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Thirty years ago a prominent U.S. scholar spoke to a large audience at a major conference on child development, bemoaning our severely limited knowledge about the critical years of development between childhood and adulthood. In the three decades since that meeting, scientific research on adolescence has progressed dramatically, to the point that our knowledge can easily fill the three volumes of this encyclopedia. Addressing 125 major issues of adolescent development and behavior, this volume documents the diverse and complex routes that young people take on their way to adulthood. Our understanding of adolescence has progressed through the efforts of scholars in several academic disciplines, including psychology, sociology, anthropology, medicine, biology and neurology, cognitive science, psychiatry, education, epidemiology, public health, and economics. Their work has revealed similarities and contrasts in the nature of adolescence in different cultures, nations, and historical eras. Accordingly, the individuals whom we asked to contribute articles to the encyclopedia represent a panoply of academic disciplines and hail from several continents and many different countries. They include many of the most prominent and accomplished scholars in their respective fields. Readers are provided with insights from seasoned scholars with high levels of expertise on the topic they are describing in their article. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

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... Some brain circuits that connect various brain regions are affected by monoaminergic dysfunction. There are three elements of the triad (Beck's Triad) that characterize MDD: negative self-interpretation or evaluation; cognitive distortions about the present; and cognitive distortions about the future [3]. MDD is classified with other mental disorders under the label of affective mood disorders. ...
... The documents that were excluded from the current analysis were as follows: (1) nonoriginal papers, such as conference abstracts, and letters to editors; (2) duplicate studies; (3) papers not written in English; and (4) review articles. ...
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The most prevalent mental illness worldwide and the main contributor to suicide and disability is major depressive disorder. Major depressive disorder is now diagnosed and treated based on the patient’s statement of symptoms, mental status tests, and clinical behavioral observations. The central element of this review is the increased need for an accurate diagnostic method. In this context, the present research aims to investigate the potential role of two non-coding RNA species (microRNA and long non-coding RNA) in peripheral blood samples and brain tissue biopsy from patients with major depressive disorder. This study reviewed the literature on microRNA and long non-coding RNA expression in blood and brain tissue samples in human and animal depression models by retrieving relevant papers using the PubMed database. The results reveal significant variations in microRNA and long non-coding RNA levels in depressed patients, making it a crucial diagnostic tool that predicts treatment outcomes. It can help track severe cases and adjust therapy dosages based on treatment responses. In conclusion, microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs are pertinent biomarkers that can be added to the diagnostic test panel for major depressive disorder. Both microRNAs and non-coding RNAs can also be used as a tool to track patient progress during therapy and to assist the attending physician in tracking the molecular development of the disease.
... Participants who engaged in behaviors rooted in self-stigma, such as social withdrawal and concealment, reported increased feelings of worthlessness and low self-esteem, in turn reinforcing their selfstigmatizing cognition. As the core idea of cognitivebehavioral theory posits an intricate interplay between human cognition, emotions, and behaviors (Araújo et al., 2020;Southam-Gerow et al., 2011), this study provides qualitative evidence to substantiate this theoretical model. ...
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Self-stigma is detrimental to psychosocial well-being and the recovery journey among people living with depression. However, there has been limited research exploring the experience of stigma internalization when depression runs in families. This study aims to address this gap by (1) characterizing the manifestations of self-stigma among individuals living with depression whose parent(s) also have depression and (2) exploring the potential mechanisms underlying the impact of parental depression on self-stigma. Essential principles of the constructivist grounded theory approach were adopted to collect data through in-depth interviews with 27 participants aged 15-30, living in Mainland China. Many participants perceived depression running in their family as an endless disaster and an incurable illness. These beliefs further led to stigmatizing emotions (such as suppression, anger, and guilt) and behaviors (such as concealment and social withdrawal). Participants also highlighted ambivalent in-tergenerational relationships, tense family atmospheres, lower parental emotional involvement and support, and a lack of family flexibility due to parental depression. Furthermore, parental depression impacted participants' self-stigma by interfering with family relationships, family functioning, and parenting styles. It also shaped their perceptions of family, illness attribution, and public stigma. Additionally, parental depression had an impact on participants' social functioning, self-esteem, and personality, making them more susceptible to self-stigma. This study emphasizes the crucial role that the family plays in the internalization of stigma among individuals living with depression. It suggests that family dynamics, rather than family structure or economic backgrounds alone, shape this process.
