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Helpful or Harmful? An Examination of Viewers' Responses to Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Videos on YouTube
Abstract
PurposeTo examine viewers' comment responses to nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) YouTube videos to determine the potential risks (e.g., NSSI continuation) and benefits (e.g., recovery-oriented social support) of the videos.Methods
Viewers' comments from the 100 most-viewed NSSI videos on YouTube were examined using two coding rubrics, one for the global nature of comments and one for recovery-oriented themes. Both rubrics were developed using an inductive (bottom-up) approach and had high coding inter-rater reliability (exceeding .80 in all cases). For the global nature of comments, 869 randomly selected comments were evaluated using the rubric, which included 8 coding categories and 22 subcategories. For the examination of recovery-oriented themes, self-disclosure comments (n = 377) were evaluated for nature of recovery statements.ResultsResults revealed that the most frequent comments were self-disclosure comments in which individuals shared their own NSSI experiences (38.39%), followed by feedback for the video uploader, including admiration of the video quality (21.95%) or message (17.01%), and admiration for the uploader (15.40%) or encouragement to the video uploader (11.15%). Evaluation of the common self-disclosure comments for recovery-oriented content revealed that the majority did not mention recovery at all (42.89%) and indicated that they were still self-injuring (34.00%). Positive recovery statements were uncommon.Conclusions
Results suggest that viewers' responses to videos may maintain the behavior (by sharing their own self-injury experiences) and rarely encourage or mention recovery. It is evident that sharing their own experience online is a strong motivator for viewers of NSSI YouTube videos.
... Findings from several studies have raised concerns that self-harm and suicidal content viewed online or on social media, particularly 'graphic' images or videos, may be harmful; for example, by normalising self-harm and discouraging help-seeking (Baker & Lewis, 2013;Bell, 2014;Brennan et al., 2022;Daine et al., 2013;Jacob, Evans, & Scourfield, 2017;Lewis, Heath, Sornberger, & Arbuthnott, 2012;Lewis & Seko, 2016;Marchant et al., 2017;Marchant, Hawton, Burns, Stewart, & John, 2021). The potential for harm is particularly concerning because self-harm and suicide-related internet sites are commonly accessed by young people engaging in selfharm and are associated with both increased selfharm and suicidal intent (Daine et al., 2013;Mars et al., 2015;Padmanathan et al., 2018). ...
... Impact of viewing self-harm images online sectional, with the exception of Arendt, Scherr, and Romer (2019) who used a longitudinal design. The impact of exposure to self-harm images was studied through questionnaires (Arendt et al., 2019;Sternudd, 2012), semi-structured qualitative interviews (Brown, Fischer, Goldwich, & Plener, 2020;Chen et al., 2021;Hetrick et al., 2020;Jacob et al., 2017;Lavis & Winter, 2020;Seko, Kidd, Wiljer, & McKenzie, 2015), analysis of comments alongside images or patterns of posting and reposting/reblogging of images (Baker & Lewis, 2013;Brown et al., 2018;Fu, Cheng, Wong, & Yip, 2013;Lavis & Winter, 2020;Lewis et al., 2012;Seko & Lewis, 2018), or by measuring exposure to self-harm images directly in an experimental design (Cha et al., 2016;Jaroszewski, Kleiman, Simone, & Nock, 2020 (Jaroszewski et al., 2020). Demographic characteristics of participants were not reported in two studies (Baker & Lewis, 2013;Lewis et al., 2012) and there was minimal demographic information in three studies due to the anonymous nature of posts (Fu et al., 2013;Lavis & Winter, 2020;Seko & Lewis, 2018). ...
... The impact of exposure to self-harm images was studied through questionnaires (Arendt et al., 2019;Sternudd, 2012), semi-structured qualitative interviews (Brown, Fischer, Goldwich, & Plener, 2020;Chen et al., 2021;Hetrick et al., 2020;Jacob et al., 2017;Lavis & Winter, 2020;Seko, Kidd, Wiljer, & McKenzie, 2015), analysis of comments alongside images or patterns of posting and reposting/reblogging of images (Baker & Lewis, 2013;Brown et al., 2018;Fu, Cheng, Wong, & Yip, 2013;Lavis & Winter, 2020;Lewis et al., 2012;Seko & Lewis, 2018), or by measuring exposure to self-harm images directly in an experimental design (Cha et al., 2016;Jaroszewski, Kleiman, Simone, & Nock, 2020 (Jaroszewski et al., 2020). Demographic characteristics of participants were not reported in two studies (Baker & Lewis, 2013;Lewis et al., 2012) and there was minimal demographic information in three studies due to the anonymous nature of posts (Fu et al., 2013;Lavis & Winter, 2020;Seko & Lewis, 2018). Demographic information was only reported for a subset of participants in two studies (Brown et al., 2018;Lavis & Winter, 2020). ...
Background
Viewing self‐harm and suicide‐related images online can precede these behaviours. We reviewed studies of potential impacts and mechanisms associated with viewing self‐harm‐related images on the internet and social media.
Method
CINAHL, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, HMIC, MEDLINE, PsycArticles, PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, Sociological Abstracts and Web of Science Core Collection databases were searched for relevant studies from inception to 22 January 2022. Inclusion criteria were English language, peer‐reviewed, empirical studies with data related to impacts of viewing self‐harm images or videos on the internet or social media. Quality and risk of bias were assessed using Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tools. A narrative synthesis approach was used.
Results
Of the 15 identified studies, all found harmful effects of viewing self‐harm‐related images online. These included escalation of self‐harm, reinforcement of engagement behaviours (e.g. commenting and sharing images), encouragement of social comparison (comparing own self‐harm with others), development of a self‐harm identity, social connection perpetuating or escalating self‐harm, and emotional, cognitive, and physiological impacts triggering self‐harm urges and acts. Nine studies found protective effects, including self‐harm mitigation or reduction, promotion of self‐harm recovery, encouraging social connection and help‐giving, and emotional, cognitive and physiological impacts mitigating or reducing self‐harm urges and acts. Causality of impact was not determined in any study. Most of the studies did not explicitly evaluate or discuss potential mechanisms.
Conclusions
Viewing self‐harm images online may have both harmful and protective effects, but harmful effects predominated in the studies. Clinically, it is important to assess individual's access to images relating to self‐harm and suicide, and the associated impacts, alongside pre‐existing vulnerabilities and contextual factors. Higher quality longitudinal research with less reliance on retrospective self‐report is needed, as well as studies that test potential mechanisms. We have developed a conceptual model of the impact of viewing self‐harm images online to inform future research.
... Empirical work regarding social media and self-injurious behavior is less common. Several investigations into Youtube content, specifically viewer comments on the 100 most viewed videos about self-injury, reveal that users may maintain the behavior (by sharing their own self-injury experiences) with few references towards positive message and/or recovery (Lewis et al., 2011(Lewis et al., , 2012. Over 90% of videos featured non-suicidal self-injury photographs devoid of content warnings, leading the researchers to postulate that selfinjury was being normalized by this process (Lewis et al., 2011). ...
... Research indicates that adolescents who are vulnerable to self-harm are likely to access websites and social media dedicated to self-harm content (Lewis et al., 2011(Lewis et al., , 2012(Lewis et al., , 2014Wang et al., 2017). When compared to adolescents who do not selfharm, the adolescents who engage in self-harm are more likely to use the internet in general (Lewis et al., 2011(Lewis et al., , 2012. ...
... Research indicates that adolescents who are vulnerable to self-harm are likely to access websites and social media dedicated to self-harm content (Lewis et al., 2011(Lewis et al., , 2012(Lewis et al., , 2014Wang et al., 2017). When compared to adolescents who do not selfharm, the adolescents who engage in self-harm are more likely to use the internet in general (Lewis et al., 2011(Lewis et al., , 2012. Wang and colleagues found that self-harm users found it easier to discuss self-harm-related thoughts and behaviors on social media than in the physical world (Wang et al., 2017). ...
Research indicates that adolescents who are vulnerable to self‐harm are likely to access social media specifically related to self‐harm, which often contains health myths and fails to provide linkages to appropriate resources. In this study, we examined the emotional discourse before and following a ban of graphic images of self‐harm on Facebook and Instagram. This observational case series study assesses a corpus of 8,013 tweets that specifically mention Facebook and/or Instagram between June 1, 2018, and May 31, 2019 (the ban occurred on February 7, 2019). Topical content was elucidated via statistical modeling to extract abstract topics in discourse. The graphic self‐harm ban produced emotional shifts in users of social media. A time series plot produced peaks of tweets on the banning of graphic images of self‐harm including political events, news coverage, and media exemplars of suicide (both celebrity and noncelebrity). We observed raw proportional differences with elevated emotions before the ban (i.e., disgust, joy, surprise, and trust) followed by elevated emotions occurring after the ban (i.e., anger, anticipation, and sadness). This study provides insight into how the policy‐change relating to self‐harm was received by those with a vested interest. These insights can be valuable to policymakers and advocates for those affected by self‐harm.
... Existing empirical studies have mainly explored the impact of NSSI images (Brown et al., 2018;Jacob et al., 2017;Sternudd, 2012), videos (Lewis et al., 2011(Lewis et al., , 2012Poonai et al., 2018) and text posts (Cavazos-Rehg et al., 2017;Moreno et al., 2016) on individuals' actual NSSI behaviors. Results have preliminarily confirmed that selfinjury related content on social media may trigger engagement in NSSI, at least for those who have engaged in NSSI behaviors (Baker & Lewis, 2013;Jacob et al., 2017). ...
... It has changed the way they connect and communicate, as well as the content they are exposed to. Previous studies have indicated the positive and negative impacts associated with social media exposure (Dyson et al., 2016;Lewis et al., 2012;Marchant et al., 2021;Murray & Fox, 2006;Picardo et al., 2020;Sternudd, 2012). Given that most of these studies were cross-sectional, it is still unclear whether social media exposure preceded or followed adolescents' NSSI. ...
