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Energy-efficient elevators and escalators in Europe: An analysis of energy efficiency potentials and policy measures
... Some refer to the energy consumption of buildings and indicate a 2 to 10 % share in their consumption (Al-Kodmany 2015), a value of 4 % for high-rise buildings (Ahmed et al. 2014) or a shift beyond formerly 2 to 3 % (So and Li 2000). Others relate the consumption of lifts to the electricity demand of buildings and indicate a range of 5 to 15 % depending on the building configuration ), a typical value of 3 to 8 % in building consumption (Almeida et al. 2012) or, with a different scoping, a value of 4 % in total electricity consumption in the tertiary sector (Almeida et al. 2009). It has furthermore been pointed out that lifts can cause up to 40 % of a building's energy demand during peak hours (Al-Kodmany 2015). ...
... to the approximately 93,000 unit average for the period from 2011 to 2013 that corresponds to 1.84 % of the 2010 market in 25 Member States which can be derived from Gemici-Loukas (2015). It is also in line with about 115,000 new lifts per year derived from ELA market statistics for 2005 for the EU-27, corresponding to 2.40 % or 4.8 million units in stock given in Almeida et al. (2012). ...
... or about 0.6 % of the overall electricity demand (Figure 4). This seems very close to the value of 18.4 TWh for the EU-27 from Almeida et al. (2012). However, due to particular uncertain future improvements, a sensitivity analysis (ceteris-paribus) for new lifts after 2019 is carried out. ...
Lifts are nowadays considered an essential part of nearly all larger new buildings. They increase comfort and make buildings accessible to handicapped and elderly people. Due to their longevity, lifts determine the energy demand of buildings in the long run. While a considerable amount of lifts has been installed in the last decades, the bulk of them is considerably older. Some installations, though partially upgraded, still even date back to before the mid of last century. The aim of this paper is to further investigate how energy efficiency of lifts is currently addressed by European policy-making and to discuss how policy options on lifts might contribute to achieving energy savings for these installations. To underpin the analysis, a quantitative stock model for lifts is elaborated for this paper. Based on this model, different policy scenarios are discussed to analyse their potential impact on the energy consumption of lifts. The stock model indicates that there are currently approximately 4.6 million lifts in operation in the EU-28 consuming in total about 18.9 TWh of electricity each year. Due to gradual replacements of inefficient older lifts and technological progress, this consumption is expected to decline to 10.4 TWh until 2050. Policy options for new lifts could help to lead to a further reduction in electricity demand of about 2.3 TWh. These options could be based on the inclusion of lifts in the list of technical equipment in the next revision of the EPBD, by further investigating on implementing measures within the Ecodesign process and by considering a European energy label for lifts.
... Research paper [6] models the stochastic characteristics of load profiling in distribution systems to provide real time load estimates with confidence intervals. In continuation, this research paper examines the energy efficiency of elevators, which typically account for two to eight percent of the total electricity consumption of buildings [7], [8]. Elevators are rarely being monitored by energy meters, mostly due to meter related costs and challenges in measuring technology [8]. ...
... The standby consumption of elevators has gained substantial attention, as it contributes a considerable share of the entire usage, even over 50%, in the existing installed stock of elevators [7], [16], [22], [23]. ...
... However, this ratio has wide variation between elevators, and modern elevators with LED lighting and multiple other energy efficient features will reduce the ratio of standby consumption in the future [7]. ...
Elevators form a crucial service of a functioning modern society, and the amount of installed units will continue to rise with increasing urbanization. Consequently, the energy efficiency of elevators has begun to attract more attention. However, elevators are rarely being monitored with energy meters, and the actual energy consumption of these devices is therefore commonly based on estimates. This paper provides useful measurement data from a mid-rise office building and analyzes the gathered readings against two energy efficiency classification schemes: the VDI 4707-1 guideline and the ISO 25745-2 standard. This study presents key points for improving the annual consumption estimates provided by these two commonly applied schemes. Furthermore, this paper identifies challenges in the determination of actual energy consumption based on kWh meter readings. The findings of this paper can be applied at any site to reduce errors in the energy consumption modeling of elevators. The results highlight the significance of correctly interpreting the methods of the classification schemes and knowing the total amount of starts of an elevator or an elevator group. Most importantly, the paper finds the elevator usage and consumption to depend heavily on the installed elevator technology as well as the people flow characteristics of the building.
... Researcher Patrick Bass writes of recent examples of ThyssenKrupp technologies that provide energy savings of about 27% and space saving of about 30% [22]. Research on energy efficiency conducted by De Almeida and colleagues has indicated that "considerable technical efficiency potentials exist for elevators (more than 60%)" [23]. They write "By improving the energy efficiency in existing and new equipment, elevators and escalators can contribute to current energy and climate targets in Europe." ...
... Other technologies related to elevators are discussed in the subsequent section. In order to provide development continuity, the discussion starts by briefly mentioning earlier energy-efficient innovations and then moves quickly to the most recent ones [8,12,23]. ...
... Low-VOC finishing materials in a green elevator design can include components made of bamboo, recycled carpet, and hard surface coverings with low VOC sealants and adhesives. Interestingly, some elevator companies, such as Otis, have "doubled" their commitment to the environment by not only engineering energy-saving products but also by manufacturing them in a way that is kinder to the environment [23]. ...
Efficient vertical mobility is a critical component of tall building development and construction. This paper investigates recent advances in elevator technology and examines their impact on tall building development. It maps out, organizes, and collates complex and scattered information on multiple aspects of elevator design, and presents them in an accessible and non-technical discourse. Importantly, the paper contextualizes recent technological innovations by examining their implementations in recent major projects including One World Trade Center in New York; Shanghai Tower in Shanghai; Burj Khalifa in Dubai; Kingdom Tower in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; and the green retrofit project of the Empire State Building in New York. Further, the paper discusses future vertical transportation models including a vertical subway concept, a space lift, and electromagnetic levitation technology. As these new technological advancements in elevator design empower architects to create new forms and shapes of large-scale, mixed-use developments, this paper concludes by highlighting the need for interdisciplinary research in incorporating elevators in skyscrapers.
... Asansör sistemlerinde harcanan enerjinin, tüm binada harcanan enerjinin ne kadarını kapsadığı konusunda farklı yaklaşımlar bulunmaktadır. Asansörün binadaki kullanım amacına göre toplam harcamanın %3-8 arasında değiştiği belirtilmektedir [5]. Binalardaki diğer enerji harcayan elemanlar ve asansör Şekil 2'de gösterilmiştir. ...
... Almeida'ya [5] göre Avrupa'da asansörler ve yürüyen merdivenler Avrupa genelinde toplam elektrik tüketiminin %0,7'sinden sorumludurlar ve yürüyen merdivenler için otomatik hız düzenleyicileri ve bekleme durumunda düşük güç modu gibi önlemler alındığında potansiyel tasarruf %30 dolaylarında olabilir. ...
Son yıllarda artan karbondioksit emisyonları ve küresel ısınma ile birlikte enerji verimliliği
konusunda alınan tedbirler, geleneksel yöntemlerle tasarımı ve imalatı gerçekleştirilen
transport sistemlerinin enerji verimliliği konusunda tekrar değerlendirilmesini zorunlu
kılmaktadır. Dünyada ve ülkemizde enerji kaynaklarının azalması ve maliyetlerdeki artışlar
nedeniyle, enerji tüketimine yönelik tasarruf tedbirlerinin uygulanması büyük önem arz
etmektedir. Bu çalışmada, binalarda kullanılan asansörlerin ve yürüyen merdivenlerin
enerji tüketimi ve yasal mevzuat genel itibariyle irdelenmiş, güncel hesaplar ve enerji
tüketiminin azaltılmasına yönelik tedbirler incelenmiştir. Asansörlerin mekanik sistemleri,
elektrik ünitesi ve kontrol sistemlerini kapsayan durum değerlendirilmesi yapılmış ve
dünyadaki güncel uygulamalar sunulmuştur.
... Elevators typically consume less than 10% of the building total electricity consumption annually [2,3]. However, the ratios vary in time and between buildings and can be even up to 40% during peak usage hours [4,5]. ...
... Traction elevators comprise a significant majority of all elevator installations [2]. In traction elevators, the hoisting system includes a car and a counterweight. ...
This paper proposes a framework for modeling the instantaneous power consumption of individual elevators and elevator groups based on passenger traffic. Though elevators have a key role in the modern urban society, they have remained as rather neglected appliances in the energy efficiency research. To accelerate the energy efficiency studies of elevators, this paper has two major contributions. First, we propose means to model the instantaneous power consumption of individual elevators and elevator groups and analyze the reliability of these means versus the complexity of the modeling. Second, we present an elevator group control scheme to organize the elevator dispatching according to the simulated passenger traffic. When combined, these methods yield enhanced predictions about the energy and power consumption of elevators in a specific type of building with measured or simulated movement of occupants.