... Beck postulated that depressed individuals had a propensity for negative evaluation. Beck defined the cognitive triad, negative self-schema, and logical fallacies as the three mechanisms he thought were responsible for depression [33]. We can identify the sort of rumination whether it goes toward severe depressive thoughts or just routine ruminating behaviour by using Beck's theory [34]. ...
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Rapid outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 has caused the implementation of the movement control order (MCO) which aimed to reduce the spread in Covid-19 infections. While some may find it easy to adjust to the new norm, others found it difficult to switch from their normal routines and habits as according to the MCO SOP. This resulted in a more frequent insomnia and depression that subsequently impacted their mental health. Insomnia and depression levels are examined in this study as they relate to the Covid-19 Pandemic and the MCO among Malaysian undergraduate health sciences students at the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UPM. Random sampling methods were utilised with consideration of inclusion and exclusion criteria. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) were the instrument packages used in this investigation. An internet platform was used to distribute the questionnaire. Based on the results, it is concluded that depression and insomnia are significantly correlated, with a p-value of 0.05. This study also revealed the link between the severity of insomnia and the severity of depression among UPM students studying health sciences. The percentage of students with depression and insomnia was rather high (54.9% and 33.9%, respectively), and this occurred during the second wave of Covid-19 cases in Malaysia.
... Use of a mental health app for early identification and monitoring of and interventions for "at risk" population as part of a Mental Health Surveillance System managed by a Mental Health [6,7]. ...
... The theory's central idea is that an individual's thoughts influence their behavioural and emotional experiences. Also, the experiences of an individual can affect their thoughts (Southam-Gerow et al., 2011). Further, Beck and various other social scientists have expanded the theory and suggested that when this theory is applied in therapies and research, it should be emphasized to modulate an individual's thoughts as they will alter the feelings and behaviours. ...
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Purpose This instant study explores the relationship between weight-based teasing and depressive symptoms in Indian college students. It further investigates the moderating effect of gratitude on depressive symptoms occurring due to weight-based teasing. Design/methodology/approach The study is theoretically based on Fredrickson's broaden-and-built theory (2001). PROCESS macro in IBM SPSS v21 was used to analyze the effect of gratitude in moderation of weight-based teasing and depressive symptoms. The study used correlation and regression analysis to assess the relationship between weight-based teasing and depressive symptoms. Findings The study has confirmed that weight-based teasing results in the development of depressive symptoms in Indian college students. The study has also revealed that gratitude casts a significant moderating effect on depression due to weight-based teasing, i.e. a reduction in regression weight of weight-based teasing. Originality/value This study is the first of its kind in India and will significantly add to the national literature on teasing and depression. Further, the study will help stakeholders like educators and policymakers to formulate psychological programs based on positive psychology 2.0 and gratitude to combat the rising issue of body shaming in India.
... These include interventions such as the Incredible Years (Webster-Stratton & Herman, 2010), the Family Check-Up (Leijten et al., 2015), and Parent Management Training (PMT; Forgatch & Kjøbli, 2016). Collectively, these define the currently accepted standard of care for families (Kaehler, Jacobs, & Jones, 2016), with PMT-based interventions being one of the most empirically validated "families" of parenting intervention (Eyberg, Nelson, & Boggs, 2008;Southam-Gerow, McLeod, Brown, Quinoy, & Avny, 2011). Broadly speaking, Social Learning interventions focus on addressing fundamental driving interactional processes, such as modeling and reinforcement within family and school contexts, while also encouraging positive contextual supports, like nurturing, warm relationships, and moment-to-moment coping skills including parent, teacher, and child stress management practices . ...
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Over 2 million individuals are incarcerated in the US criminal justice system. More than half of incarcerated Americans are also parents of minors. Parental incarceration can lead to a higher risk of mental illness and enduring trauma in children, as well as other problematic cognitive, developmental, and educational outcomes. Examining parental incarceration through a racial equity lens is critical, as people of color make up 67% of the incarcerated population despite making up only 37% of the US population. Further, gender-related equity issues pose important challenges for families with incarcerated parents. Here, we discuss prison-based psychosocial interventions designed both to build parenting skills and to improve parent well-being within a racial and gender equity lens. We hypothesize that effective services in these areas are essential components in a broad strategy designed to mitigate the potential negative effects suffered by families and children of incarcerated parents of color as a result of their imprisonment.
... Another effort of Stardust was to create a positive safety culture by introducing the "Action Today, Perfect Day Tomorrow" concept which was based on the behavioral ABC model. The ABC model was introduced by prominent psychologist Dr Albert Ellis in an effort to understand the meaning of human reactions to situations or events (adversity) (McLeod, 2008). This model suggested that antecedents or stimulus (A) could create desired behavior (B) which consequently could lead to certain desired consequences (C). ...
