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Using coated ceramic particles to increase wear resistance in high-speed steels
Abstract
The use of chemical-vapor-deposition (CVD)-coated ceramic particle reinforcements in metal-matrix composites allows the control of reactivity at the particle/matrix interface. Wear-resistant, high-speed, steel-based composites containing uncoatedAl2O3 uncoated TiC, and CVD-coated A12O3 were liquid-phase sintered and characterized using pin-on-disk wear testing. TiC or TiN CVD coating of Al2O3 resulted in a porosity decrease at the particle/matrix interface in addition to better ceramic/metal cohesion due to improved wettability. Lower wear rates were obtained with the composites containing TiC-or TiN-coated Al2O3.
... In addition, its thermal expansion coefficient, α, of 9.4·10 −6 K −1 [10] is close to that of alumina (8.2·10 − 6 K − 1 ) and zirconia (10.3·10 −6 K −1 ) [11] and it has a high temperature stability. Due to these advantages, TiN was used to increase the wettability of Al 2 O 3 particles in [12] and Al 2 O 3 -ZrO 2 particles in [13]. ...
Metallic thin films are used in many applications to modify ceramic surfaces. However, during subsequent processing , chemical interactions may change the properties of the coating. In addition, differences in thermal expansion can lead to delamination of the coating. In this study, titanium and titanium nitride thin films were deposited via physical and chemical vapor deposition (PVD and CVD, respectively) on alumina and yttria-stabilised zirconia substrates, before being heat-treated at 1200 °C or 1500 °C in static argon atmosphere and analysed via SEM, EDS and XRD to investigate the effect of temperature on the thin films. It was shown that the chemical interactions between TiN and both Al2O3 and ZrO2 are weak. However, partial delamination of the TiN coating on alumina was observed after both annealing temperatures. The TiN coating on zirconia remained adherent. In contrast, the Ti coatings underwent a transformation to cubic TiO on both oxide substrates. This was due to partial reduction of the ZrO2 to ZrO2−x and dissolution of the Al2O3 , which leads to a Ti3Al0.9O1.1 interlayer. The TiO coating which formed remained adherent on the alumina at both annealing temperatures, but delaminated from the ZrO2 substrate after annealing at 1500 °C.
... Furthermore, deposition of TiN thin films by CVD is a well-investigated and a controllable process [12]. Jouanny-Trésy et al. [13] have shown that such a TiN coating can significantly increase the wettability of alumina particles during liquid-phase sintering of M3/2 high-speed steel with addition of alumina and Cu 3 P particles. The coated particles are wetted by the M 3 P-type phosphide phase, resulting in lower porosity as well as enhanced cohesion between the particles and the matrix. ...
This paper focuses on surface metallization of oxide particles by means of titanium nitride (TiN) thin films for the production of highly wear-resistant metal matrix composites (MMC) on Fe-base for wear protection applications. These powder-metallurgically produced materials consist of a metallic matrix with embedded oxide hard-particles such as alumina or zirconia. The poor wettability of these oxides by iron-base melts and the resulting weak bonding between the components lead to porous materials and weak tribomechanical properties, thus limiting the material’s application range. To counteract such problems, this paper describes a processing route in which the oxide particles are pre-metallized by application of a thin TiN coating by means of chemical vapor deposition (CVD). This surface metallization should increases the wettability and bonding behavior between the ionically bonded particles and the iron-base alloy, which should improve the me-chanical and tribological properties. Therefore, a CVD device for coating ceramic particles was constructed and is described in this paper. Furthermore, coatings deposited on the ceramic sub-strates were investigated by means of RBS, SEM and XRD. In addition, the feasibility of producing metal matrix composites (MMC) by admixing the TiN-coated oxide particles with a Fe-base alloy and their further densification by supersolidus liquid-phase sintering is demonstrated.
... TiN has been used as reinforcement in HSS [10] but using Cu 3 P as liquid phase sintering activator. Moreover, TiN has been used as coating of alumina particles reinforcing HSS [11,12] to improve the bonding between matrix and reinforcement. These properties allow expecting good properties in the composite materials manufactured with this matrix and this reinforcement. ...
