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Biological activity of essential oils of Athamanta haynaldii and Myristica fragrans to gypsy moth larvae
... Our previous work showed that, by spraying plants with ethanolic solutions of Athamanta haynaldii (Borb. Et Uecht.) the EOs provoked almost three times lower leaf damage by GML than in the control group [63]. This study was aimed to evaluate efficacy of essential oils obtained from seeds of three Apiaceae plant species (anise Pimpinella anisum L., dill Anethum graveolens L., and fennel Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) against GML by assessing their insecticidal and antifeeding activity as well as influence on larval molting, growth and food utilization. ...
... Anise and dill seed EOs appeared to be the most effective agents against 2nd instar GML since anise EO had good antifeeding activity and both EOs induced high mortality and delayed larval molting. Kostić et al. [63] found strong antifeeding activity of Athamantha haynaldii and Myristica fragrans Houtt. EOs. ...
... Reduced consumption obtained in the present paper in 2nd and 4th instars fed on anise, dill and fennel EO treated diets as well as in studies on the effects of other EOs on GML [63,70,74,75] pointed to the sensitivity of this species to the presence of antifeedants in EOs. Many papers also confirmed the antifeedant activity of terpenes and terpenoids in GML [49,115,116]. ...
The gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Erebidae)) is a serious pest of hardwood forests. In the search for an environmentally safe means of its control, we assessed the impact of different concentrations of essential oils (EOs) from the seeds of three Apiaceae plants (anise Pimpinella anisum, dill Anethum graveolens, and fennel Foeniculum vulgare) on behavior, mortality, molting and nutritional physiology of gypsy moth larvae (GML). EOs efficacy was compared with commercial insecticide NeemAzal®-T/S (neem). The main compounds in the Eos were trans-anethole in anise; carvone, limonene, and α-phellandrene in dill; and trans-anethole and fenchone in fennel seed. At 1% EOs concentration, anise and fennel were better antifeedants and all three EOs were more toxic than neem. Neem was superior in delaying 2nd to 3rd larval molting. In the 4th instar, 0.5%, anise and fennel EOs decreased relative consumption rate more than neem, whereas all three EOs were more effective in reducing growth rate, approximate digestibility and efficiency of conversion of food into body mass leading to higher metabolic costs to GML. Decrease in consumption and metabolic parameters compared to control GML confirmed that adverse effects of the EOs stem from both pre- and post-ingestive mechanisms. The results indicate the potential of three EOs to be used for gypsy moth control.
... Within plant protection practices, modern environmental requirements impose the need for expanding the biological control measures. Investigations of biological activity of plant derivatives lead to this goal, and some researchers have demonstrated certain promising natural substances that can be used for this purpose [4][5][6][7]. Natural semiochemicals with low toxic potential which would not cause ecosystem disturbance due to the high mortality of the target insect population could become the predominant method of pest control in the future [8], relying on naturally acquired plant defense mechanisms. Antifeedant activities of essential oils or extracts of different plant species seem to interfere with insect chemoreceptors. ...
... Metabolites from allomone subgroup represent a respectable group with the currently highest potential [46]. However, it is known that plant secondary metabolites (essential oils, alkaloids, saponins, glucosides, tannins, flavonoids, organic acids) are involved in the defence of harmful insects [4,6,7,47,48] leading to attempts for field application (spraying) of plant extracts. In recent decades, there are increased evidences of the diverse ecological, physiological and biochemical role of these compounds [37,49,50]. ...
... Protection against the damaging effect of gypsy moth must involve knowledge that secondary metabolites are involved in the defence of insect plants [4,6,8,47]. Other EOs and their components have antifeeding activity against caterpillars: Kostic et al. [6] found that Ocimum basilicum EO and its dominant component linalool cause antifeedant activity against second-stage larvae, and Popovic et al. [8] found that fractions of O. basilicum EO also act as antifeedant on gypsy moth caterpillars of the second-instar (L2) as well as EOs of Athamanta haynaldii and Myristica fragrans [7]. Also, neem (0.09% azadirachtin, safer), shows good antifeedant activity against L2 and low digestive toxicity [4], which were confirmed in other investigations [6][7][8]. ...
Food production is challenged by different factors: climate changes, market competitiveness, food safety, public demands, environmental challenges, new and invasive pests, etc. Intensive food production must be protected against pests, which is nowadays impossible with traditional techniques. The use of eco-friendly biopesticides based on essential oils (EOs), plant extracts (PE), and inert dusts appears to be a complementary or alternative methodology to the conventional chemically synthesized insecticides. The use of such biopesticides reduces the adverse pesticide effects on human health and environment. Biopesticides can exhibit toxic, repellent, and antifeeding effects. Development of bio-insecticides tackles the problem of food safety and residues in fresh food. Innovation within this approach is the combination of several types of active ingredients with complementary effects. Essential oils are well-known compounds with insecticide or repellent activities. New approaches, tools, and products for ecological pest management may substantially decrease pesticide use, especially in fruit and vegetable production. A win-win strategy is to find an appropriate nature-based compound having impact on pests, together with pesticide use, when unavoidable. Toxic or repellent activity could be used for pest control in the field conditions, as well as attractiveness of some compounds for mass trapping, before pests cause significant economic damage.
... This arises from the fact that these botanical mixtures reputedly pose little threat to the environment or to human health [9] . A significant number of authors have studied the antifeedant effect of EOs in Lepidoptera [10][11][12][13][14] , as well as their toxicity on larvae [15][16][17] , even though they have also been used as oviposition deterrents [18] . ...
... The contact toxicity of the EOs was evaluated using a topical application test [14,17] . Dilutions of the tested EOs (0.1-30.0 mL/L) were prepared using acetone as a solvent. ...
... After 24 h exposure dead larvae were counted and data tabulated for mortality assessment. To determine whether the larva was alive or dead, the palpation method was utilized (the larva was touched with a soft painting brush; if it makes any movement, it is considered alive, otherwise it is considered dead) [17] . Five replicates were used for each tested concentration of EO (n=50), and each assay was repeated twice. ...
Objective: To determine the biological effects of essential oils (EOs) isolated from Cymbopogon nardus, Cymbopogon flexuosus and Cymbopogon martinii grown in Colombia against two Lepidoptera larvae, common pests in the oil palm.
Methods: Specimens were captured in the field and the antifeedant activity and dermal contact lethality of EOs were measured against Acharia fusca and Euprosterna elaeasa (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae) at various concentrations 0.002-0.600 μL/cm2 and 0.002-8 μL/g, respectively. Results: All EOs exhibited strong antifeedant and toxicity activity toward Acharia fusca and Euprosterna elaeasa larvae. Cymbopogon martinii oil was the most active against both pest insect species, although all tested EOs were better than the synthetic repellent IR3535 on both insects.
Conclusions: Colombian EOs have potential for integrated pest management programs in the oil palm industry.
... The work of Moretti et al. (2002) on the gypsy moth showed high digestive toxicity of Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Thymus herba-barona Loisel EO emulsions for 2nd to 3rd instar larvae after 3 days of exposure. It has also been shown that Ocimum basilicum L., Athamanta haynaldii L., and Myristica fragrans Houtt., EOs had low to moderate residual contact and digestive toxicity, and good antifeeding activity against 2nd instars (Kostić et al. 2008(Kostić et al. , 2013. ...
... The decrease in consumption observed in studies on the effects of EOs on gypsy moth larvae (Moretti et al. 2002;Kostić et al. 2008Kostić et al. , 2013, pointed to the susceptibility of this species to the presence of antifeedants in EOs. The essential oil of T. vulgare chemotype that we used in our experiments was rich in oxygenated monoterpenes, like camphor, trans-thujone, and cis-thujone; these compounds have been proven to have strong antifeeding activities against pest insects. ...
