 2.78%, while stevia yielded the lowest, 2.36%. The range of reducing sugar content is 18.99 to 88.90 grams. The color, aroma, and flavor of green tea kombucha are enhanced by adding stevia, honey, palm sugar, and refined sugar, respectively. Our findings showed that green tea kombucha had very strong radical scavenging activity in various sweeteners. Stevia had the highest radical scavenging activity and was deemed the best by the panel. Stevia also showed the lowest levels of alcohol and sugar reduction. However, additional other sweeteners must be investigated to determine the health benefits of kombucha.
An overview is given on the manufacture of the different types of tea along with the most important phenolics present in tea
and methods of analysis. Compositional data are presented for green, white and black teas. A differentiation of green and
black tea by using the ratio between total phenolics and sum of the major catechins seems to be feasible.
For white tea there is no general accepted definition. Possible approaches are geographic origin, the botanical variety and
the manufacture or the appearance. The differentiation between green and white teas by the ratio mentioned above is not possible.
Eswird eine Übersicht über die Teemanufaktur und die resultierenden Arten von Tee gegeben, begleitet von einer Übersicht über
einige wichtige Inhaltsstoffe (Flavanole, Zusammenstellung analytischer Methoden zur Bestimmung von (Poly)-phenolen und Daten
über grüne, schwarze undweiße Tees). Derzeit scheint eine Differenzierung von grünem und schwarzem Tee über das Flavanol:Gesamtphenolverhältnis
möglich.
Für weißen Tee gibt es derzeit keine allgemein akzeptierte Definition. Mögliche Ansätze für diese sind die geographische Herkunft,
die botanische Varietät oder die Art der Herstellung. Eine Differenzierung durch das Flavanol:Gesamtphenolverhältnis von grünem
und weißen Tee ist nicht realistisch.
Recent investigations have associated white teas with anti-carcinogenic, immune-boosting, and antioxidative properties that may impact human health in a manner comparable to green teas. An in-depth chemical analysis of white tea types was conducted to quantify polyphenols and antioxidant potential of 8 commercially available white teas, and compare them to green tea. Extraction and HPLC protocols were optimized and validated for the quantification of 9 phenolic and 3 methylxanthine compounds to examine inter- and intra-variation in white and green tea types and subtypes. A sampling strategy was devised to assess various subtypes procured from different commercial sources. Variation in antioxidant activity and total phenolic content (TPC) of both tea types was further assessed by the 1-1-dipheny1-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Folin Ciocalteau (F C) assays, respectively. Total catechin content (TCC) for white teas ranged widely from 14.40 to 369.60 mg/g of dry plant material for water extracts and 47.16 to 163.94 mg/g for methanol extracts. TCC for green teas also ranged more than 10-fold, from 21.38 to 228.20 mg/g of dry plant material for water extracts and 32.23 to 141.24 mg/g for methanol extracts. These findings indicate that statements suggesting a hierarchical order of catechin content among tea types are inconclusive and should be made with attention to a sampling strategy that specifies the tea subtype and its source. Certain white teas have comparable quantities of total catechins to some green teas, but lesser antioxidant capacity, suggesting that white teas have fewer non-catechin antioxidants present.
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a specific clinical condition that characterizes unexplained disabling fatigue. In the present study, chronic fatigue was produced in mice by subjecting them to forced swim inside a rectangular jar of specific dimensions for 6 min. daily for 15 days. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG; 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered daily 30 min. before forced swim session. Immobility period and post-swim fatigue was assessed on alternate days. On the 16th day, after assessment of various behavioural parameters, mice were killed to harvest the brain, spleen and thymus. There was significant increase in oxidative-nitrosative stress and tumour necrosis factor-alpha levels in the brain of mice subjected to water-immersion stress as compared with naive group. These behavioural and biochemical alterations were restored after chronic treatment with EGCG. The present study points out that EGCG could be of therapeutic potential in the treatment of chronic fatigue.