Metal matrix composites, based on M3/2 high speed steel and reinforced with two different percentages of TiCN (2.5 and 5wt%), were manufactured following a conventional powder metallurgy route: mixing, compacting and sintering. The carbide and base material powders were dry mixed and uniaxially compacted at 700MPa. After this, vacuum sintering was carried out at different temperatures to study the sinterability of manufactured composites. Effects of sintering temperature on sintering density, dimensional change and hardness with temperature were measured, and this study was completed with a dilatometric analysis. Materials were sintered at optimum sintering temperature (1275°C), and transverse rupture strength and wear behaviour of sintered materials was examined.
... TiN has been used as reinforcement in HSS [9] but using Cu 3 P as liquid-phase sintering activator. Moreover, TiN has been used to coat Al 2 O 3 particles reinforcing HSS [10,11] in order to improve the compatibility between matrix and reinforcement. This ensures good properties of the composite materials manufactured with HSS matrix and alumina reinforcement. ...
Metal matrix composites (MMCs), based on M3/2 high-speed steel (HSS) and reinforced with two different percentages of TiCN (2.5% and 5% by wt), were manufactured following a conventional powder metallurgy (P/M) route: mixing, compacting and sintering. The carbide and base material powders were dry mixed and uniaxially compacted at 700 MPa. After this, vacuum sintering was carried out at 1275 °C, determined as optimal sintering temperature in a previous sinterability study. Sintered materials were characterised by measuring hardness, transverse rupture strength (TRS) and wear behaviour. The study is completed with a microstructural analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) along with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA).
Highly densified alumina-iron aluminide (Al2O3-FeAl) composites consisting of ubiquitous elements were fabricated by using pulse current sintering technique under a certain uni-axial pressure. The solid-state sintering without melting FeAl was the highlight in this study. The mechanical properties of the Al2O3-FeAl composites were much greater than previously reported ones fabricated by reaction sintering technique. The poor wettability of FeAl against Al2O3 strongly influenced the mechanical properties and made it difficult to be highly densified Al2O3-FeAl composites by liquid phase sintering especially when volume fraction of FeAl to Al2O3-FeAl was high (>30.5 vol%). However, highly densified Al2O3-FeAl composites were obtained by solid-state sintering with control of Al2O3 grain size and sintering temperatures. It was concluded that highly controlled powder metallurgy made it possible to fabricate dense ceramic-metal (intermetallic) composites from the combination of materials having poor wettability.
The microstructure of titanium carbonitride fabricated by hot pressing titanium nitride and titanium carbide powders has been studied by transmission electron microscopy. The titanium carbonitride had a fcc structure but there was no evidence of ordering of the interstitial atoms. (111)-type twinning, with a twin plane of Ti atoms, was observed in the titanium carbonitride. Incoherent twin boundaries or steps were found to connect coherent twin boundaries lying on (111).(a/6) 112 -type dislocations were found to be associated with atomic steps at the twin boundary. The factor responsible for twinning is discussed.
Unreinforced iron was thermally cycled around the α/γ phase field under an externally applied uniaxial tensile stress, resulting in strain increments which could be accumulated,
upon repeated cycling, to a total strain of 450 pct without failure. In agreement with existing theory attributing transformation
superplasticity to the biasing of the internal allotropic strains by the external stress, the measured strain increments were
proportional to the applied stress at small stresses. However, for applied stresses higher than the nominal yield stress,
strain increments increased nonlinearly with stress, as a result of strain hardening due to dissolved carbon and iron oxide
dispersoids. Also, the effects of transient primary creep and ratchetting on the superplastic strain increment values were
examined. Finally, partial cycling within the α/γ phase field indicated an asymmetry in the superplastic strain behavior with respect to the temperature cycling range, which
is attributed to the different strengths of ferrite and austenite. Transformation superplasticity was demonstrated in iron-matrix
composites containing 10 and 20 vol pct TiC particles: strain increments proportional to the applied stress were measured,
and a fracture strain of 230 pct was reached for the Fe/10TiC composite. However, the strain increments decreased with increasing
TiC content, a result attributed to the slight dissolution of TiC particles within the matrix which raised the matrix yield
stress by solid-solution strengthening and by reducing the transformation temperature range.