Social media is increasingly popular among adolescents, and it has been integrated into their daily life. Previous research have indicated mix results in the relationship between social media exposure and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) behaviors. Given that most of prior studies were cross-sectional, the present study investigated the reciprocal relation between exposure to NSSI on social media and NSSI behaviors using longitudinal data among Chinese adolescents. We conducted three waves assessment among 1962 secondary school adolescents (52.3% females; Mage = 14.59 years, SDage = 1.27), with a six-month interval between each wave (Wave 1: November 2020; Wave 2: May 2021; Wave 3: November 2021). Social media exposure to NSSI, actual NSSI engagement, and depression were assessed at each wave by self-report questionnaires. Consistent with our hypotheses, social media exposure, NSSI, and depression were significantly and positively related to each other across all waves. Results showed a bidirectional association between social media exposure and NSSI, even after controlling for depression. Greater exposure to NSSI on social media predicted more frequently engagement in NSSI over time, and vice versa. Findings of this study suggest a bidirectional association between social media exposure and NSSI among adolescents. Interventions that encourage media education may decrease the media’s influence on the contagion of NSSI.
... In terms of approaches to reduce self-harm and digital self-harm, scholars in these areas note "programmatic efforts to prevent one may also serve to curtail the other" (Meldrum et al. 2022a:316). Accordingly, recent research provides guidance for educators, and perhaps most importantly, parents, in being cognizant of youths' online activity to help reduce the chance for self-harm (Lewis et al. 2012). This is especially important given the research documenting adolescents, on average, use technology for more than four hours daily (Bourchtein et al. 2019). ...
... Unsurprisingly, scholars recommend parents should limit youths' time online to reduce the potential for self-harm (Lewis et al. 2012). Though some may dismiss parents' potential efficacy in regulating their children's technology use, research suggests that parental monitoring of these activities reduces youths' interaction with social media and other online activities (Vaala and Bleakley 2015). ...
Recent estimates suggest between 5–10% of U.S. adolescents report engaging in digital self-harm. Despite these troubling figures, there remains a paucity of empirical work investigating factors contributing to this relatively new yet harmful behavior. Guided by the robust research base linking weak parental attachment to self-harm, this study uses Agnew’s general strain theory to investigate whether parental attachment influences adolescents’ propensity to engage in digital self-harm, and whether this relationship occurs indirectly through negative affective states. Using data from the 2019 Florida Youth Substance Abuse Survey, the results of this study indicate that even after adjusting for a range of potential confounding influences such as age, family drug problems, race, and self-control, weak parental attachment significantly increased one’s odds of engaging in digital self-harm, with most of this relationship occurring indirectly through adolescents’ negative emotions. The results of this study provide researchers and families with important information that may help them in reducing the prevalence of this destructive behavior.
... For instance, over 56 million posts related to cutting one's skin were identified on Instagram, using ambiguous NSSI hashtags (e.g., #cat, #blithe, #MySecretFamily) to denote specific NSSI related posts (Moreno, Ton, Selkie, & Evans, 2016). Even on YouTube, videos with explicit self-injury imagery had over 2,375,059 views and 22,311 comments, approximately 40% of which were related to personal NSSI disclosures (Lewis, Heath, Sornberger, & Arbuthnott, 2012;Lewis, Heath, St Denis, & Noble, 2011). ...
... First, it has been demonstrated that posting NSSI content, coupled with viewing the postings of NSSI, could trigger and reinforce self-injury and suicidal behaviors (Lewis & Baker, 2011;Lewis, Heath, et al., 2012). Exposure to NSSI-related stimuli is known to be significantly associated with engagement in NSSI (Zhu et al., 2016). ...
While posting self-injurious content online has skyrocketed over the past decade and is a salient concern among mental health professionals, the stigma surrounding these postings is still prevalent. This study aimed to reduce the stigma by investigating the clinical and psychosocial correlates of posting nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) content online. The study participants comprised 249 women who had engaged in five or more episodes of NSSI in the past 12 months. Among them, 67 had posted NSSI content online (NSSI Online), whereas 182 did not (NSSI Only). The two groups were compared using the MANCOVA analysis based on demographic data and clinical and psychosocial features. Additionally, Spearman's correlation and multiple linear regression analyses were used to investigate potential risk factors associated with NSSI postings. Compared to the NSSI Only group, the NSSI Online group showed higher intrapersonal functions of NSSI, self-injury craving, suicidal ideation, and past suicide attempts, along with lower resilience and self-esteem. The clinical risk factor, suicidal ideation, was closely associated with the frequency of these postings. The results suggest that posting NSSI content online is not an attention-seeking behavior, but rather an act that warrants clinical attention.
... As a means of communication, the internet has become an important means of getting informed as a result of its usage in the communities. At present, YouTube is the most visited website after Google and contains so many videos.YouTube is a popular, free-for-use, widely used video-sharing site that allows users to upload and watch videos (Sahin et al. 2019;Kocyigit et al. 2019;Lewis et al. 2012). Although Youtube is an important source of information for people, video parameters such as view numbers, likes and comments might not result to direct people to qualified and correct videos. ...
... In our study, the highest quality video sources consecutively were physician/engineer (64.0%), government/organization (39.5%) and university (35.7%). Examining the other studies, similar to our study, universities, Professional organizations, physician, health information websites, government agencies sources were shown to contain a significantly high number of qualified information (Lewis et al. 2012;Gul and Diri 2019;Kovalski et al. 2019). Individuals should take into consideration the sources of the videos using YouTube, at the same time, they should know that every source can not contain precise and high-quality information. ...
YouTube is an important source of information on air pollution. The information presented on youtube may be of high or low quality. In our study, we aimed to evaluate the YouTube videos for their qualities and compare their view numbers, likes, and comment numbers according to high- and low-quality groups. In our study, 32.2% of all videos were in the high-quality group, 15.1% in the intermediate quality group, and 52.7% in the low-quality group according to Global Quality Scale (GQS). Significant differences were found among the quality groups in video length (p < 0.001), dislikes/day (p = 0.043), comment/day (p = 0.005), DISCERN (DS) tool scores (p < 0.001). The duration and DS tool scores were higher in high-quality videos; dislikes/day and comment/day averages were higher in low-quality videos. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in views, views/day, likes/day, likes ratios among quality groups. On this important matter, low-quality videos are abundant. Considering that there are lots of nonreliable information on YouTube, it is needed that individuals should be referred to reliable videos on air pollution.
... It is also important for future research to investigate digital self-harm as an outcome, as research links this maladaptive coping behavior to a number of negative consequences such as suicide ideation, suicide completion, substance abuse, and disordered eating (Lydecker et al., 2022;Patchin et al., 2022;Soengkoeng & Moustafa, 2022). Additionally, with estimates suggesting that youth spend an average of four hours per day engaged with technology (Bourchtein et al., 2019;Lewis et al., 2012), it is important for families to consider ways to monitor and potentially reduce children's screen time. Next, considering that family conflict was a strong predictor of both depressive symptoms and digital self-harm in this study, it is crucial for parents and clinicians to explore strategies for reducing conflict within families. ...
Multiple studies link family conflict to self-harm; however, no research has explored whether family conflict influences adolescents’ likelihood of engaging in a relatively new and destructive behavior known as digital self-harm, or the practice of anonymously posting harmful information about oneself online. Grounded in Agnew’s general strain theory, this study examined the relationship between family conflict and digital self-harm using a sample of 9,819 adolescents from the 2019 Florida Youth Substance Abuse Survey. Logistic regression analyses revealed that, even after accounting for various potential confounding variables, family conflict was positively associated with an increased likelihood of engaging in digital self-harm. Additionally, results from an analysis of indirect effects revealed that this relationship was largely mediated by adolescents’ depressive symptoms. The study concludes with recommendations for reducing both family conflict and digital self-harm.
... 13 Low-quality information can disrupt the understanding of professional students and users, thereby misleading them. To address this, various studies have been conducted to evaluate the authenticity of information posted on YouTube™ related to different health topics, including dentistry [14][15][16] and medicine. [17][18][19] Based on our observation, no previous studies have appraised the quality of YouTube videos on SDF. ...
Aim
The aim of this research is to assess the accuracy and educational content concerning silver diamine fluoride (SDF) videos available on YouTube.
Materials and methods
Videos were sought on YouTube using relevant keywords related to SDF in pediatric dentistry via the Google Trends application. There were a total of 70 videos accessible. Following the application of exclusion criteria, 54 videos were chosen for analysis in this study. Video data were reviewed, including the video type, quantity of likes and dislikes, view count, upload duration, and the efficacy of the videos was evaluated.
Results
The majority of the assessed videos were classified as educational (81.4%), uploaded by healthcare professionals, and were moderately useful. A significant difference was observed in the duration (p = 0.02) between the educational videos (4.15 ± 2.17) and testimonial videos (2.12 ± 1.8). The association between viewing rate and usefulness score was found to be statistically significant, with videos categorized as moderately useful having the highest viewing rate (p = 0.04). Correlation analysis revealed that the usefulness score had a statistically significant negative correlation with the number of likes (r = –0.22) and a positive correlation with the number of views (r = 0.67) and view rate (r = 0.514).
Conclusion
The information available on YouTube regarding SDF was found to be satisfactory to some extent, and healthcare professionals should be encouraged to upload quality educational and testimonial videos on the uses and applications of SDF.
How to cite this article
Vishwanathaiah S, Maganur PC, Al-Shomrani YK, et al. Evaluation of the Quality of Educational Content of YouTube Videos on Silver Diamine Fluoride. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(12):1399–1403.
... 12 According to some researchers, YouTube™ videos contain personal opinions and they are not based on scientific findings. [23][24][25] For this reason, the content and the quality of information in the videos should be evaluated. ...
Objectives: The aim of the study is to evaluate the information on “all-on-four fixed implant prostheses maintenance” videos shared on Youtube. Materials and Methods: A search was made on YouTube at 09:00 on August 14, 2023, with the search term "all-on-four fixed implant prostheses maintenance". Videos uploaded in the last year are sorted by relevance. The first 60 videos were viewed and analyzed for content by 2 independent prosthodontists. GQS (Global Quality Score), DISCERN, and JAMA (Journal of the American Medical Association) scales were used for the evaluation of the videos. Results: Some of the videos obtained for the study were excluded from evaluation because they did not meet the "all-on-four fixed implant prostheses maintenance" requirements (n=39). A statistically significant relationship was found between GQS scores and DISCERN scores (p
... Analysis of online comments sections suggests followers often find influencer mental health content helpful and relatable, enhancing peer support and help-seeking, though some consider it 'triggering'. 23,29,30 However, while comments offer real-world insights into audience responses, it is often not possible to discern commenters' ages or nuanced views, highlighting a need for more in-depth methodologies such as interviews. ...
Objective
Social media influencers have enormous sway with youth; however, little is known about how they communicate about mental health and how young people respond to this content.
Methods
This study used semi-structured, remote interviews with 31 participants aged 16 to 24 years to explore how young people feel about the way social media influencers discuss mental health online. Thematic analysis and member-checking processes were used to identify five themes, each reflecting a tension in how participants viewed a specific aspect of influencer content.
Results
Themes included the style (casual or serious), volume (inadequate or excessive), focus (distress or solutions), source (lived experience or professional advice), and sponsorship status (persuading or exploitative) of influencer content.
Conclusion
Young people appear to hold widely varying, nuanced preferences regarding influencer mental health content. Notwithstanding some risks and limitations, influencers can generate engaging mental health content—their potential role in shaping youth mental health and other health communication efforts warrants further exploration.
... However, these videos from YouTube are not subject to any measures of quality control or peer-review processes, leading to uneven quality in the information presented [12], particularly within the medical field. Consequently there remains a significant risk of acquiring misleading or inadequate information pertaining to health-related issues [11,13], potentially fostering erroneous perceptions in patients and contributing to inappropriate self-assessment of their conditions. Hitherto, to the best of our knowledge, no research has appraised the educational quality and reliability of tachycardia-related information available on YouTube. ...
Background
Considering the adverse clinical consequences of pathologic tachycardia and the potential anxiety caused by physiological tachycardia in some heathy individuals, it is imperative to disseminate health information related to tachycardia for promotion in early diagnosis and appropriate management. YouTube has been increasingly used to access health care information. The aim of this study is to assess the quality and reliability of English YouTube videos focusing on tachycardia and further delve into strategies to enhance the quality of online health resources.
Methods
We conducted a search using the specific key words “tachycardia” in YouTube online library on December 2, 2023. The first 150 videos, ranked by “relevance”, were initially recorded. After exclusions, a total of 113 videos were included. All videos were extracted for characteristics and categorized based on different topics, sources or contents. Two independent raters assessed the videos using Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark criteria, Modified DISCERN (mDISCERN) tool, Global Quality Scale (GQS) and Tachycardia-Specific Scale (TSS), followed by statistical analyses. All continuous data in the study were presented as median (interquartile range).
Results
The videos had a median JAMA score of 2.00 (1.00), mDISCERN of 3.00 (1.00), GQS of 2.00 (1.00), and TSS of 6.00 (4.50). There were significant differences in JAMA (P < 0.001), mDISCERN (P = 0.004), GQS (P = 0.001) and TSS (P < 0.001) scores among different sources. mDISCERN (P = 0.002), GQS (P < 0.001) and TSS (P = 0.030) scores significantly differed among various contents. No significant differences were observed in any of the scores among video topics. Spearman correlation analysis revealed that VPI exhibited significant correlations with quality and reliability. Multiple linear regression analysis suggested that longer video duration, sources of academics and healthcare professionals were independent predictors of higher reliability and quality, while content of ECG-specific information was an independent predictor of lower quality.
Conclusions
The reliability and educational quality of current tachycardia-related videos on YouTube are low. Longer video duration, sources of academics and healthcare professionals were closely associated with higher video reliability and quality. Improving the quality of internet medical information and optimizing online patient education necessitates collaborative efforts.
... Since any user can upload videos that adhere to the terms of service, there are no safeguards like peer review to ensure the content's credibility. While scientifically valid and high-quality information can be of use to patients, misleading information can be harmful (8). Although most medical professionals and students can discriminate the accuracy of the information, low-quality information can result in a waste of time and resources, and even lead them to wrong beliefs. ...
... Images, messages and ideals circulated by SMIs have also been observed to have considerable impact on young people's perceptions of themselves and their satisfaction with their lives and appearances. Moreover, SMIs' accounts of personal experiences of mental health problems have been argued to have the potential to raise awareness of and reduce the stigma associated with mental health problems or, likewise, trigger harmful behaviour but also inspire healthy behaviour (Evans-Lacko et al., 2014;Lewis et al., 2012;Makita et al., 2021). Hendry et al. (2022) argue that the ways in which SMIs represent their own mental health and mental health problems therefore can be seen as a form of health communication, even they are not intended as such. ...
When social media influencers (SMIs) describe their experiences of mental health problems, they contribute to the circulation of representations of mental health. The aim of this article is to analyse the ways of talking about mental health problems that are made accessible to a wider audience through the YouTube videos published by four Swedish female SMIs. Our analysis shows that much content related to mental health contains traces of, and contributes to discourses informed by, positive psychology. Mostly, mental health problems are represented as manageable, if only the individual assumes responsibility for her mental wellbeing, but a few videos also contain displays of negativity and resignation. In addition to avoiding association with the unattractiveness associated with negativity, the four SMIs navigate expectations placed on them to encourage confidence and self-love while at the same time expressing modesty. The result is representations of mental health that are multi-layered and complex.
... The videos which hit multiple times in several keywords with the highest views were taken for the analyses. The top 10 highly viewed videos in each health topic were observed for the study [30,31]. In that, the videos which were not in English were eliminated and searches were made until each topic fulfils the criteria of 10 videos each. ...
New media hold the rapid dominance over the health information. People acquire the health information in different social media which includes YouTube,
popular video sharing site. A systematic protocol was used to locate the 200 videos on YouTube in 20 different health topics. Blind coding was followed
with two independent coders in the topics of authorship, channel types, information in video, elements shown in video, and the authenticity of the health
information was analyzed using the eight standard HONCode principles. Profit organization took the major role of presenting the 109 (54.5%) health
information videos on YouTube. Majority of the health information video produced by the profit organization lay in the field of medium (3-5) HONCode
result, even the consumer authorship was the highly represented in the profit organization. The authenticated sources like educational institutions, Government
organizations, Medical center, and Non-Profit organization do produces the highly authenticated (6-8 HONCode) health information; but their volume of
producing the videos is quite low.
... Substandard, inadequate or erroneous information diverges from professional clinical advice, engendering wrong perceptions in patients and leading to inappropriate selfassessment of their conditions. [16,17] This may interfere with proper medical management for individuals and result in disease deterioration. For society as a whole, it could aggravate the doctor-patient relationship. ...
Background
Given a prolonged course of Cervical spondylosis (CS) could cause irreversible neurological deficits, it is crucial to disseminate CS-related health information to the public to promote early diagnosis and treatment. YouTube has been widely used to search for medical information. However, the reliability and quality of videos on YouTube vary greatly. Thus, this study aimed to assess the reliability and educational quality of YouTube videos concerning CS and further explore strategies for optimization of patient education.
Methods
We searched YouTube online library for the keywords “cervical spondylosis”, “cervical radiculopathy” and “cervical myelopathy” on January 15, 2023. Ranked by “relevance”, the first 50 videos of each string were recorded. After exclusions, a total of 108 videos were included. All videos were extracted for characteristics and classified based on different sources or contents. Two raters independently evaluated the videos using Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark criteria, Modified DISCERN (mDISCERN) tool, Global Quality Scale (GQS) and Cervical-Spondylosis-Specific Scale (CSSS), followed by statistical analyses. All continuous data were described as median (interquartile range).
Results
All videos had median values for JAMA, mDISCERN, GQS and CSSS scores of were 3.00 (1.00), 3.00 (2.00), 2.00 (1.00) and 7.00 (8.88), respectively. There were significant differences in VPI (P = 0.009) and JAMA (P = 0.001), mDISCERN (P < 0.001), GQS (P < 0.001) and CSSS (P < 0.001) scores among different sources. Videos from academic source had advantages in reliability and quality scores than other sources. VPI (P < 0.001), mDISCERN (P = 0.001), GQS (P < 0.001) and CSSS (P = 0.001) scores also significantly differed among videos of various contents. Spearman correlation analysis indicated VPI was not correlated with either reliability or quality. Multiple linear regression analysis showed a longer duration and an academic source were independent predictors of higher reliability and quality, while a clinical source also led to the higher video quality.
Conclusions
The reliability and educational quality of current CS-related videos on YouTube are unsatisfactory. Users face a high risk of encountering inaccurate and misleading information when searching for CS on YouTube. Longer duration, source of academic or clinician were closely correlated to higher video reliability and quality. Improving the holistic reliability and quality of online information requires the concerted effort from multiple parties, including uploaders, the platform and viewers.
... Researchers have created guidelines for researchers (Franzke et al., 2020). In terms of previous research into YouTube, researchers in the field of medical science have not sought ethics approval for their work despite using YouTube video data to analyse topics such as cataract surgery videos (Bae and Baxter, 2018), non-suicidal self-injury videos (Lewis et al., 2012) and multivitamins (Basch et al., 2016). As Patterson (2018) summarises, there is a continuum of positions on this issue: ...
Information disorders have become prevalent concerns in current social media research. This thesis is focused on the interpersonal dimension of information disorders, in other words, how we can trace, through linguistic and multimodal analysis, the social bonding that occurs when online communities commune around misinformation and disinformation, and how these social bonds are legitimated to enhance perceived credibility. Social bonding in this thesis refers to a social semiotic perspective on the shared values that communities use to construe alignment with others. False information can spread when groups have a shared vested interest, and so information disorders need to be elucidated through an investigation of sociality and bonding, rather than via logical points alone. The term ‘information disorder’ encompasses the spectrum of false information ranging from misinformation (misleading content) to disinformation (deliberately false content), and it is within this landscape of information disorders that this thesis emerges. Two key forms of social semiotic discourse analysis were applied to a dataset of YouTube videos (n=30) and comments (n=1500): affiliation (analysis of social bonding) and legitimation (analysis of resources used to construct legitimacy). The dataset constituted two contrasting case studies. The first was non-politically motivated misinformation in the form of an internet hoax leveraging moral panic about children using technologies. The second was politically motivated conspiracy theories relating to the Notre Dame Cathedral fire. The key findings of this thesis include the multimodal congruence of affiliation and legitimation across YouTube videos, the emergence of technological authority as a key legitimation strategy in online discourse, and the notion of textual personae investigating the complex array of identities that engage with information disorders in comment threads. Additionally, six macro-categories were identified regarding communicative strategies derived from comment threads: scepticism, criticism, education and expertise, nationalism, hate speech, and storytelling and conspiracy. This shows not only how information disorders are spread, but also how they can be countered. The method outlined in this thesis can be applied to future interdisciplinary analyses of political propaganda and current global concerns to develop linguistic and multimodal profiles of various communities engaging with information disorders.
... Moreover, YouTube 2 of 11 (Alphabet, Mountain View, CA, USA) has become one of the most influential websites in regard to health education and information, with more than 1 billion visitors monthly and almost three-quarters of the U.S. population using it [10,14,15]. However, the content does not undergo peer-review before being uploaded; consequently, there is an immanent risk of obtaining wrong or misleading information [10,[16][17][18]. Considering the increasing number of patients acquiring health-related information from YouTube (Alphabet, Mountain View, CA, USA), the company is taking actions to address this relevant issue [19]. ...
Over the last few decades, the number of lumbar interbody fusion surgeries performed has been constantly increasing, with transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) being one of the most common surgical techniques. Due to easy accessibility, patients frequently use YouTube to obtain information on health-related issues. Consequently, online video platforms may be a valuable tool for patient education. The aim of this study was to assess the quality, reliability, and comprehensiveness of online videos on TLIF. We screened 180 videos on YouTube, yielding a total of 30 videos that met the inclusion criteria. These videos were evaluated using Global Quality Scale, DISCERN reliability tool, and JAMA Benchmark Score, and assessed in regard to their comprehensiveness and coverage of relevant aspects. At the time of rating, the videos had between 9188 and 1,530,408 views and between 0 and 3344 likes. The median rater assessment for all videos was “moderate quality”. GQS and subjective grades showed a moderate to strong statistically significant association with views and likes. Considering this association of GQS and subjective grade with views and likes, these criteria could be used by laypersons to identify good-quality content. Nevertheless, there is an urgent need for peer-reviewed content that covers all of the relevant aspects.
... Ännu viktigare idag är dock förmodligen den spridning som sker via media, som böcker eller webbsidor på Internet, där olika utövare av NSSI delger andra information om nya sätt att skada sig själv, hur man kan skära sig på ett "säkert" sätt utan att blöda alltför mycket, hur man kan dölja ärr och skador för omgivningen m.m. (Harris & Roberts, 2013;Lewis & Baker, 2011;Lewis, Heath, Sornberger, & Arbuthnott, 2012;Lewis & Knoll, 2015;Tseng & Yang, 2015;Whitlock, Powers, & Eckenrode, 2007). Internet erbjuder en mängd sociala forum där självskadebeteende är mer eller mindre i centrum, kopplat till stora mängder texter, bilder och videor; Whitlock et al. (2006) identifierade t.ex. ...
It is commonly assumed that non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) functions as a way of regulating emotions. But if so, which kinds of emotions are regulated by NSSI? And why have these persons chosen this particular form of emotion regulation? The purpose of the present paper is to discuss these questions on the basis of recent research. Research withecological momentary assessment suggests that NSSI is primarily a way of expressing and regulating aggressive feelings towards oneself and others. Other research indicates that individuals who self-injure often have a strongly self-critical attitude, and that this leads both to a reduced pain sensitivity and to an experience of deserving to be punished. The existence of contagion effects youth, as well as the contents on certain webpages, which suggests that NSSI may be seen as a socioculturally existing “technology of the self” in Foucault’s sense. A possible contributing factor is that self-care in our culture sometimes tends to be seen as something “narcissistic” in a negative sense. In line with this, some research indicates that adolescents who injure themselves tend to experience an aversion to self-compassion and to compassion from others. Empirical results indicate that an increased mindfulness, acceptance of emotions, and mentalizing skills, can counteract NSSI; it would be interesting to study if the effects can be further improved by incorporating components of “self-compassion” into treatment.
... Stephen P. Lewis et al. [37] 2012 Usually the individuals who are considered are young adults, but we cannot just neglect the middle age and old age people as well ...
Suicide deaths due to depression and mental stress are growing rapidly at an alarming rate. People freely express their feelings and emotions on social network sites while they feel hesitant to express such feelings during face-to-face interactions with their dear ones. In this study, a dataset comprising 20,000 posts was taken from Reddit and preprocessed into tokens using a variety of effective word2vec techniques. A new hybrid approach is proposed by combining the attention model in a convolutional neural network and long-short-term- memory. The objective of this research is to develop an effective learning model to evaluate the data on social media for the efficient and accurate identification of people with suicidal ideation. The proposed attention convolution long short-term memory (ACL) model uses hyperparameter tuning using a grid search to select optimized hyperparameters. From the experimental evaluation, it is shown that the proposed model, that is, ACL with Glove embedding after hyperparameter tuning gives the highest Accuracy of 88.48%, Precision of 87.36%, F1 score of 90.82% and specificity of 79.23% and ACL with Random embedding gives the highest Recall of 94.94% when compared to the state-of-the-art algorithms.
... Risky behaviour among young people is described as inexperienced adolescents engaging in potentially destructive activities with or without knowing the implications of their acts (Graham et al., 2018). Sharing of personal information, sexual contact with strangers and participation in extreme groups that may promote self-harm and eating disorders are among the dangerous behaviours associated with social media (Lewis et al., 2012). Moreover, a study by Waheed (2019) demonstrated that Malaysian youth are aware that they are displaying risky behaviour online but underestimate the potential harm in their actions. ...
The advancement of the Internet has popularised social media platforms, especially amongst the adolescent age group. WeChat is one of the popular social media platforms among Malaysian youth. However, its popularity amongst the younger generation also means that it is easier for sex predators to scout for possible victims, given news reports of rape cases that were initiated from WeChat. This raises the question on the features of WeChat that facilitate this phenomenon. What makes WeChat the medium that predators use to target their victims? This study explores the problematic WeChat use demonstrated by young people that exposes them to online grooming. Twelve child victims of online grooming were interviewed. Victims were aged between 12-16 when the assault occurred. Findings uncover that victims frequently used location-based features on WeChat that allowed the application to track their location to match other users, making them 'visible' to lurking predators. Findings also indicate that the victims' age group, phone ownership, lack of parental control, and display of risky behaviour are factors that contribute towards online grooming vulnerability. This study suggests enhanced, hands-on participation from parents to monitor their children's social media consumption, especially WeChat. To achieve this, parents must first be technology-literate.
... However, the quality of this online information is not guaranteed; therefore, it can affect users' and professional students' understandings by misleading them. In light of this, studies have been undertaken to determine the quality of the information presented by YouTube TM videos on dentistry [5,7,8], medicine [9][10][11], and other health-related subjects. ...
The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the quality and educational information provided on YouTubeTM about stainless steel crowns (SSC). Videos were searched for on YouTube TM using keywords related to stainless steel crowns in pediatric dentistry in the Google Trends application. A total of 52 videos were available. After exclusion criteria application, 22 videos were selected for the study for analysis. To classify the video content as high or low quality, a scoring system formed of seven parameters was used. For a global evaluation of the video quality, the video information and quality index were applied. Data obtained were analyzed statistically. Only a few videos explained the importance of SSCs. Most of the videos uploaded with a high number of likes were of low quality. Very few videos were of high quality. The content quality and educational quality of videos is poor and incomplete. None of the videos explained the need for the SSC and its benefits in pediatric dentistry.
... However; its mechanisms for controlling the content, information quality, and the correctness of the information in the posted videos are considerably limited. Therefore, the reliability of information is doubtful and there is a potential risk of disseminating misleading information [12,13]. ...
Background
Lymphedema is defined as the abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid and fibro-adipose tissues resulting from injury, infection, or congenital abnormalities of the lymphatic system. The gold standard approach in the treatment of lymphedema is Complete Decongestive Therapy and it has many components that require practical knowledge and skills. YouTube can be a useful tool to provide these skills to healthcare professionals and patients. The aim of this study was to examine the videos about lymphedema rehabilitation on YouTube and analyze their technical features, sources, contents, educational value and reliability.
Methods
The YouTube database was searched using the “lymphedema rehabilitation”, “lymphedema treatment”, “complete decongestive therapy”, “lymphedema massage”, and “lymphedema exercises” keywords. Two reviewers (Physical medicine and rehabilitation specialist) assessed videos for educational quality using a Global Quality Scale (GQS). To evaluate the reliability the 5-point Discern scale was used.
Results
A total of 90 videos, which met the inclusion criteria were included in the analysis. The mean duration of the videos was 8.9 ± 10.5 min. The mean number of daily views was 22.7 ± 47.1 for a day. The majority of the videos were created to inform patients (57.8%).The uploaders were mostly private healthcare institutions or healthcare professionals (65.6%). Information providers were lymphedema therapists mostly (63.3%). Manual lymphatic drainage was observed to stand out as the most mentioned lymphedema rehabilitation component on YouTube. The mean of reliability and GQS scores of the videos were 2.2 ± 1.0 and 2.7 ± 1.0, respectively.
Conclusions
The biggest obstacle for YouTube to be an excellent source of information is that it hosts large volumes of uncontrolled and low-quality data. When Youtube content related to lymphedema rehabilitation was examined, it was observed that many videos were quite insufficient and incomplete even though there were useful videos. If careful controlling measures are implemented and if medical videos aim to meet reliability and GQS criteria, YouTube can become an effective and useful source of information for lymphedema rehabilitation.
... YouTube meets the criteria for a public online database (public domain) as it is free, publicly accessible without requiring registration, and has a large membership size. YouTube was accessed without a registered account to ensure accessed videos were publicly available and had no age restrictions (Alexa, 2018;Eysenbach & Till, 2001;Lewis et al., 2012). ...
This study analyzed the content of YouTube news clips on elderly teachers concerning emergency online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using traditional content analysis, the included news videos were transcribed, interview segments were translated and familiarized, dominant words were identified, data were coded, categorized, and themed. Four dominant words were highlighted: online, students, teachers, and pandemic. Three themes on technical challenges and support needs, health issues, and resilience emerged in the analysis. Results show that elderly teachers are persistent to adapt to emergency online learning despite the struggles they are facing. The analysis also highlights the negative effects of the sudden shift to emergency online learning on the physical and psychological health of elderly teachers. Furthermore, the elderly teachers, are ensuring students’ access to education even at their own cost. Implications to the country’s quality of education and suggestions of providing better technical and psychological health support to elderly teachers were presented.
... In particular, considering the nature of YouTube, where anyone can upload videos without verification, and that it can be used for advertising purposes, the quality of the information, content, and accuracy of uploaded videos must be verified. That is, the videos on YouTube can be questioned regarding the risks of providing misleading health-related information and the reliability of the video [12,13]. A previous systemic review that investigated eighteen studies found that YouTube includes misleading and conflicting health-related information, as well as high-quality health-related information [14]. ...
Objective:
Acquiring online health-related information has become increasingly widespread. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the quality of the most-viewed YouTube videos on dysphagia regarding exercises and compensated maneuvers.
Method:
We searched for the keywords "dysphagia exercise", "dysphagia rehabilitation", "dysphagia maneuver", "dysphagia therapy", and "dysphagia compensation" on YouTube on 5 February 2021. The educational quality of videos on YouTube was investigated based on the Global Quality Scale (GQS) and categorized into three groups: high-, intermediate-, and low-quality. The modified DISCERN tool was used to evaluate the reliability of the YouTube videos. Video parameters were compared between the groups according to the quality of the videos.
Results:
Of the 51 videos evaluated, according to the GQS, 54.9% (n = 28) were of high-quality, 35.3% (n = 18) were of intermediate-quality, and 9.8% (n = 5) were of low-quality, respectively. When the video parameters were compared among the groups, there were no significant differences in the number of views, likes, dislikes, or comments per day (p > 0.05). However, there was a significant difference in the DISCERN scores between the groups (p < 0.001).
Conclusion:
YouTube can be deemed as a predominant source for high-quality videos on dysphagia exercise and compensated maneuvers. However, YouTube should be accepted as a mixed pool, with high-, intermediate-, and low-quality videos. Therefore, healthcare professionals, such as physicians and therapists, should verify the suitability and quality of the video, and suggest it to the patient, to ensure that the patient obtains the appropriate information.
... However, there are some concerns about the quality and content of the videos featured on this digital platform [9]. Verification of the scientific content, information quality and accuracy of shared videos is limited, raising doubts on their reliability and credibility [9,10]. It was stated that there are videos containing contradictory and misleading health information on YouTube as well as videos providing high quality information [11]. ...
Background
Taping has a critical role in athlete health.AimsTo evaluate the quality, characteristics and reliability of the most viewed taping videos in YouTube.Methods
Uploaded videos were searched with “athletic taping” and “rigid taping” keywords in YouTube. The educational content quality of the videos was assessed using the Global Quality Scale (GQS), and reliability was evaluated using the Journal American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark criteria. Video uploaders (source) were divided into three groups (physiotherapists (PT), athletic trainers (AT) and non-PT/AT) and compared in terms of video quality, reliability and characteristics.Results82 videos were included in the study. The mean JAMA score of the videos was 2.91 ± 0.89 and GQS score was 4.06 ± 0.87. A significant difference was found among video uploading groups base on days since upload, number of views, daily views, dislikes, like ratio, and JAMA and GQS scores (p < 0.05). Less number of days since upload was found for AT videos versus PT and non-PT/AT videos (p = 0.007, p = 0.007). The number of views and daily views were higher for PT videos than AT videos (p = 0.004, p = 0.017). The number of dislikes was also higher for PT videos compared to AT videos (p = 0.017), with no significant difference versus non-PT/AT group (p < 0.05). Non-PT/AT videos showed a greater like ratio than PT videos (p = 0.022). PT videos had higher JAMA and GQS scores compared to AT and non-PT/AT videos (p = 0.001 vs. p = 0.001, p = 0.010 vs. p = 0.001).Conclusion
YouTube can be regarded as a useful platform that provides high quality and reliable videos on athletic taping.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: This study does not include any human participants or animals.
... Nevertheless, patients may use YouTube to inform themselves in regard to health-related issue and moreover may use a publicly accessible video-based physiotherapy tutorial to treat their conditions, especially in the light of the current pandemic [26,32,33]. Considering the lack of control mechanisms for the uploaded content and the diverse quality there is an obvious risk of obtaining misleading and inadequate information on health-related issues [26,[34][35][36]. ...
Background: During the last few decades the prevalence of lumbar disc herniation has been increasing constantly, thereby imposing a significant socioeconomic burden. Physiotherapy plays a crucial role in both surgical and conservative treatment of lumbar disc herniation, consequently the current COVID-19 pandemic with concomitant lockdowns has led to a shortage of physiotherapeutical care. In the light of these recent events publicly available physiotherapy tutorials may be a useful tool to address this problem. Aim: The main aim of this study was to assess the quality of online physiotherapy exercise tutorials for lumbar disc herniation. Materials & Methods: With YouTube being a widely known and used platform we screened 240 of the most viewed videos. A total of 76 videos met the inclusion criteria and were statistically analyzed. The videos were assessed using Global Quality Score, DISCERN Score and JAMA benchmark criteria and in regard to their applicability. Results: They displayed a wide range of views (44,969 to 5,448,717), likes (66 to 155,079) and dislikes (6 to 2339). The videos were assessed using Global Quality Score, DISCERN Score and JAMA benchmark criteria and in regard to their applicability. Neither the number of “Views”, “Likes”, nor “Dislikes” was found to have a significant association with any of the quality measures used in this study. Conclusion: Overall quality grade was determined as “moderate”. Based on the data examined in this study, the use of YouTube videos as a source of therapy advice for lumbar spine disc herniation cannot be recommended universally.
... This is even an underrated statement as many of the cases of suicides are not even reported. The young adults are more prone to suicide and prefer to share their feelings on social media than to share it with someone in person [3,4]. Adolescence is a period of time where one faces family conflicts as well and family conflict is somehow related to suicidal thoughts [5]. ...
The suicidal death rate is growing rapidly. Depression and stress levels among the people have increased significantly, which is considered to be a risk factor for suicidal thoughts. Social media is gradually more popular and people use them for sharing their sentiments and harmful emotions related to suicidal thoughts. An effective approach is required to investigate for identifying risk factors associated with suicide on social media. The objective is to propose some learning models to evaluate social media data to identify persons having suicidal tendencies. A large data consisting of 8452 tweets are collected from Twitter, pre-processed and bags of words were applied. Different machine learning and deep learning algorithms such as Random Forest, Decision Tree, Bernoulli Naïve Bayes, Multinomial Naïve Bayes, Recurrent Neural Network, Artificial Neural Network and Long Short Term Memory were applied for classifying the tweets in two sets: suicidal and non-suicidal. The performance of these learning models is further evaluated on three parameters: accuracy, precision and recall. These models have shown significant results on the parameters.
... In recent years, video sharing sites have become an important resource for patients to access information, which especially worries health institutions about the accuracy of the information on these platforms. 18,19 Missing or inaccurate information may cause patients to apply unscientific treatments or act in the opposite direction of the guidelines. 20 To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate breastfeeding content on YouTube. ...
Objective:
In this study, we aimed to evaluate the quality, reliability, and utility of breastfeeding videos on YouTube.
Materials and Methods:
We conducted a YouTube search with the keyword "breastfeeding education" and limited our search results to the first 200 videos. After exclusion criteria, 165 videos were investigated. The viewer parameters including likes, dislikes, the total number of views, comments, and source of the videos were evaluated. The educational content of the videos was evaluated with the Global Quality Score. In addition, the popularity of the videos was assessed with the video power index (VPI). Upload sources were categorized as the academic institutions and individual users.
Results:
There were 134 (81.2%) videos in group 1 (poor and suboptimal quality videos) and 31 (18.8%) videos in group 2 (good and excellent quality videos). The mean number of views, likes, and comments were 96.212 ± 198.445, 241.2 ± 310.2, and 45.3 ± 67.9, respectively, in group 1, and 203.057 ± 388.722, 474.1 ± 560.6, and 63.6 ± 98, respectively, in group 2. Comparing both groups, the length of good-excellent videos was longer than poor-suboptimal videos. There were no differences between groups based on number of comments and number of dislikes. In addition, VPI values in group 2 were statistically higher than those in group 1 (p < 0.001).
Conclusions:
Only ∼18.8% of YouTube videos presenting breastfeeding education were good or excellent. YouTube videos depicting breastfeeding were a limited source for the patients.
Background:
YouTube has emerged as an important source for obtaining information regarding health issues.
Objective:
The study aimed to assess the reliability and quality of facial paralysis exercise videos that are accessible on the YouTube platform.
Methods:
The investigation was carried out on Youtube, utilizing the keyword "facial paralysis exercises". We listed the first 100 videos based on relevancy. The quality and reliability of the videos were assessed using DISCERN, the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) Benchmark Criteria, the Global Quality Scale (GQS), and the Video Power Index (VPI).
Results:
Out of 100 studies, we excluded 52 and included the remaining 48. The scores we obtained for the videos were as follows: DISCERN Quality (2.92±0.91), DISCERN Total (39.16±6.75), JAMA (2.09±0.55), and GQS (3.00±0.89). Our study also revealed that videos uploaded by healthcare professionals had significantly higher DISCERN total, JAMA and VPI scores compared to those uploaded by non-healthcare professionals (p = 0.018, 0.001 and 0.023, respectively). Additionally, we observed a positive and statistically significant correlation between the DISCERN quality score, total score, JAMA, and video features.
Conclusion:
The facial paralysis exercise videos were determined to be of medium to low quality. Higher-quality videos need to be produced.
Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is the deliberate damage caused to one’s own body tissue, without the intent to die. Voluntary disclosure of one’s NSSI can catalyze help-seeking and provision of support, although what informs the decision to disclose NSSI is not yet well understood. There is currently no existing framework specific to the process of NSSI disclosure, and the aim of this study was to assess the fit between factors involved in the decision to disclose NSSI and two broader frameworks of disclosure: the Disclosure Decision-Making and Disclosure Processes models. A directed content analysis was used to code interview transcripts from 15 participants, all of whom were university students aged between 18 and 25 (M = 20.33, SD = 1.88), with 11 identifying as female. All participants had lived experience of NSSI which they had previously disclosed to at least one other person. All codes within the coding matrix, which were informed by the disclosure models, were identified as being present in the data. Of the 229 units of data, 95.63% were captured in the existing frameworks with only 10 instances being unique to NSSI disclosure. Though factors that inform the decision to disclose NSSI largely align with the aforementioned models of disclosure, there are aspects of disclosure decision-making that may be specific to NSSI.