The use of electric fields for inducing protoplast fusion (electrofusion) has its origins in biophysical studies of cell membranes. However, recent work showing electrofusion to be simpler, quicker, and often more efficient than chemically induced fusion is attracting the interest of geneticists and tissue-culture practitioners. Indeed, electrofusion may become the fusion technique of choice for species whose cells exhibit a severe cytotoxic response to polyethylene glycol (PEG). Interest in this area has been further heightened by recent demonstrations that electric pulses can be used to introduce foreign DNA into plant cells (“electroporation”: Fromm et al. 1986; Riggs and Bates 1986). This chapter provides an overview of electrofusion and its application to plant somatic hybridization.
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is a lifelong feature of brain plasticity that appears to be critically involved in adult brain function and neurological disease. Recent studies suggest that (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), which is the main polyphenolic constituent of green tea, may be used for the prevention and treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases. We hypothesized that EGCG promotes adult neurogenesis, which may be beneficial to hippocampus-dependent learning and memory.
We show that EGCG treatment significantly increased the number of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU)-labeled cells in adult hippocampal neural progenitor cell (NPC) cultures and in the dentate gyrus of adult mice. Meanwhile, EGCG markedly improved spatial cognition in mice. These events are associated with the sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway. We observed that EGCG triggered a robust upregulation of Shh receptor (Patched) mRNA and protein expression in cultured NPCs as well as an upregulation of the downstream Shh transcriptional target Gli1. These changes were further confirmed in the hippocampus of mice administered EGCG. The blockage of the Shh signal with the pharmacological inhibitor cyclopamine attenuated EGCG-induced hippocampal neurogenesis.
Our results provide strong evidence that EGCG enhances adult hippocampal neurogenesis.
To investigate the antiangiogenesis mechanism of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in an endometriosis model in vivo.
Animal studies.
University laboratory.
Human endometrium from women with endometriosis (n = 10) was transplanted into immunocompromised mice.
Mice (n = 30) were randomly treated with EGCG, vitamin E (antioxidant control), or vehicle (negative control) for microvessel imaging.
Endometriotic implants were collected for angiogenesis microarray and pathway analysis. Differentially expressed angiogenesis molecules were confirmed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Effects of EGCG on angiogenesis signal transduction were further characterized in a human endothelial cell line. Microvessel parameters and the angiogenesis signaling pathway in endometriotic implants and endothelial cells were studied.
EGCG, but not vitamin E, inhibited microvessels in endometriotic implants. EGCG selectively suppressed vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGFC) and tyrosine kinase receptor VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) expression. EGCG down-regulated VEGFC/VEGFR2 signaling through c-JUN, interferon-γ, matrix metalloproteinase 9, and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 3 pathways for endothelial proliferation, inflammatory response, and mobility. EGCG also suppressed VEGFC expression and reduced VEGFR2 and ERK activation in endothelial cells. VEGFC supplementation attenuated the inhibitory effects by EGCG.
EGCG inhibited angiogenesis and suppressed VEGFC/VEGFR2 expression and signaling pathway in experimental endometriosis in vivo and endothelial cells in vitro.
Chronic fatigue syndrome is a heterogeneous disorder with unknown pathogenesis and etiology, characterized by tiredness, difficulty in concentration and memory, and concomitant skeletal and muscular pain, thus affecting both mental and physical domains. The pathogenesis of chronic fatigue syndrome is multifactorial and involves increased oxido-nitrosative stress along with generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α. In the present study chronic fatigue was produced in rats by plunging a load of 10 ± 2% body weight and subjecting them to forced swim inside a rectangular jar daily for 28 days. Endurance capacity and post-swim fatigue were assessed on 1st, 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th days. EGCG was administered daily by oral gavage 30 min before forced swim session. On the 29th day, after assessment of various behavioral parameters, blood was collected through tail vein, and animals were sacrificed to harvest the brains, spleens and thymus. Chronic fatigue group exhibited significant behavioral alterations along with enhanced oxido-nitrosative stress and serum TNF-α level as compared to naive group. Chronic treatment with EGCG restored all the behavioral and biochemical alterations associated with chronic fatigue syndrome. The present study signifies the therapeutic potential of EGCG for the treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome.