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A treasure trove of plant biodiversity from the 20th century: The Werner Rauh Heritage Project at Heidelberg Botanical Garden and Herbarium
Abstract
Prof. Werner Rauh (1913–2000) was the director at Heidelberg Botanical Garden and Herbarium for several decades and until his retirement in 1994, he undertook more than 36 expeditions, mainly to South and Central America as well as to southern Africa and in particular to Madagascar. From these journeys, he brought back innumerable plants to the Botanical Garden Heidelberg, especially succulents, bromeliads and orchids, which are a valuable part of today’s living collection and of the Herbarium. During his expeditions, he wrote more than 90 booklets with detailed information not only about the plants collected, but also about the vegetation and geology of the regions he visited. The heart of the presented Werner Rauh Heritage project is a relational database to store the heterogeneous information found in these field books, as well as to link the information to actual taxonomy and to the garden’s existing database, the living collection and numerous plant type material. A number of powerful tools are being developed to enable researchers to search the database for cross-linked information including Rauh’s original field numbers and the place of collection. The central part of the Werner Rauh Heritage Project database is a look-up table with the geo-referenced itineraries of Werner Rauh’s journeys and another table with all taxa entries listed in any field book. Tables with synonyms, basionyms and protologue data are included as well as numerous images and links to other taxonomic databases such as IPNI and TROPICOS.
... the habitat preference according to [53]. Values of FW/DW, thickness and LMA are means ± S.E. ...
... Species and varieties were classified according to their habitat preference into epiphyte, terrestrial or lithophyte [53]. A complete documentation is accessible at [79]. ...
... Additional file 1: Table S1. List of Orchidaceae and Bromeliaceae species downloaded from GenBank, accession number, leaf carbon isotope composition (δ 13 C, ‰), the ratio of leaf fresh mass to dry mass (FW/DW), the leaf thickness (mm), the leaf mass per area (LMA, g m − 2 ) and the habitat preference according to [53]. ...
Background:
The CO2-concentrating mechanism associated to Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) alters the catalytic context for Rubisco by increasing CO2 availability and provides an advantage in particular ecological conditions. We hypothesized about the existence of molecular changes linked to these particular adaptations in CAM Rubisco. We investigated molecular evolution of the Rubisco large (L-) subunit in 78 orchids and 144 bromeliads with C3 and CAM photosynthetic pathways. The sequence analyses were complemented with measurements of Rubisco kinetics in some species with contrasting photosynthetic mechanism and differing in the L-subunit sequence.
Results:
We identified potential positively selected sites and residues with signatures of co-adaptation. The implementation of a decision tree model related Rubisco specific variable sites to the leaf carbon isotopic composition of the species. Differences in the Rubisco catalytic traits found among C3 orchids and between strong CAM and C3 bromeliads suggested Rubisco had evolved in response to differing CO2 concentration.
Conclusions:
The results revealed that the variability in the Rubisco L-subunit sequence in orchids and bromeliads is composed of coevolving sites under potential positive adaptive signal. The sequence variability was related to δ13C in orchids and bromeliads, however it could not be linked to the variability found in the kinetic properties of the studied species.
... Rauh hat fast 700 Pflanzentaxa alleine oder mit anderen erstbeschrieben. (Schröder & al. 2011;Koch & al. 2013) Dieser Schatz wird seit 2009 im "Werner Rauh Heritage Project" (WRHP) erschlossen und der Öffentlichkeit über eine Datenbank kostenlos zur Verfügung gestellt: http://scriptorium.cos.uni-heidelberg.de. Aktuell sind über 33.000 Datensätze mit Nummern aus Feldbüchern erfasst. ...
... Aktuell sind über 33.000 Datensätze mit Nummern aus Feldbüchern erfasst. (Schröder & al. 2011;Koch & al. 2013 Ebenso wurde er zum Mitglied der Mainzer Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur sowie der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften berufen. (Koch & al. 2013) Mehr noch war Rauh aber ein Wissenschaftler zum Anfassen: Er hielt unzählige Vorträge, weniger im akademischen Rahmen, wie eine Vielzahl von in Heidelberg archivierten Original-Vortragsmanuskripten belegen, sondern vielmehr vor "botanischen Laien" sowie Natur-und Pflanzenliebhabern, wie z. ...
... (Schröder & al. 2011;Koch & al. 2013 Ebenso wurde er zum Mitglied der Mainzer Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur sowie der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften berufen. (Koch & al. 2013) Mehr noch war Rauh aber ein Wissenschaftler zum Anfassen: Er hielt unzählige Vorträge, weniger im akademischen Rahmen, wie eine Vielzahl von in Heidelberg archivierten Original-Vortragsmanuskripten belegen, sondern vielmehr vor "botanischen Laien" sowie Natur-und Pflanzenliebhabern, wie z. B. beim Deutschen Alpenverein oder bei der Deutschen Kakteengesellschaft. Betrachtet man seine Publikationenliste so fällt auf, dass er sehr häufig in "Liebhabermagazinen" publizierte, was ihm von der Wissenschaft des öfteren angekreidet wurde. ...
Werner Rauh (1913–2000) war einer der bedeutendsten deutschen Feldbotaniker und Pflanzenjäger im 20. Jahrhundert. Sein Interesse galt zunächst der Archäologie, dennoch entschied er sich Botanik, Zoologie, Chemie und Geologie zu studieren. Nach der Dissertation in Halle (Saale) und der Habilitation in Heidelberg nahm Rauh seine Lehrtätigkeit an der Universität Heidelberg auf, wo er bis zu seiner Emeritierung 1982 und darüber hinaus lehrte. Dabei war die Morphologie, d.h. die Lehre vom Bau der Pflanzen, sein erster Schwerpunkt. Mindestens 36 große Expeditionen führten ihn u.a. nach Peru und Madagaskar, aber auch in zahlreiche andere Länder der Alten und Neuen Welt. Im „Werner Rauh Heritage
Project“ werden seit 2009 die Feldbücher von Werner Rauh mit seinen Aufsammlungen lebender und herbarisierter Pflanzen aufgearbeitet, die heute den Grundstock von Botanischem Garten und Herbarium Heidelberg (HEID) bilden.
... Werner Rauh (1913Rauh ( -2000, one of the most famous German Botanists of the 20th century, was a member of IOS from 1959 until his death, Vice-President 1976-1982, President 1982-1984 and first recipient of the Cactus d' Or (1978). His enormous scientific assets, archived at Heidelberg and Bonn, are being opened up systematically by the 'Werner Rauh Heritage Project' (Koch et al. 2013), generously funded by the Klaus Tschira Foundation. On the occasion of the 10th IOS Intercongress Meeting at Berlin this brief presentation of recent results of research on his biography was given, a few days before the centenary of Rauh's birth. ...
... In total he undertook at least 66 expeditions (map 1) and stayed in the field for at least 120 months until 1994! The countries he visited most often were Peru (12 times) and Madagascar (11 times) (Koch et al. 2013 (Samain et al. 2011). His collection in the Herbarium HEID contains approximately 25,000 specimens, and the Botanical Garden has 2,100 accessions, among them representatives of the 1,200 taxa he collected himself. ...
... 91,000 in Bonn), correspondence, hand-written drafts of protologues etc. Since 2009 this material has gradually been made accessible within the 'Werner Rauh Heritage Project' by scanning the field books and entering their data (gathering numbers, date, locality, taxon etc.) into a relational database (MySQL, JavaScript-& PHP-Scripts on a Linux-driven Apache web server), available free for everyone (Koch et al. 2013). At the moment more than 33,000 datasets with original Rauh numbers are stored in the database. ...
Werner Rauh (1913–2000), one of the most famous German Botanists of the 20th century, was a member of IOS from 1959 until his death, Vice-President 1976–1982, President 1982–1984 and first recipient of the Cactus d’Or (1978). His enormous scientific assets, archived at Heidelberg and Bonn, are being opened up systematically by the ‘Werner Rauh Heritage Project’ (Koch et al. 2013), generously funded by the Klaus Tschira Foundation. On the occasion of the 10th IOS Intercongress Meeting at Berlin this brief presentation of recent results of research on his biography was given, a few days before the centenary of Rauh’s birth.
... Schütz (2011) pointed out, that it is not clear if all vouchers marked as Holotype in HEID derived from the same plant or gathering. Within the last four years, the "Werner Rauh Heritage Project (WRHP)" ( Koch et al. 2013), funded by the Klaus Tschira Foundation (2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015)(2016), made Rauh's fieldbooks available for searches of cross-referenced infor- mation and knowledge. As part of the project, this data has been comprehensively archived in a database (http://scriptorium.cos.uni-heidelberg.de/). ...
... In the database field book pages are to be found with their unique page identifier ( Koch et al. 2013), e.g. HEIDRAUHFDB053_127 for Rauh (1976a), p. 127, further- more cited as "Feldbuch 53: 127". ...
When Werner Rauh described the new variety Deuterocohnia meziana var. carmineo-viridiflora, he did not carefully check data in his own field books and field diary which later resulted in inaccurate statements about the type locality and gathering date of the type. Beyond that he preserved material of the taxon as herbarium specimens both collected in the wild and obtained from plants cultivated in Heidelberg Botanical Garden. This caused some complexity in distinguishing type from non-type specimens in the herbarium of Heidelberg University (HEID) later.
Within the scope of the Werner Rauh Heritage Project, we have gained deep insights into Rauh’s field notes and his method of working which has allowed us to identify vouchers of the specimen designated as Holotype in the protologue as well as the correct type locality and gathering date of the new variety.
... Relevant literature was reviewed, including the species' protologue (Backeberg 1956) and specialized studies (Ostolaza 2019, Pauca & Quipuscoa 2017, Hunt et al. 2006, Anderson 2005, Ritter 1981, Backeberg 1979, Backeberg 1959, Rauh 1958). The HEID herbarium was specifically consulted for the "The Werner Rauh Heritage Project" (Koch et al. 2013) to obtain details on the specimen deposited by Werner Rauh (K153 1956), mentioned in Rauh (1958), and a photograph from the same source was analyzed. The description of the species in this work is based on samples of stems and flowers deposited in the HSP herbarium, as well as on field observations. ...
This study aims to clarify the taxonomy of Loxanthocereus riomajensis, as well as to understand its actual and potential geographic distribution, and to present its conservation status. Specialized literature was reviewed, and field visits were conducted. The collected data, including herbarium samples, presence records, and additional information, were used to describe the species in detail, create a geographical distribution map, generate potential distribution models using the MaxEnt algorithm, and assess its conservation status using IUCN considerations. The results demonstrate that morphologically, L. riomajensis is an independent species endemic to the departament of Arequipa, found in the provinces of Condesuyos and Caylloma, spanning an altitudinal range from 1600 to 2100 m asl. The potential distribution covers an area of 1135.3 km2, in the provinces of Condesuyos, Castilla, La Unión, Caravelí, Caylloma, and Arequipa. Regarding its conservation status, it is classified as endangered (EN). Finally, a lectotype is designated.
... Further reading of related contributions published earlier in Plant Systematics and Evolution also adds to various aspects of Tillandsia ecology, systematics and evolution in the Atacama Desert: Till and Vitek (1985) described the new species T. marconae, and Rundel and Dillon (1998) presented first ecological insights into loma formations of coastal Chile and Peru. Donadío et al. (2015) provided a comprehensive morphological dataset for many Tillandsia species including T. landbeckii, and Koch et al. (2013) launched a biodiversity knowledge database providing many detailed records and field information on various epiarenic Tillandsias. ...
... However, in an earlier barcoding study using the nuclear gene agt1 this accession clearly shows a signature of the T. purpurea agt1 gene (Bratzel et al. 2020). This leads to the conclusion that this T. purpurea accession might be also of hybrid origin or have been affected Koch et al. 2013) added a notice, that it is an unusual "microform" (see next paragraph). ...