Objective: Alcohol-related health problems, including emergency admissions, are a significant concern globally. With the rise of internet usage, platforms like YouTube have become key sources of information on alcohol use disorder. This study aimed to evaluate the quality and content of English-language YouTube videos related to alcohol use disorder, utilizing criteria such as the Modified DISCERN scale, Global Quality Scale (GQS), and DSM-5 guidelines. Methods: Of the 926 videos initially identified, 506 were included for analysis. Results: Results revealed that while YouTube serves as a valuable educational resource for alcohol-related information, concerns exist regarding the accuracy and reliability of content, with a notable lack of videos uploaded by official institutions. Furthermore, despite the varying quality of videos, no statistically significant difference was observed based on the source of upload. Conclusion: The findings highlight the need for improved algorithms to promote reliable content and greater involvement of official institutions in disseminating accurate information. Educational videos, especially those targeting emergency department patients, have the potential to enhance knowledge and facilitate informed decision-making regarding alcohol-related health issues. However, further research is warranted to assess the effectiveness of such interventions in reducing alcohol-related emergencies and burden on healthcare systems. Addressing these challenges could lead to more effective strategies for mitigating the harmful effects of alcohol misuse on public health.
Background
YouTube has become a popular source of health care information, reaching an estimated 81% of adults in 2021; approximately 35% of adults in the United States have used the internet to self-diagnose a condition. Public health researchers are therefore incorporating YouTube data into their research, but guidelines for best practices around research ethics using social media data, such as YouTube, are unclear.
Objective
This study aims to describe approaches to research ethics for public health research implemented using YouTube data.
Methods
We implemented a systematic review of articles found in PubMed, SocINDEX, Web of Science, and PsycINFO following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. To be eligible to be included, studies needed to be published in peer-reviewed journals in English between January 1, 2006, and October 31, 2019, and include analyses on publicly available YouTube data on health or public health topics; studies using primary data collection, such as using YouTube for study recruitment, interventions, or dissemination evaluations, were not included. We extracted data on the presence of user identifying information, institutional review board (IRB) review, and informed consent processes, as well as research topic and methodology.
Results
This review includes 119 articles from 88 journals. The most common health and public health topics studied were in the categories of chronic diseases (44/119, 37%), mental health and substance use (26/119, 21.8%), and infectious diseases (20/119, 16.8%). The majority (82/119, 68.9%) of articles made no mention of ethical considerations or stated that the study did not meet the definition of human participant research (16/119, 13.4%). Of those that sought IRB review (15/119, 12.6%), 12 out of 15 (80%) were determined to not meet the definition of human participant research and were therefore exempt from IRB review, and 3 out of 15 (20%) received IRB approval. None of the 3 IRB-approved studies contained identifying information; one was explicitly told not to include identifying information by their ethics committee. Only 1 study sought informed consent from YouTube users. Of 119 articles, 33 (27.7%) contained identifying information about content creators or video commenters, one of which attempted to anonymize direct quotes by not including user information.
Conclusions
Given the variation in practice, concrete guidelines on research ethics for social media research are needed, especially around anonymizing and seeking consent when using identifying information.
Trial Registration
PROSPERO CRD42020148170; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=148170
In present-day society, the major critical issues are mental health problems which eventually turn out to be suicidal ideation. Premature detection of suicidal thoughts among people is the solution to avoid suicide in the latter times. With each passing year, the growth rate of suicides is abruptly increasing. The social media platform is the key from which people around the world come across and share their feelings, emotions, and reaction to what they are going through in their lives. The data which is available on social media can be used for the identification and detection of suicidal ideation among people, on social media forums like Twitter, Reddit, Tumblr, Facebook, and Instagram. Natural Language Processing has come a long way in the research of finding the sentiment of individuals and checking the linguistic patterns of text shared by the people. Effective to carry out the research by using machine learning, deep learning, and transfer learning algorithms on the online forum data of people. Algorithms such as SVM, Logistic Regression, Naive Bayes, Convolution Neural Network, Recurrent Neural Network, Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory, BERT, and RoBERTa, respectively, were enforced to classify or detect the suicides in the social media data.KeywordsSuicidal ideationMachine learning algorithmsDeep learning algorithmsTransfer learning algorithmsSocial mediaSuicides
In today's world, there is a lot of anxiety about suicidal thoughts that is conveyed on social media platforms, and people are now sharing all kinds of feelings on social media forums. The majority of them utilize social forums because they feel uncomfortable sharing privately. The study's objective is to analyze suicidal thoughts and identify them at an early stage by utilizing deep learning and transfer learning techniques. These algorithms are used to data gathered from users of Reddit forums who have suicidal thoughts as well as regular users who have non‐suicidal thoughts. For the aforementioned goal, we use techniques such as the transfer learning algorithms BERT, RoBERTa, and ALBERT, as well as BiLSTM and other deep learning algorithms. In contrast to the sequence processing model, our study demonstrates that the bidirectional long‐short term algorithm provides the best validation accuracy, while the pretrained models BERT and ALBERT also provide satisfactory accuracy.
In this study, the researcher investigated the effectiveness of Gestalt Psychotherapy with adolescents engaging in Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI). Adolescents are sometimes overwhelmed by anger, sadness, anxiety, and self- loathing. Some resort to self-injury as a means of refocusing emotional pain into a physical behaviour they can control. Using a small-sample quasi-experimental design, the researcher offered Gestalt therapy to seven adolescents between 12 and 14 years of age and assessed their NSSI at entry point using ISAS. They were also assessed using ABUSI, GAD -7 and KADS -11 at three different stages. The therapeutic journey of each adolescent was then recorded using a Narrative style of Inquiry. The results indicated that Gestalt Therapy is very effective with this population. All seven of the adolescents stopped self-harming. In the majority of cases, the depression, anxiety, and urge to self-harm disappeared. As an outcome of this research, the author developed the NSSI Gestalt Cycle of Experience which can be used by other therapists to understand NSSI in adolescents.
Objectives
The implant's supporting structure differs from that of the teeth when plaque accumulates, making it more prone to inflammation and bone loss. To ensure the implant's longevity, an effective maintenance protocol should be followed. This study aimed to evaluate the information on oral hygiene procedures at home for implant supported fixed prosthesis.
Methods
The keywords 'cleaning dental implant,' 'how to clean dental implant,' and 'dental implant hygiene' used to search for videos on YouTube™. Following the exclusions, two researchers independently analyzed the remaining 100 videos for demographic data and content usefulness.
Results
In terms of usefulness score distribution, 53.52% of the videos were considered slightly useful, 38.4% moderately useful, and 8.1% very useful. The video content had the least quantity of knowledge about toothpaste choice (11.1%), but the greatest quantity of knowledge on flossing (68.7%).
Conclusions
According to the study's findings, there is presently no evidence-based information on YouTube ™on dental implant home care hygiene education. Therefore, dental care professionals should analyze the information's quality and reliability before recommending it to patients.
This book makes mass communication research projects more accessible to the new student researcher through a balance between an academically rigorous guide and an informal and humorous student-centered approach.
The Illustrated Guide to the Mass Communication Research Project’s unique, visual approach brings to life concepts and tactics under discussion through vivid illustrations. It contains more than 150 full-color research illustrations that explain and amplify research concepts in a humorous way.
The book follows the universal format of the academic research paper: abstract, introduction, literature review, methodology, hypotheses/research questions, quantitative and qualitative analysis/findings, discussion, and conclusion. It guides the reader through using key methods central to much of mass communication research: observation, interviews, focus groups, case studies, content analysis, surveys, experiments, and sampling. Each chapter contains examples of the segment under discussion, using excerpted research studies that provide writing models for the student’s own research report.
Ideal for students in research-centered courses in mass media, communication studies, marketing, and public relations, whether at the undergraduate or graduate level, this text will continue to serve as a valuable resource into a future communications and marketing career.
Online resources are provided to support the book: examples of an in-depth interview guide, a focus group moderator guide, a content analysis coding form, observation field notes and an experiment cover story; templates for a personal SWOT analysis and an informed consent form; a research topic worksheet; a literature review matrix; and coding exercises.
Patricia Swann, former Dean of the School of Business and Justice Studies, is a Professor of Public Relations and Management at Utica University, USA. She is the Executive Director of the Raymond Simon Institute for Public Relations and Journalism and the former head of the Public Relations Division of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication. She is the author of Cases in Public Relations Management and The Illustrated Guide to the Content Analysis Research Project.
BACKGROUND
YouTube has become a popular source of healthcare information reaching an estimated 73% of adults in 2019; approximately 35% of adults in the United States have used the internet to self-diagnose a condition. Public health researchers are therefore incorporating YouTube data in their research, with varying methodologies for sampling, defining measures, and handling ethical concerns.
OBJECTIVE
To understand the types of public health research being implemented with YouTube data and the methodologies and research ethics processes applied to this research.
METHODS
We implemented a systematic review of articles that were published in peer reviewed journals in English between January 1, 2006 and October 31, 2019 and concerned public health and social media. We extracted data on yearly publication rate, journal impact factor (IF), sampling methods, outcome types, external validity, measures of popularity, presence of user identifying information, IRB review, and informed consent processes.
RESULTS
This review includes 119 articles from 88 journals. The number of articles published per year increased from two in 2007 to 16 in 2016 and 2017 and then declined to approximately 10 in 2019. Median IF of the journals publishing these studies has remained below 5.0 since 2009. The most common public health topics studied were in the categories of chronic diseases other than cancers (n=28, 23.5%), infectious diseases (n=20, 16.8%), and substance use (n=19, 16.0%). Most studies used content analysis to describe the themes of videos (n=89, 74.8%), while the remainder reported on the quality or utility of videos (n=35, 29.4%), and public opinion or attitudes about video topics (n=31, 26.1%). Few articles scored poorly for quality metrics (n=22, 18.5%). The quality metric most lacking was “validity of measures” (only 6 of 75 studies [8.0%] achieved this metric), followed by “sufficiently rigorous statistical analysis” (14 of 119 studies [11.8%] achieved this metric). The majority (n=82, 68.9%) of articles made no mention of ethical considerations in study design or data collection. Thirty-three (27.7%) contained identifying information about content creators or video commenters. About a quarter of studies sought IRB approval (n=31, 26.1%), but only one sought informed consent from content creators.