The development of “green” alternatives to chemical pesticides could play a crucial role in integrated pest management (IPM). Their use is considered either as a substitution for or in addition to hazardous synthetic products. We analysed the influence of three concentrations of tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.) essential oil (EO), previously characterised by GC-MS, on the survival and moulting of the 2nd instar and the nutritional indices of the 4th instar gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) larvae. In a residual contact toxicity assessment, the exposure to tansy EO caused low mortality (< 10%) while larval development was significantly slowed down, i.e., the percentage of larvae that moulted into the 3rd instar was reduced. On the other hand, when tansy EO was incorporated into the diet (digestive toxicity assay), high mortality and a lack of moulting after 120 h of eating were recorded for the highest applied concentration of EO. During 48 h of feeding on EO-supplemented food at concentrations of 0.5 and 1% (v/v), the relative growth rate (RGR) of the 4th instar larvae significantly decreased, which can be explained by a significant reduction of the relative consumption rate (RCR) and significantly or marginally significantly lower efficiency of conversion of ingested food into insect biomass (ECI). Although the RCR was also reduced with the lowest applied EO concentration (0.1%), the ECI was not affected which meant the RGR was as high as it was for the control larvae. ECI changes, when two higher EO concentrations were applied, were due to a reduction in the efficiency of conversion of digested food into biomass (ECD), while approximate digestibility was unaffected by the presence of EO in the food. Our results on the significant negative effects of tansy EO on gypsy moth larval survival, development time, and nutritional physiology suggest that it could be considered in future designs for botanical insecticides for gypsy moth control.
... However, EOs can be more toxic than their isolated components because of synergistic effects between their constituents, including even minor compounds (Nerio et al., 2010). This type of synergy increases the EO effectiveness (Kosti c et al., 2013) and enables the use of smaller amounts of the mixture to achieve satisfactory results. ...
... These results could contribute to the search for new, alternative products for termite management. The compound mixtures in essential oils (Isman, 2000;Enan, 2001Enan, , 2005Rattan, 2010;Kosti c et al., 2013) could reduce environmental risks when compared with pure compounds (either synthetic or natural) (Della Lucia et al., 2014). In comparison with pure compounds, these mixtures of compounds with different physical properties may be deterrent to insects for a longer period and may allow more deployment or greater persistence (Rattan, 2010). ...
Plant essential oils are potential sources of insecticidal compounds, but have rarely been explored for their effect on termites. In the present study, we assessed the chemical composition of essential oils of Lippia sidoides Cham. (pepper-rosmarin; Verbenaceae) and Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. (patchouli; Lamiacaeae) and evaluated their toxicity, behavioral impairment, and repellence to termite species of the genera Amitermes and Microcerotermes (Isoptera: Termitidae: Termitinae). The main components of essential oils of L. sidoides and P. cablin were thymol (44.6%) and patchouli alcohol (36.6%), respectively. The essential oil of P. cablin was most potent against Amitermes cf. amifer Silvestri and had the lowest LD50 (0.63 μg mg−1). There was no difference in toxicity for Microcerotermes indistinctus Mathews between the essential oils of L. sidoides (LD50 = 1.49 μg mg−1) and P. cablin (LD50 = 1.67 μg mg−1). Pogostemon cablin essential oil was the most toxic to M. indistinctus (LC50 = 0.32 μl ml−1) and A. cf. amifer (LC50 = 0.29 μl ml−1). The essential oils analyzed exhibited high toxicity and repellence to the termites, in addition to reducing behavioral interactions among individuals, thus constituting potential termiticides.
... According to Zhu et al. (2003), certain essential oils have been reported to exhibit a neurotoxic method of action with such symptoms as hyperactivity, trembling, and paralysis. Essential oils are complex mixtures of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes , and phenylpropanoids (Nerio et al., 2010) with diversified bioactivity, including toxicity (López et al., 2011; Machial et al., 2010; Pavela, 2008; Zhu et al., 2003), repellence (López et al., 2011; Zhu et al., 2003), larvicidal effect (Jiang et al., 2009; Kostíc et al., 2013; Machial et al., 2010), and antifeedant effect (Kostíc et al., 2013). ...
... Thus, the high toxicity of the P. cablin essential oil observed in this study may be related to the synergetic action of its constituents . This type of action increases the efficiency of essential oils (Kostíc et al., 2013), allowing lower amounts of a mixture to reach satisfactory levels of efficiency. Minor compounds may act as synergetic agents, increasing the effect of the major compounds through a variety of mechanisms (Hummelbrunner and Isman, 2001; Nerio et al., 2010). ...
... Numerous reports on the results of attempts to control the spongy moth in Europe confirm the fact that its natural enemies are not effective. This means that synthetic [5], plant [6], and biological insecticides [7] are used to reduce the economic importance in all areas of its distribution. It has been documented [8] that the use of synthetic insecticides reduces the effectiveness of native natural enemies of the spongy moth. ...
In this paper, we present the results of field investigations on the suitability of three types of trunk traps (‘Commercial 1’, ‘Commercial 2’, and ‘Prototype’) for capturing spongy moth (Lymantria dispar) larvae in two areas with different climates and forest ecosystems. In areas of NE Slovenia, which were characterized by Pannonian climate and regular rainfall during the research period (2022–2024), the ‘Commercial 2’ trap was the most suitable for the capture of old larvae. In a forest with 20–30 m tall trees with the dominant species Quercus robur, Carpinus betulus, and Pinus sylvestris, it proved easy to set ‘Commercial 2’ on trunks and change their parts upon inspection for captures. ‘Commercial 1’ traps proved to be less suitable, since their bags quickly were filled with water during downpours and consequently fell out of the traps. ‘Prototype’ traps proved to be the most suitable in an area with a Mediterranean climate (Greece), where the trees (Quercus spp.) were smaller (3–4 m) and both younger and older larvae could more easily come into contact with the sticky surface of the inner part of the trap, of which longer-lasting effectiveness was possible in a drier climate. For the mass trapping of larvae in urban areas with a more humid climate, we therefore suggest the use of ‘Commercial 2’ traps, and in areas with a drier climate, the use of ‘Prototype’ traps.
... et Uecht., Myristica fragrans Houtt. [23], Pimpinella anisum L., Anethum graveolens L., Foeniculum vulgare Mill. [24], Tanacetum vulgare L. [25], Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. ...
The bioactivity of the Ailanthus altissima crude leaf extract (CLE) and a leaf extract incorporated into a biopolymer matrix (BPM) was tested against Lymantria dispar larvae. The crude leaf extracts and those incorporated into a chitosan–gelatin polymer matrix were examined in choice and non-choice assays at 0.01, 0.05, 0.5, and 1% concentrations for feeding deterrent activity, contact, and digestive toxicity. The CLE exhibited moderate deterrent activity at all concentrations, whereas the BPM showed a very strong deterrent effect at 0.5% and 1% and a strong effect at 0.1% and 0.01%. No significant differences in digestive or contact toxicity were observed between the CLE and BPM groups and the control groups. The BPM also influenced larval behavior after digestion, decreasing consumption and growth and increasing development time. The higher bioactivity of the CLE compared to the control group is attributed to its high content of total phenols, flavonoids, and tannins, whereas the enhanced bioactivity of the BPM is due to its incorporation into the biopolymer matrix. Given its very strong deterrent activity, and absence of contact and digestive toxicity, the BPM can be recommended as a potential environmentally friendly bioproduct for forest pest control after field evaluation.