The Chilean Atacama Desert is among the oldest deserts of the world. Here, Tillandsia landbeckii is forming a unique vegetation type known as Tillandsia lomas. This vegetation consists in its typical configuration of one single vascular plant species only and forms regular linear structures in a sloped landscape and is largely depending on fog occurrence as dominant source of water supply. Without developing a typical root system, there are only few other terrestrial Tillandsia species growing on bare sand in Chile and Peru such as T. marconae, T. virescens, T. purpureaor T. latifolia. Although phylogenetic evidence is limited, convergent evolution of this unique growth behavior is evident. The predominantly arid and hyper-arid climate exists since the Early Miocene, which raises the question about timing of T. landbeckii evolutionary history. Phylogenomic analyses using whole plastome sequence data highlight the onset of diversification in T. landbeckii approximately 500,000 years ago. We also demonstrate subsequent secondary genetic contact with T. purpurea during the Late Pleistocene using DNA sequence data and genome size estimates, which resulted into the formation of T. marconae.
... Our criterion for sufficient taxonomic classification of the sampled material was a verifiable evaluation by at least one renowned Bromeliaceae expert and full documentation of species collection history (e.g. "The Werner Rauh Heritage Project" [55]). Provenance of the plant material, names of the persons that identified the plant material and information about availability of voucher specimens are listed in Additional file 1: Table S1. ...
Background
The angiosperm family Bromeliaceae comprises over 3.500 species characterized by exceptionally high morphological and ecological diversity, but a very low genetic variation. In many genera, plants are vegetatively very similar which makes determination of non flowering bromeliads difficult. This is particularly problematic with living collections where plants are often cultivated over decades without flowering. DNA barcoding is therefore a very promising approach to provide reliable and convenient assistance in species determination. However, the observed low genetic variation of canonical barcoding markers in bromeliads causes problems.
Result
In this study the low-copy nuclear gene Agt1 is identified as a novel DNA barcoding marker suitable for molecular identification of closely related bromeliad species. Combining a comparatively slowly evolving exon sequence with an adjacent, genetically highly variable intron, correctly matching MegaBLAST based species identification rate was found to be approximately double the highest rate yet reported for bromeliads using other barcode markers.
Conclusion
In the present work, we characterize Agt1 as a novel plant DNA barcoding marker to be used for barcoding of bromeliads, a plant group with low genetic variation. Moreover, we provide a comprehensive marker sequence dataset for further use in the bromeliad research community.
... 500 -1600 m), peut-être plus (il y a des euphorbes similaires près d'Antsirabe, près de Tsiroanomandidy ou dans les montagnes vers Antsohihy qui pourraient aussi être E. alcicornis). Koch, 2013). Ils ne correspondent pas à E. annamarieae mais bien à E. lophogona Lam. ...
Castillon, J.-P. & J.-B. Castillon (2019). Taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties in the genus Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) in Madagascar. Candollea 74: 159–167. In French, English and French abstracts.
The identity of Euphorbia neobosseri Rauh is clarified. A new combination Euphorbia mahafalensis var. itampolensis (Rauh) J.-P. Castillon & J.-B. Castillon is proposed. Euphorbia rubrostriata Drake is decribed in detail and neotypified. The origin and typification of Euphorbia annamarieae Rauh is discussed. Lectotypes are designed for: Euphorbia annamarieae Rauh, Euphorbia erythroxyloides Baker, and Euphorbia mangorensis Leandri. Five new synonymies are proposed.
... Image © Nachlass W. Rauh Heidelberg / Archiv W. Barthlott. The image was printed in: Rauh (1958) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der peruanischen Kakteenvegetation p. 304.For additional information on the Werner Rauh Heritage Project, refer toKoch et al. (2013). ...