CONCLUSIONS
We found great interest in using YouTube to answer public health questions as indicated by the quantity of articles and the increase in rate of publication over time. However, more careful consideration of study design and thorough validation of outcome measures will strengthen future studies. Debate about the ethics of social media data usage is ongoing. Concrete guidelines on ethical considerations, especially from IRBs, are needed for social media research.
CLINICALTRIAL
PROSPERO Registration Number CRD42020148170.
Background
More than 70 percent of the world's population is tortured with neck pain more than once in their vast life, of which 50–85% recur within 1–5 years of the initial episode. With medical resources affected by the epidemic, more and more people seek health-related knowledge via YouTube. This article aims to assess the quality and reliability of the medical information shared on YouTube regarding neck pain.
Methods
We searched on YouTube using the keyword “neck pain” to include the top 50 videos by relevance, then divided them into five and seven categories based on their content and source. Each video was quantitatively assessed using the Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA), DISCERN, Global Quality Score (GQS), Neck Pain-Specific Score (NPSS), and video power index (VPI). Spearman correlation analysis was used to evaluate the correlation between JAMA, GQS, DISCERN, NPSS and VPI. A multiple linear regression analysis was applied to identify video features affecting JAMA, GQS, DISCERN, and NPSS.
Results
The videos had a mean JAMA score of 2.56 (SD = 0.43), DISCERN of 2.55 (SD = 0.44), GQS of 2.86 (SD = 0.72), and NPSS of 2.90 (SD = 2.23). Classification by video upload source, non-physician videos had the greatest share at 38%, and sorted by video content, exercise training comprised 40% of the videos. Significant differences between the uploading sources were observed for VPI (P = 0.012), JAMA (P < 0.001), DISCERN (P < 0.001), GQS (P = 0.001), and NPSS (P = 0.007). Spearman correlation analysis showed that JAMA, DISCERN, GQS, and NPSS significantly correlated with each other (JAMA vs. DISCERN, p < 0.001, JAMA vs. GQS, p < 0.001, JAMA vs. NPSS, p < 0.001, DISCERN vs. GQS, p < 0.001, DISCERN vs. NPSS, p < 0.001, GQS vs. NPSS, p < 0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis suggested that a higher JAMA score, DISCERN, or GQS score were closely related to a higher probability of an academic, physician, non-physician or medical upload source (P < 0.005), and a higher NPSS score was associated with a higher probability of an academic source (P = 0.001) than of an individual upload source.
Conclusions
YouTube videos pertaining to neck pain contain low quality, low reliability, and incomplete information. Patients may be put at risk for health complications due to inaccurate, and incomplete information, particularly during the COVID-19 crisis. Academic groups should be committed to high-quality video production and promotion to YouTube users.
Objective
According to the results of the research conducted by the Pew Research Center in the USA, 80% of adult Internet users search for health on the Internet, and treatment decisions of 58% of them are affected by the information obtained. YouTube® is the most popular video-sharing platform globally, and many health-related videos are available. However, the information quality of YouTube® videos on intravenous sedation in dentistry is unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the information quality of YouTube® videos on “intravenous sedation in dentistry.”
Materials and methods
“Intravenous sedation in dentistry” was searched on YouTube®, and the first 200 videos were listed. Video features, i.e., like ratio (LR) and video power index (VPI), were recorded. The quality of videos was evaluated using the DISCERN questionnaire, Global Quality Score (GQS), and Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) score.
Results
The study included 130 videos, and 73.1% of the videos were published by private dental hospitals. However, 96.9% of the videos were of low quality considering the DISCERN total score. Only 14.6% of the videos with GQS and 1.5% with JAMA were of acceptable quality (score ≥3). Videos with “Fair” DISCERN total score and the DQ score of 4 had significantly higher VPI, view ratio, and number of comments. The VPI and view ratio were significantly higher in videos with a GQS score of 4. Moreover, the video quality was positively correlated with the video duration.
Conclusion
YouTube® content about intravenous sedation in dentistry was generally of low quality. It has been demonstrated that users viewed higher quality videos more and higher quality videos were more popular about “IV sedation in dentistry.” Thus, patients could be informed effectively and adequately by uploading accurate and quality YouTube® videos created by authorized institutions, anesthesiologists, and dentists.
Online social media platforms remain an excellent source of data for information scientists. Existing studies have found that people who self-harm find it easier to disclose information regarding their behaviour on social media as compared to in-person interactions. Due to the large and growing volume of user-generated content on YouTube, sources of videos presenting information concerning self-harm and discussions surrounding those videos could be hidden by other contents. By using a categorisation codebook and state-of-the-art topic and sentiment analysis techniques, the authors identified distinct groups of users who uploaded videos about self-harm on YouTube (n = 107) and uncovered the topics and sentiments expressed in 27,520 comments. In addition to other sources, our investigations discovered that 56% of the people uploading the examined videos are non-professionals, in contrast to the group of professionals with only 11% of the videos in the sample. In grouping comments based on similar topics, we discovered that self-harming users, clean (recovered) users, at-risk audiences, and appreciative users responded to the examined videos. Viewers responded more positively to ‘recovered from self-harm’ and ‘appreciative’ responses, as opposed to ‘at-risk’ and ‘self-harm’ comments with a high negative sentiments. These features could be used to build a classifier, although more research is needed to investigate self-injurious information to better support digital interventions for effective prevention and recovery.KeywordsSocial mediaYouTubeSelf-harmSelf-injury
Objectives
Women often feel embarrassed about urinary incontinence, hesitate to see a doctor and search the internet to gain information on the disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of the most viewed YouTubeTM pertaining to female urinary incontinence.
Material and Methods
: Sixty videos that met the inclusion criteria were assessed by two urologists through Quality Criteria for Consumer Health Information (DISCERN), Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) and Video Power Index (VPI) scoring systems. Videos’ image type, video uploaders, general content, length, view counts, date of uploading, comment, like and dislike counts were also recorded and analyzed.
Results
Forty videos included real and 20 animation images. Nine videos were uploaded directly by physicians, 32 videos by health channels, 14 videos by hospital channels, 2 videos by herbalists and 3 videos by other sources. The mean comment, like and dislike counts of the videos were found as 49.4±172.9, 642.5±2,112.9 and 66.7±192.4. The mean DISCERN score was found as 38.2±11.5, JAMA score as 1.4±0.6 and VPI score as 85.1±12.1. There was no significant difference between physicians and non-physicians and between real and animated videos in terms of DISCERN and JAMA scores (p>0.05).
Conclusions
The quality of the videos on YouTubeTM pertaining to female urinary incontinence was at an average level. Healthcare professionals should be encouraged for uploading more accurate quality health related contents. Policy makers should develop policies for supervision of the videos uploaded on the internet.
IntroductionCarpal tunnel syndrome is a disease that reduces the quality of life, and it is characterized by numbness, tingling in the fingers, and weakness in the hand, which we frequently encounter in our daily clinical practice. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the videos in terms of quality and reliability by watching the first 50 YouTube videos most relevant to the carpal tunnel in the YouTube video channel, which is often the first reference point as a source of information.Method
Among the videos that appear after typing "carpal tunnel" in the search tab of the YouTube, we eliminated those with advertisements and those that are not in English and evaluated the top 50 most relevant videos about the carpal tunnel. A specific YouTube channel was not selected during the search; however, the most relevant videos on carpal tunnel syndrome were determined. The duration, the number of views, the number of likes, dislike numbers, upload times, and upload sources of the videos were recorded and evaluated. The content, quality, and reliability of the videos were evaluated according to the GQS, JAMA, and DISCERN scales.ResultsThe average length of the 50 videos included in the study was 315.18, the average number of views was 150,977.4, and the average number of likes was 1410.86. The average number of days when the videos were uploaded to the internet was calculated as 1259.62 days. The GQS average of 50 videos included in the study was calculated as 2.7, the JAMA score average as 2.14 and the DISCERN score average as 33.62, and the video quality, content, and reliability were low. There was no statistically significant relationship between uploading sources of videos to the internet and video content, quality, and reliability (p > 0.05). The number of views, the number of days uploaded to the internet, the number of views, the number of likes and dislikes, like rates, and the video power index of the videos showed no statistically significant relationship with JAMA, DISCERN, and GQS.Conclusion
Social media is one of the easiest methods to access information today. The high number of contents, quality, and reliability of social media videos are crucial for patients to obtain accurate information, gain awareness about diseases, and receive guidance on treatment. This study found out that the quality, content, and reliability of the existing videos on the carpal tunnel were at a low level. We propose that the videos’ content and quality should be improved and become more beneficial for patients.
This chapter is dedicated to a review of literature, theories, and a nascent empirical study germane to the role of the media on nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). We begin with a review of the forms of mass communication available daily to most individuals within and outside of the United States followed by a brief discussion of empirical linkages between media exposure and NSSI, aggression, and suicide. We then present preliminary findings from our study of the links between self-injury and media and examine several of the key theoretical mechanisms through which media and the Internet may influence youth behavior. Finally, we discuss implications for clinical practice and community-based intervention. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) content and related e-communication have proliferated on the Internet in recent years. Research indicates that many youth who self-injure go online to connect with others who self-injure and view others' NSSI experiences and share their own through text and videos platforms. Although there are benefits to this behaviour in terms of receiving peer support, these activities can introduce these young people to risks, such as NSSI reinforcement through the sharing of stories and strategies, as well as, risks for triggering of NSSI urges. Due to the nature of these risks mental health professionals need to know about these risks and how to effectively assess adolescents' online activity in order to adequately monitor the effects of the purported benefits and risks associated with NSSI content. This article offers research informed clinical guidelines for the assessment, intervention, and monitoring of online NSSI activities. To help bridge the gap between youth culture and mental health culture, these essentials include descriptions of Community, Social Networking, and Video/Photo Sharing websites and the terms associated with these websites. Assessment of these behaviours can be facilitated by a basic Functional Assessment approach that is further informed using specific recommended online questions tailored to NSSI online and an assessment of the frequency, duration, and time of day of the online activities. Intervention in this area should initially assess readiness for change and use motivational interviewing to encourage substitution of healthier online activities for the activities that may currently foster harm.