Powder metallurgy techniques were used to manufacture metal matrix composites. M3/2 high-speed steel was used as the matrix, and NbC and TaC, in different percentages, as reinforcements. Graphite was added to the M3/2 powders, to compensate carbon losses during sintering, and copper–phosphorous (Cu–P) to promote liquid phase sintering. The conventional powder metallurgy (P/M) route consists of dry mixing, uniaxially compacting (at 700 MPa) and vacuum sintering (at 1190°C and 1230°C) for 30 min. Their characterisation included a broad microstructural study by optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The wear behaviour of all the sintered materials was studied. Wear tests were carried out on polished samples through a pin-on-disc test, using alumina as countermaterial. Wear tracks were analysed by SEM to clarify wear mechanisms. Wear is abrasive in all the materials and both NbC and TaC withstand wear. Only some TaC particles have been detached and spread across the wear track. NbC composites show a wear track clean of carbide particles.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 1998. Includes bibliographical references (p. 156-162). by Peter Zwigl. Ph.D.
Sol-gel processing, using both inorganic and metal-organic precursors has been employed to produce thin continuous coatings of Al2O3 and MgO on SiC particulate. The reaction between SiC and liquid Al was studied by differential scanning calorimeter experiments. Both the Al2O3 and MgO coatings act as a barrier layer and reduce the rate of the interface reaction. The effectiveness of the coatings as a barrier layer depends on their structure and thickness.
Attempts were made to reduce the sintering temperature required to density two different grades of high-speed steel by the introduction of copper-phosphorus to promote liquid-phase sintering and by adding carbon to lower the solidus temperature. The use of nitrogen-atmosphere sintering in an effort to lower the sintering temperature through absorption of interstitial nitrogen into the steel did not succeed. Copper-phosphorus combined with carbon additions was successful in reducing sintering temperatures by approximately 100 C but was more effective in the M3/2 (molybdenum) than in the BT6 (tungsten grade) steels. Densification via a liquid-phase sintering mechanism occurs in a number of stages as different liquid phases are produced by interaction between the copper-phosphorus and the steel. Growth of carbides by solution and reprecipitation due to the transport of alloying elements through these liquid phases is suggested as a major densification process.
Iron powders have been coated with a number of metallic coatings containing copper, nickel, and lead. An atomised iron powder was used as the substrate on which these metallic coatings were deposited using three 'wet' techniques, namely: (i) electrolysis; (ii) electroless (or chemical) methods; and (iii) chemical displacement methods. A liquid based fluidised bed reactor was used, which enabled multilayered deposits to be laid down on the iron particles. The results show that it is possible to produce composite coatings such as Cu-Sn, Cu-Pb, for example, and coherent coatings are formed, giving an even thickness around each particle. The powders take up the properties of the coating once a critical thickness has been reached and this coating controls the mechanical behaviour of the powders. Copper coatings produced on iron particles by chemical displacement gave greater green strength to the compacts than coatings of copper produced by the other methods.
Iron based composites with dispersed hard phases (preferably 10...30 vol-% NbC, TiC or Al2O3) have been developed by mechanical alloying and sintering at 1280°C in hydrogen. High densities of 97...99% TD have been achieved by providing a P- or P + C-containing liquid phase, while the very uniform distribution of the hard phase in the iron matrix is the consequence of mechanical alloying. The mechanical properties as well as the behaviour in lubricated and unlubricated wear tests demonstrate the high potential of these new wear resistant materials.
Some results are reported on the effect of the addition of 10 vol% alumina particles, either uncoated or CVD coated with a TiN layer, on the microstructure (density and interfacial reactions), wear resistance and fracture strength of an AISI M3/2 high speed steel, liquid phase sintered in vacuum at 1150°C. Due to both types of ceramic additions, the wear resistance of the composite material is significantly higher (about 40%) than the one of the base material. On the other hand, the addition of uncoated alumina particles to the base material causes a significant decrease of transverse rupture strength (TRS) from 1600 to 1240 MPa, probably as a result of some porosity observed at the ceramic-matrix interfaces; however, when the ceramic particles are TiN coated, a reaction seems to take place between the matrix and the coating during the process of sintering, and the composite reaches TRS values close to the ones of the base material.
Attempts have been made to develop ceramic/metal composites based on nickel/alumina and copper/alumina particulate systems. The uniform distribution of metal phase along the alumina grain boundary was accomplished by electroless coating of the alumina powders. Up to 68 weight % of nickel and 32 weight % of copper could be deposited on the random shaped alumina particles. The coated particles were hot-pressed and sintered for densification. Preliminary results suggest that this may be a reasonable route to oxide/metal composites.
