Madhuca Lonigfolia (Sapotaceae): A review of its traditional uses and nutritional proporties

Abstract

This article discussed various health benefits of Madhuca longifolia (. Madhuca longifolia (Mahua) belongs to the family of Sapotaceae. It is widely known as 'Butter nut tree' is a large size tree. It is both wild and cultivated. Mahua flower are used as a food as well as used as an exchanger in tribal and rural areas. Mahua seeds are rich in edible fats so they have economic importance. Mahua fruits are used as vegetable and widely consumed by the tribes of western Odisha. Madhuca longifolia is also considered as medicinal herbs and is useful for external application in treating skin diseasesa, rheumatism, headache, chronic constipaption, piles, haemorrhoids and sometimes used as an emetic and galactagogue. Mahua oil is used for manufacturer of laundry soaps and detergent, and also used as cooking oil in various tribal region of India. Madhuca longifolia is reported by various scientist that it contain sapogenins, triterpenoids, steroids, saponins, flavonoids and glycosides. The tree is considered a boon by the tribal's who are forest dwellers and keenly conserve this tree. The tribes consider the mahua tree and the mahua drnk as paprt of their cultural heritage. So it is very much necessary to create awareness among the people to conserve the wild forest.

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International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714
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Madhuca Lonigfolia (Sapotaceae): A Review of Its Traditional
Uses and Nutritional Properties
Mishra Sunita1 & Padhan Sarojini2
Professor1 & Research Scholar2
1School for Home Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India
2School for Home Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India
ABSTRACT: This article discussed various health benefits of Madhuca longifolia (. Madhuca longifolia
(Mahua) belongs to the family of Sapotaceae. It is widely known as ‘Butter nut tree’ is a large size tree. It is
both wild and cultivated. Mahua flower are used as a food as well as used as an exchanger in tribal and rural
areas. Mahua seeds are rich in edible fats so they have economic importance. Mahua fruits are used as
vegetable and widely consumed by the tribes of western Odisha. Madhuca longifolia is also considered as
medicinal herbs and is useful for external application in treating skin diseasesa, rheumatism, headache, chronic
constipaption, piles, haemorrhoids and sometimes used as an emetic and galactagogue. Mahua oil is used for
manufacturer of laundry soaps and detergent, and also used as cooking oil in various tribal region of India.
Madhuca longifolia is reported by various scientist that it contain sapogenins, triterpenoids, steroids, saponins,
flavonoids and glycosides. The tree is considered a boon by the tribal’s who are forest dwellers and keenly
conserve this tree. The tribes consider the mahua tree and the mahua drnk as paprt of their cultural heritage. So
it is very much necessary to create awareness among the people to conserve the wild forest.
Keywords: butter nut tree, medicinal herbs, mahua, mainstream, sapotaceae
I. INTRODUCTION
Banerji and Mitra, (1996) studied that Mahua (Madhuca indica J.F. Gmel. syn. Madhuca latifolia
Macb.) belonging to the family Sapotaceae, is one of those multipurpose forest tree species that provide an
answer for the three major Fs i.e. food, fodder and fuel. It is widely distributed in the South Asian countries.
Jayasree et al., (1998) find out that, the tree, known under the name of mahua, produces edible flowers and
fruits. The leaves of Mahua tree contain saponin, an alkaloid glucoside. Sapogenin and other basic acid have
been found in the seeds.. Mahua flowers are well known for their high reducing sugar and nutrient content They
are edible and used as a sweetener in preparation of many local dishes like halwa, kheer, puri and burfi (Patel
and Naik, 2008) in the mahua production belt of India. However, due to the lack of proper scientific
investigation and post harvest processing technologies, they are collected and subjected to open yard sun drying
till about 80% moisture is lost, before storage (Patel and Naik, 2008). This process results in heavy microbial
load and degrades their food value, finally making them suitable only for the liquor distillation units and as
cattle feed. This way a precious, organic and easily available source of natural sugar is being under-utilized.
According to Sahay and Singh, (1996) Mahua flowers undergo a series of unit operations before reaching the
final step of processing, and the value added products development designs, and fabrication of particular
equipments and structures for such unit operations as handling, transport, processing and storage and also for
assessing the behaviour of the product quality, require the knowledge of their physical properties. Physical
properties of mahua flowers are essential for the design of equipments for drying, cleaning, grading, storage and
value added products.
Mahua is a large deciduous tree growing widely under dry tropical and sub tropical climatic conditions.
Madhuca Longifolia distributed in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Chhatisgadh, Jharkhand,
Bihar, Uttar Ppradesh. It is an important tree for poor, greatly valued for its flowers and its seeds known as tora.
The tree has religious and aesthetic value in the tribal culture. The trees with best girth in forest are often Mahua
trees as it is protected and cared by forest dwellers. Mahua tree can be found in forests, revenue, and private
land. The early settlers had rights to specific Mahua trees occurring near the village in private, revenue and
forestlands. Some trees may even be located at long distance from the village but are recognized as being
associated to a family. These rights are only for harvesting flowers but not for fruits and have been practiced.
These rights have passed from generation to generation. When father divides the property among his sons, he
also divides Mahua tree between them but keeps some for himself till the end, as it becomes an easy source of
income. In absence of sons, harvesting rights are given to daughters when they get married. Sometimes villagers
of one region, in dearth of Mahua, visit relatives who have trees in abundance.