... Furthermore, eucalyptus oil has the potential to function as a natural insect repellent to ward off pests like mosquitoes, poisonous arthropods, and other herbivores (Batish et al., 2008). Additionally, T. castaneum, whitefly adults and nymphs, Lymantria dispar (Linnae us , 175 8) larvae, Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius, 1775), Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann, 1819), and Musca domestica (Linnaeus, 1758) larvae were all inhibited by nutmeg essential oil (Adedire, 2002;Kostićet al., 2013;Wagan et al., 2017;Gao et al., 2020;Cossetin et al., 2021). However, its application faces some limitations, such as its poor water solubility, rapid decomposition, high volatility, and combustibility, which hinder its direct use in field conditions. ...
Recently, the use of nanopesticides has shown significant efficacy in the control of many pests. However, the effect of nanopesticides, especially nanoemulsions, on suppressing termites, Odontotermes formosanus (Shiraki, 1909) (O. formosanus), has not been studied yet. Therefore, this study aimed to produce nanoemulsions of the essential oils of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus Labill; E-EO) and nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt; N-EO) to suppress O. formosanus. The analysis of eucalyptus nanoemulsion (E-NE) and nutmeg nanoemulsion (N-NE) was confirmed by using UV-Vis, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy. In addition, chemical analysis by Gas Chromatography with a mass spectrometer (GC-MS) exhibited the major constituents of E-NE and N-NE. The principal chemical components of E-NE included D-limonene, eucalyptol, 1,5-cyclooctadiene,3,4-dimethyl, benzene, and 1-methyl-3-(1 methylethyl)-, while the main constituents in N-NE were cyclohexane,1-methylene-4-(1 methylethenyl)-, eucalyptol, and L-. alpha. -terpineol. The mortality rates were 100% and 99.53%, respectively, after 24 hours of treatment with a concentration of 140 mg/mL, compared to 23.43% and 43.55%, respectively, from E-EO and N-EO treatment. These results refer to the essential oils’ nanoemulsion as far more effective than the essential oils themselves. Furthermore, the effects of E-NE and N-NE on detoxification enzymes such as acetylcholinesterase, carboxylesterase, acid and alkaline phosphatase were investigated, as well as total protein concentrations, and the results have been found to be significantly increasing or decreasing in comparison with control. Besides, histological and morphological alterations found post exposure to E-NE and N-NE were shown. Overall, the results from this study clearly indicate that the nanopesticide-formulated nanoemulsions may have great potential to be used as novel, environmentally safe insecticides for controlling O. formosanus.
... Compared with deterrence of carvone and anethole detected in the present study, higher deterrence (ADC) against GML was recorded on linalool, linalool-rich fraction of Ocimum basilicum EO, ethanol extracts of Aesculus hipocastannum [28], and EOs from O. basilicum, Athamantha haynaldii, and Myristica fragrans [27,30,31]. High repellency of S-(+)-carvone and trans-anethole was recorded in various pests [69][70][71]. ...
Botanicals, such as essential oils (EO) and their compounds, are considered a viable eco-friendly alternative to synthetic insecticides, which threaten human health and ecosystem functioning. In the present study, we explored the potential use of two EO compounds, trans-anethole (phenylpropanoid) and S-(+)-carvone (monoterpene ketone), against gypsy moth larvae (GML), a serious pest of deciduous forests and orchards. GML feeding, survival, molting, and nutritional physiology were assessed at different compound concentrations and compared with the effects of the commercial botanical product NeemAzal®-T/S (neem). The impact of botanicals on GML feeding was assessed by the leaf-dipping method and showed the highest antifeeding activity of neem in the no-choice assay. GML that were offered a choice were deterred by anethole and attracted by low concentrations of carvone and neem. Ingestion of botanicals was more effective in inducing mortality and reducing molting than residual contact exposure. Anethole and carvone were better toxicants but worse growth regulators than neem. Assessing nutritional indices revealed reduced growth, consumption, and food utilization in larvae fed on botanical-supplemented diets. The highest metabolic cost of food processing was recorded in carvone-fed larvae, which exhibited a negative growth rate. The results suggest that anethole and carvone might be used as control agents against GML.
... Essential oils' antifeedant qualities have little effect on the environment or non-target creatures [18]. Natural fumigants can eliminate insect pests without causing insects to develop immunity [19]. Experts proposed employing natural bioinsecticides as an alternative to biological controllers for disease vectors [20] and it is more environmentally friendly [21]. ...
Pest insects known as darkling beetles (Alphitobius diaperinus) are common in poultry farms. These pests can develop into a variety of disease vectors, causing damage to chicken coops, decreased chick performance, and financial losses to farmers. In Indonesia, synthetic insecticides are still used for pest control, which is detrimental to non-target creatures and the environment. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of biopesticides from cinnamon bark extract (Cinnamomum aromaticum), nutmeg seeds (Myristica fragrans), lavender flowers (Lavandula angustifolia), and lime peel (Citrus aurantifolia), as well as synthetic insecticides alpha-cypermethrin against A. diaperinus larvae and imago. Bioinsecticide levels are 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%, while alpha-cypermethrin levels are 1%, 4%, 7%, and 10%, respectively, based on LC50 values. The analysis was repeated three times and the treatment was carried out every two days for a total of 14 days. The data were analyzed with paired sample t-tests to determine the average difference in each treatment when there was an average difference and calculated N-Gain score to determine the effectiveness of biopesticides and synthetic insecticides. The average value of N-Gain essential oil from cinnamon bark extract was successful in causing A.diaperinus death in the imago stage (81.14) and the highest larvae (80) of other test solutions. Cinnamon bark extract and nutmeg seed extract are effective in imago (95.14) and larvae (78.91), respectively, and can be used as a natural biopesticide to replace synthetic insecticides in the control of A.diaperinus in imago and larvae stages. Keywords: Biological control, Biopesticides, Environmental management, Essential oils
... In addition, the EOs from basil, Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiales: Lamiaceae); Athamanta haynaldii L. (Apiales: Apiaceae); and nutmeg, Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Magnoliales: Myristicaceae) had low to moderate residual contact and digestive toxicity, but they had good antifeedant activity against second instar larvae [3,330]. ...
Simple Summary
In the current review, we gathered and summarized the up-to-date information on the life cycle, distribution, outbreaks, control, and health issues to humans and animals of the European Spongy moth. Overall, this noxious species is easily expanded to new areas, causing serious large-scale damage rapidly. The management of this insect is difficult since the chemicals are harmful to human health and the environment, and natural enemies are not able to cause sufficient reduction of the populations of L. dispar. Finally, the potential use of biotechnological and physical methods against L. dispar is discussed.
Abstract
The European Spongy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), is an abundant species found in oak woods in Central and Southern Europe, the Near East, and North Africa and is an important economic pest. It is a voracious eater and can completely defoliate entire trees; repeated severe defoliation can add to other stresses, such as weather extremes or human activities. Lymantria dispar is most destructive in its larval stage (caterpillars), stripping away foliage from a broad variety of trees (>500 species). Caterpillar infestation is an underestimated problem; medical literature reports that established populations of caterpillars may cause health problems to people and animals. Inflammatory reactions may occur in most individuals after exposure to setae, independent of previous exposure. Currently, chemical and mechanical methods, natural predators, and silvicultural practices are included for the control of this species. Various insecticides have been used for its control, often through aerial sprayings, which negatively affect biodiversity, frequently fail, and are inappropriate for urban/recreational areas. However, bioinsecticides based on various microorganisms (e.g., entomopathogenic viruses, bacteria, and fungi) as well as technologies such as mating disruption using sex pheromone traps have replaced insecticides for the management of L. dispar.