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Learning outcomes The learning objectives of using this case are as follows: to understand the concepts of organizational structure, organizational culture and organizational change; to expose students to the problems that may encounter organization when it intends to bring changes in culture; to stimulate students’ understanding of the necessity to build positive organizational culture; to advance students’ knowledge about oil and gas industry; to develop students’ understanding of using Levin’s model of cultural change; and to illustrate the challenges that an organization might face while changing its existing culture. Case overview/synopsis This case teaches about the importance of boosting positive organization culture to accept organizational change. Stardust was established in 2013 as Petronas Carigali Sdn Bhd’s subsidiary. The company was established to manage small and marginal field in Malaysia which was under the oil and gas field that had smaller reservoir and lasted for four to five years. On 2014, Stardust was given an opportunity to take over one of the fields to manage. However, during the process of handing over the facility and field from the parent to the new company, the tanker caught fire in one of its pump in the pump room. The fire resulted substantial damage to the pump room; two out of four pumps were totally damaged. It delayed the oil production for more than a month. Total estimated damage due to the fire incurred RM19m losses. Direct cost included replacing two new 400 kW pumps, repairing the damaged pump room with new manifolds and painting, and cost of shutdown production for 40 days. Investigation was initiated to identify the causes of the fire which revealed that human error, mostly peoples’ negligence was one of the major reasons along with location, equipment and procedure. The Health, Safety and Environment department of the company was given the task to create ‘Living Safety’ culture among the crew. Being the head of this department, Tarmizi found it very challenging to inculcate the culture ‘Action Today, Perfect Day Tomorrow’ and was thinking how to instill this culture with zero failure by the end of the calendar year which is December 2016. The time was running fast as the parent company emphasized to handle the situation urgently and to ensure that the similar incident will not happen in the future. If it re-occurs, it will jeopardize the trustworthiness of Stardust with the other parties involved and also the parent company might not allow the company to operate other facilities, which will put the company at stake to remain competitive in the oil and gas business. Complexity academic level This case is suitable to use in advanced undergraduate level, MBA and MSc to teach organizational behavior and organizational theory courses. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS 7: Management Science.
... Positive affect related to schooling has, however, remained relatively overlooked even when it forms an important basis for understanding subjective wellbeing. According to Huebner, " Positive affect refers to the experience of frequent positive emotions, such as joy or interest " (Huebner et al., 2014); however, when applying a cognitive-behavioral approach to this notion, there is always a degree of automatic thought behind the affect directing the following action (e.g.,McLeod, 2015). Thus, while focusing on positive affect, we can also assume the presence of positive self-instructions feeding considerations, decision-making and behaviors. ...
... My approach to addressing such threats to performance is based in the traditions of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT; see Meichenbaum, 2009) and rational emotive behavioural therapy (REBT; Ellis, 2004). Hence, when consulting with the wrestlers individually in preparation for major international championships, and in particular the Olympic Games, I will often explore their fears about the impending competition and then apply therapeutic methods to challenge those fears. ...
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Secrets of Asian Sport Psychology includes more than 20 accounts of how many of the world's best athletes have used sport psychology techniques to achieve their success. The book links countries in the Asian-South Pacific region to the sports at which they excel. Learn about the sport psychology secrets of Archery in Korea, Gymnastics in China, Boxing in the Philippines, Golf in Taiwan, Triathlon in Australia, Rugby in New Zealand, Judo in Japan, Wrestling in Iran, Shooting in India, and much much more. Written by experienced applied practitioners working at the front line of elite sport, Secrets of Asian Sport Psychology provides a series of authentic accounts of the psychology underpinning the success of Olympic and World champions. Sponsored by the Asian-South Pacific Association of Sport Psychology and the University of Southern Queensland, Secrets of Asian Sport Psychology is the very first text on the subject of applied sport psychology to be published under a creative commons licence. Secrets of Asian Sport Psychology is free to download, share and even modify for your own purposes.
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Film is one of the educational means to provide learning to children indirectly through characters and stories in films. One of the films that can be a learning tool is the film My Diary. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of a film entitled Buku Harianku on the strengthening character education of Elementary Islamic School students in West Jakarta. This research uses an experimental method. The sample of this study used a random sampling technique. The experimental sample in this study was MIS grade V students Hidayatul Istiqomah. With experimental classes are classes V C and V D while the control class is class V A and V B. Data collected using questionnaires. The character of the students tested includes religious, nationalist, independent, mutual aid, and integrity values. Based on the results of research that has been done, it is known that the film My Diary has an influence on the character of students with a magnitude of 48% and has a significant effect.