The ephemeral and fragmented nature of plant communities in the desert region of Ica, Peru have contributed to the poor documentation of its flora. This study provides the first comprehensive checklist and analysis of the vascular plants and habitats of the region, based on over 1800 herbarium collections, site-specific vegetation surveys and monitoring (2001–2017). Here, we report 501 taxa belonging to 283 genera in 68 families, with an outstanding number of taxa (297) representing new records for the region; over 10% of the flora (52 taxa) is categorised as threatened (CR, EN, VU). Asteraceae is the largest family in the checklist, followed by Poaceae, Fabaceae and Solanaceae. The highest species richness is found in quebradas and huaycos (170 taxa), followed by lomas (137 taxa) and huertas (115). Of the lomas taxa, 28% are assessed nationally as threatened, and 95 taxa (68%) are endemic to Peru. Across all habitats five species are restricted to the Ica region (Cleistocactus clavispinus, Haageocereus icensis, Onoseris humboldtiana, Nolana willeana, Tecoma fulva subsp. guarume). Nolana willeana, not collected since 1956, was rediscovered in 2006. We provide insights into habitat and taxonomic delimitation of enigmatic species in the following genera: Bulnesia, Capparis, Eremocharis, Hoffmannseggia, Leptoglossis, Lomanthus Maytenus, Poissonia and Weberbauerella, among others. We support the reinstatement of Prosopis limensis as a valid species and provide information for its identification in the field. Analysis of Inga feuillei as an ancient domestication vital to agriculture, is provided, and we report an additional 127 cultivated species associated with traditional agriculture, assessing origins and conservation priority. We present climatic and geological observations for the region with spatial and ENSO-related research from data, plots and transects. A vegetation map and niche model are provided. Threatened lomas species are detailed to support conservation and policy. To aid identification we provide photographs of 155 plant species and all key habitats. The sustainable wellbeing of the Ica region depends on concerted collaboration to monitor, conserve and restore native plants wisely for the natural resources they provide to people and agriculture.
... Er beschäftigte sich vor allem mit Kakteen Süd-und Mittelamerikas, Sukkulenten und Xerophyten aus den Trockengebieten Madagaskars sowie mit den Bromeliaceen. Als er am 7. April 2000 starb, hatte er über 700 Taxa, teils zusammen mit anderen, erstmals beschrieben, und 195 Taxa wurden ihm zu Ehren nach ihm benannt (Schröder 2013a (Koch & al. 2013 (Schröder 2013b). Rauhs Feldaufzeichnungen (Tagebücher mit ausführlichen Beobachtungen und Feldbücher mit gesammelten Pfanzen) umfassen über 17.000 handschriftliche Seiten. ...
Werner Rauh (1913–2000) was one of the best known German botanists of the 20th century. He focussed his studies on plant morphology and vegetation science, plant groups of his main interest were Cacti, Xerophytes, Succulents of Madagascar and Southern Africa and Bromeliads. From the early 1950ies to the year 1994 he undertook more than 66 feld trips, 36 of them were greater expeditions, primarily to Peru (12 expeditions) and Madagascar (11 expeditions). He stayed, as far as we know at the moment, at least 114 months in the feld. When he passed over, more than 700 new taxa were described by Rauh, partly together with other authors, and 195 taxa received their name to honour Werner Rauh. His heritage consist of thousands of living plants in the Heidelberg Botanical Garden, tenthousands of specimen in Herbarium HEID and more than 17,000 hand written feldbook pages, made available for public by the „Werner Rauh Heritage Project“. The few Sansevieria-gatherings he collected are presented in this paper.
... Volume and page number follow (cf. Koch et al. 2013). The field book pages can now be viewed online: ...
In the protologue to the new species Pitcairnia aureobrunnea (Rauh 1984) its discoverer Werner Rauh names as its type location “Peruvia septentrionalis, Dptm. San Martin, inter Tarapoto et Yurimaguas.“ This corresponds to a stretch of highway ca. 130 km long and is thus not a very precise specification of the locality where it was found. The Werner Rauh Heritage Project (WRHP), financed by the Klaus Tschira Foundation, made it possible to evaluate data from various sources and to determine the locus classicus more precisely. In addition the nine herbarium specimens of the gathering Rauh 53677 in HEID as well as other specimens of Pitcairnia aureobrunnea collected by Rauh were given a critical review in order to identify the types which Rauh focussed on. The individual data and results are presented in this article in appropriate brevity.