... The concentration of 10 mg/ml of nutmeg EO revealed highest fumigant action and contact toxicity against whitefly adults and whitefly nymphs, respectively (Wagan, Wang, Hua, & Cai, 2017). MFEO also had significant antifeedant activity against larvae of Lymantria dispar (Kostic et al., 2013). The oviposition of cowpea storage bruchid (Callosobruchus maculates) was effectively inhibited by nutmeg oil, and 60% mortality and 85% mortality were observed at 2% dosage on the 3rd day after application and 7-day post-treatment, respectively. ...
Myristica fragrans (Houtt.) is an evergreen tree native to the Maluku Islands, Indonesia. M. fragrans kernel is extensively used in Indian traditional medicines to treat various diseases. Several studies attempt to compile and interpret the pharmacological potential of Myristica fragrans (Houtt.) aqueous and various chemical extracts. Thus, the pharmacological potential of nutmeg essential oil has not been reviewed phytochemically and pharmacologically. Therefore, the present study aimed to share appropriate literature evidence regarding the plant essential oil chemical composition and therapeutic potential of Myristica fragrans essential oil (MFEO). MFEO of leaf, mace, kernel, and seed were used worldwide as potential Ayurvedic medicine and fragrance. MFEO extracted by various methods and oil yield was 0.7-3.2, 8.1-10.3, 0.3-12.5, and 6.2-7.6% in leaf, mace, seed, and kernel. The primary chemical constituents of MFEO were sabinene, eugenol, myristicin, caryophyllene, β-myrcene, and α-pinene. Clinical and experimental investigations have confirmed the antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, anticancer, antimalarial, anticonvul-sant, hepatoprotective, antiparasitic, insecticidal, and nematocidal activities of MFEO. It is the first attempt to compile oil yield, composition, and the biological activities of MFEO. In future, several scientific investigations are required to understand the mechanism of action of MFEO and their bioactive constituents.
... In contrast. other monoterpenes showed strong antifeedant activity against the gypsy moth (Kostić et al., 2013;Popovic et al., 2013) which indicated that larval response depended on specific compound and could not be attributed to the entire group of chemicals such as monoterpenes. In this regard, cis-thujone, the most dominant component of T. plicata EO, was responsible for higher antifeedant activity and decreased RCR of the gypsy moth larvae compared to the control group, only in the highest concentration. ...
We examined essential oils (EOs) of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana and Thuja plicata (Cupressaceae), their antifeedant activity on Lymanthria dispar larvae and their antimicrobial activity. Studies of EOs showed that these two conifer species differed both in content of terpene classes and the major compounds. Total monoterpenes strongly dominated in T. plicata (96.4%), while C. lawsoniana was rich in both mono- and sesquiterpenes (40.8% and 30.3%, respectively) as well as in diterpenes (19.1%). The most dominant compounds of C. lawsoniana EO were: limonene (16.7%), oplopanonyl acetate (14.5%), beyerene (10.1%), and 13-epi-dolabradiene (6.7%). The dominant compound of T. plicata EOs was α-thujone (76.9%), followed by relatively small amounts of β- thujone (5.3%), sabinene (4.5%) and terpinene-4-ol (3.2%). The difference in EO compositions of the conifers was reflected on Lymantria dispar larvae performance. Larvae fed on the leaf discs treated by C. lawsoniana EO had a slight phagostimulatory effect at lower concentration shown by higher relative rate of food consumption and relative growth rate than the larvae in the control group. Contrastingly, leaf discs treated with EO of T. plicata EO had an antifeedant effect and lower relative consumption rate (RCR) and relative growth rate RGR than the larvae in the control group. Both tested EOs influenced substantially the colony growth of the subjected Phytophthora plurivora and P. quercina. Namely, 100% inhibitory effect was recorded at concentration of 0.1% in the case of C. lawsoniana EO, whereas of T. plicata colonies did not grow at 0.5% concentration. The implications of these findings and possibility of using the tested EOs in further experiments in vitro and in vivo are discussed.
... Topical applications demonstrate insecticidal action against a cotton pest Dysdercus koenigii (Fabricius) (Suryakala et al., 2007). Oil contact in Lymantria dispar (Lineu) larvae presents anti-feeding activity (Petrovi et al., 2013), and larvicidal effects have also been analyzed in Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (Dias and Moraes, 2014) and in Anopheles stephensi (Liston) (Senthilkumar et al., 2009). Other studies have reported that M. fragrans essential oil presents insecticidal and repellent activity against Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricius) (Du et al., 2014). ...
The insecticidalactivity of Myristica fragrans (Houtt) essential seed oil, (Nutmeg) was evaluated against Musca domestica (Linnaeus) and Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann); both important infectious pathogenic disease vectors. The oil was extracted by distillation, and 21 components were identified during chemical analysis; principally β-pinene (26%), α-pinene (10.5%), Sabinene (9.1%) and γ-terpinen (8.5%). Insecticidal properties were identified through larvicide and adulticide tests. Using the immersion method, the oil at 5% was found to be very effective (90 ± 1%) against M. domestica larvae. The results for adulticide activity varied by fly species, dosage, time, and method of exposure. Topical application (on the insect thorax) was more toxic to C. albiceps, where the lethal concentration at 50% (LC50) was 2.02 ± 0.56, and 8.57 ± 2.41 for the common flies. When the insects were exposed to oil impregnated paper, the results were similar for M. domestica and C. albiceps adults with respective LC50 values of 2.74 ± 0.24, and 3.65 ± 0.48. Thus, the results demonstrated that M. fragrans oil presents insecticidal activity and can be used for control of Musca domestica and Chrysomya albiceps.
... The identification of compounds was performed based on the retention index available in the literature. 36 The Van den Dool and Kratz (1963) 37 equation was used for a homologous series of n-alkanes (nC9-nC18). It was also used three libraries from the GC/MS (WILEY8, NIST107 and NIST21), which allow the comparison of spectral data with those in the libraries by a similarity index of 80%. ...
Background:
The mosquito Aedes aegypti is intensely controlled because it is vector of viruses that cause innumerous diseases, especially in tropical regions. Due to the indiscriminate use of insecticides, populations from different regions have been resistant to pyrethroids. Here, we analyzed the lethal and sublethal effects of essential oil of Aristolochia trilobata and its major compounds on A. aegypti from susceptible and pyrethroid resistant populations.
Results:
Our results showed that the toxicity and behavioral changes to different compounds are dependent of the stage of the insect life cycle. The monoterpene ρ-cymene caused high mortality in both larvae and adult females of A. aegypti, including those from the pyrethroid resistant population. The monoterpenes limonene and linalool caused a sublethal effect in the larvae triggering changes in the swimming pattern.
Conclusions:
This study highlights the potential of the essential oil of A. trilobata, ρ-cymene and limonene to the control of A. aegypti and reveals the importance of analyzing the sublethal effects for the population dynamics of the A. aegypti mosquito.
... Such effects are common for terpenes, which are hydrophobic compounds that exhibit synergistic effects with other components, solubilizing them and facilitating their dispersion through membranes [28]. Thus, this type of action increases the efficacy of these products, allowing the use of smaller amounts in a mixture to achieve satisfactory efficiency levels [37]. ...