This paper describes the preparation of CVD coatings (Ta, TiC, TiN, TiNC and SiC) on carbon fibers and the effect of the deposition parameters on the mechanical properties of the fibers. Ta does not influence the fiber strength, whereas for the other coating materials the deposition conditions must be optimized in order to retain the original fiber properties. In view of the application of such coated carbon fibers in composites, their wetting behavior with liquid aluminum as well as the behavior of the coatings as diffusion barriers were studied. The coatings are instantly wetted only at temperatures so high that a partial penetration of aluminum through the thin coatings and hence a reaction at the surface of the carbon fiber leading to the formation of aluminum carbide become inevitable. The fiber strength of high performance fibers is then considerably impaired although low strength fibers are hardly affected. Wetting by liquid aluminum below 800°C can be achieved by using additional thin nickel layers. In this way the infiltration of coated carbon fiber bundles can be realized and theoretical fiber strength yields in accordance with the rule of mixtures can be obtained. This improved wetting behavior was found not to depend on the type of coating. The barrier effect of the coatings allows heat treatments at up to 600°C for short times with high fiber strength yields. Heat treatments of the order of 100 h, however, gradually decrease the composite strength. In order to retain high fiber strength during long heat treatments at high temperatures, a minimum coating thickness of some microns is needed. The preparation of such thicker coatings is discussed in detail. With such a procedure, one can obtain reinforcing elements comparable with commercially available boron or silicon carbide monofilaments.
The cemented structure of ceramic-metal composites is examined as a means of effective toughening in ceramics; Ni-TiC was identified as a favorable binder for Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}. A new process using plasma CVD was developed that could deposit TiC on fine Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} particles. The TiC-coated alumina powders were consolidated with nickel-based binders to produce the cemented structure. An indentation crack resistance test showed that TiC-coated alumina cermets impeded crack propagation effectively, improving substantially the toughness compared to conventionally processed alumina cermets.
Tribological properties are considered as system properties and not as intrinsic properties of materials. The great number of parameters which can influence the wear resistance does not permit one to simply characterize a material as good'' or bad'' for low-wear applications. However, the wear behavior of materials is strongly dependent on microstructural parameters: type and mechanical properties of the matrix, second phase distribution, presence of hard particles, solid lubricants or pores. High speed steels are conventional cutting tool materials with a high wear resistance. The purpose of the present work is the investigation of the microstructure of a powder metallurgical M3 class 2 high speed steel before and after tempering at 600[degree]C, by means of the development of Quantitative Image Analysis (QIA) techniques for analyzing complex microstructures such as those exhibited by high speed steels. In particular, the effect of tempering on the mean size and distribution of the primary M[sub 6]C and MC carbides, as well as on the porosity, is studied. These microstructural features influence to a significant degree the general wear behavior of high speed steels. Therefore, the results of Quantitative Image Analysis are discussed in association with the role of primary carbides and porosity on the tribological properties of the studied material.
Cu–P alloy powder additions to M3 class 2 high speed steels reduce the sintering temperature required to produce near full density by ∼100 K. Densification was found to occur in distinct stages, due to the successive formation of a series of liquid phases at various sintering temperatures. These phases, each of which gave rise to an identifiable change in densification rate, were identified as the ferrite-carbide-phosphide eutectic at ∼1050°C, melting of residual copper at 1090°C, and an austenite-carbide eutectic at 1150°C. An activated sintering model for densification by the formation of a phosphide rich grain boundary liquid was developed. This concluded that sintering occurs by rapid grain boundary migration due to solutionprecipitation across an unstable grain boundary liquid film. PM/0512
Titanium nitride coated powders were prepared by rotary powder bed chemical vapour deposition (CVD) in which a powder in a rotary specimen cell was heated by infrared radiation in a reactant gas stream. Titanium powder covered with TiN or Ti2N thin film was obtained by diffusion coating treatment of titanium particles (grain size 10 to 50 m) at 900 to 1000C and 0.5 to 1.0 atm for 60 min in a nitrogen stream. TiN was coated on to the surface of scaly graphite particles (grain size 30 to 100 m or 100 to 1000 m) as well as titanium particles by CVD in the reactant system TiCl4-N2-H2 at 900 C and 1 atm for 40 min. The uniformity of the coating (composition and film thickness) and the dispersability of the coated particles were considerably promoted by rotating the powder bed at about 90 r.p.m. compared with nonrotary powder bed CVD.