Cardamine bulbifera (Coralroot Bittercress) is one of the Central European enigmatic plant species. Although the species is wide-spread all over Europe, no reproduction via seeds has ever been observed. Instead dispersal of vegetative leaf-axillary bulbs assures effective propagation. In our study we analyzed different life stages and factors affecting sexual reproduction and seek for unravelling the evolutionary origin of this polyploid species. We combined studies on pollen quality and fertility, pollen-stigma interactions, growth performance, and reproductive success with common garden experiments, controlled pollination and genotyping analysis (AFLPs). We also tested the interplay of resource allocation either into developing fruits and seeds or into reproductive organs generated by vegetative means. Cytogenetic analyses were conducted addressing variation in chromosome numbers and ploidy level. Phylogenetic relationships among possible parental lineages of Eurasian Cardamine species were reconstructed based on whole plastome sequences and the entire nuclear encoded rDNA cistron. We have shown herein that sexual reproduction of Cardamine bulbifera is hindered at various stages of reproductive development. We did not find any complete interruption of reproductive development except final embryo arrest. We detected low pollen germination rates and slow pollen tube growth. Less than 25% of flowers matured into siliques with most often low-quality seeds; only 2% of those seeds developed towards early stages of germination but arrested before primary root formation. Results are independent from genotypes or vegetative propagation. Phylogenetic data demonstrate close relationships to C. quinquefolia and C. abchasica, but don’t indicate a hybrid origin involving distant species from other lineages. Cardamine bulbifera is a fully functional sexual plant with attractive flowers, nectar production, viable pollen, functional ovules and no signatures of a sporophytic incompatibility system. Highly reduced seed set and failure in seedling formation may be causally linked to a polyploid origin in the Caucasus region. Long-term survival has been achieved by rapid transition towards vegetative propagation and subsequent range expansion.
A taxonomic revision of Bromeliaceae subfam. Tillandsioideae is presented based on a multi-locus DNA sequence phylogeny (viz., plastid DNA loci rpoB-trnC-petN, trnK-matK-trnK, and ycf1, and the nuclear DNA gene PHYC) and new or re-evaluated morphology (e.g., leaf, inflorescence, sepal, petal, ovary, stigma, stamen, pollen, ovule, and seed morphology). This enables the circumscription of monophyletic units using synapomorphic combinations of diagnostic morphological characters. Stigma morphology has proven to be indicative for super-specific taxa in Tillandsioideae. One new stigma type and several subtypes of previously described stigmas were found. The four tribes proposed earlier are mostly confirmed, but Catopsideae replaces the formerly used name Pogospermeae for the monotypic tribe of Catopsis. In addition, the two new subtribes Cipuropsidinae and Vrieseinae are proposed within tribe Vrieseeae. Several new genera are established to render taxonomic units monophyletic and morphologically well circumscribed. They represent segregates of either Mezobromelia (Gregbrownia: 4 spp.), Tillandsia (viz., Barfussia: 3 spp., Josemania: 5 spp., Lemeltonia: 7 spp., Pseudalcantarea: 3 spp., and Wallisia: 4 spp. and 1 hybrid), or Vriesea (viz., Goudaea: 2 spp., Jagrantia: 1 sp., Lutheria: 4 spp., Stigmatodon: 18 spp., and Zizkaea: 1 spp.). The new subgenera Tillandsia subg. Pseudovriesea and T. subg. Viridantha are established, and T. subg. Aerobia is resurrected. An identification key to all accepted genera of Bromeliaceae subfam. Tillandsioideae is provided. Furthermore, to clarify nomenclatural uncertainties, typifications are proposed for Catopsis subg. Tridynandra, Thecophyllum [unranked] Biflorae, Tillandsia subg. Aerobia, T. sect. Caricifoliae, T. sect. Conostachys, T. sect. Cyathophora, T. sect. Eriophyllum, T. sect. Macrocyathus, T. sect. Platystachys Baker auct. non al., Tillandsia sect. Strepsia, Vriesea subg. Conostachys Mez auct. non al., T. lindenii K. Koch auct. non al., and T. macropetala.