Plants of the genus Aristolochia have been frequently reported as important medicinal plants. Despite their high bioactive potential, to date, there are no reports of their effects on leaf-cutting ants. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the insecticidal activity of the essential oil of Aristolochia trilobata and its major components on Atta sexdens and Acromyrmex balzani, two species of leaf-cutting ants. The bioassays were performed regarding routes of exposure, acute toxicity, binary mixtures of the major components and behavioral effects. Twenty-five components were identified in the essential oil of A. trilobata using a gas chromatographic system equipped with a mass spectrometer and a flame ionization detector. The components found in higher proportions were sulcatyl acetate, limonene, p-cymene and linalool. The essential oil of A. trilobata and its individual major components were efficient against A. balzani and A. sexdens workers when applied by fumigation. These components showed fast and efficient insecticidal activity on ants. The components acted synergistically and additively on A. balzani and A. sexdens, respectively, and caused a strong repellency/irritability in the ants. Thus, our results demonstrate the great potential of the essential oil of A. trilobata and its major components for the development of new insecticides.
... [43], su utvrdili repelentno i insekticidno delovanje ekstrakata aromatičnog lekovitog bilja Urtica dioica L., Taraxacum officinale L., Junglans regia L., Achilea milefolium L. na adulte pasuljevog žižka, a Popović i sar., [44] bioaktivnost etarskog ulja bosiljka na Sitophilus oryzae L. Etarska ulja dobijena iz listova Eucalyptus dunnii, E. saligna, E. benthamii, E. globulus i E. viminalis (Myrtaceae) su pokazala izraženo insekticidno i repelentno delovanje na kukuruzovog žiška [45,46]. Takodje je utvrdjeno da etarska ulja biljaka Athamanta haynaldii i Myristica fragrans deluju antifidno i digestivno toksično na larve gubara drugog stupnja [47]. Rezultati istraživanja odnosa aromatične biljke-insekti imaju važnu ulogu u razvijanju biopesticida, kao i u stvaranju mogućnosti da se genetičkim inženjeringom stvore kulture otporne na štetočine. ...
Secretory structures represent individual plant cells or tissues that produce
various secretions with appropriate physiological and ecological functions. The
secretory structures of aromatic plants synthesize the various secondary
metabolites, predominantly essential oils (fragrant mixtures of volatile, lipophilic
compounds among which prevail terpenes, aromatic and aliphatic compounds).
According to the place of disposal, secretion of secondary metabolites may be
intracellular and extracellular (endogenous and exogenous), and, according to the
mode of elimination, they can be holocrine and merocrine. Synthesis and secretion
of essential oil in plants takes place in specialized structures that can be divided
into external (glandular hairs and osmophore) and internal structures (oil cells,
secretory cavities and secretory ducts). Secretory cells in which the synthesis of
terpenes take place, have plastids, which are in most cases, partially or completely,
surrounded by endoplazmatic reticulum smooth membranes. Terpenes were also
observed in mitochondria, dictyosomes, Golgy apparatus, nucleus and primary
cytoplasm. Essential oils have a function in the metabolism of plants (physiological
function) that is reflected in their hormonal role, role in maintaining respiratory
coenzymes in the reduced form, and the energy role. Also, essential oils have a role
in plant biochemical interactions with the environment (ecological function), which
is reflected in the interaction of plants with the abiotic (temperature leaves,
reducing transpiration) and biotic environmental factors (allelopatic and autopatic
relationships, plant – animal relationships where essential oils act as a factor in the
defense of plants from herbivores, as a biochemical factor of ecology of
pollination, as a function of pheromones, and as phytoncides and phytoalexins).
Essential oils are also very important for a man.
This study investigated the bioactivity of common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) and manna ash (Fraxinus ornus L.) leaf extracts, both in the crude form and incorporated into a biopolymer matrix, against spongy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) larvae. Chemical analysis revealed that both species were abundant in polyphenolic compounds, with common ash containing significant quantities of p-hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and verbascoside, while manna ash was rich in coumarins, particularly aesculetin and aesculin. This study evaluated the feeding deterrent activity, contact and digestive toxicity, effects on larval nutritional indices, and larval development. Chitosan–gelatin-based biopolymer matrices containing the leaf extracts exhibited strong feeding deterrent activity at all tested concentrations, while crude leaf extracts showed moderate deterrence. The biopolymer matrices influenced spongy moth behavior only after digestion, resulting in reduced consumption and growth, as well as a prolonged duration of the third larval instar. No contact toxicity was observed for the biopolymer matrices. Incorporating leaf extracts into the chitosan–gelatin biopolymer matrix significantly enhanced their bioactivity against spongy moth larvae compared with crude leaf extracts. The results suggest that biopolymer matrices containing common ash and manna ash leaf extracts are promising environmentally friendly bioproducts for forest insect control, offering an innovative approach to managing spongy moth populations and protecting forest ecosystems.
Colorado potato beetle (CPB) is an extraordinary example of pest resistance to insecticides. It is proved that increased activity of CPB’s ALiE / carboxylesterase is closely related to resistance to organophosphate insecticides. ALiE activity of different populations was tested, using spectrophotometry. The frequencies of ALiE activity of individual larvae were similar to the binomial distribution. For more resistant populations to organophosphates, the whole graph is shifted to the area with higher enzyme activity. Consequently, individuals with lower ALiE activity disappear from the population while individuals with higher activity appear more frequently. The analysis of single larvae ALiE activity showed a fairly high homogeneity of the examined populations, except for the population Kaona. Examination of single insect ALiE activity is viable and provides insight into the population, which is important for further genetic testing.
The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a highly destructive insect pest that negatively affects various agricultural crops. For environmentally safe means of its control, we evaluated the effectiveness of four plant essential oils: mint, Mentha piperita, citrus lime, Citrus sinensis, lemongrass, Cymbopogon citratus, and eucalyptus, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, against S. frugiperda larvae in terms of mortality rate and their antifeedant activity. A total of 78, 73, 52 and 26 compounds were detected in EOs of C. citratus, E. camaldulensis, C. sinensis and M. piperita, respectively. A high variation in the major compounds and percentages of these compounds was: C. citratus (3,8-nonadien-2-one, 4,8 dimethyl, 23.66%), E. camaldulensis (eucalyptol, 42.21%), C. sinensis (apiol, 5.59%) and M. piperita (cubenol, 8.43%). Three different concentrations (1.0%, 3.0% and 5.0%) of each essential oil were tested against 3rd larval instar. All essential oils caused mortality, but M. piperita and E. camaldulensis were the most effective at higher concentration. At concentration of 5.0%, M. piperita caused 93.3% larval mortality after 72 h of application. Similarly, E. camaldulensis oil caused 83.3% larval mortality after 72 h with 5.0% concentration. Furthermore, at 5.0% concentration, M. piperita oil had an antifeedant activity of 80.4%, and E. camaldulensis oil showed 71.3%. The findings indicate the potential use of M. piperita and E. camaldulensis oils to control S. frugiperda. The utilization of these oils offers an environment friendly approach, which can effectively address the issue of insecticide resistance in S. frugiperda.
In order to find out the biological activity of plant essential oils on armyworm [Mythimna separata (Walker, 1865)] larvae and provide a theoretical basis for the biological control of armyworms, in this study, the antifeedant activity, repellent activity, fumigation activity, contact activity, and synergistic effect on indoxacarb of nine kinds of plant essential oils on armyworm larvae were determined. The results showed that lavender and citronella essential oils had the greatest impact on the antifeedant activity on armyworm larvae, and the antifeedant rate reached 100.00%. Meanwhile, rosemary essential oil revealed the best repellent activity on armyworm larvae with an average dwell time of 0 s at the content of 0.2%. Moreover, tea tree essential oil and lemon essential oil at the content of 2.0% had the best fumigation and contact activity against armyworm larvae, and the corrected mortality rates at 120 h were 86.67 and 66.67%, respectively. In addition, the combination of citronella essential oil and indoxacarb with the ratio of 5:1 had the best synergistic effect on armyworm larvae at 96 h, and the synergistic ratio was reached 100.00%. These findings will guide the development of new insecticides for controlling armyworm larvae.