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II. MAHUA FLOWERS AS A SEASONAL GRAIN SUBSTITUTE IN INDIA
In most agricultural communities people rely on seasonal crop production. For many rural people, and
especially for the poor, these cycles entail periods of food shortage. It is at these critical periods that the
importance of forest foods is greatest. Of course, forests and fallow lands provide food resources in most
seasons, in the form of edible leaves, fruits, wild vegetables, roots and tubers and wildlife. But it is at times
when few cultivated varieties of food are available-during seasonal shortages and droughts-that forest foods are
most appreciated. In southeastern Nigeria, for example, the leaves of the forest trees Pterocarpus sp.,
Myrianthus arboreus and Ceiba pentandra are highly valued because they flush at the end of the dry season,
providing a vegetable during this "hungry period". Similarly, the fruit of Treculia africana, Chrysophyllum
albidum,and Dacryodes edulis is popular since it matures with the early rains during the crop planting season
(Okigbo, 1975).
Ogle and Grivetti (1985) conducted one of the most extensive studies of wild food consumption. They
found that throughout Swaziland more than 200 species of wild plants are commonly consumed. Wild leaves
such as those of Grewia sp. are consumed primarily in the spring and summer, while fruits are eaten during the
winter and spring when they supply the main source of vitamin C. Other forest/bush foods are also used
seasonally, most notably mushrooms, caterpillars and termite larvae. In Upper Shaba, Zaire, women are reported
to spend several hours a day collecting mushrooms during the early rainy season (Parent, 1977). The potential of
mushroom cultivation as a nutritional component in forestry development efforts has been demonstrated
conclusively in successful pilot activities in Bhutan, Thailand and Mexico.
According to Wachiira, (1987) Wild leaves are popular in the rainy season in the Machakos district of
Kenya. It has been estimated by a study team that these foods contribute 35 percent by weight to the diet at that
time Fruits are also consumed seasonally, especially by children. Ximeia caffra and Sclerocerva birrea fruits are
so popular that they are found increasingly on farms. In the Kathama area, wild fruits have long been valued as
buffer food resources in famines and food shortages.
Campbell, (1986) carried out a study on forest fruit consumption in Zimbabwe revealed that peak
collection and consumption of wild fruit do not take place during the main fruiting season, but rather when
cultivated food supplies dwindle and requirements for agricultural labour are at their lowest Thus fruits are
consumed when they are most needed rather than when they are most plentiful. Despite the diversity of forest
fruits (at least in some regions), the three species Diospyros mespiliformis, Strychnos cocculoides and Azanza
garckeana are most popular. They are generally consumed as snacks (by 95 percent of those surveyed), but in
some households they are consumed in meals as well. The fruiting season of some fruit-trees, including
mangoes, can be easily manipulated and the potential benefits of this type of intervention merit further research.
In Zambia's Luangwa valley, Marks (1976) noted that wild foods are important components of the diet,
especially during the hunger period. In Mukupu village, for example, in September wild vegetable foods provide
ingredients in 42 percent of the meals served (compared with cultivated vegetables, used in only 10 percent of
the meals at this time of year). By comparison, in June wild vegetables are used in only 7 percent of the dishes
compared to cultivated varieties which at this time feature in more than half the meals.
In many regions hunting is also a seasonal activity, undertaken during the off-peak agricultural season.
In the rain forests of Zaire, hunting is at its peak in July and August (the slack period in agriculture), and at its
lowest level during the planting season (Mankoto ma Mbaelele, 1987). Similarly, in the Boualé region of Côte
d'Ivoire, hunting and gathering are at their peak in the agricultural slack period (Blanc-Pamard, 1979).
According to (Getahun, (1974), in Ethiopia, Pterocarpus sp. and Myrianthus sp. are highly valued for
their dry season flushes which provide leaves when few other vegetables are available
According to Ostberg, (1988) in the semi-arid Pokot region of Kenya, tuyunwo (Balanites aegyptiaca)
is highly valued because it produces during the dry season even in drought years when few foods are available.
Trees also provide valued bee fodder for honey production; honey is used to produce the traditionally popular
mead drink (Ostberg, 1988).
In India it is estimated that 80 percent of the forest dwellers in Orissa, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and
Himachal Pradesh depend on forests for 25-50 percent of their annual food requirements (CSE, 1985). These
resources are especially important during food hardship periods. Surin and Badhuri (1980) relate that the tribal
peoples living in the Chotanagpu plateau depend on forest foods for four to five months when agricultural
production is impracticable. Many varieties of mushroom, fruit, leaves, and seeds are consumed. Of particular
importance are sal seeds (Shorea robusta) which are boiled with mahua flowers (Mahua-Bassia latifolia) as
a substitute for grain staples.
III. USE AS TRADITIONAL MEDICINE
1. The flowers are used as tonic, analgesic and diuretic, traditionally used as cooling agent, tonic,
aphrodisiac, astringent, demulcent and for the treatment of helminths, acute and chronic tonsillitis,
pharyngitis as well as bronchitis