... Among main barriers for penetration of these technologies into escalators and lifts is the lack of information on energy consumption patterns. Consequently, the profitability of such energy saving measures is assessed incorrectly by the building owners [5]. The objective of this study is to obtain the energy consumption patterns of a widely used commercial escalator pair and to assess the energy savings provided by intermittent operation, i.e., speed control. ...
... Among previous studies, the most eminent is the campaign in Europe [5], targeted at the improvement of the energy performance of lifts and escalators in the tertiary sector buildings. In the EU, around 75% of escalators are installed in commercial buildings and the remaining 25% in the public transportation areas [2]. ...
Lack of information on energy consumption patterns of intermittent-operating escalators and unawareness of building owners of potential energy savings constitute the main obstacles for the penetration of energy-efficient escalator technology. Even though intermittent operation provides large energy savings in low passenger traffic, little research has been devoted to analyzing the composition of total energy consumption in these situations. This paper presents observations and data gathered during long-term energy measurements of an intermittent-operating escalator pair (one upwards, one downwards operating), equipped with reduced speed and stop & go modes, installed in a store in the Helsinki area.
... An interesting analysis of energy efficiency potentials for existent elevators and escalators on a European scale is performed in [1], showing that relevant energy savings, up to 30% or more of the total consumptions, are possible by using components with high efficiency for running operation. ...
... As the load torque T RT is applied to the rotor of the motor through the gear box, the gear ratio W g is taken into account in (1). Theoretically, the regenerated energy would be equal to the motoring energy. ...
In civil buildings, large part of energy consumption of common service is related to lift apparatus operations. Considering the huge diffusion of roped elevators and their reciprocating operating mode, a critical evaluation of energy streams has been done using an accurate model specially developed. Thus, a retrofit kit has been studied and designed able to store the energy during the generating mode of the electrical machine and to recover it back in motor operation. Finally, a comprehensive evaluation of the saved energy parameterized with the numbers of passengers and lift duty cycle is presented, as well as the kit cost estimation and pay-back time.
... In 2012, around 4.3 million elevators were installed in the European Union, and 125,000 were newly installed in that year (De Almeida, 2012). The mentioned numbers clearly speak about the role and importance of elevators in modern society. ...
A 5 DOF model, i.e. five differential equations, was obtained, which, based on Cauchy's principle and by introducing variable states of the system, were adapted to be presented in the matrix form. Derived model it has been tested and verified through computational simulations and compared with experimental results obtained on small-scale real model of the EMS. The existence of resonant
vibrations in the EMS is proved and presented. The step change of the drive torque is used for time response of the speed. Results clearly shows that the speed response has a damped oscillation. Frequencies of oscillations are equal
to resonant frequency of the EMS mechanical subsystem.
... Nowadays, modern elevators play a crucial role in the safe and quick transport of millions of passengers and freight from one altitude to another. 2 All over the world, more than seven billion elevator journeys are made each day, 1 allowing a practical and comfortable dislocation between several floors, above and below ground. 3 Figure 1 schematises a modern elevator system 4 with electric traction showing the main components. According to the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) are its prime mover (depends on the drive type), car, counterweight, guide rails, entrances, safety gear and governor, buffers, ropes and buttons, indicators and switches. ...
All around the world, modern elevators transport safely and comfortably millions of passengers and freight each day. Since modern elevators emerged at the beginning of the 19th century, several advances have risen in this transportation system. Among them, safety conditions were significantly improved. Therefore, modern elevators must be equipped with safety protection systems to assure safety conditions and avoid accidents. An overspeed governor is one of the components of such a safety system. It acts as a stopping mechanism when the elevator car reaches an excessive velocity, known as tripping speed. When the tripping speed is reached, the overspeed governor is mechanically locked and halts the rope, thus stopping the elevator car. This paper describes the development of a new measuring system able to measure the trigger velocity of an overspeed governor with the help of a graphical interface available on a mobile electronic device (smartphone or tablet).
Practical application
A new overspeed governor velocity measuring system uses a mobile electronic device for non-contact velocity measurement. This new process may replace the inaccurate measuring system currently employed by maintenance technicians, thus increasing its reliability. The main objective consists of rigorously testing the operation of overspeed governors. The developed system guarantees the automatic execution of the test under several anomalous operating situations, thus allowing the user to have real-time access to the test data obtained through a graphical interface available on a mobile electronic device.
... Therefore, how to reduce energy consumption in these vertical transportation systems has long been one of hot research issues to pay much attention from scientists, engineers. With rapid growth of power electronics converters, traction motor making easier for many saving energy solutions in elevator operation to be performed [3]- [9]. Figure 1 showed three groups of solutions for saving energy in elevator operation: Recuperating regenerative braking energy, reducing the energy consumption of comfort functions, enhancing traction efficiency. ...
span>In operating phases of elevators, accelerating, braking modes occur frequently, so braking energy recuperation of elevators has contributed considerably to decrease the total electric energy consumption for operating elevators in multi-floor buildings. In this paper, the supercapacitor energy storage system is used to recover regenerative braking energy of elevators when they operate down full-load and up no-load, reducing fluctuation of voltage on DC bus as well. Therefore, super-capacitor energy storage system (SCESS) will be parallel with line utility to recuperate regenerative braking energy in braking phase and support energy for acceleration phase. The surplus energy will be stored in the supercapacitors thanks to a DC-DC converter capable of exchanging energy bidirectionally in buck/boost modes, and designing control strategy including two control loops. Inner loop-current loop: controlling charge/discharge process of supercapacitors by current iL complying with operation characteristic of elevator; Outer loop-voltage loop: managing UDC-link at a fixed value. Simulation results with elevator system of the ten-floor building, Hanoi, Vietnam installed SCESS have been verified on MATLAB Simulink, SimPowerSystem with saving energy level about 30%.</span
... Therefore, a low number of elevator runs indicates better performance. Furthermore, elevator operation typically accounts for 3 to 8% of the total energy consumption of a building [9]. Thus, a decrease can have a positive impact on the hospital's CO 2 footprint. ...
PurposeToday’s hospitals are designed as collections of individual departments, with limited communication and collaboration between medical sub-specialties. Patients are constantly being moved between different places, which is detrimental for patient experience, overall efficiency and capacity. Instead, we argue that care should be brought to the patient, not vice versa, and thus propose a novel hospital architecture concept that we refer to as Patient Hub. It envisions a truly patient-centered, department-less facility, in which all critical functions occur in the same building and on the same floor.Methods
To demonstrate the feasibility and benefits of our concept, we selected an exemplary patient scenario and used 3D software to simulate resulting workflows for both the Patient Hub and a traditional hospital based on a generic hospital template by Kaiser-Permanente.ResultsAccording to our workflow simulations, the Patient Hub model effectively eliminates waiting and transfer times, drastically simplifies wayfinding, reduces overall traveling distances by 54%, reduces elevator runs by 78% and improves access to quality views from 67 to 100% for patient rooms, from 0 to 100% for exam rooms and from 0 to 38% for corridors. In addition, the interaction of related medical fields is improved while maintaining the quality of care and the relationship between patients and caregivers.Conclusion
With the Patient Hub concept, we aim at rethinking traditional hospital layouts. We were able to demonstrate, alas on a proof-of-concept basis, that it is indeed feasible to place the patient at the very center of operations, while increasing overall efficiency and capacity at the same time and maintaining the quality of care.
... They have used knowledge of escalator failure issue as a methodology for the studies of pedestrian choices (Q. Li et al. 2014), analysis of accidents (Xing et al. 2020), cost and safety performance issues (Zimmerman & Desthpande 1982), energy consumption (Al-sharif 2008;Uimonen 2015) and energy efficiency (De Almeida et al. 2012). ...
The installation of vertical mobility systems (escalators) in high rise building has increased significantly in the recent past. Escalator systems which have been part of the utilities since the early 60s, has impact not only the movement of people and goods, but businesses that needs them to operate. It has lead to the need for continuous monitoring of the systems for failure by operators and reliability engineers. Although several authors have addressed failure related issue in the escalator system in past, literature has shown however, that the research works have not fully addressed issues relating to the root cause of failure in the system. In this paper, a reliability-centered model has been proposed and used for evaluating the root cause of failure issues in the escalator system by prioritizing the failure modes in the system. Results from the evaluation show that the failure mode 'Failure of the drag chain' has the highest risk and reliability concerns, while the 'Handrail fault' has the least risk and reliability concerns. To further check the feasibility and rationality of the model for addressing flexibility related issues that have become a basic characteristic of the modern fuzzy root cause of failure model, a sensitivity analysis has been performed using two quantitative reliability parameters of the escalator system that is ‘the Mean Distance Between Failure and the Failure Rate’.
... The quota of energy used by the elevators was quantified for residential users to calculate the electricity consumed for condominium utilities. In Europe, elevators typically use 3-8% of the overall electricity consumption of a building [39]. This percentage mainly depends on the type of users and on the shape of the building (e.g., the number of floors and number of flats) [40,41]. ...