Jedan je od važnijih globalnih problema u proizvodnji hrane zaštita usjeva od štetnih organizama. Za suzbijanje štetnih organizama najviše se koriste sintetske kemikalije koje su uglavnom vrlo toksične te ugrožavaju zdravlje ljudi i životinja te onečišćuju okoliš. Biopesticidi temeljeni na eteričnim uljima (EO) mogli bi zamijeniti ili nadopuniti djelovanje kemijski sintetiziranih pesticida u suzbijanju štetnih organizama. EO-i izolirani iz različitih biljaka pokazuju toksične i odbijajuće učinke na različite štetne organizme. Njihova su prednost prije svega povoljna ekotoksikološka svojstva. Glavni je problem u korištenju EO-a (posebice u poljskim uvjetima) njihova kemijska nestabilnost u prisutnosti zraka, svjetla, vlage i visokih temperatura, što dovodi do isparavanja i degradacije bioaktivnih sastojaka. Tehnologija inkapsulacije omogućuje osjetljivim tvarima poput EO-a fizičko obavijanje zaštitnim materijalom. Aktivni sastojci EO-a tako su zaštićeni od nepovoljnih vremenskih utjecaja, gubitaka isparavanjem, neželjenih međudjelovanja, itd. Formulacije mikročestica ispunjenih s EO-ima i svojstvom kontroliranog otpuštanja imaju velik potencijal primjene u suzbijanju brojnih vrsta štetnih organizama u različitim poljoprivrednim sustavima. Ključne riječi: eterična ulja (EO), inkapsulacija, mikročestice, učinkovitost
Myristica fragrans is a fragrant tree, known for its commercial spicy products, namely, the nutmeg, mace, and essential oil, which are predominantly used in flavor, fragrance, and pharmaceutical industries. Being one of the popular spices in the culinary sector, the plant products are traditionally used in folk medicines for treating various human ailments. Its therapeutic potentials include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, chemopreventive, anti-obesity, antiangiogenic, neuroprotective, analgesic, antithrombotic, antifeedant, hepatoprotective, insecticidal, aphrodisiac, radioprotective properties, and many more. Also, the plant is noted for its hallucinogenic or narcotic-like properties. The clinical evidences have suggested about the intoxication, poisonings, and adverse effects of M. fragrans. The present chapter provides a comprehensive information on the botanical, pharmacological, and toxicological aspects of M. fragrans products.
The elm leaf beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola Müller (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is a serious pest of elm (Ulmus spp.) throughout Iran. In the present study, Lethal and sublethal effects of neem, Achook® containing 0.03% azadirachtin, were assessed on mortality, growth, larval weight and feeding deterrence as well as enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities of third instar larvae of the elm leaf beetle. LC50 and LC30 values of the third instar larvae 48 h post treatment were estimated to be 3.3 and 2.25 ppm respectively. Observations showed higher mortality, increase in larval duration, sterilization of adults, reduction in weight and feeding deterrence after LC30 and LC50 treatments. Biochemical analysis showed changes in the amounts of biochemical components in the treated larvae after 48 h. In the treated larvae, activity level of alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and α-amylase as enzymatic components and urea and cholesterol as non-enzymatic ones changed significantly in LC50 and LC30 treatments. Aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, protein, glycogen, and glucose levels decreased in these treatments. The activity level of detoxifying enzymes such as esterase A, esterase B and glutathione S-transferase were significantly affected. Hence, neem is suggested as a safe product that may have the potential for use as a bioinsecticide in integrated pest management of urbanelms where use of chemical insecticides are discouraged.
This article was published in the Elsevier Reference Module in Chemistry, Molecular Sciences and Chemical Engineering, and the attached copy is provided by Elsevier for the author's benefit and for the benefit of the author's institution, for non-commercial research and educational use including without limitation use in instruction at your institution, sending it to specific colleagues who you know, and providing a copy to your institution's administrator. All other uses, reproduction and distribution, including without limitation commercial reprints, selling or licensing copies or access, or posting on open internet sites, your personal or institution's website or repository, are prohibited. For exceptions, permission may be sought for such use through Elsevier's permissions site at: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/permissionusematerial Gonzalez-Coloma A., Reina M., Diaz C.E., Fraga B.M. and Santana-Meridas O. (2013) Natural Product-Based Biopesticides for Insect Control. In: Reedijk, J. (Ed.) Elsevier Reference Module in Chemistry, Molecular Sciences and Chemical Engineering. Waltham, MA: Elsevier. 01-Nov-13
The genus Myristica (Myristicaceae) consists of 120 species, which were distributed in South Asia, from west Polynesia, Oceania, eastern India to the Philippines. Phytochemical studies showed that 164 compounds including a majority of lignans, along with phenglpropanoids, flavonoids and phenolics, have been isolated from this genus, which exhibited anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, hyperglycemic and hepatic protective activities. This article summarizes research progress of the chemical compositions and their pharmacological activities from this genus, which could provide reference for the in-depth development and utilization of the Myristica plants.
High antifeedancy and low toxicity of the plant preparation Neem (azadirachtin), on the gypsy moth, Lymantria dis-par L. larvae were proved under laboratory conditions. A high index of Neem antifeedancy was confirmed in all tested concentrations. Under laboratory conditions the Neem had satisfying antifeedancy on Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say third instar larvae too. Field experiments also proved that the foliage protective effect of Neem was very significant. Experiments showed that some antifeedants or repellents, such as Neem, should control olygophagous (L. decemlineata, Coleoptera) insects as well as very polyphagous insects such as L. dispar (Lepidoptera). As a biological, plant-derived preparation, Neem could be suitable for integrated pest management (IPM) programs, especially in small orchards, parks, and tree rows in urban environments and on small private gardens.
A árvore do nim há muito tempo é reconhecida por suas propriedades singulares de ação contra insetos e benefício à saúde humana. É plantada na maior parte das áreas tropicais e subtropicais do mundo para sombra, reflorestamento e produção de matéria prima para inseticidas naturais e medicamentos. A azadiractina, complexo tetranortriterpenóide limonóide das sementes é o principal composto responsável pelos efeitos tóxicos aos insetos. Seis conferências internacionais sobre nim e vasta literatura científica relatam esses aspectos. Este artigo revê as propriedades da azadiractina no comportamento e na fisiologia de insetos, incluindo os efeitos na reprodução, redução da alimentação tanto direto quanto a chamada "secundária", redução do crescimento, aumento da mortalidade e ocorrência de ecdises anormais e tardias. Os efeitos fisiológicos são aqui categorizados de duas maneiras: efeitos diretos sobre as células e os tecidos e efeitos indiretos exercidos via o sistema endócrino. O artigo também descreve o trabalho feito até o momento visando identificar o modo de açao da azadiractina em nível celular e seus efeitos diferentes entre filos animais e sobre organismos não nocivos, o que indica seu sucesso potencial como inseticida seguro.