A high-speed steel containing 10 vol% TiN-coated Al2O3, Al2O3, or TiC particles was liquid-phase sintered with the addition of copper-phosphorus. The mixtures were sintered in a furnace with a controlled axial temperature gradient, and their microstructural evolution during sintering was studied using quantitative image analysis. Additional samples were fully densified and tested using a pin-on-disc tribometre. Interfaces were characterized by transmission electron microscopy. The final microstructure depended on the behaviour of the liquid phases surrounding the ceramic particles during sintering, which was different for the three types of particles used, and influenced the wear resistance.
An experimental technique for evaluation of wettability of solid particulates with liquid metal was developed. Uniformly packed
powder specimens were prepared with a tamping device specially made for the present experiment, and wetting tests were conducted
by pressure infiltration of liquid Al-alloys into the powder specimens. The threshold pressure for infiltration was used as
a measure of wettability. With this technique, wettabilities were measured for 10 μm diameter SiC and B4C particulates by several Al-based alloys. Threshold pressures obtained from this technique showed reproducibility to approximately
±7 kPa. Microstructures of infiltrated powder specimens indicated planar front infiltration with no disruption of powder compact
during infiltration test and virtually no porosity.
The injection of pure liquid metal into a fibrous preform initially at a temperature below the melting point of the metal
results in partial solidification of the metal as it contacts the fibers. If the infiltrating metal is superheated, continued
infiltration remelts this solid metal at a sharp front which propagates through the fiber preform. Because the permeability
of the remelted region is greater than that of the partially solidified region, there is a driving force for the remelted
region to advance in an unstable manner. In the present work, the morphological stability of a simplified infiltration system
(steady-state, unidirectional, adiabatic infiltration with a pure metal) is analyzed using linear stability analysis. The
resulting analytical solution illustrates the relationship between front stability and relevant processing parameters. The
prac- tical result of the derivation is that a stable remelting front can be maintained by keeping the infiltration velocity
below a certain critical value.
In the case of dry unlubricated wear of metals, an oxidational wear mechanism can be established under certain conditions, with oxide films being developed on the sliding surface which markedly influence the friction and wear behaviour. For high-speed steel-based materials containing various hard second phases, an a-Fe2O3 film is formed during pin-on-disc testing (under mild conditions of load and sliding speed), which reaches a critical thickness of 1–2 μm before breaking up in loose wear debris. The role of the second phases in the oxidational wear mechanism was studied in this investigation. The size of the hard second phase particles appears to be the most important parameter determining the possibility for the particles to provide protection against oxidational wear of the matrix. Particles of a size less than or equal to the critical thickness are carried away when the oxide breaks up, while particles larger than the critical oxide thickness remain in place. In this case, their ability to protect the metallic matrix from the loads imposed by the counterbody depends on their mechanical resistance to these loads, as well as the strength of their cohesion with the metallic matrix.
The unique features of capillary penetration and displacement in systems of limited size are described. These include the dependence of the criteria and kinetics of penetration and displacement on the curvatures of the liquid reservoirs, the effect of thinness of the porous medium on the extent of penetration (the reexposure effect); and the effect of nonuniformity in the pore size distribution on the kinetics of penetration (the redistribution effect). It is shown that systems of limited size may be characterized by thermodynamic equilibrium states as well as kinetics, which are very different from those associated with large systems.
A technique to deposit a thin, adherent, uniformly dispersed coating onto the individual particles in a batch of granular or powdered material is described. We have been able to apply successfully a number of coatings to a variety of particulate materials using a fluidized-bed chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique. By means of this technique we used tri-isobutylaluminum to apply adherent coatings of aluminum on powdered mica and powdered nickel. The powdered mica was also coated with titanium in a fluidized bed reactor in which titanium precursors were generated in situ by the reaction between HCl and metallic titanium. Post treatment of the titanium coated mica with ammonia produced agglomerates coated with TiN. These systems demonstrate the potential utility of the fluidized bed reactor for depositing a variety of coatings onto metallic and non-metallic dispersed materials. Preparation of such coated powders is likely to be valuable in a variety of industrial applications, such as the manufacture of composite structures.