It is common practice, in the production of photovoltaic energy to only use the south-exposed roof surface of a building, in order to achieve the maximum production of solar energy while lowering the costs of the energy and the solar technologies. However, using the south-exposed surface of a roof only allows a small quota of the energy demand to be covered. Roof surfaces oriented in other directions could also be used to better cover the energy load profile. The aim of this work is to investigate the benefits, in terms of costs, self-sufficiency and self-consumption, of roof integrated photovoltaic technologies on residential buildings with different orientations. A cost-optimal analysis has been carried out taking into account the economic incentives for a collective self-consumer configuration. It has emerged, from this analysis, that the better the orientation is, the higher the energy security and the lower the energy costs and those for the installation of photovoltaic technologies. In general, the use of south-facing and north-facing roof surfaces for solar energy production has both economic and energy benefits. The self-sufficiency index can on average be increased by 8.5% through the use of photovoltaic installations in two directions on gable roofs, and the maximum level that can be achieved was on average 41.8, 41.5 and 35.7% for small, medium and large condominiums, respectively. Therefore, it could be convenient to exploit all the potential orientations of photovoltaic panels in cities to improve energy security and to provide significant economic benefits for the residential users.
... Elevators in high-rise buildings consume significant amounts of energy, estimated at (3 -8) % of the overall consumption of a building, so even marginal improvements of elevator performance can translate into significant energy savings. In recent years, energy efficiency of elevators has attracted more and more attention in the world as many countries are developing policies and programs to control energy use of vertical transportation to enhance energy conservation in buildings [1][2][3][4][5]. Elevator technology is a highly specialized field, with many factors affecting comfort, safety, energy efficiency, and maintenance requirements. ...
Electric passenger elevator is a constant load torque machinery which runs under light loads most time of loading diagram cycle. This will affect the performance of drive system to become inefficient. In this paper to improve the energy efficiency of electric elevator drive system, the optimal closed-loop drive system with load torque (passengers' number) feedback signal is proposed. The Genetic Algorithm and Direct Torque Control are implemented as combined searching tool for optimal variables; flux, stator voltage and stator current under different values of load torque. Stator current is used as optimization criterion. The open-loop and optimal closed-loop drive systems of Pulse-Width Modulated inverter-fed three-phase squirrel cage induction motor are modeled and simulated using Simulink /MATLAB software. The proposed optimal model uses information on torque of the squirrel cage motor to generate the appropriate voltage amplitude that minimizes the induction motor stator current. The simulation results of optimal closed-loop and open-loop drive systems show the improvement of drive system parameters leading to energy saving under light loads operation. The energy saving is about 43%. 1. Introduction The electric elevator is a most common solution for vertical transport of passengers and goods in residential and commercial buildings. Taking into account demographic trends as well as a growing need for convenience, it is expected that the number of elevators will be rising worldwide. Elevators in high-rise buildings consume significant amounts of energy, estimated at (3-8) % of the overall consumption of a building, so even marginal improvements of elevator performance can translate into significant energy savings. In recent years, energy efficiency of elevators has attracted more and more attention in the world as many countries are developing policies and programs to control energy use of vertical transportation to enhance energy conservation in buildings [1-5]. Elevator technology is a highly specialized field, with many factors affecting comfort, safety, energy efficiency, and maintenance requirements. Recently, there has been a steady trend towards the use of frequency-controlled induction motors electric drives in elevators. The use of frequency-controlled electric elevator drive system increases the comfort when moving the cabin, provides quiet and high accuracy of stopping, increases the durability of mechanical equipment, and also reduces power consumption by (40-60) %. Induction motor is a high efficient electric machine when working closed to its rated torque and speed. However, at light loads, no balance in between copper and iron losses, results considerable reduction in the efficiency. To improve induction motor performance, the optimization criteria should be implemented leading to optimal motor parameters. The induction motor optimization criteria are: stator current minimization, total losses minimization, input power minimization, power factor maximization and efficiency maximization [6-11].
... Elevators are very important with high-rising buildings [1]- [3], however, these electrical transport systems can account for a considerable proportion of energy consumption in buildings while the regenerative braking energy obtained by operation modes of elevators at the time of lifting-up with light load and liftingdown with heavy load is burned on the braking resistors, causing wastage and air pollution [1]- [2]. Therefore, improving the energy efficiency of elevator operation has attracted more attention from manufacturers and researchers, most of whom have proposed various energy saving solutions applied in practice [4]- [9]. Priyanka Priyanka Kubade, and S. K. Umathe [10]; A. Rufer, and Philippe Barrade [11] recovered regenerative braking energy by supercapacitors energy storage device and reutilized it when the more energy is required by another elevator motor; M. Shreelakshmi, and Vivek Agarwal [12] combined fuel cell for the ride-through operation with supercapacitor bank for storing the regenerative braking energy; Shili Lin, Wenji Song, Yongzhen Chen, et. ...
Elevators- means of vertical transportation to carry people and goods are an indispensable part in offices, high-rise buildings, hospitals, commercial areas, hotels, car-parks when blooming urbanization develops worldwide. However, the level of energy consumption in elevator operation is significant, so energy saving solutions have been outlined and applied in practice. With frequent braking phases, regenerative braking energy is wasted on braking resistors. Therefore, this paper proposes regenerative braking energy recuperation method for elevator operation in building by active rectifiers enabling the braking energy to be fed back into utility grid. Simulation results conducted by MATLAB with data collected from OCT5B building-RESCO new urban area, Ha noi, Vietnam have verified saving energy of using active rectifiers replacing diode rectifiers up to 33%.
... Accidents may happen by violating safety rules. Accidents regarding cranes (Im & Park, 2020;Mccann, 2003;Raviv, Fishbain, & Shapira, 2017;Shin, 2015;Swuste, 2013;Swuste et al., 2020) or escalators (Almeida, Hirzel, Patrão, Fong, & Dütschke, 2012;Chi, Chang, & Tsou, 2006;Neil, Steele, Huisingh, & Smith, 2008;Xing, Dissanayake, Lu, Long, & Lou, 2019) are vastly discussed. However, there is a limited number of research works regarding elevator accidents. ...
... The stand-by power consumption varies from below 50W to more than 700W, which depends on the control system, lighting, floor display and operating consoles for each floor and inside the lift car. About 60% of wasted energy might be eliminated in an idle elevator [19] [20]. In the morning time, there is a great demand for upward traffic in the office building. ...
Increasing digitization of contemporary business under the Internet era has created the big data phenomenon. Such a phenomenon would present opportunities and challenges for enterprises to compete vigorously under an environment driven by timely management decision that hinges on intelligence to predict potential performance. There are new business models that exploit potentials to improve sustainability performance. Organizations could analyze differential wants and needs of specific customers in big data so as to develop strategies to tackle operational weaknesses and reduce unwise utilization of resources. First, this paper articulates a conceptual framework on second-mover advantages in light of the entrepreneurial opportunities with big data analytics. Such second-mover initiatives using big data analytics could be created by an enterprise seeking second-mover advantages within its organization or by a startup that attempts to unveil opportunities to improve operational performance with disruptive innovation within an industry. Second, we explore potential sustainability performance that can be enhanced with big data analytics for the case of elevator operators that serve the high rises. Energy efficiency can be improved through optimization of activity-based programming for specific needs of the end users. Enhancement of sustainability performance could be achieved with transfer of proven technologies, including the latest development of regenerative converter in the elevator industry.
... However, this does not cover all types of energy demand, and there are gaps-for example, due to a lack of consideration of energy consumption and related GHG emissions for the operation of passengers, freight elevators, and escalators. This can account for 3-8% of the total operational energy consumption [25,26]. On the one hand, energy consumption and GHG emissions are underestimated; on the other hand, there are systematic deviations between the calculation of needs and the measurement of consumption. ...
The concept of (net) zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emission(s) buildings is gaining wide international attention and is considered to be the main pathway for achieving climate neutrality targets in the built environment. However, there is an increasing plethora of differing terms, definitions, and approaches emerging worldwide. To understand the current progress of the ongoing discussion, this study provides an overview of terms, definitions, and key features from a review of 35 building assessment approaches. The investigation identified that 13 voluntary frameworks from 11 countries are particularly characterised by net zero-carbon/GHG emissions performance targets, which are then subject to a more detailed analysis. The review was organised in the context of the project IEA EBC Annex 72 on “Assessing Life Cycle Related Environmental Impacts Caused by Buildings”, which involves researchers from over 25 countries worldwide.
In the current dynamic political surroundings and ongoing scientific debate, only an initial overview of this topic can be presented. However, providing typologies and fostering transparency would be instrumental in delivering clarity, limiting misunderstanding, and avoiding potential greenwashing. To this end, this article categorises the most critical methodological options—i.e., system boundaries for both operational and embodied GHG emissions, the type of GHG emission factor for electricity use, the approach to the “time” aspect, and the possibilities of GHG emission compensation—into a comprehensive framework for clarifying or setting (net) zero GHG emission building definitions in a more systematic way.
