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Ergonomic design of handheld tools to prevent trauma to the hand and upper extremity
Abstract
This article provides a literature review of the ergonomic design of handheld tools. Too often the handle of the tool that connects the worker to his or her work becomes the cause of cumulative trauma within industry. With increasing costs of workers’ compensation, increasing work-related injuries, and increasing need for biomechanical alterations of work station designs, industries are developing new strategies. Safety and personnel managers are now more likely to ask for budgets that include work-station analysis to reduce the incidence of cumulative trauma. This article presents the correct ergonomic design of tools and work stations for work analyses.
... Though almost no study has been reported in the literature related to the design intervention in a weaving knife blade, the results are in line with other similar studies (Das, Jongkol, & Ngui, 2005;Hsiang, McGorry, & Bezverkhny, 1997;Motamedzade et al., 2007). The (Johnson, 1990;Lewis & Narayan, 1993). To maintain a straight wrist, bent handles or angulations of handles should be necessary for hand tools (Das et al., 2005;Patkin, 2001 deviations and EMG parameters. ...
... ). It can be inferred from our results that the wrist deviation tends to neutral while changing the width and angle of the knife blade.Previous longitudinal studies have presented different designs, and guidelines of hand tool handle that may prevent extension and ulnar deviation of the wrist(Johnson, 1990;Lewis & Narayan, 1993;A. K. Singh, Meena, Chaudhary, & Dangayach, 2018).Motamedzade et al. (2007) developed few weaving hand tools including weaving knife. ...
The aim of this study is to evaluate several weaving knife configurations in response to multiple criteria’s for optimum design. Nine different knife combinations were tested over ten female weavers in a field experiment. Three levels of blade width and angular orientations were taken as the independent variables. Output response about goniometry and electromyography were taken as dependent variables. Multivariate analysis was carried out to estimate the effect of independent variables on output responses. To tackle the difficulty of knife selection with several output responses, three multicriteria optimization approaches have been compared. Multivariate analysis of variance results showed that the effect of both blade width and angle were significant at wrist angles. Also, the magnitude of effect size on both blade width and the angle was highest for the wrist angles. Despite the same weighing criteria, a slight difference was evident between the ranks from optimization methods. The higher blade widths and smaller angular orientations should be recommended for reduction of wrist deviation and muscle activity during weaving. The best possible combination of knife evaluated using multicriteria optimization was 25 mm × 100°.
... Estas herramientas han sido ampliamente utilizadas en diferentes ocupaciones [2], incluso se utilizan tanto para actividades profesionales como para las domésticas [3]. Con el tiempo, esta interacción entre el hombre y las herramientas, ha comprometido un rendimiento óptimo en términos de eficiencia, salud y bienestar humano [4], ya que las herramientas manuales deben estar diseñadas de forma que le proporcione seguridad contra lesiones al usuario, al mismo tiempo de que promueve niveles aceptables de productividad [5]. Este diseño óptimo requiere datos antropométricos y de fuerza específicos [6]. ...
En la actualidad los procesos de trabajo son altamente automatizados, sin embargo, a pesar de tantos avances en el área industrial, gran parte de las actividades se continúan realizando con el uso de herramientas manuales, es por esta razón que un diseño apropiado es decisivo para prevenir la presencia de trastornos músculo-esqueléticos. Por lo que este trabajo tiene el objetivo de determinar la fuerza de torque ejercida con cinco mangos de desarmador con
diferentes diseños, así como el encontrar la existencia de diferencias significativas en la fuerza ejercida con cada uno. Para este trabajo, se tomó una muestra de 73 estudiantes, de los cuales 45 fueron hombres y 28 mujeres, utilizando el analizador digital de torque Mountz Torque Analyzer del modelo EZ-TorQ II 10i, en dónde se obtuvieron resultados de fuerza aplicada para los cinco mangos. Como resultados se obtuvo en el mango A una fuerza de 3.98 ± 1.54 Nm, en el mango B; 3.90 ± 1.55 Nm, en el mango C; 3.42 ± 1.25 Nm, el mango D; 3.40 ± 1.23 Nm y por último en el mango E; 3.51 ± 1.28 Nm. A través del Análisis de Varianza se encontró, que efectivamente existe una diferencia significativa en la aplicación de fuerza con el uso de estos diseños de mangos, encontrando que el diseño que optimiza la aplicación de fuerza es el mango A. Los resultados de esta investigación sirven como una guía para el diseño de mangos de herramientas manuales, se recomienda para futuros estudios, tomar en cuenta otro tipo de dimensiones antropométricas del miembro superior, así como ampliar la muestra y el rango de edades de los sujetos de estudio.