Lymantria dispar populations are maintained at low densities primarily by the action of small mammal predators. Spatially density-dependent parasitism by tachinids may also be important in suppressing incipient outbreaks. The reasons such factors fail in certain years and allow gypsy moth populations to escape into outbreak phase have not been elucidated. Factors that affect small mammal population density such as overwintering food supply are important possible causes of population release. Other factors that affect predation rates by small mammals such as berry crops which compete with gypsy moth as a food item may also be important. However, changes in factors that affect fecundity or survival of early instars may in certain years result in densities of late instar larvae or pupae that approach the satiation points of predators. The synchronous behavior of gypsy moth populations over fairly large regions suggests that weather conditions drive the system in some manner. The factors controlling outbreak populations are better understood. In recent years major advances have occurred in our understaning of NPV epizootiology and the influence of changes in foliage chemistry and other determinants of population quality. -from Authors
Effect of Artemisia Annua L. On Deterrence and Nutritional Efficiency Of Lesser Mulberry Pyralid ( Glyphodes Pylolais Walker) (lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Methanolic extract of Artemisia annua L. were evaluated on growth and nutritional efficiency of lesser mulberry pyralid Glyphodes pyloalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in laboratory conditions (24±1°C, 75±5% RH and 16 L : 8 D). Feeding deterrence index was evaluated by a choice test method on < 24 h fifth instar larvae with 5, 2.5, 1.25 and 0.625 percent of the extract. The result indicated that increasing the concentration resulted in higher deterrence. The extract retarded larval growth significantly (EC 50 = 3.63%) and also showed significant effects on the relative growth rate (RGR), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD), approximate digestibility (AD) and consumption index (CI). Lipid, protein and carbohydrate in treated insects were significantly reduced compared to the controls. Hence, methanol extract of A. annua could be considered as a strong deterrent which also affects the biochemical metabolism of the target pest. Methanol extract of A. annua has the potential for development as a botanical insecticide.
High antifeedancy and low toxicity of the plant preparation Neem (azadirachtin), on the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. larvae were proved under laboratory conditions. A high index of Neem antifeedancy was confirmed in all tested concentrations.
Under laboratory conditions the Neem had satisfying antifeedancy on Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say third instar larvae too. Field experiments also proved that the foliage protective effect of Neem was very significant.
Experiments showed that some antifeedants or repellents, such as Neem, should control olygophagous ( L. decemlineata , Coleoptera) insects as well as very polyphagous insects such as L. dispar (Lepidoptera).
As a biological, plant‐derived preparation, Neem could be suitable for integrated pest management (IPM) programs, especially in small orchards, parks, and tree rows in urban environments and on small private gardens.
The deterrent effect of seven commercial compounds against Schistocerca americana (Drury) nymphs and Diaprepes abbreviatus L. adults, two important citrus pests, was investigated. Extracts of three Florida local plants were also tested as deterrents. Antifeedant activity was assayed using a leaf-disk bioassay in choice and no-choice tests. The residual activity of the commercial compounds that significantly deterred the insects was assayed by applying them to foliage of citrus plants exposed to three time intervals of sunlight.
Sabadilla, azadirachtin and ryanodine effectively deterred S. americana, whereas rotenone, sabadilla and ryanodine reduced the feeding activity of D. abbreviatus. Methanol and methylene chloride extracts of Ceratiola ericoides Michaux deterred D. abbreviatus, but only methylene chloride extract dissuaded S. americana. Methanol extract of Ardisia crenata Sims functioned as a feeding deterrent against both S. americana and D. abbreviatus, but only the latter species was deterred by methylene chloride extract of A. crenata. Extracts of Illicium parviflorum Michaux ex Ventetat only dissuaded the insects in choice bioassays. Rapid loss of effectiveness was observed under field conditions. Sabadilla was the only compound that maintained its antifeedant properties in the field, but only against S. americana.
Based on their deterrency, some of the commercial products and plant extracts have potential for use as substitute crop protectants against the pest species tested.
In the establishment of mixed plantations, it is necessary to examine previously the relations of the principal and the admixed species and the most significant pests. This paper presents the results of the study of the gypsy moth caterpillar preference and performance on sweet chestnut and four oak species. Preference index is the highest for Hungarian oak (0.83) and Turkey oak (0.77), for sessile oak it is significantly lower (0.33), and for common oak it is equal to 0. In combination with sweet chestnut, the gypsy moth second-instar caterpillars prefer Hungarian oak, i.e. Turkey oak leaves. In combination with sessile oak or common oak, the gypsy moth caterpillars prefer sweet chestnut leaves. The analyzed parameters which characterise the performance of the gypsy moth fourth-instar caterpillars are lower for all study oak species compared to sweet chestnut, except in the case of Turkey oak. Based on the study results and the adopted principle that the mixture should be composed of the most favourable species, which will serve as the 'trap plant' during the gypsy moth outbreak, it can be concluded that Turkey oak is more favourable for the mixture with sweet chestnut than the other analyzed oak species.
Botanical insecticides have long been touted as attractive alternatives to synthetic chemical insecticides for pest management because botanicals reputedly pose little threat to the environment or to human health. The body of scientific literature documenting bioactivity of plant derivatives to arthropod pests continues to expand, yet only a handful of botanicals are currently used in agriculture in the industrialized world, and there are few prospects for commercial development of new botanical products. Pyrethrum and neem are well established commercially, pesticides based on plant essential oils have recently entered the marketplace, and the use of rotenone appears to be waning. A number of plant substances have been considered for use as insect antifeedants or repellents, but apart from some natural mosquito repellents, little commercial success has ensued for plant substances that modify arthropod behavior. Several factors appear to limit the success of botanicals, most notably regulatory barriers and the availability of competing products (newer synthetics, fermentation products, microbials) that are cost-effective and relatively safe compared with their predecessors. In the context of agricultural pest management, botanical insecticides are best suited for use in organic food production in industrialized countries but can play a much greater role in the production and postharvest protection of food in developing countries.
Ethanol solutions of essential oil of Ocimum basilicum and its main component, linalool (both isomer forms), all in three concentrations, as well as botanical standard Bioneem (0.5%), were tested for their toxicity and antifeedant activity against the second instar gypsy moth larvae in the laboratory bioassay. The essential oil of O. basilicum was subjected to gas chromatography analysis, and totally 37 compounds were detected, of which linalool was predominantly present. All tested solutions showed low to moderate larvicidal effect in both residual toxicity test and in chronic larval mortality bioassay. Chronic mortality tests showed that obtained mortality was a consequence of starving rather than ingestion of treated leaves. However, antifeedant index achieved by application of tested solutions in feeding choice assay was remarkable. Foliar application of all tested compounds deterred feeding by L2 in the same percent as Bioneem. Antifeedant index was relatively high at all tested treatments (85-94%); moreover, the larval desensitization to repelling volatiles has not occurred after five days of observation. Low toxic and high antifeedant properties make these plant-derived compounds suitable for incorporation in integrated pest management programs, especially in urban environments.
The most comprehensive and best illustrated treatment of the fascinating tropical neem tree (Azadirachta indica) and its unique substances. The extracts from the neem tree have an enormously broad range of applications. The main substance azadirachtin, a tetranortriterpenoid, influences the hormone system of insects, exerting thereby a pesticidal effect. Feeding activity, reproduction and flying ability of insects are also affected. It is biologically degradable and can be easily extracted from the seeds of the tree. Other important uses of neem tree products are: - antifertility and population control - cure of human diseases - manure and nitrification inhibitors - feeds for domestic animals - soap production With its exhaustive treatment of the neem tree and closely related plants, this book provides us with an impressive example of the varied uses of renewable resources. © 1995 VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Weinheim. All rights reserved.