The article concludes that although variations in the existing approaches will continue to exist, certain minimum directions should be considered for the future development of harmonised (net) zero GHG emissions building frameworks. As a minimum, it is recommended to extend the usual scope of the operational energy use balance. At the same time, minimum requirements must also be set for embodied GHG emissions even if they are not considered in the carbon/GHG emissions balance.
... The use of non-linear loads with significant energy consumption such as frequency inverters for the drive of elevator motors [37], air conditioning systems with inverter technology [38], LED lamps [39] and UPS [40], among others have also increased in buildings. Due to these aspects, this work is important becauses aims to evaluate the behavior of the quality of energy in an administrative building. ...
This paper proposes the analysis of the effects of power electronics devices on the energy quality of an administrative building. For the study a method is applied that allows the analysis of the main problems of energy quality such as voltage variation, harmonics, flicker, and the effect of harmonics on the power factor. As a case study, the offices of an administrative building were used, where the measurements of the main energy quality parameters were carried out for a week. The results showed the presence of current harmonics and flicker problems due to non-linear loads such as the frequency inverters that drive the motors of the elevators and escalators, as well as the LED lamps. These problems cause systematic damage to the lighting system, UPS and improper correction of the power factor. The study also demonstrates the need to deepen the effects of energy quality not only in the industrial and residential sectors. In addition, attention must be paid to the tertiary sector, specifically to administrative buildings.
... The use of non-linear loads with significant energy consumption such as frequency inverters for the drive of elevator motors [37], air conditioning systems with inverter technology [38], LED lamps [39] and UPS [40], among others have also increased in buildings. Due to these aspects, this work is important becauses aims to evaluate the behavior of the quality of energy in an administrative building. ...
This paper proposes the analysis of the effects of power electronics devices on the energy quality of an administrative building. For the study a method is applied that allows the analysis of the main problems of energy quality such as voltage variation, harmonics, flicker, and the effect of harmonics on the power factor. As a case study, the offices of an administrative building were used, where the measurements of the main energy quality parameters were carried out for a week. The results showed the presence of current harmonics and flicker problems due to non-linear loads such as the frequency inverters that drive the motors of the elevators and escalators, as well as the LED lamps. These problems cause systematic damage to the lighting system, UPS and improper correction of the power factor. The study also demonstrates the need to deepen the effects of energy quality not only in the industrial and residential sectors. In addition, attention must be paid to the tertiary sector, specifically to administrative buildings. 1. INTRODUCTION Currently, the efficient use of energy is closely linked to cleaner production and sustainable development [1]. Among consumers of energy globally, electricity represents 18.8% of fuel consumption [2] and produces 42% of CO2 emissions [3], with a projection of continuous growth in demand [4]. For this reason, special attention should be paid to its efficient use. In recent times, new forms of production and consumption of electricity have been developed, with an increase in the use of electronic devices that have increased the problems of energy quality [5-7]. Among these equipment are static power converters, discharging devices in the form of electric arcs, saturated magnetic devices and uninterruptible power systems (UPS) [8-10]. There are several studies where the negative effects of these equipment on the functioning of the electrical system and its components are analyzed, such as the reduction of the useful life and the increase of the energy losses. In [11] the increase in the harmonics that occurs in an industrial electrical system where PWM inverters predominate is evaluated, and it is demonstrated how the harmonics reach high values that affect the operation of motors, transformers and capacitors. The reduction in the useful life of the induction motors due to the overheating produced by the harmonics generated by the electronic devices is studied in [12-14]. In [15] the increase in copper losses of the motors produced by the PWM inverters is analyzed, while in [16, 17], the discharge of current in the bearings caused by these devices is evaluated.
... In publications (Anand and Mahesh 2016;Goergiev and Mirchevski 2012;Karlis 2014), authors point out the benefits of using the newest solutions. Issues related to energy efficiency of lifting devices were also raised by authors (Al-Sharif 2004;Almeida et al. 2012;Barney 2013;Doolaard 1992;Lorente et al. 2010;Nipkow and Schalcher 2005;Schroeder 1980, 1988, Tukia et al. 2016a. ...
The study outlines a new approach to lift energy efficiency classification based on a heuristic estimator using the energy performance parameters of a lift installation registered over its weekly duty cycle. Due to the fact that evaluations of the energy performance by commonly applied methods involve a number of variables and complex nonlinear dependencies, the expert model is developed using the fuzzy logic approach. The underlying objectives are defined alongside the energy performance and operating parameters of a lift installation during the ride and in the standby mode. The estimator is based on the operational equipment effectiveness for each mode of lift operation and membership functions (model input and output) are defined. The method was verified by measurements taken on a real object. This study summarises the measurement results and lift energy classification data obtained by the new method, the final results are presented in figures illustrating the energy efficiency variations in the running mode and as the average energy efficiency ratings on each day and over the whole week.
... On a larger scale, an energy efficiency monitoring campaign of elevators and escalators evaluated in [15] estimates the total energy consumption of elevators in the EU-27 to be near 20 TWh annually, close to 1% of the total electricity demand in the region. Furthermore, the study assesses the potential savings obtainable by different levels of technological improvements. ...
This paper proposes a bottom-up framework for modeling the aggregated power consumption of a fleet of elevators. The paper has two aims: enhancing the research related to the power efficiency of elevators and providing modeling methods and analytical concepts for load modeling of elevators from the perspective of power systems and urban energy systems. As a case study, the paper simulates the total aggregated power consumption profile of elevators in New York City during a weekday and weekend day. Furthermore, the paper provides methods for expanding the analysis to other regions and cities which lack detailed background data of elevator installations. The results imply that elevators consume more than 1% of the annual electrical energy in the city, while the hourly ratio has more variation, typically between 0.5% and 3% of the total power demand. Additionally, the quantity of elevators required to be modeled or measured from a random set to attain credible predictions of the total aggregated power consumption of the elevator population depends on the applied time resolution.
... For these reasons, they offer an opportunity for energy saving. A number of studies have examined the possible savings in escalators ( [6], [7], [8], [9], [10] and [11]). Similar studies have been carried out on elevator energy consumption ( [12], [13]). ...
Escalators are known to run unloaded for lengthy periods of time. This results in a very poor running power factor. This paper models and evaluates the benefits of controlling a public service escalator using an optimal power factor controller. A MATLAB/Simulink based SimPowerSystems model is used to model the escalator mechanical load, the induction motor, the variable voltage frequency drive and the controller. The mechanical escalator model is based on the parameters of an actual public service escalator. The induction motor model provided by SimPowerSystems is verified against conventional model equations. The induction motor is driven by a variable voltage variable frequency drive. The closed loop controller ensures that the escalator runs at the desired speed by feeding the frequency to the electrical drive system. A lookup table is used to set the optimum value of voltage that achieves the maximum value of the power factor. The methodology for compiling the lookup table is presented using the SimPowerSystems model. In order to quantify the benefits and savings of using the controller, a typical daily 24-hour passenger loading profile for a public service escalator is compiled and used to drive the systems. This provides an estimate in the number of kVArh that are typically saved per day and per year arising from the use of the controller. The results show that the estimated savings in the cost of reactive energy are not sufficient to justify the installation of a variable voltage variable frequency drive. It is only feasible when a variable voltage variable frequency drive is already installed for other reasons (e.g., soft starting; intelligent braking for passenger safety; slow speed running for maintenance; speed reduction during periods of low passenger activity). Nomenclature V TH the Thevenin voltage equivalent of the induction motor model Z TH the Thevenin impedance of the induction motor model Z M the magnetising impedance of the induction motor model X M the magnetising reactance of the induction motor model R 1 the stator resistance of the induction motor model R 2 the rotor resistance of the induction motor model referred to the stator
... Research about the amount of energy consumed in the buildings demonstrates that the energy consumed by the elevators constitute between 5 and 25% of the total energy consumption of the building (1) (2). In operation, lift control systems adapt to changing demands based on their designers' understanding of passenger traffic patterns (3). ...
Elevator is currently a common used electric appliance in most midrise and high rise building, Energy consumption behavior of Elevator is crucial to be investigated in order that the collected data can be a useful guideline for future energy conservation. In this paper, the author investigated a selected elevator in a building in Thailand. The sample is the residential building which have total of 5 elevators which were installed and used as normal service. The sample was categorized based on elevator type and building type. The recorded traffic data was collecting as number of number of calls, percentage of car load and traveling direction. The result ranged by different direction versus percentage of car load throughout 24 hours cycle demonstrated the elevator using behaviors. Therefore the collected data indicated that elevator the load factor which are impacting to the overall energy consumption. This information as guideline is worthy for future energy conservation by using of EERU.
... These types of lifts are now necessary in our country to help people who would otherwise be convicted to imprisonment. Meanwhile, in buildings with a height of over GF + 6 Floors equipped with lifts outdated, it is necessary to replace them with new, energy efficient ones, studies in this regard being made at European level [6]. The stairs are still good for muscle training but also in cases when the lift will not operate. ...