... To the authors' knowledge, there are some relevant review studies about ergonomic design of hand tools [40][41][42][43] but these do not match the aims of this study. Despite a variety of manual tasks and a number of studies on hand tool design, there is a gap in the literature about ergonomic design of hand tools considering torque exertion. ...
The present study was conducted to review the literature on the effects of handle characteristics of manual hand tools including handle diameter, shape, and material on forearm supination/pronation, wrist flexion/extension, and wrist ulnar/radial deviation torque strengths to assist ergonomists and designers in developing guidelines to improve workstations and hand tool designs. Twenty-seven papers meeting the inclusion criteria were reviewed. The study provides different points that can be applied to improve the design of hand tools with emphasis on handle diameter, shape, and material as well as highlights various methodological issues including interactions among variables affecting maximum torque strength, posture, torque exertion using one or two hands, torque exertions in multiple anatomical axes, using gloves, upper extremity anthropometry, and test protocols, which should be considered in future research.
... For this study, we selected these departments, as we observed more risk factor of WMSDs because majority of the tasks are being performed using traditional hand tools (hammers, scissors etc.) in sedentary posture. Hand tools being used are resulting in cumulative trauma disorders among workers [7]. ...
... • Neck, shoulder, elbow, wrist, or back regions are most affected by physical work demanding awkward postures. The ergonomically designed hand tools should be introduced that curtail the pain and fatigue by maintaining the neutral posture whenever possible (Lewis and Narayan, 1993;Johnson, 1990). To maintain a straight wrist, bent handles or angulations of handles should be necessary for hand tools (Das et al., 2005;Patkin, 2001). ...
The development of cumulative trauma disorders (CTD) is the most common problem among the female weavers in hand woven carpet industry. The main idea of this paper is shedding light on the problems encountered during hand weaving and investigating the body and palmar regions that are most affected. This article establishes the guidelines to develop ergonomic design of hand tools for carpet weaving. Seventy-nine randomly selected female weavers were surveyed and the data about pain occurring in body and palmar regions were collected by questionnaire. Strain Index (SI) technique was used to identify the postural risks during weaving. Grip strength tests were conducted to assess the change in static muscle strength during the weaving activity. Most of the participants reported discomfort in different body and palmar regions. It was noticeable that there was a significant difference between the physical and physiological factors before and after weaving (p<0.05). SI priority scores revealed that the working posture during carpet weaving requires necessary action and hand tools should be redesigned. As the main outcomes, this study assesses the ergonomic aspects and proposes certain guidelines to design ergonomically efficient work system that may reduce the symptoms of CTD among weavers. This was the first study of its kind to provide palmar surface discomfort regions and assess static muscle strength in weaving profession.
... • Awkward postures require more demands on the body and may affect the neck, shoulder, elbow, wrist, or back posture. The hand tools that minimise the pain and fatigue by maintaining the neutral posture whenever possible should be introduced (Lewis and Narayan, 1993;Johnson, 1990). Bent handles or angulations of handles should be necessary for tools, to maintain a straight wrist (Das et al., 2005;Patkin, 2001). ...
The development of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) is the most common problem among the workers employed in carpet industry working at any stage of production. This study investigates the problems encountered during washing stage and establishes the guidelines for an ergonomically efficient workstation. The data about pain occurrence at different body and hand regions of male washer-men were collected by questionnaire. Postural assessment techniques were used to identify the postural risks and a mannequin was developed in CATIA for biomechanical analysis associated with washing. Most of the participants reported discomfort in different body and hand regions. A significant difference between the physical and physiological factors pre- and post- activity (p < 0.05) was reported. Postural techniques revealed that the working posture during carpet washing requires necessary action. This study proposes certain workstation guidelines that may reduce the symptoms of MSDs, lead to the improvement in working posture and efficiency of the worker.
... • Neck, shoulder, elbow, wrist, or back regions are most affected by physical work demanding awkward postures. The ergonomically designed hand tools should be introduced that curtail the pain and fatigue by maintaining the neutral posture whenever possible (Lewis and Narayan, 1993;Johnson, 1990). To maintain a straight wrist, bent handles or angulations of handles should be necessary for hand tools (Das et al., 2005;Patkin, 2001). ...