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2. The bark is used for rheumatism, chronic bronchitis, diabetes mellitus, decoction for rheumatism,
bleeding and spongy gums. It is a good remedy for itch, swelling, fractures and snake- bite poisoning,
internally employed in diabetes mellitus, fruits are astringent and largely employed as a lotion in chronic
ulcer, in acute and chronic tonsillitis and pharyngitis.
3. Madhuca longifolia leaves are expectorant and also used for chronic bronchitis, Cushing‟s disease,
verminosis, gastropathy, dipsia, bronchitis, consumption, dermatopathy, rheumatism, cephalgia and
hemorrhoids
4. The seeds fat has emuluscent property, used in skin disease, rheumatism, headache, laxative, piles and
sometimes as galactogogue.
IV. PHYTOCHEMISTRY OF MAHUA
Flower
Vitamins A and C
Bark
ethylcinnamate, sesquiterene alcohol, α-terpeneol, 3β-monocaprylic ester of
eythrodiol and 3β-capryloxy oleanolic acid. α- and β- amyrin acetates
Fruits
α- and β- amyrin acetates
Nut –shell
n-hexacosanol quercetin and dihyroquercetin, β-sitosterol and its 3β-Dglucoside.
Seeds
arachidic, linolelic, oleic, myrisic, palmitic and stearic acids, α-alanine, aspartic
acid, cystine, glycine, isoleucine and leucine, lysine, methionine, proline, serine,
threonine, myricetin, quercetin, Mi-saponin A & B.
Leaves
β-carotene and xanthophylls; erthrodiol, palmitic acid, myricetin and its 3- O-
arabinoside and 3-O-L-rhamnoside, quercetin and its 3-galactoside; 3β-caproxy and
3β-palmitoxy- olean-12-en-28-ol, oleanolic acid, β-sitosterol and its 3-O-β-
Dglucoside, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol- β-Dglucoside, n-hexacosanol, 3β-
caproxyolcan- 12-en-28-ol, β-carotene, n-octacosanol, sitosterol, quercetin.
V. TRADITIONAL USES OF MADHUCA LONGIFOLIA
Table 1: Traditional Uses Of Madhuca Longifolla
Place,
Country
Part(s)
Used Ethno medical
Uses
Preparation(s)
Reference(s)
India
Seeds
cake
Anti-inflammatory, anti
ulcer, and hypoglycaemic
activity
Ethanolic &
crude alkaloid
extract
Seshagiri M. et al 2007
India
Bark
Antidiabetic activity
Methanol, water,
&
petroleum ether
K Pavan Kumar et al
2011
India
Bark
Antihyperglycemic and
antioxidant
Ethanolic extract
Srirangam Prashanth et al
2010
India
Flower
Analgesic activity
Aqueous and
alcoholic extracts
Dinesh Chandra et al 2001
India
Leaves &
bark
Wound healing activity
Ethanolic extract
Smita Sharma et al 2010
India
Leaves
Nephro and hepato
protective
activity
Ethanolic extract
S. Palani et al 2010
India
Leaves
Antioxidant activity
Ethanolic extract
S. Palani et al 2010
India
Leaves
Cytotoxic activity
Petroleum ether,
chloroform,
ethanol
acetone and
water
Saluja. M.S. et al 2011
India
Bark
Antibacterial activity
Aqueous ,
ethanol,
methanol and
acetone
Tambekar D.H.et al.
2010
India
Leaves
and stem
Antimicrobial activity
Hexane, ethanol
chloroform,
Mangesh Khond et al.
2009