In the present climatic, social and political conditions, the EU energy independence is emerging as a priority. Therefore, it set new levels of thermal protection minimum required and adapting buildings architecturally to achieve a maximum of energy efficiency. In this context and not only, thermal insulation market is shifting towards the use of materials made from renewable resources such as sheep's wool and vegetable waste. Also, it turns out that the national building stock does not meet current comfort levels, current performance levels far exceeding the performance offered by the existing buildings, built during the communist era and the dawn of the '90s. Besides this, there is a change in the population structure, with an increasing number of disabled persons, victims of car accidents or other causes and old, categories of population that cannot easily use the stairs, especially if them are balanced and have not hand current or handrail on both sides. Thus, many people become prisoners, sentenced to can't leave their home for life. Finding solutions to these contemporary issues should concern Romanian architect and engineer.Current paper presents some research directions for the coming years and offer suggestions for adapting civil buildings at modern user requirements.
... In the modern high-rise building, the elevator is a kind of high energy consumption transport equipment. Elevators typically account for about 3 to 8 % of the overall electricity consumption of a building [3]. Elevator energy conservation is also an important factor in building energy saving. ...
... In this case, and according to the International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol [29], savings were determined through simulation of the energy use, because the escalator's variable frequency drive efficiency curve showed a severe energy efficiency loss at reduced speeds. However, taking into account that the feasibility of the suggested approach (energy savings through speed modulation) is already well-documented in the existing literature [32,33] and is rapidly hitting the market [34], a model was calibrated to replicate exactly the measured escalator power and efficiency curves. Consequently, and in accordance with the International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol [29], the energy savings were estimated by simulating the model on the real data recorded by the occupancy network. ...
Several previous research initiatives have highlighted the role of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) as key enablers for decreasing energy usage in buildings. However, few advances have been achieved in underground public spaces. This paper introduces a novel intelligent energy management system for underground stations. The system implements artificial intelligence solutions for autonomous building system control, based on advanced control algorithms that can learn from previous operations and situations. The robustness needed to operate in public spaces is achieved through a seamlessly integrated monitoring grid with self-diagnosis mechanisms. A middleware platform integrates existing devices, subsystems and newly deployed sensor-actuator networks. Results obtained during the implementation of the system in a prototype underground station showed potential yearly energy savings ranging between 74,336 and 87,339 kW h. The highest energy savings potential was found in the ventilation subsystem (30.6% ± 2.0%), followed by the lighting system (24.1% ± 1.9%) and escalators (8.5% ± 1.9%).
... We define the total scheduling price by three sub-prices, including not only common performance criteria, passengers' waiting time, car's crowding (number of people aboard in one elevator), but also energy costs of all elevators. Energy-saving elevator scheduling is a future trend [26], yet only few papers studied energy-saving oriented scheduling methods. ...
Scheduling of Elevator Group Control System (EGCS) is a typical combinatorial optimization problem. Uncertain group scheduling under peak traffic flows has become a research focus and difficulty recently. RO (Robust Optimization) method is a novel and effective way to deal with uncertain scheduling problem. In this paper, a peak scheduling method based on RO model for multi-elevator system is proposed. The method is immune to the uncertainty of peak traffic flows, optimal scheduling is realized without getting exact numbers of each calling floor's waiting passengers. Specifically, energy-saving oriented multi-objective scheduling price is proposed, RO uncertain peak scheduling model is built to minimize the price. Because RO uncertain model could not be solved directly, RO uncertain model is transformed to RO certain model by elevator scheduling robust counterparts. Because solution space of elevator scheduling is enormous, to solve RO certain model in short time, ant colony solving algorithm for elevator scheduling is proposed. Based on the algorithm, optimal scheduling solutions are found quickly, and group elevators are scheduled according to the solutions. Simulation results show the method could improve scheduling performances effectively in peak pattern. Group elevators' efficient operation is realized by the RO scheduling method.
The building sector plays a key role in the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the European Union (EU). The revision of the Energy Performance of Building Directive (EPBD) sets out how Europe can achieve a decarbonised building stock by 2050. This paper offers an overview of the recent policy developments and examines the introduced provisions on new and existing buildings. While nearly zero energy buildings (NZEBs) remains the current building standard since 2011 for new buildings, zero emission buildings (ZEBs) are set as the future building target as of 2030. Accordingly, this paper provides insights into ZEBs, clarifying how and when this concept brought out. In particular, it discusses the key methodological aspects that ZEBs should address, outlining the decisive role of energy efficiency and renewable energy. This paper provides the main features of a pragmatic ZEB definition which should be distinguished from other building concepts. It suggests an approach to ZEBs calculations of grouping energy uses and associated emissions, as well as the steps to derive numerical benchmarks for operational energy. Furthermore, it examines the link with other policies as well as the market readiness for zero carbon buildings. The study points out how ZEBs are a crucial component of the EU strategy towards climate neutrality, able to trigger additional benefits, such as resilience, recyclability, security, and health. Within that framework, the ZEB concept must be promptly transposed, avoiding the downturn that characterized the initial NZEBs implementation. Giving the essential elements to move from a theoretical to an empirical ZEB level, this paper highlights how binding requirements based on a holistic approach are urgently needed in order to tackle GHG emissions in the building sector and move rapidly towards a climate neutral continent.
The present study proposes a new analytical method for traffic analysis of modern elevator systems. The method analyzes probabilistically the complete operation of any configuration of modern directional collective elevator systems, for any combination of building type and architecture and passenger traffic pattern and demand. It presents very low computational cost and it produces results that can be used for a complete evaluation of the service performance and for a further detailed energy consumption analysis of the elevator system being analyzed.
The method is structured in four discrete calculation modules that have been programmatically implemented and cooperate through a numerical iterative procedure that converges providing the final average operation state of the elevator system.
Over many decades, buildings have been recognised as a significant area contributing to the negative impacts on the environment over their lifecycle, accelerating climate change. In return, climate change also impacts on buildings with extreme heatwaves occurring more frequently and raising the earth’s temperature. The operation phase is the most extended period over a building’s lifespan. In this period, office buildings consume most energy and emit the highest amount of greenhouse gas pollution into the environment. Building upgrading to improve energy efficiency seems to be the best way to cut pollution as the existing building stock is massive. The paper presents an economic analysis of energy efficiency upgrade of buildings with a focus of office buildings. The paper identifies upgrading activities that are commonly undertaken to upgrade energy efficiency of office buildings and a case study of three office buildings in Sydney, Australia has been used to analyse the results. The upgrading activities can improve the energy performance of the case study buildings from 3 stars to 5 stars NABERS energy rating in compliance with the mandatory requirement in the Australian government’s energy policy. With the potential increase in energy price, energy efficiency upgrading will become more affordable, but currently, most of them, except solar panels and motion sensors show a negative return and would not be undertaken if they did not also contribute to higher rental income and an increased life span of the building. The upgrading discussed in the paper represent a potentially attractive alternative to demolition and building anew.
Renewable energy source integration in buildings can contribute to achieving sustainable energy use and reducing fossil fuel dependence. However, the intermittent and random nature of these energies, mainly photovoltaic and wind energy, make necessary the development of tools and strategies as forecasting to get a correct balance between demand and generation. In this paper, an energy consumption module based on the SARIMA statistical model is presented. This module is used to forecast the energy consumption of a green-elevator, which integrates photovoltaic and batteries, in different short-term time horizons. Genetic algorithms were used to speed up the optimal SARIMA model parametrization, and the chosen model was applied in a new and independent data set to test its effectiveness. Finally, the results were compared with the ANN technique and the GAM models. The SARIMA approach performed slightly better, and the best results were obtained with the time horizon of 1 h.
As DC faults represent the main obstacle in multi-terminal DC (MTDC) grids, effective protection scheme is proposed for MTDC grid connected within hybrid AC/DC network. This scheme uses fast commutation DC breaker, which is placed on the terminals of each line within MTDC grid, and operates based on local information from the respective converter station. The aim is to provide a selective DC protection scheme that isolates the faulted section and maintain uninterruptable operation in the healthy parts, thus avoid de-energize and energize the entire MTDC grid. Fault analysis is performed under different scenarios. This in turn, serves to validate system capabilities in terms of secure and reliable operation, and study AC-DC fault propagation and influence on overall hybrid AC/DC network dynamic behavior and performance. To this aim, the system model is tested and simulated in real time digital simulator (RTDS).
Modern elevators are complex mechatronic systems which have to satisfy high performance in precision, safety and ride comfort. Each elevator mechatronic system (EMS) contains a mechanical subsystem which is characterized by its resonant frequency. In order to achieve high performance of the whole system, the control part of the EMS inevitably excites resonant circuits causing the occurrence of vibration. This paper proposes a synergistic solution based on the jerk control and the upgrade of the speed controller with a band-stop filter to restore lost ride comfort and speed control caused by vibration. The band-stop filter eliminates the resonant component from the speed controller spectra and jerk control provides operating of the speed controller in a linear mode as well as increased ride comfort. The original method for band-stop filter tuning based on Goertzel algorithm and Kiefer search algorithm is proposed in this paper. In order to generate the speed reference trajectory which can be defined by different shapes and amplitudes of jerk, a unique generalized model is proposed. The proposed algorithm is integrated in the power drive control algorithm and implemented on the digital signal processor. Through experimental verifications on a scale down prototype of the EMS it has been verified that only synergistic effect of controlling jerk and filtrating the reference torque can completely eliminate vibrations.