The goal was to assess the prevalence, forms, demographic and mental health correlates of self-injurious behaviors in a representative college sample.
A random sample of undergraduate and graduate students at 2 northeastern US universities were invited to participate in an Internet-based survey in the spring of 2005. Thirty-seven percent of the 8300 invited participants responded.
The lifetime prevalence rate of having > or =1 self-injurious behavior incident was 17.0%. Seventy-five percent of those students engaged in self-injurious behaviors more than once. Thirty-six percent reported that no one knew about their self-injurious behaviors and only 3.29% indicated that a physician knew. Compared with non-self-injurers, those with repeat self-injurious behavior incidents were more likely to be female, bisexual or questioning their sexual orientation. They were less likely to be Asian/Asian American and >24 years of age. When controlling for demographic characteristics, those with repeat self-injurious behavior incidents were more likely to report a history of emotional abuse or sexual abuse, ever having considered or attempted suicide, elevated levels of psychological distress, and > or =1 characteristic of an eating disorder. A dose-response gradient was evident in each of these areas when single-incident self-injurious behaviors were compared with repeat-incident self-injurious behaviors.
A substantial number of college students reported self-injurious behaviors in their lifetimes. Many of the behaviors occurred among individuals who had never been in therapy for any reason and who only rarely disclosed their self-injurious behaviors to anyone. Single self-injurious behavior incidents were correlated with a history of abuse and comorbid adverse health conditions but less strongly than were repeat self-injurious behavior incidents. The reticence of these clients to seek help or advice renders it critical that medical and mental health providers find effective strategies for detecting and addressing self-injurious behaviors.
The Internet has proved a popular medium for persons with a variety of health-related complaints to provide one another with information and mutual support. However, although there are currently hundreds of Internet discussion groups dedicated to the issue of self-harm, there is disagreement as to whether these groups exacerbate or help alleviate self-harming behaviour. The present study sought to explore possible positive and negative aspects of membership of a self-harm discussion group. Members of one self-harm discussion group (n=102) completed a web-based questionnaire. The findings indicated that the majority of respondents viewed the discussion group as having positive effects, with many respondents reducing the frequency and severity of their self-harming behaviour as a consequence of group membership. Future work needs to address how typical the present findings are for Internet self-harm groups in general, and whether these groups are of any more (or less) benefit than current self-harm support groups that meet face-to-face.
This study is one of the largest and most comprehensive publicly available sources of information on the amount and nature of media use among American youth: (1) It includes a large national sample of more than 2,000 young people from across the country; (2) It covers children from ages 8 to 18, to track changes from childhood through the transitional "tween" period, and on into the teenage years; (3) It explores a comprehensive array of media, including TV, computers, video games, music, print, cell phones, and movies; (4) It is one of the only studies to measure and account for media multitasking--the time young people spend using more than one medium concurrently; and (5) It gathers highly detailed information about young people's media behavior, including responses to an extensive written questionnaire completed by the entire sample, plus results from a subsample of approximately 700 respondents who also maintained week-long diaries recording their media use in half-hour increments. Finally, because this is the third wave of the Kaiser Family Foundation's studies of children's media use, it not only provides a detailed look at current media use patterns among young people, but also documents changes in children's media habits since the first two waves of the study, in 1999 and 2004. It is hoped that the data provided here will offer a reliable foundation for policymakers trying to craft national media policies, parents trying to do their best to stay on top of their children's media habits, and educators, advocates and public health groups that are concerned with the impact of media on youth, and want to leverage the educational and informational potential of media in young people's lives. Appended are: (1) Tables; (2) Changes in Question Wording and Structure Over Time; (3) Toplines; and (4) Sample of Media Use Diary.
Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is the deliberate damaging of one's own body in the absence of any intent to die. Although reports of this behavior span centuries, reported instances of NSSI have increased dramatically over the past 20 years. This authoritative book provides new information about why this behavior occurs and what evidence-based assessment and treatments are available. Editor Matthew K. Nock has compiled a comprehensive overview of NSSI written by leading theorists, researchers, and clinicians in the field. Drawing on the historical, biological, cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal literature, the contributors help to provide answers to some key questions: How prevalent is NSSI? What is its history? Does it occur more frequently among youth? Among females? What influences its occurrence? And, most important, how can mental health professionals help those who self-injure? The result is a monumental and highly accessible study of NSSI.
Understanding Non-suicidal Self-Injury: Origins, Assessment, and Treatment is a must-read for both researchers and clinicians, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, nurses, and all who wish to help those who struggle with this disturbing behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
One of the biggest obstacles to scientific and clinical work on NSSI has been confusion about how to define and classify episodes of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). NSSI is the direct, deliberate destruction of one's own body tissue in the absence of suicidal intent. NSSI is direct in that the ultimate outcome of the self-injury occurs without intervening steps. NSSI is deliberate in that self-injury is intended by the individual, rather than accidental. Destruction of one's own body tissue is required in this definition, although it is acknowledged that the actual physical harm caused by NSSI can vary significantly. In this chapter, the authors provide definitions and terminology used throughout the rest of the book. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Recent research points to the salience of the Internet as a means to seek information about non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) but no research has explored what is asked about NSSI online. The current study examined the nature of NSSI questions asked on Yahoo! Answers. One hundred and eight questions were analyzed using a content analysis. The most frequently asked questions pertained to seeking validation for NSSI experiences (30.56%); however, the responses provided were sometimes quite invalidating. Other common questions included those related to general NSSI information (17.59%), scar concealment (11.11%), and NSSI-related media (11.11%). Efforts are needed to provide NSSI resources and support online but websites may need to be monitored to safeguard against unhelpful responses.
This paper reports on the findings of a qualitative inquiry into the interactions on a nonprofessional self-harm message board. Individuals using the message board were very positive about the message board and appeared to feel that their needs for support, venting, and validation were being met. However, we found that negative harmful behaviors mentioned in messages posted on the board were either not acknowledged, or were legitimized and normalized by those who responded to the messages. We suggest that this process of minimizing the seriousness and/or normalizing the behaviors may actually be encouraging the maintenance of such behaviors and therefore conclude that caution should be exercised when using nonprofessional self-harm message boards.
This paper reviews the empirical evidence of the effect of credibility of the message source on persuasion over a span of 5 decades, primarily to come up with recommendations for practitioners as to when to use a high- or a low-credibility source and secondarily to identify areas for future research. The main effect studies of source credibility on persuasion seem to indicate the superiority of a high-credibility source over a low-credibility one. Interaction effect studies, however, show source credibility to be a liability under certain conditions. The variables found to interact with source credibility are categorized into 5 categories: source, message, channel, receiver, and destination variables. The most heavily researched variables have been the message and receiver variables. Implications for marketers/advertisers and suggestions for future research are discussed.
The goal of this study was to examine the content of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) Web sites, often shared via e-communities. Using a content analysis, 71 Web sites were investigated. Web sites depict NSSI as: an effective coping mechanism (91.55%), addictive and difficult to stop (87.23%), and not always painful (23.94%). Almost all Web sites had melancholic tones (83.10%); several contained graphic photography (29.58%). Most NSSI messages (61.97%) were ambivalent (NSSI-accepting and deterring). Finally, several Web sites (11.27%) provided testimony that NSSI-content is triggering. Findings mirror recent work and NSSI material on these Web sites may normalize and reinforce NSSI. Professionals may need to assess the online activity of individuals who self-injure. Despite its risks, the Internet may serve as a vehicle to reach those who self-injure.
Nonsuicidal self-injury, the deliberate destruction of one's body tissue (eg, self-cutting, burning) without suicidal intent, has consistent rates ranging from 14% to 24% among youth and young adults. With more youth using video-sharing Web sites (eg, YouTube), this study examined the accessibility and scope of nonsuicidal self-injury videos online.
Using YouTube's search engine (and the following key words: "self-injury" and "self-harm"), the 50 most viewed character (ie, with a live individual) and noncharacter videos (100 total) were selected and examined across key quantitative and qualitative variables.
The top 100 videos analyzed were viewed over 2 million times, and most (80%) were accessible to a general audience. Viewers rated the videos positively (M = 4.61; SD: 0.61 out of 5.0) and selected videos as a favorite over 12 000 times. The videos' tones were largely factual or educational (53%) or melancholic (51%). Explicit imagery of self-injury was common. Specifically, 90% of noncharacter videos had nonsuicidal self-injury photographs, whereas 28% of character videos had in-action nonsuicidal self-injury. For both, cutting was the most common method. Many videos (58%) do not warn about this content.
The nature of nonsuicidal self-injury videos on YouTube may foster normalization of nonsuicidal self-injury and may reinforce the behavior through regular viewing of nonsuicidal self-injury-themed videos. Graphic videos showing nonsuicidal self-injury are frequently accessed and received positively by viewers. These videos largely provide nonsuicidal self-injury information and/or express a hopeless or melancholic message. Professionals working with youth and young adults who enact nonsuicidal self-injury need to be aware of the scope and nature of nonsuicidal self-injury on YouTube.
Youth psychosocial and behavioral characteristics are examined based upon varying frequency of Internet harassment perpetration online.
Data are from the Second Youth Internet Safety Survey, a national telephone survey of youth between the ages of 10 and 17 years (N = 1,500). Interviews took place between March and June 2005.
In all, 6% of youth reported frequent Internet harassment perpetration, an additional 6% reported occasional perpetration, and 17% reported limited perpetration of Internet harassment in the previous year. In general, behavioral and psychosocial problems increased in prevalence as the intensity of harassing behavior increased. Rule-breaking problems were reported three times more frequently by occasional perpetrators (p = .002) and seven times more frequently by frequent perpetrators (p < .001) as compared to otherwise similar youth who never harassed others in the previous year. Aggression problems were associated with twofold increased odds of limited perpetration (p = .03) and ninefold increased odds of frequent perpetration of Internet harassment (p < .001) among otherwise similar youth. Girls were 50% more likely to be limited perpetrators (p < .02), whereas boys were three times more likely to be frequent perpetrators of harassment online (p < .001).
A categorical definition of Internet harassment behavior reveals differences among youth who perpetrate online harassment at different frequencies. Findings reinforce previous research that youth who harass others online are likely facing concurrent behavioral and psychosocial challenges. Internet harassment perpetration may be a marker for a larger constellation of psychosocial problems.
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