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Introduction Brain tumor is a devastating and often fatal diagnosis; quality of life and patient well-being are important goals of treatment. This study addresses the gap in culture-specific literature exploring the needs and coping strategies of brain tumor patients within an LMIC setting. Methodology A qualitative approach was undertaken using an exploratory descriptive study design. In-depth interviews were conducted to capture the perspective of 250 brain tumor patients at a private tertiary center followed by extensive content analysis to identify major themes and sub-themes across responses. Results The analysis identified three major themes: (i) Factors affecting the lives of brain tumor survivors (BTSs) and their impact (ii) What works to improve QoL according to the survivors’ perspectives, and (iii) Coping tactics & fostering healthy relationships. The need for financial navigation strategies improved patient-physician relationships, and reinforcing positive coping strategies were emphasized. Conclusion In our population, family support and spiritual connection played an important role in helping patients mitigate the psychosocial burden of illness. However, financial concerns were pervasive and need to be addressed for better overall well-being.
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The COVID-19 pandemic had affected the whole world especially the human life routine. There were several sectors that had been severely affected such as economy, education, and mental wellbeing. Most of the countries had implemented the approach of online classes as alternative to manage the education system. Thus, the students joining all the classes by themselves via online. There are a lot of consequences that need to be adapted by students to undergo the new norm of education system. This study used case study design to identify the appropriate counselling intervention to reduce anxiety among students. The counsellor used the approach of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) with the objective to restructure the client’s thought and behaviour in facing the adversity during the pandemic of COVID-19. In total, there were 8 sessions that had been conducted for counsellor to help the client to rationalize the thought and exploring new possible behaviour that can be applied by the client. At the end of the session, the client manages to control her anxiety issues and become more encourage to focus on online learning basis. The approach of behaviour and cognitive therapy are suitable to be used among the counsellors to help the client with anxiety issues. Abstrak Pandemik COVID-19 telah melanda kebanyakan negara di seluruh dunia dan menjejaskan kehidupan serta aktiviti manusia di dunia. Banyak sektor yang terjejas seperti sektor ekonomi, sektor pendidikan, keselamatan dan kesejahteraan mental di seluruh dunia. Bagi bidang pendidikan, kebanyakan negara memfokuskan pengajaran dan pembelajaran dalam talian sebagai alternatif untuk menguruskan pendidikan pengajar dan pembelajaran. Ini membawa kepada pelajar belajar secara bersendirian dengan pemikiran mereka dikuasai oleh maklumat -maklumat dari media masa. Terdapat banyak kesan-kesan sampingan dihadapi oleh pelajar dalam menghadapi kehidupan norma baharu ini. Artikel ini akan membincangkan bagaimana kaunselor membantu klien dalam menjalani kehidupan norma baharu dan mengurangkan keresahan yang dihadapi klien. Kaunselor menggunakan pendekatan terapi tingkah laku dan kognitif (CBT) untuk menstrukturkan kembali pemikiran dan mengubah tingkah laku yang dapat membantu klien mengadaptasi kehidupan di norma baharu. Lapan sesi yang dijalankan bagi membincangkan pemikiran yang dimiliki klien mengenai pendemik ini, merasionalkan pemikiran tersebut, melihat tingkah laku hasil dari pemikiran dan daya tindak yang sesuai untuk klien praktikan. Hasil daripada sesi kaunseling yang dijalankan bersama kaunselor, klien dapat mengawal keresahan yang dialami dan bersemangat untuk lebih fokus kepada pembelajaran dalam talian. Oleh itu, pendekatan terapi tingkah laku dan
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The purpose of this Toolkit and Resource Guide is to provide a framework for US-based colleges and universities to advance their approach to mental health services and supports to their students. At a time when student demand for mental health services and supports has never been greater, so, too, has the challenge never been greater for universities to find ways to keep pace with this demand. In practice for colleges and universities, this means re-thinking their approach to mental health service and support provision, identifying areas of improvement with respect to how current systems are structured, examining novel ways of providing mental health services and supports, and finding new opportunities for collaboration beyond traditional individual counseling. This Toolkit and Resource Guide aims to support colleges and universities in this important journey. The Toolkit contains the following modules, which each examine a different aspect of this journey. Disclaimer: The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views, opinions or policies of the Center for Mental Health Services (CMHS), the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) or the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), and the inclusion of information about campus programs and select resources does not constitute official endorsement of the programs and resources. This publication was produced for the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration (SAMHSA). It was prepared by Social Solutions International, Inc. under contract HHSP233201700193A.