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bark
acetone
and water
India
Bark
Antioxidant activity
70% ethanolic
extract
Samaresh Pal Roy et al
2010
India
Aerial
part
Anti inflammatory,
analgesic and
antipyretic activity
Methanolic
extract
Neha Shekhawat et al.
2010
India
Flowers
Hepatoprotective activity
Methanolic
activity
M. Umadevi et al 2011
India
Seeds
Anti inflammatory
Ethanol extract
and
saponin mixture
Ramchandra D. et al
2009
India
Leaves
and stem
bark
Astringent, Stimulant,
Emollient,
Demulcent, Rheumatism,
Piles
and Nutritive.
ND
Mangesh Khond et al.
2009
India
Leaves
Verminosis, gastropathy,
Dipsia,
bronchitis, consumption,
dermatopathy,
rheumatism,
cephalgia and
hemorrhoids
ND
Y. Vaghasiya et al 2009
India
Bark
Rheumatism, bleeding
and spongy
gums
Decoction
Tambekar D.H.et al.
2010
India
Bark
Rheumatism, ulcer and
tonsillitis
ND
Srirangam Prashanth et
al 2010
India
Flower
Skin diseases
Juice
Srirangam Prashanth et.
al 2010
India
Seeds
Effective to alleviate pain
Oil
Srirangam Prashanth et
al 2010
India
Bark
Itch, swelling, fractures
and
snake-bite poisoning
ND
K Pavan Kumar et al
2011
India
Leaves
Expectorant, chronic
bronchitis
and cushing’s disease
ND
Saluja. M.S. et al 2011
India
Flowers
Tonic, analgesic and
diuretic
ND
Saluja. M.S. et al 2011
India
Flowers
Cure cough
Roasted flowers
S. Palani et al 2010
India
Fruits
Asthma and phthisis
Roasted fruits
S. Palani et al 2010
India
Leaves
Antihyperglycemic
activity
Hydroethanolic
extract
Rumi Ghosh et al 2009
ND: Not Defined, Yadav Priyanka et.al 2012
VI. HEALTH BENEFITS OF MADHUCA
Madhuca has following health benefits:
1. Bronchitis: Flowers of Madhuca are used to treat chronic bronchitis problem. Flowers are also used in
treatment of cough.
2. Orchitis (Testis inflammation): Madhuca leaves are boiled and used for relief from orchitis.