Achieving net zero emissions by 2050, as envisioned in the Paris Agreement, will require radical changes to urban form and function. Securing the necessary commitments and resources will be easier in the presence of a compelling economic case for mitigation. Focusing on Recife in Brazil, this article evaluates a wide range of low-carbon measures under different discount rates and energy prices. It finds that under less favourable conditions (high discount rates, constant energy prices), the city could reduce its emissions by 15 per cent, relative to business-as-usual (BAU) trends, through investment which would generate returns at market interest rates. Under more favourable conditions (low discount rates, increasing energy prices), the city could reduce emissions by 25 per cent with market-rate returns. That these opportunities have not been exploited indicates that barriers to low-carbon investment, including poor provision of information, transaction costs and capacity deficits may be of greater importance than the scale of direct incentives for raising climate investment. Decision makers therefore need to prioritise the dismantling of these obstacles to low-carbon investment and fostering of norms of environmental citizenship within cities.
In the last decades, it has been recognized that energy consumption in low power modes for electrical and electronic products is an important issue. There is a need to expand energy efficiency efforts beyond simple standby modes into the new more complex area of networks, thus tackling the new paradigm of living based on the Internet of Things. The European project SELINA carried out a large scale in store monitoring campaign, measuring about 6300 different equipment. Since then, there is no reference to other similar market surveillance studies being carried out in Europe. In Asia, a market surveillance campaign performed by the Asia Pacific Partnership with measurements on a regular basis has been very successful. SELINA results show that 18.5% of the measured products present power values higher than the 2010 EC 1275/2008 regulation threshold in off-mode, and for standby this value reached 31%. When a comparison is made with the 2013 EC 1275/2008 regulation threshold, these values increase twice. The Asia Pacific Partnership results alert policy makers that low passive standby does not guarantee low active standby. Several studies indicate that consumer electronic products are becoming more efficient and their energy consumption is decreasing. However, because the ownership of appliances is also increasing, these improvements in energy efficiency do not seem to have significant impact in the overall consumption of the households. In addition, there is evidence that not all appliances in the market reach the performance announced by the manufacturers. Recent measurements carried out by the Natural Resources Defense Council on flat screen TVs revealed that their real energy consumption seems to be higher than announced in the label. This shows the urgent need for measurement campaigns, since no market surveillance is being carried out on regular basis, and trusting the manufacturer’s data seems to be unreliable.
This paper investigates energy efficiency issues in modern lifts, based on the VDI 4707 guidelines, in the context of “KLEEMANN-LESS” research project, funded by national resources and the EU. The above analysis is applied to various lift types manufactured by the Greek multinational company ΚLEEMAN HELLAS. The obtained results indicate the relationship between critical technical parameters, such as the elevator driving system type and the standby energy consumption, according to the aforementioned standard. Furthermore, in the current work, new techniques for energy savings are proposed, employing realistic scenarios, which significantly enhance energy efficiency. Experimental work shows that an energy saving of up to 40% can be achieved. The outputs of the current work are not limited to lift models manufactured by KLEEMAN HELLAS, but concern the majority of lift manufacturers as well.
This paper examines dynamics of escalator energy consumption in different passenger volumes with a simulation model of an existing escalator pair installation. The model segregates the energy consumption into components by operation mode and carried passenger mass. The simulation results emphasize the energy consumption of an intermittent escalator to depend highly on the passenger traffic volume. Changes in volume affect the share of energy consumption components and achievable savings by energy efficient features. In low traffic, equipped energy saving features drastically reduce energy consumption. Findings of this paper are applicable as supportive material in the selection process of escalators to assure cost-efficient and high-energy performance escalator systems.
Passenger traffic has been widely neglected when considering the elevator energy consumption. Earlier, the consumption has been typically estimated in the design phase of the building by a simple energy per square meter approach. Recently, energy efficiency classification schemes for elevators, VDI 4707-1 and ISO 25745-2, have presented computational methods applying reference power measurements from the installation site to determine specific energy usage categories and to provide an estimate of annual consumption. The ratio of standby and running energy demand are based on the building type related to a certain number of starts per day. The usage of the elevator directly derives from the passenger traffic profile. Therefore, this paper highlights the importance of analyzing the passenger flow, car loading in each direction, length of trips, and their impact on the elevator energy consumption. The modeled results of the case building imply that a substantial share of the total electricity consumption is related to other forms than transporting the passengers between floors. The main cause is considered to be the low average loading in contrast to a commonly used heavy counterbalance. Thus, the paper suggests measures to decrease the energy consumption by resizing the counterbalance and compares the results to regenerative solutions. When the counterbalance is sized optimally, the modeled efficiency improvement of the counterbalance resizing nearly equals the regenerative system with approximately 60% total savings in the case office building.
Shanghai is the largest city of elevators in the world with 165000 elevators and escalators. According to latest research, elevators typically account for about 3% to 8% of the overall electricity consumption of a building. Therefore, it is significantly to study the energy efficiency of elevators in Shanghai. However, elevators have received little attention from an efficiency perspective in the past. To recover this gap, this paper analyses classification method on energy efficiency of elevators in Shanghai and suggests policy measures for energy conservation. First, Representative elevators in Shanghai were collected as research objects; second, a new energy efficiency classification method was established on the modification of VDI4707 according to actual situations in China, then, energy consumption of these elevators were measured and classified according to the new method. Finally, the influence factors of elevator energy efficiency were studied, and suggestion on the improvement of the energy efficiency of elevators in Shanghai was given.
This paper presents a novel energy storage and recovery architecture for speed-controlled hydraulic actuation in hydraulic elevators. The study is motivated by a need to increase efficiency in the fluid power industry, in general, and hydraulic elevators, in particular. In contrast to previously employed systems, the proposed architecture eliminates the need for throttling and inefficient energy conversions in electric motor/generators. The system has 6 main components: 1 actuator, 1 hydraulic transformer composed of 2 pump/motors, 2 accumulators, a reservoir or small auxiliary accumulator, and a small auxiliary electric motor to recharge accumulators. By operating in 3 different modes, the system is always able to recapture energy when decreasing actuation speed, and return energy if needed when increasing actuation speed. Assessment of the proposed architecture is accomplished through high-fidelity simulations and a simplified analytical model. The analytical model is derived with the pump/motor displacements as a single input. A heuristic rule-based control is developed to control the high-fidelity simulation through an operation cycle and a comparison to a counterweighted elevator simulation is done to validate energy advantages of the novel system. Preliminary results demonstrate the ability of the system to follow a velocity profile using a single input. Comparison with a conventional counterweighted hydraulic elevator shows a large increase in energy efficiency. It is believed the architecture may have additional applicability to a wide range of hydraulic machines, such as heavy equipment used in construction, manufacturing, forestry, etc.
Qual é a melhor maneira de transformar uma cidade por um caminho energético mais eficiente, com base no desenvolvimento em baixo carbono? Mesmo onde há grande interesse em tal transição, existem grandes obstáculos que podem impedir as cidades de trabalhar em uma agenda a longo prazo. A ausência de uma base empírica confiável e localmente apropriada torna as decisões mais difíceis de serem tomadas.
Este estudo tem como objetivo fornecer tal base para a Cidade do Recife e utilizá-la para examinar se há um benefício econômico que possa ser usado para garantir investimentos de baixo carbono em grande escala na cidade. O objetivo especifico é fornecer listas prioritárias das medidas com melhor custo-beneficio e mais efetivas em termos de emissão de gases de efeito estufa que poderiam ser realmente promovidas através dos setores residenciais, comerciais, de transporte e de resíduos dentro da cidade.
Recife has a population of 1.5 million and an economy worth BRL 35.60 billion (US$16.55 billion). Our research found that the total energy bill for the city was BRL 3.40 billion (US$1.45 billion) - meaning that 8.7% of everything earned in the local economy is spent on energy. With 'business as usual trends' including rapid population growth, projected energy price increases and rising carbon intensity of electricity, we forecast that energy bills will increase by 174.2% and carbon emissions by 79.1% by 2030, relative to 2014 levels. This will mean that 12.1% of everything earned in the local economy will be spent on energy.
Based on an evaluation of the performance and scope for deployment of energy efficiency, renewable energy and low carbon measures across the commercial, residential, transport and waste sectors, we forecast that Recife could cut its energy bills by BRL 1.37 billion (USD 585.25 million) and reduce emissions by 24.3% relative to business as usual levels by exploiting cost-effective measures that would pay for themselves on commercial terms. We calculate that, in this scenario, the city could secure investments worth BRL 7.79 billion (US$3.32 billion) that would pay back in 5.7 years. By re-investing the returns from these investments in low carbon measures, Recife could reduce its energy bills by BRL 1.35 billion (US$575.01 million) and carbon emissions by 31.0% by 2030, relative to 2014 levels, at no net cost to the city.