The development of cumulative trauma disorders (CTD) is the most common problem among the female weavers in handwoven carpet industry. The main idea of this paper is shedding light on the problems encountered during hand weaving and investigating the body and palmar regions that are most affected. This article establishes the guidelines to develop ergonomic design of hand tools for carpet weaving. Seventy-nine randomly selected female weavers were surveyed and the data about pain occurring in body and palmar regions were collected by questionnaire. Strain Index (SI) technique was used to identify the postural risks during weaving. Grip strength tests were conducted to assess the change in static muscle strength during the weaving activity. Most of the participants reported discomfort in different body and palmar regions. It was noticeable that there was a significant difference between the physical and physiological factors before and after weaving (p<0.05). SI priority scores revealed that the working posture during carpet weaving requires necessary action and hand tools should be redesigned. As the main outcomes, this study assesses the ergonomic aspects and proposes certain guidelines to design ergonomically efficient work system that may reduce the symptoms of CTD among weavers. This was the first study of its kind to provide palmar surface discomfort regions and assess static muscle strength in weaving profession.
... • Awkward postures require more demands on the body and may affect the neck, shoulder, elbow, wrist, or back posture. The hand tools that minimise the pain and fatigue by maintaining the neutral posture whenever possible should be introduced (Lewis and Narayan, 1993;Johnson, 1990). Bent handles or angulations of handles should be necessary for tools, to maintain a straight wrist (Das et al., 2005;Patkin, 2001). ...
The development of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) is the most common problem among the workers employed in carpet industry working at any stage of production. This study investigates the problems encountered during washing stage and establishes the guidelines for an ergonomically efficient workstation. The data about pain occurrence at different body and hand regions of male washer-men were collected by questionnaire. Postural assessment techniques were used to identify the postural risks and a mannequin
was developed in CATIA for biomechanical analysis associated with washing. Most of the participants reported discomfort in different body and hand regions. A significant difference between the physical and physiological factors pre- and post- activity (p < 0.05) was reported. Postural techniques revealed that the
working posture during carpet washing requires necessary action. This study proposes certain workstation guidelines that may reduce the symptoms of MSDs, lead to the improvement in working posture and efficiency of the worker.
... • Neck, shoulder, elbow, wrist, or back regions are most affected by physical work demanding awkward postures. The ergonomically designed hand tools should be introduced that curtail the pain and fatigue by maintaining the neutral posture whenever possible (Lewis and Narayan, 1993;Johnson, 1990). To maintain a straight wrist, bent handles or angulations of handles should be necessary for hand tools (Das et al., 2005;Patkin, 2001). ...
Cumulative trauma disorders (CTD) is the most common problem among the weavers in hand woven carpet industry. This study includes analyzing different variables of currently used hand tools for designing new hand tools. The main idea of this paper is shedding light on the problems during hand weaving and investigating the body and hand regions that are most affected during hand weaving. This article presents the need of ergonomically correct design of hand tools for carpet weaving. Methods: Seventy-Nine randomly selected female weavers participated in the study. The data about pain occurring in body and hand regions were collected using modified Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire.Strain Index method revealed that the working posture during carpet weaving required necessary action and hand tools should be redesigned. Results: Discomfort in different hand regions were found in most of the cases. It was noticeable that there was a significant difference between the physical (hand grip strength) and physiological factors (heart rate) before and after weaving (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study assesses the ergonomic aspects and proposes guidelines to design ergonomically efficient hand tools that may reduce the symptoms of CTD among weavers.
... The entrance manhole was also increased from 800 to 1200mm to improve ease access in and out of the FBHEs especially during emergency operations. The author further recommends external covers to be provided at the Fans to reduce the sound and vibrations which affect the workers during maintenance [22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. The fans should also be installed with silencers to reduce the sound. ...