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Millions have been affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. There is a growing number of excellent works available to chronicle and characterize the enormous impact of this deadly pandemic. As a community mental health clinician, I thought it would be helpful to address some of the common issues people are dealing with and to offer some practical bits of help.
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Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a psychosocial treatment with strong scientific evidence supporting its use with youth for a variety of emotional and behavioral problems. This chapter provides a broad overview of CBT with youth divided into three sections. In the first section, the behavioral and cognitive theories that underlie the CBT approach are described. We also discuss how the two theories have been integrated into theories used to guide CBT. In the second section, a description of specific techniques commonly found in CBT is provided along with a review of the typical modalities employed to deliver CBT. Finally, the third section focuses on the delivery of CBT.
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The aim of this paper is to explore multilevel risk factors that impact child mental well-being in social ecological theoretical framework. We set the following research questions: (1) How are individual characteristics, their immediate environmental settings, and larger social and cultural contexts (multilevel risk factors) related to children’s subjective mental well-being; and (2) How do the impacts of multilevel risk factors of children’s subjective mental well-being vary across countries? We apply the conceptual scheme of the Societal Index of Interpersonal Destructiveness (SIID) by Nahkur et al. (Social Indicators Research, 133(2), 431–454, 2017) - inspired by social ecological framework to operationalise the research problem. Primarily, data are drawn from International Survey of Children’s Well-being (the sample of 12 year old children in 14 countries from 2013/14), and (multilevel) regression analyses are used. We found that interpersonal destructiveness measures, such as low life satisfaction, prior experience with destructive interpersonal conflict and subjective economic insecurity as individual factors, and poor parenting, poor relationship climate, fragile community as immediate environmental factors affect children’s subjective mental well-being negatively, even after controlling for the larger social and cultural context factors. As a main finding these associations were universal across the observed countries, however, with subjective economic insecurity as a notable exception. The influence of societal factors on children’s mental well-being stayed unclear as we used adult-driven data that cannot represent children’s opinions. In sum, children’s assessments reflect their direct and indirect interactions with different levels of social ecological environmental settings that are merged in their opinions at the individual level.
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Attention-deficit–hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neuropsychiatric disorder that impairs academic, social and occupational functioning in children, adolescents and adults. It is characterized by excessive activity, restlessness, and nervousness. The disease occurs in general at children before the age of 7 and usually is not easy to be detected, due to various symptoms. When the diagnosis is established the physician can prescribe two types of drugs, stimulants: amphetamine, dexamphetamine, lisdexamphetamine, methylphenidate, and non-stimulants such as: guanfacine, atomoxetine, and clonidine. So what can be done for a person who has ADHD, and wants to be an elite athlete? Due to the rules established by the World Anti-Doping Agency the stimulant drugs are prohibited in competition and if traces of a prohibited substance are detected in the sample of blood of the athlete his access to competition can be blocked from 2-4 years, from that date of the incident. Fortunately for some athletes the disease was acute in childhood but as they grew up the symptoms were reminiscent and they could concentrate at the sporting task that was supposed to be achieved. What about those athletes that still have the symptoms? Well, they can be treated with the non-stimulant drugs, but their doctor must monthly verify if the list of prohibited drugs has been changed. In conclusion we can say that ADHD can be an impediment, but with the help of parents, teachers, and physicians the athlete can achieve very good performances.
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Ownership of mobile phones is on the rise, a trend in uptake that transcends age, region, race, and ethnicity, as well as income. It is precisely the emerging ubiquity of mobile phones that has sparked enthusiasm regarding their capacity to increase the reach and impact of health care, including mental health care. Community-based clinicians charged with transporting evidence-based interventions beyond research and training clinics are in turn, ideally and uniquely situated to capitalize on mobile phone uptake and functionality to bridge the efficacy to effectiveness gap. As such, this article delineates key considerations to guide these frontline clinicians in mobile phone-enhanced clinical practice, including an overview of industry data on the uptake of and evolution in the functionality of mobile phone platforms, conceptual considerations relevant to the integration of mobile phones into practice, representative empirical illustrations of mobile-phone enhanced assessment and treatment, and practical considerations relevant to ensuring the feasibility and sustainability of such an approach.