Our research is conducted in partnership with ICLEI-Local Governments for Sustainability and Recife City Council. It is supported by the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office and the ESRC Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy.
The energy efficiency of elevators has received more and more attention. There are few elevator energy consumption-monitoring devices for evaluating the energy consumption and generating energy-saving measures. To close this gap, this chapter presents the development of an elevator energy consumption-monitoring device, which uses the current transformer and voltage divider networks to sense the electrical signal. The second-order Σ−Δ analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and specific digital signal processor (DSP)-based electrical measurement integrated circuit (IC) is selected to acquire electric parameters. The magnetic-coupled isolators are used to obtain fast digital communication and common mode rejection. Advanced RISC machines (ARM) processing architecture-based electric parameters acquisition, debugging console, power calibration, fast nonvolatile storage, and remote communication are designed. The experiment shows that the accuracy of the device is better than 0.2%, which meets the design requirements; and it works stably and has a high-application value.
Energy-saving group scheduling is a significant challenge for multi-elevator system in building. Among various traffic patterns in building, most energy is consumed under up-peak traffic pattern. To save unnecessary energy consumption and realize optimal scheduling, an energy-saving scheduling optimization method for up-peak pattern is proposed. The optimization objective is minimizing the scheduling energy price of the group system. The up-peak energy price function is defined first, both of picking and traveling energy are considered in it. Based on that, scheduling Robust Optimization model is built to handle elevator scheduling under uncertain up-peak traffic flow. The key point of optimization is a dual energy-saving mechanism. One is adaptive configuration, choosing fewer but enough number's elevator to transport waiting passengers on the lobby floor. Another is optimization selection, choosing which elevators to serve according to minimum energy price after the number of dispatched elevators is decided. In practice, elevators in group system are dispatched by scheduling decision of the optimization to realize system energy-saving operation under up-peak pattern. In simulation, compared with the scheduling performances of other algorithms under different up-peak flows in several buildings, effectiveness of the method proposed is verified.
Energy-saving elevator dispatching has been recognized as a challenging issue in building transportation, and we develop a novel energy-saving dispatching strategy for regenerative group-elevator system. Group-elevator dispatching is a typical combinatorial optimization problem, and three keys of the dispatching optimization are optimization method, objective, and model. The three keys of energy-saving-oriented elevator dispatching are studied in this paper. First, robust optimization method is introduced to handle dispatching optimization under uncertain elevator traffic flows; uncertain flows influence energy-saving dispatching seriously. Second, dispatching energy-objective function for regenerative group-elevator system is derived both schedule energy for four traffic patterns (up-peak, down-peak, up/down-mixed, and night) and return energy for two peak patterns (up-peak and down-peak) are considered. Third, four robust optimization-dispatching models for four traffic patterns are built, and optimization objectives of four models are minimizing the energy-objective function. Moreover, because we cannot solve robust optimization models with uncertain parameters directly, model counterpart transformation is studied. Finally, we solve the four transformed models by Linear Interactive and General Optimizer software and obtain robust optimization-dispatching solutions. In practice, four energy-saving-dispatching robust optimization models are switched according to real-time traffic patterns, and elevators are dispatched based on the dispatching solutions. We reduce elevator system-energy consumption effectively and keep average waiting time of the passengers acceptable under multi-traffic patterns. Simulation results demonstrate the validity of our strategy.
FECMS is an important means to promote safety and energy saving for elevators in use. This paper introduces a kind of intelligent FECMS for elevators, includes a new elevator fault monitoring method based on current feature, the improved recognition algorithm based on template matching to monitor the running status of elevator, the development of the elevator fault and energy consumption monitoring terminal. It realizes intelligent identification of the running status, fault alarm and energy consumption monitoring. Results shown that the system fulfills design requirements of monitoring, works stable, alarm timely and effective.
This report presents the results of the estimation of the electricity consumption of existing elevators and
escalators in Europe and of the savings potential made possible by the use of the best available
technologies in the market today.
The characterization of the installed base according to building type and basic characteristics was made,
as part of Work Package 2, by means of a survey conducted in cooperation with the national member
associations of the European Lift Association (ELA). Detailed data was collected in 19 European
countries.
Typical values for the electricity consumption of elevators are based on the monitoring campaign carried
out during this project (Work Package 3), in a number of selected buildings of the residential, tertiary
and industrial sectors, taking into consideration typical elevator and escalator technologies in use. A
total of 81 equipments have been measured by the project’s partners (ENEA, Fraunhofer‐ISI, KAPE and
ISR‐UC) in the four countries concerned: Italy, Germany, Poland, and Portugal.
With respect to the achieved values of potential savings, it is important to notice that:
• The initial cost of the technologies used, while being an important issue regarding their
application, has been not considered in this report; therefore, no indications are provided
about cost‐effectiveness of using those technologies;
• Maintenance costs such as labour and spare‐parts, have not been included in the calculations,
even if some of the electronic components in inverters (f.e. cooling fans, capacitors, internal
relays) ought to be periodically serviced in order to avoid degradation in inverter’s
performance;
• Some technologies may increase stand‐by consumption while reducing consumption during the
running phase. Therefore, their application should be carefully evaluated on a specific‐case
basis.
Why do organisations 'leave money on the floor' by neglecting highly cost effective measures to improve energy efficiency? This question lies at the heart of policy debates over climate change and is a focus of continuing dispute within energy economics. This book explores the nature, operation and relative importance of different barriers to energy efficiency through a comprehensive examination of energy management practices within a wide range of public and private sector organisations. The authors use concepts from new institutional economics to explain individual and organisational behaviour in relation to energy efficiency, and identify the mechanisms through which such barriers may be overcome. In doing so, they are able to shed new light on the 'barriers debate' and provide a valuable input to the future development of climate policy. Combining a critical evaluation of different theoretical perspectives with detailed case study research, this significant new book analyses how and why organisations waste energy and suggests practical policy measures to help prevent these losses. It will be required reading for professional economists, academics and students with an interest in energy use, environmental policy and organisational economics. It will also be highly relevant for policymakers and consultants working on the important policy issues surrounding energy efficiency and climate change.
In the European Union (EU), variable-speed drives (VSDs) were identified as the motor systems technology having the most significant electricity savings potential. In the EU, the identified economic electricity savings potential with the application of VSDs, by the year 2015, in industrial and tertiary sectors, are 39 and 8 TWh/year, respectively. However, only a small percentage of this potential is being used. In this paper the characterization of the current market of the VSDs is presented, including the average prices, the installation costs, and the total sales in each EU country, per power range. Selected VSD applications are presented. The key barriers to a wider application of VSDs are identified. In particular, the power quality and reliability problems associated with the use of VSDs are presented and possible technical solutions are discussed.
The energy consumed by an escalator can be logically subdivided into two main components. The first component depends on the vertical rise of the escalator and its mechanical and electrical design. This component has been denoted as the fixed power losses. It is the power that is drawn from the supply when the escalator is running unloaded (regardless of the direction of travel). The second component depends on the vertical rise of the escalator and the number of passengers using the escalator per day as well as their walking behaviour. This component has been denoted as the variable power losses for an upward moving escalator (or variable power gains for a downward moving escalator).The formulae used to calculate both components are derived based on power measurements on a large group of escalators in addition to a number of passenger count surveys on a selection of escalators (synchronised to the power measurement data). Further analysis is carried out into the phenomenon of passengers walking on escalators and its effect on the overall energy consumption.
Based on the Little Formula and the classical queuing model of multi-channel M|D|n, the relation of the average queue length, the maximum waiting time and the escalator service intensity were identified and the waiting time simulation model was established. With the passenger delivery data at A railway station in China and the probability distribution model of waiting time, a detailed analysis was made on the escalator allocation, power and energy consumption on holidays, ordinary working days and the largest-passengers-volume days; meanwhile, the fixed and variable energy consumption were compared and studied when the waiting time are 5, 10 and 30s. The result shows that the waiting time settings affect the allocation and the energy consumption of the escalators and the fixed energy consumption takes 70%.