The wear behaviour of sintered high-speed steel-type particulate composites depends significantly on microstructural parameters, such as those of the metallic matrix and primary carbides, but also on some additional parameters related to the powder metallurgy processing. Pin-on-disc test results, coupled with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation of the wear tracks and microstructure image analysis, indicated the prominent role of the added ceramic particles. More precisely, the size, the mechanical resistance and the cohesion with the metallic matrix of TiC, uncoated Al2O3, and TiN-coated Al2O3 particles, largely determine the wear behaviour of such materials. In addition, the roles of the residual porosity and of the presence of copper as a solid lubricant are pronounced in this investigation.
Wetting data for liquid metal-ceramic systems are reviewed, with emphasis on experimental results obtained on oxides by the sessile drop technique. Examples are given in order to illustrate the different wetting behaviours of reactive and non-reactive pure metal-ceramic pairs. The effect of oxygen on the wettability is presented both when it acts as a dissolved element and when it causes the formation of an oxide film on the liquid metal. The influnece of alloying elements is illustrated by numerous results and discussed using a thermodynamic model. Using some examples it is shown that the general behaviours holding for wettability in metal-oxide systems are also valid for the other families of ceramics.
Infiltration experiments on aluminum cast into SAFFIL alumina fiber preforms containing a silica binder and of fiber volume
fraction varying from 10 to 25 pct are reported. Data are compared with the theory presented in Part I and used to characterize
wettability of the preforms by plotting the infiltrated length of composite divided by the square root of time as a function
of applied pressure. The intercept of the resulting curves with the abscissa axis is shown to be a measurement of the capillary
pressure needed to fully infiltrate the fiber preforms. Resulting experimental values of this capillary pressure are then
used with Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) adsorption isotherm measurements of the preform’s specific surface to derive
an apparent wetting angle of the fibers by aluminum during infiltration. In this manner, the effective wetting angle of pure
aluminum on the alumina/silica fibers is found to be 106 ±5 deg, independent of fiber preform temperature. We also propose
a mechanism for preventing preform compression during infiltration.
General expressions are derived to describe fluid flow and heat transfer during infiltration of fibrous preforms by a pure
metal. Analytical solutions to the problem are given for the case of unidirectional infiltration into a uniform preform of
aligned fibers under constant applied pressure. Calculations are carried out for infiltration kinetics (including total infiltrated
length) and temperature distribution, using as an example alumina fiber/aluminum composites. Limiting cases leads to very
simple expressions. Initial fiber temperatures both above and below the metal melting point are considered. In the case of
fibers at a temperature significantly below the metal melting point, it is concluded that the factor most strongly influencing
infiltration is the solidification of metal in the interfiber region. In the calculations, it is assumed that this solidification
is in the form of a uniform solid metal sheath around the fibers. Metal superheat, when present, serves to progressively remelt
the solidified sheath from the upstream end of the preform. Fiber volume fraction and initial temperature are predicted to
have a major effect on infiltration kinetics, while metal superheat exerts a relatively minor influence. When no external
heat extraction is present and a constant pressure is applied to the metal, flow through the preform continues indefinitely.
For the case of external heat extraction, flow ceases when sufficient solidification occurs to block flow.
Pene tration and Displacement in Capillary Systems of Limited Size
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A. Marrnur, " Pene tration and Displacement in Capillary Systems of Limited Size," Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, vol. 39, ed. T.F. Tadros and AW. Neumann (New York: Elsevier, 1992), pp. 13-33.
Sintering Behavior of Coating Powders
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High Temperature Aerospace Coatings
- J J Stiglich
- R H Jr
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Microstructural Study of TiN-Coated Alumina Powder for Use in High Speed Steel-Based Matrix Composites
- C Jouanny-Tresy
- C. Jouanny-Tresy
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- F Thümmler
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Development in Science and Technique of Composite Materials
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- H. Vincent
Thin Coatings on Carbon Fibers as Diffusion Barriers and Wetting Agents in Al Composites
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Coating Particles by Chemical Vapor Deposition in Fluidized Bed Reactors
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High Temperature Aerospace Coatings
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- J.J. Stiglich Jr