Background: Musculoskeletal disorders have been identified as one of the most costly and demanding illnesses across the world amongst the working population, with labour intensive industries largely affected. The situation is appalling in developing nations wherein there is high demand for energy and yet has limited energy systems and expertise to produce clean energy. Moreover, there is often a distressing lack of awareness on ergonomic issues, education and training initiatives. Erudite fellows have undertaken similar studies with reference to MSDs in power stations around the world and provided possible remedies. However, this study focused on the circulating fluidised bed boiler technology installed with fluidized bed heat exchangers (FBHEs). Since the commissioning of Morupule B power plant 4*150 mw units, the fluidized bed heat exchangers (FBHEs) proved to be a regular stop point for maintenance and operations team, hence a high ergonomic risk area for everyone working at the area.Methods: A Modified Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire was chosen and used to examine the extend at which the Morupule B power plant employees are affected by their daily work. In addition to that, the job and environment analysis questionnaire was administered as well to evaluate their work load, management system, work area, vibrations and sound and lastly an anthropometric survey was conducted on employees directly working at the FBHEs. These set of surveys were administered to 257 employees at Morupule B power station. All participants answered the questions and the data was evaluated with SPSS 18 software.Results: The prevalence of MSDs are high amongst main plant workers especially Auxiliary Plant Operators (APO) and labourers at Morupule B power plant on almost all body parts listed on the Nordic Questionnaire i.e. neck, shoulders, hands, back, and knees.Conclusion: MSDs occurred at an alarming rate within the lower cadre workers working at the FBHEs
... Evidence continues to emerge indicating the importance of workplace ergonomic factors in the development and exacerbation of WRUEDs, 4,5 suggesting the potential utility of interventions designed to reduce ergonomic exposures in affected workers. Although various methods for providing accommodations to workers with upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders has been described and components of 6,7 successful job redesign proposed, 8,9 the outcome literature primarily consists of case studies describing individual accommodations. 10,11 Also, other than an early study that integrated ergonomic consultation into a comprehensive work rehabilitation program for claimants with a chronic WRUED, there are few studies conducted within a workers' compensation system. ...
Management of the return-to-work process in claimants with work-related upper extremity disorders often poses challenges to the health care provider, claimant, and employer. Modifying workplace ergonomic risk factors as a component of the workplace accommodation process may improve return-to-work outcomes by reducing recurrent pain and discomfort. The present study is a case-control evaluation of the effects of a 2-day training program for nurse case managers that was designed to facilitate the implementation of workplace accommodations within a workers' compensation health care delivery system. After the training, 101 claimants with compensable upper extremity disorders were randomly assigned to case managers with and without training. Overall, 208 accommodations were recommended and 155 of these were implemented (75%). Claimants of trained nurses received 1.5 times as many recommendations for accommodations as claimants managed by nurses not trained in the process, and 1.4 times as many accommodations were implemented, although no differences were found between the two groups in implementation rates. Trained nurses were more likely to recommend accommodations addressing workstation layout, computer-related improvements, furnishings, accessories, and lifting/carrying aids, whereas the untrained nurses were more likely to suggest light duty and lifting restrictions. This study indicates that the training was associated with a change in the practice behavior of case managers regarding the workplace accommodation process. More research is needed to identify barriers to implementation and develop more effective approaches to facilitate worksite accommodations in disabled workers with carpal tunnel syndrome and other persistent upper extremity disorders.
Cumulative trauma disorders are frequently responsible for the development of occupational neuropathy. Predisposing factors in the workplace are identified, and ergonomic principles to minimize these risks are presented.
Studies have shown that functional activities involving pronation and supination, such as turning a doorknob or a screwdriver, involve wrist positions of extension and/or ulnar deviation. Previous studies of isometric forearm pronation and supination strength have utilized a neutral wrist position, resulting in a possible underestimation of true functional strength. Twenty healthy subjects between the ages of 24 and 45 years were assessed for isometric pronation and supination strength using cylinder, screwdriver, and doorknob handle adaptations. Maximal strength in both pronation and supination was observed with the use of the doorknob handle. Although pronation strength was exceeded by supination strength within all three handle adaptations, the difference was statistically significant for the screwdriver and doorknob handles. The results suggest that in clinical and research-oriented testing of maximal forearm rotation strength, further consideration must be given to the terminal grip device and positioning of the wrist.
Ergonomics in the work place has become more critical in recent years, both from a sedentary and a dynamic perspective. As mentioned, overall work-place injuries have decreased, but carpal tunnel disease has risen steadily. It is essential that health care providers understand the basis of ergonomics to ensure quality of care to the injured worker as well as to promote safe work practices.
The field of ergonomics has had more concrete scientific evidence from which to draw conclusions than body mechanics. Health care providers are able to make an assessment of a work station and have clear scientific evidence to support their rationale to change that work station.
The controversy still goes on regarding the correct position the spine should assume when one attempts to lift. Only with continued basic scientific research will we solve that dilemma.
Information on human health hazards caused by chemical exposure has traditionally been supplied through Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS). This report describes development of an analogous Ergonomic Data Sheet (EDS) to address hazards of work-related musculo-skeletal disorders (WRMSD) from use of hand tools. The EDS includes sections on risk factors for WRMSD, design aspects of the tool that decrease risks, precautionary measures, and objective testing of the tool compared to other comparable tools. The EDS can be used within an Ergonomic Communication Program similar to a Hazard Communication Program.