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3. Rheumatism: A decoction is prepared by boiling bark in water and taken internally to get relief from
rheumatism. Oil obtained from seeds can also be applied on the affected areas.
4. Diabetes: Bark decoction is proven to be effective for cure of diabetes.
5. Piles: Oil extracted from seeds have laxative properties, which helps cure chronic constipation and
piles.
6. Eczema: Madhuca leaves are effective in treatment of eczema. The leaves coated with sesame oil is
heated over fire and applied on the affected area to get relief from eczema.
7. Gums: 4 ml of the liquid extract obtained from bark is mixed with 300 ml of water is used as a gargle
to get relief from spongy and bleeding gums.
8. Tonsillitis: The above preparation is also used for cure of chronic and acute tonsillitis and pharyngitis.
9. Burns: Leaves ash is mixed with ghee and is used for cure of scalds and burns. To get relief from
itching, bark paste is applied locally.
10. Lactation: Madhuca flowers are used to increase the milk production in feeding mothers. Seeds also
have the same property.
VII. NUTRITONAL ASPECTS OF MAHUA
1. Mahua flowers: Table 2: Nutritional Properties Of Mahua
SL.NO
CONSTITUENTS
FLOWER
1.
Moisture (%)
19.8
2.
Protein (%)
6.37
3.
Fat (%)
0.5
4.
Reducing Sugar (%)
50.62
5.
Total Inverts (%)
54.24
6.
Cane Sugar (%)
3..43
7.
Total Sugar (%)
54.06
8.
Ash (%)
4.36
9.
Calcium (%)
8
10.
Phosphorus (%)
2
Source: Kureel R.S et.al, 2009
Stored quantity of Mahua flowers depends on the need of the family. The poorer the family more is the
storage. The storage products are consumed by the tribes in off season.
Usually the tribals do not store these products for long, as they generate earnings to them especially
during lean periods secondly Mahua flowers being hygroscopic, absorb atmospheric moisture and get spoiled.
The flowers of Mahua tree are fermented to produce an alcoholic drink called Mahua, country liquor. Tribals of
Bastar in Chhattisgarh, Odisha. Santhals (Jharkhand) and North Maharashtra consider the tree and Mahua drink
as part of their cultural heritage. Tribal men and women both consume this drink and is an obligatory item
during celebrations and evening activities. They consumed this liquor in all type of celebrations.
2. MAHUA SEED OIL
Mahua seeds contain about 40% pale yellow semi-solid fat. The seed oil is commonly known as
„Mahua Butter‟. The oil content of the seed varied from 33 to 43% weight of the kernel. For the tribals of India,

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Mahua oil is by far the most important tree seed oils. Fresh Mahua oil from properly stored seeds is yellow in
colour with a not unpleasant taste. The oil is used as cooking oil by most of the tribes in Odisha, Chhattisgarh,
and Maharashtra etc.
SL.NO
PROPORTIES
VALUE
1.
Refractive index
1.452-1.462
2.
Saponification value
187-197
3.
Iodine value
55-70
4.
Unsaponifiable matter (%)
1-3
5.
Palmitic C 16:0 (%)
24.5
6.
Stearic Acid C 18:0 (%)
22.7
7.
Oleic Acid C C18:0 (%)
37.0
8.
Linolic Acid C18:2 (%)
14.3
Source: Kureel R.S et.al, 2009
The oil is used for edible and cooking purposes. It is one of the ingredients of hydrogenated Vanaspati.
It is also used mainly in the manufacture of soaps, particularly laundry chips. It is also used as illuminant and
hair oil, especially in rural parts in the neighborhood of production centers.
VIII. COMMON USES OF MAHUA
1. Fodder: Leaves, flowers and fruits are lopped for goats and sheep. Seed cake is also fed to cattle.
2. Timber: The heartwood is reddish brown, strong, hard and durable; very heavy (929 kg/cu. m), takes a
fine finish. It is used for house construction, naves and felloes of cartwheels, door and window frames
3. Erosion control: Mahua has a large spreading superficial root system that holds soil together
4. Shade or shelter: The wide spreading crown provides shade for animals. Reclamation: Mahua is
planted on wasteland with hard lateritic soils in India.
5. Nitrogen fixing: Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal associations and root colonization have been
observed in mahua.
6. Soil improver: The seed cake has been used as fertilizer
7. Ornamental: Mahua is occasionally planted as an avenue tree.
8. Boundary or barrier or support: It is planted along the boundaries of fields.
9. Intercropping: M. latifolia can be raised with agricultural crops.
IX. CONCLUSION
The study therefore indicates that mahua tree gives significantly high quantity of oil. The oil is rich in
PUFA and has desirable level of oleic and stearic acid to be used as cocoa substitute in confectionary products
and production of margarines, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. The mahua oil also has potential for
alternative fuel options for diesel. The flowers are used as vegetable, for making cake, liquor etc. mahua is used
to cure Bronchitis, Rhematism, Diabetes, Piles, Eczema, Gums, Burns etc and flower juice is used in the
treatment of various disease and ailments. The seeds are thus valuable in meeting demands for food and food
supplements with functional, health-promoting properties in addition to industrial uses. As for the better
potential, good quality of mahua tree should be cultivated through plant tissue culture by means of micro
propagation. The research workers have to come along with the people of tribal community, so they may have
more and valuable knowledge. In coming next generation the importance of plant and mahua tree is going to be

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effect. Madhuca Indica has found several of pharmacological activity, yet several other activities have to be
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