Elevator energy consumption in North American office buildings with central air conditioning systems is generally considered to be about 5% of building electricity use. Although the amount is relatively small for an individual building, the aggregate is large. In general, hydraulic elevators used in relatively low-rise buildings are much less efficient than the traction elevators used in mid- to high-rise buildings. New technologies, including software, promise efficiency gains of about 30-40% within elevator classes. Powell (2004) suggested the potential for several hundred GWh/yr in savings from adopting high efficiency technologies. Interestingly, this is unregulated energy use—that is, it is not covered in building codes based on approaches like ASHARE 90.1, which focus on envelope, HVAC, lighting, and service water heating. In practice, elevator energy use is additional, unpredicted electricity use that shows up on demand and energy portions of utility bills. There are approximately 700,000 elevators in the United States. We estimate fewer than 100,000 new installations and extensive retrofits annually, with major retrofits occurring on a 20- to 30-year cycle. Elevators are generally engineered systems rather than simple manufactured products, tailored to each installation. Adequate energy simulation software packages are only becoming available now, and we have not found efficiency metrics that are both useful and simple. For this reason and the relatively small energy savings potential, we recommend against developing an ENERGY STAR program for elevators. Instead, it may be helpful if, as part of its Commercial Buildings thrust, EPA posted potential energy savings from elevator options on its Web site. This would be something like "best practices" for new installations and recommendations for retrofits (capturing energy benefits when modernizing for other reasons). Acknowledgments
Möglichkeiten, in Krankenhäusern Energie zu sparen, gibt es viele. Der Abschlussbericht »Energieeffiziente Krankenhäuser« des Fraunhofer-Instituts UMSICHT zeigt die größten Einsparpotenziale und wie sie lohnenswert erschlossen werden können. Der Bericht ist kostenfrei online zugänglich. Wo stecken die größten Einsparpotenziale von Krankenhäusern und welche können lohnenswert erschlossen werden? Diesen Fragen ist Fraunhofer UMSICHT in einem Forschungsprojekt nachgegangen und hat die Energienutzung in 20 Krankenhäusern im Detail untersucht. Dazu wurden in den Bereichen Heizung, Trinkwarmwassererzeugung, Lüftung, Kälteversorgung und Aufzüge umfangreiche Lastgangmessungen durchgeführt. Auf der Basis der Messergebnisse wurden Einsparmöglichkeiten aufgezeigt und Best Practice Lösungen entwickelt. Weiterhin wurden die Energieverbrauchswerte mit den charakteristischen Eigenschaften der Krankenhäuser in Verbindung gebracht und in einem Krankenhausvergleich gegenübergestellt. Die Ergebnisse des Projektes liegen in einem umfangreichen Abschlussbericht vor. Damit stehen technischen Abteilungen von Krankenhäusern und planenden Ingenieuren eine Vielzahl an Einsparmaßnahmen und Kennzahlen sowie methodische Ansätze für die tägliche Arbeit zur Verfügung. Der Bericht steht zum kostenfreien Download bereit unter: Link [www.tiny.cc/DzGlY] --------------------------------- Abstract aus dem PDF: In dem von der Deutschen Bundesstiftung Umwelt geförderten Projekt (Az-23472) wurde der Energieverbrauch in 20 Krankenhäusern mit einer Größe von 300 bis 600 Betten untersucht. Es wurden in energierelevanten Verbrauchssektoren detaillierte Energiemengenmessungen durchgeführt und die Betriebsweise der Energieversorungsanlagen analysiert sowie Maßnahmen zur Energieoptimierung aufgezeigt. Anschließend wurden der jährliche Energieverbrauch der untersuchten Verbrauchssektoren ermittelt und die Energieverbrauchskosten berechnet. Es wurde ein Krankenhausvergleich durchgeführt, mit dem der Energieverbrauch der Krankenhäuser in Abhängigkeit von Einflussgrößen verglichen werden kann. Jedes Krankenhaus kann sich so mit der Gesamtheit der Krankenhäuser sowie mit dem besten Krankenhaus der Untersuchung vergleichen. Weiterhin wurden für die Verbrauchssektoren Einsparmaßnahmen erarbeitet und Best-practice-Lösungen entwickelt, die besonders effektiv Einsparungen ermöglichen und in den meisten Krankenhäusern durchgeführt werden können. Die zu erwartenden Kosten und die erzielbaren Einsparungen wurden abgeschätzt. Weiterhin wurden Kennzahlen und einfache Werkzeuge zur überschlägigen Berechnung von Kosten und Einsparungen entwickelt. Aus dem Krankenhausvergleich ergeben sich anhand von statistischen Größen Kennzahlen für Energieverbrauch und Energiekosten der untersuchten Bereiche, die als Vergleichsgrößen genutzt werden können. Die Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, dass in vielen Bereichen der Austausch alter, ineffizienter Anlagen zu einer deutlichen Einsparung führt und wirtschaftlich sinnvoll ist. Doch auch neue Anlagen garantieren keinen optimalen Energieverbrauch, da eine ineffiziente Betriebsweise ebenfalls zu erhöhten Energieverbräuchen führt. Einsparungen durch optimierte Betriebsparameter können jedoch nur erschlossen werden, wenn die entsprechenden Kenngrößen im zeitlichen Verlauf bekannt sind und mit den Anlagenkenndaten in Beziehung gesetzt werden. Mit Hilfe von Lastgangmessungen können ineffiziente Betriebsweisen aufgezeigt werden, so dass mit geringem Aufwand beispielsweise durch Einstellung der Regelung Einsparungen erzielt werden können. Weiterhin konnten mit Hilfe der Messergebnisse Versorgungsengpässe aufgezeigt sowie nicht einwandfrei funktionierende Versorgungsanlagen und Installationen identifiziert werden. Außerdem hat das Projekt gezeigt, dass die Datenlage in den Krankenhäusern für eine Einschätzung und für den Vergleich mit anderen Krankenhäusern nicht ausreichend ist. Nur wenn zum einen die Kenndaten der Energieversorgungsanlagen und zum anderen die Bezugsgrößen der versorgten Bereiche bekannt sind, kann ein Vergleich durchgeführt werden. Da der Energieverbrauch sehr stark von der Raumnutzung abhängig ist, könnten anhand der nach Nutzungsart unterteilten Flächen Referenzverbrauchswerte ermittelt werden, die es ermöglichten eine Energieverbrauchsstruktur zu ermitteln. Aufgrund der fehlenden Daten ist den meisten Krankenhäusern eine solche Flächenzuordnung nicht möglich. Ein weiterer Grund sind die fehlenden personellen Ressourcen, so dass, wenn Daten vorhanden sind, keine Zuordnung durchgeführt werden kann. Weiterhin müssen grundlegende Daten der zu versorgenden Gebäude wie Gebäudealter, Wand-, Fenster-, Dach- und Fundamentflächen ermittelt werden, um eine Abschätzung des Wärme- und Kältebedarfes durchführen zu können. Bisher fast vollständig unbekannt sind die Verbrauchswerte der elektrisch angetriebenen Geräte und Anlagen, die sich u.a. auf den Wärme- und den Kältebedarf auswirken. Derzeit kann allenfalls eine grobe Abschätzung anhand von Literaturwerten durchgeführt werden. Hierzu liegen erste Kenndaten aus der Literatur vor, jedoch besteht noch Bedarf der Validierung und der Bewertung der Übertragbarkeit. Weiterführende Untersuchungen sollten zum Ziel haben, die Datensituation in den Krankenhäusern zu verbessern und eine energetische Auswertung von Raumflächen und Raumnutzung zur Abbildung der Energieverbrauchsstruktur zu automatisieren. Die Untersuchungen müssen auf bisher nicht betrachtete Verbrauchssektoren (Dampf, Licht, medizinische Geräte und Anwendungen) ausgeweitet werden, um den gesamten Energieverbrauch von Krankenhäusern abbilden zu können.
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DIS 25745-1 Energy Performance of Lifts and Escalators – Part
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ISO, ISO/DIS 25745-1 Energy Performance of Lifts and Escalators – Part
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Allgemeinstrom in Wohngebäuden. Dämpfung der Wohn-Nebenkosten durch Innovationen zur Reduktion des Allgemein-stromverbrauchs, Fraunhofer IRB
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K.-D. Clausnitzer, N. Hoffmann, Allgemeinstrom in Wohngebäuden. Dämpfung der Wohn-Nebenkosten durch Innovationen zur Reduktion des Allgemein-stromverbrauchs, Fraunhofer IRB, Stuttgart, 2009.
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K.-D. Clausnitzer, N. Hoffmann, Allgemeinstrom in Wohngebäuden. Dämpfung
der Wohn-Nebenkosten durch Innovationen zur Reduktion des Allgemeinstromverbrauchs, Fraunhofer IRB, Stuttgart, 2009.
Tightening or Simplification of the Framework Directive 92/75 EEC on Energy Labelling of Household Appliances
Europe Economics and Fraunhofer-ISI with BSR Sustainability and FfE, Impact
Assessment Study on a Possible Extension, Tightening or Simplification of the
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VDI, VDI 4707 Part 1: Lifts. Energy Efficiency, VDI-Guideline, 2009.
Rotating Electrical Machines: Efficiency Classes of Single-speed, Three-phase, Cage-induction Motors
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Three-phase, Cage-induction Motors, IEC Standard, 2008.
DIS 25745-1 Energy Performance of Lifts and Escalators -Part 1: Energy Measurement and Conformance, Draft International Standard
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1: Energy Measurement and Conformance, Draft International Standard,
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Europe Economics and Fraunhofer-ISI with BSR Sustainability and FfE, Impact Assessment Study on a Possible Extension, Tightening or Simplification of the Framework Directive 92/75
Europe Economics and Fraunhofer-ISI with BSR Sustainability and FfE, Impact
Assessment Study on a Possible Extension, Tightening or Simplification of the
Framework Directive 92/75 EEC on Energy Labelling of Household Appliances
-Appendix 2, Report, 2007.