A Click in the Right Direction Managing Things, Managing People Knowledge Workers Collaborative Management FAA Rationale for Human Factors Design Reach Out and Touch Something System Effectiveness in Human Factors Terms What to Look for in COTS Simple Guidelines for Managing Development How Much Should the System Do? Screen Icon Design Short- and Long-Term Memory Emerging Technology Pleasing the Client by Pleasing the Developers The Bell Laboratories Philosophy So You Want to Be a Manager Additional Problems Structured Programming UP and UML Class Diagram Measuring Complexity Coding Styles Team Coding Code Inspections A Must Read for Trustworthy Software Engineers Coding for Parallelism Threats Additional Problems Knowledge Workers Collaborative Management What to Look for in COTS Simple Guidelines for Managing Development Screen Icon Design Short- and Long-Term Memory Team Coding Code Inspections
Incorrect hand tool designs can cause a variety of cumulative trauma disorders. Design elements of size, shape, texture, purpose, ease of operation, shock absorption, and weight must be properly applied in the design process to fulfill the physical safety needs of consumers and working people and to prevent the appearance of pathologic changes in the tissues of the hand and wrist.
Chronic tendon and nerve disorders of the upper extremity, such as tendinitis and carpal tunnel syndrome, are a common problem among persons who routinely perform hand-intensive work. This article summarizes the most commonly reported occupational risk factors: repetitiveness, forcefulness, certain postures, mechanical stresses, exposure to vibration, and exposure to low temperatures. It describes how to look for these factors and how to control them through the design of work equipment and procedures.
The superficial palmar branch of the ulnar artery is the major source of blood to the fingers. Repetitive blunt trauma to it may lead to spasm, thrombosis, or formation of aneurysms; they may also cause a palpable hypothenar mass, digital ischemia, or unilateral Raynaud's phenomenon, the 'hypothenar hammer syndrome'. When other causes of digital ischemia cannot be excluded clinically, arteriography becomes mandatory. While direct vascular reconstructive procedures have been performed with good results, the most common surgical procedure is an upper dorsal sympathectomy which relieves the associated reflex vasoconstriction.
An experiment was designed using muscle electromyography to determine if an optimum cylindrical handle size exists. The experiment had two phases. One phase was concerned with an experimental task of gripping a cylindrical handle and performing a simple task routine to evaluate the optimum handle size. The other phase was concerned with a fatigue test utilizing the same cylindrical handles. The experimental variables wore: hand size, weight resistance, and cylindrical handle diameter.Findings indicate that generally the 20 in. diameter handle showed lowest EMG activity. The 1-5 in. diameter handle was found to be the optimum handle size based on the ratio between force applied and the EMG activity measured. The 1.5 in. diameter handle was found to provide the maximum number of completed task cycles before the onset of fatigue.
— The coefficient of friction has been determined for skin and various materials. It has been established that the behaviour of skin is not portrayed by the simple laws of friction, but by a more complex relationship of the type F =μWn. This is probably because skin is subject to viscoelastic rather than purely plastic deformation. Friction may be altered by the type of material in contact with skin and is further influenced by surface lubrication. Dry talcum powder reduces friction slightly for certain materials against skin, but increases friction when it becomes wetted.
Cumulative trauma disorders such as carpal tunnel syndrome and tenosynovitis can be caused, precipitated, or aggravated by repeated exertions with the hand. This paper describes a study in a poultry processing factory that proceeds from an analysis of health records to an analysis of work methods, postures and forces. Alternative work procedures and knife designs are recommended to reduce stressful work postures and forces.
A questionnaire survey was used to assess job stress, strain, and health complaints associated with machine-paced poultry inspection. Four groups of employees, with differing amounts of time on the inspection line, were compared: full-time inspectors, part-time inspectors, rotating relief inspectors, and a supervisory group. Results showed full-time inspectors to have generally the highest job stress and poorest work environment scores. Social support from supervisors was lowest for the full-time inspectors, while rotating relief inspectors had the least support from others at work. Measures of psychological and behavioral strain were highest for the full-time inspectors, usually followed by the rotating relief inspectors. Health complaints showing a difference by group involved the respiratory, skin, musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, and visual systems. Full-time inspectors and the highest frequency rates for 17 symptoms, while rotating relief inspectors were highest for nine. Relative to workers in previously studied occupations, full-time inspectors were high on stresses and strains and low on social. Recommendations for improvements were made based on a model relating stresses to health effects.
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