Discovering biological diversity is a fundamental goal--made urgent by the alarmingly high rate of extinction. We have compiled information from more than 100,000 type specimens to quantify the role of collectors in the discovery of plant diversity. Our results show that more than half of all type specimens were collected by less than 2 per cent of collectors. This highly skewed pattern has persisted through time. We demonstrate that a number of attributes are associated with prolific plant collectors: a long career with increasing productivity and experience in several countries and plant families. These results imply that funding a small number of expert plant collectors in the right geographical locations should be an important element in any effective strategy to find undiscovered plant species and complete the inventory of the world flora.
Despite the importance of species discovery, the processes including collecting, recognizing, and describing new species are poorly understood. Data are presented for flowering plants, measuring quantitatively the lag between the date a specimen of a new species was collected for the first time and when it was subsequently described and published. The data from our sample of new species published between 1970 and 2010 show that only 16% were described within five years of being collected for the first time. The description of the remaining 84% involved much older specimens, with nearly one-quarter of new species descriptions involving specimens >50 y old. Extrapolation of these results suggest that, of the estimated 70,000 species still to be described, more than half already have been collected and are stored in herbaria. Effort, funding, and research focus should, therefore, be directed as much to examining extant herbarium material as collecting new material in the field.
Descriptiones Cactacearum Novarum
- C Backeberg
Backeberg C (1957) Descriptiones Cactacearum Novarum. Gustav
Fischer, Jena [Usually cited with wrong year 1956!]
Rauh, Werner. Heidelberger Gelehrtenlexikon
- D Drüll
Herrn Prof. Dr. Werner Rauh zum 75
- W Hagemann
Hagemann W (1988) Herrn Prof. Dr. Werner Rauh zum 75.
Geburtstag. Beitr Biol Pflanzen 63:1-16
U ¨ ber den polsterförmigen Wuchs
- W Rauh
Rauh W (1939) U ¨ ber den polsterförmigen Wuchs. Nova Acta
Leopold NF 7:268-508
Beitrag zur Kenntnis der peruanischen Kakteenvegetation Sitzungsber Heidelberger Akad Wiss Succulent and xerophytic plants of Madagascar 1
- W Rauh
Rauh W (1958) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der peruanischen Kakteenvegetation. Sitzungsber Heidelberger Akad Wiss, Math.-Naturwiss
Kl 1, Springer, Heidelberg
Rauh W (1990) Bromelien. Ulmer, Stuttgart
Rauh W (1995) Succulent and xerophytic plants of Madagascar 1.
Strawberry Press, Mill Valley
Rauh W (1998) Succulent and xerophytic plants of Madagascar 2.
Strawberry Press, Mill Valley
1800
M. A. Koch et al.
Herrn Professor Dr. Werner Rauh zum 65
- W Hagemann
Hagemann W (1978) Herrn Professor Dr. Werner Rauh zum 65.
Geburtstag. Bot Jahrb Syst 99:139-142
Heidelberg Rauh W (1990) Bromelien. Ulmer, Stuttgart Rauh W (1995) Succulent and xerophytic plants of Madagascar 1. Strawberry Press, Mill Valley Rauh W (1998) Succulent and xerophytic plants of Madagascar 2
- W Rauh
Rauh W (1958) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der peruanischen Kakteenvegetation. Sitzungsber Heidelberger Akad Wiss, Math.-Naturwiss
Kl 1, Springer, Heidelberg
Rauh W (1990) Bromelien. Ulmer, Stuttgart
Rauh W (1995) Succulent and xerophytic plants of Madagascar 1.
Strawberry Press, Mill Valley
Rauh W (1998) Succulent and xerophytic plants of Madagascar 2.
Strawberry Press, Mill Valley