The red cotton bug Dysdercus koenigii, a pest of cotton plant, was taken as the test insect and certain medicinal plants have been screened for insect growth regulating activity. Different plant extracts derived from flower, fruit, seed and root were taken for experiments. The plants screened for the above were Ipomoea carnea, Premna tomentosa, Mimusops elengi, Solanum ferox, Parkia biglandulosa, Mellitus phillippines, Myristica fragrans, Vetiveria zizaniodes, Lippla nodiflora and Cocculus pendulus. Topical application of extracts has resulted in different morphological and gonadotrophic abnormalities. Percentage IGR activity was calculated depending on their activity.
The relationship between chemical composition and feeding deterrent activity of seven essential oils is explored, including those from Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry (Myrtaceae), Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (Lauraceae), Lavendula latifolia (L.) Medicus, Lavendula angustifolia L., Mentha crispa L., Mentha arvensis L. and Mentha piperita L. (Lamiaceae) against an important agricultural pest, the cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni Hübner, Noctuidae), using a leaf‐disc choice bioassay. Comparison of the deterrent activity of ‘full mixtures' with respective artificial blends missing individual constituents demonstrates that, for most oils, minor constituents in a mixture can be as important as major constituents with respect to the overall feeding deterrent effect. There is a lack of correlation between the feeding deterrent effect of an individual constituent of an essential oil and its contribution to the overall activity of the ‘full mixture’ in some cases. The effect of removing an individual constituent from the mixture of an essential oil depends on the unique properties of the mixture, which in turn may reflect the interaction of its constituents. Understanding the role and contribution of each constituent to the overall activity of the oil can facilitate the creation of artificial blends that optimize their efficacy against different pests.
Chemical inhibition of feeding has been studied in detail for only a few insect species, but inhibitory chemicals play a considerable part in host-plant selection by a wide range of phytophagous insects from several orders. Many different chemicals are involved, some of them amongst the normal constituents of plants. A few have a general effect, preventing feeding by all the insects which have so far been tested, but the majority are effective only against some species.
Inhibition may function by blocking the input from receptors normally responding to phagostimulants or by stimulating specific ‘deterrent’ cells. The former may have a general effect on all insects, but chemicals in the latter category will only be effective if the insect has neurones capable of responding to them. Hence these will have more specific effects.
Inhibitory chemicals may be applied to plants in the same way as insecticides, their advantage being that the parasite/predator complex of species not feeding directly on the plant will be unharmed. An alternative approach is to breed resistant varieties of plants by selecting for inhibitory attributes. Although many varieties of crops are known which are insect-resistant, the basis of the resistance is generally unknown. A more thorough understanding of the mechanisms involved in inhibition of feeding by chemicals would enable a more logical approach to be made to the development of resistant plants.
Volatiles from green ash foliage or ambient air was trapped by Super Q and their chemical identities determined by GC−MS analysis. Effects of the whole mixture and individual chemical components of green ash volatiles on gypsy moth larval (GML) locomotory behavior were assayed in a T-tube arena. Green ash volatiles (treatment) proved significantly repellent to GML as compared to Super Q trappings of volatiles from the ambient air (control). Such observed effects were due to the combined repellencies of linalool, methyl salicylate, and farnesenes; however, the relatively major component, trans-ocimene, proved to be nonrepellent. The significance of such volatiles in GML orientation and host/nonhost decision is discussed. Keywords: Gypsy moth; green ash; repellency; volatiles; chemical identification
Following gas chromatographic analysis of citruspeel oils, 30 components of these oils were tested against Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). Several compounds (22), including the major component of all citruspeel oils—(+)-limonene—were found to be bioactive, having a strong vapour insecticidal activity. These components and some of their isomers were shown to have varying levels of activity (-terpineol, 24-h LC50 4·05 μl litre−1 to n-tridecane, LC50 13·3 μl litre−1), but no single component could account for the activity measured for a typical citruspeel oil (lime) on a proportional basis. Joint action studies established that in artificial mixtures several pure components of citruspeel oil potentiated their individual fumigant action in a manner consistent with an additive model against C. maculatus.
The leaves of Croton zambesicus are widely used in African folk medicine as a water decoction to treat hypertension, microbial infections and fever associated with malaria. Cytotoxic trachylobane and pimarane diterpenes have been isolated from a dichloromethane extract of the leaves. In order to check whether these compounds are present in the essential oil, we have analysed its composition by GC-FID and GC–MS. The major constituents of the oil are caryophyllene oxide (19.5%), β-caryophyllene (10.8%), α-copaene (6.3%), linalool (6.1%) and β-pinene (5.2%). Only the less polar diterpenes are present in the oil: ent-trachyloban-3-one (3.0%), ent-trachyloban-3β-ol (0.5%), isopamara-7, 15-dien-3β-ol (1.0%), ent-trachylobane (0.7%), sandaracopimaradiene (0.4%) and kaurene (2.1%). Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The repellencies of 13 labiate essential oils against Myzus persicae were investigated with a linear track olfactometer. Rosemary, thyme, peppermint, lavender, and spearmint oils repelled aphids at a dose of 10 l. Rosemary and thyme oils repelled at a dose of 1 l. The repellent actions of 13 components of rosemary oil were also evaluated. Among these components linalool, d,l-camphor, and -terpineol had repellent action. The repellency of rosemary oil in a screenhouse was investigated. Aphids were released in a screenhouse and allowed to choose between tobacco plants in an area permeated with rosemary oil odor and plants in a control area. The number of aphids in the treatment area was about 70% of that in the control area. These results indicated that the landing of M. persicae on host plants was influenced by odors and that it may be possible to control aphids with repellents.
Antifeedant activities of the isolated chemical compounds from Ajuga nipponensis, were studied against adult of striped leaf beetles. The methanol, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts at 1.0mg/ml, were used in this study. All four extracts exhibited more than 65 antifeedant index at 24h
and ethyl acetate extract showed significant activity against striped leaf beetles with 83.12 antifeedant index. Six compounds
and one fraction were isolated by chromatography and their structures were identified by NMR, MS and FTIR spectra. At 2.0mg/ml
for 24h the three compounds 20-hydroxyecdysone, acacetin and apigenin showed considerable activities with antifeedant indexes
59.29, 51.22 and 61.55, respectively. In contrast to this the antifeedant indexes of acacetin and apigenin, were sharply reduced
as the time extended and that of 20-hydroxyecdysone remained unchanged. In addition, the synergistic effects of two mixtures
of secondary metabolites, were studied and no sharp difference was observed.
Sources of Unique Natural Products for Integrated Pest Management, Medicine, Industry and Other Purposes Insect growth regulatory activity of some botanical pesticides – their role in pest management
- H Schumutterer
- Vch
- Weinheim
- Germany
- I Suryakala
- G M Ram
- K N Jyothi
Schumutterer, H. (Ed.), 1985. Sources of Unique Natural Products for Integrated Pest Management, Medicine, Industry and Other Purposes. VCH, Weinheim, Germany. Suryakala, I., Ram, G.M., Jyothi, K.N., 2007. Insect growth regulatory activity of some botanical pesticides – their role in pest management. Pestology 31 (8), 40–43.
Larvicidal and antifeedant activity of some plant-derived compounds to Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Limantriidae)
- M Popoví
- Z Brkí
- D Milanoví
- S Sivč
- I Stankoví
Kostí c, M., Popoví c, Z., Brkí c, D., Milanoví c, S., Sivč, I., Stankoví c, S., 2008. Larvicidal and antifeedant activity of some plant-derived compounds to Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Limantriidae). Bioresour. Technol. 99, 7897–7901.
Determination of Essential Oils in Vegetable Drugs
European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines, Council of Europe Editions, 2002.
Determination of Essential Oils in Vegetable Drugs, 4th ed. Europea Pharmacopoea, Strasbourg, France, pp. 183-184.