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Study of the chemical composition, antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory activity of essential oil from Vetiveria zizanioides

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Abstract

Vetiveria zizanioides (vetiver grass) is well known as an eco-friendly plant that prevents soil erosion and rehabilitates metalliferous polluted land. V. zizanioides is also the major source of vetiver oil for medicine and perfumery. Our study identified 25 compounds in V. zizanioides essential oil (VZ-EO). The major components were cedr-8-en-13-ol (12.4%), α-amorphene (7.80%), β-vatirenene (5.94%) and α-gurjunene (5.91%). VZ-EO may suppress the inflammatory responses of LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, including nitric oxide production and cell apoptosis, by regulating the expression of the inflammation-related enzymes heme oxygenase-1, inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 (inducible cyclooxygenase) and the inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β and interferon-β. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory activity of VZ-EO correlated with its antioxidant activity of decreasing LPS-induced superoxide anion production and malondialdehyde levels.

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... Its origin is India, and it grows wildly in most parts of the world, from tropical to Mediterranean climates, including regions in Asia, Central and South America, Oceania, and Africa [8][9][10] . It is grown for its exceptional ability to create an EO, a complex blend of sesquiterpene alcohols and hydrocarbons [11,12] . Due to its distinctive aroma, which is not produced by any synthetic chemical, vetiver oil is also known as the "oil of tranquility" [11][12][13][14] . ...
... It is grown for its exceptional ability to create an EO, a complex blend of sesquiterpene alcohols and hydrocarbons [11,12] . Due to its distinctive aroma, which is not produced by any synthetic chemical, vetiver oil is also known as the "oil of tranquility" [11][12][13][14] . The largest producers of vetiver EO in the international market are Indonesia, Haiti, Brazil, China, India and Guatemala [15][16][17]10] . ...
... The most crucial ingredients were alcohols and acids. The 25 [11] 2 Turkey 8,9-dehydro-cycloisolongifolene, cadina-1(10),4-diene, ar-curcumene, γ-cadinene, β-vetivenene, γ-gurjunene, ledene oxide, η-himachalene, valencene, C 15 H 22 O, γ-muurolene, β-guaiene, allaromadendrene oxide, δ-cadinol, junipene, tau-muurolol, trans-caryophyllene, cubenol, caryophyllene oxide, khusinol, 8-cedren-13-ol, C 13 H 18 O, β-gurjunene, thujopsene-13, dehydroaromadendrene, β-vetivone, α-vetivone. [26] α-phellandrene, (E)-isoeugenol, khusimene, ar-curcumene, α-amorphene, valencene, γ-vetivenene, elemol, β-vetivenene, β-calacorene, spathulenol, trans-sesquisabinene hydrate, khusimone, 1,10-epi-cubenol, 10-epi-γ-eudesmol, 1-epi-cubenol, epi-α-cadinol, α -cadinol, 7-epi-α-eudesmol, valerianol, epizizanone, khusinol, khusian-2-ol, zizanal, (Z)-β-santalol, nootkatol, juniper camphor, vetiselinenol, khusimol, (E)-β-santalol, 14-hydroxy-γ-cadinene, 13-hydroxy valencene, bicyclo-vetivenol, isovalencenol, nootaktone, β-vetivone, khusinol acetate, (Z)-β-santalol acetate, α-vetivone, epi-laurenene. ...
... Thus, while kushimol is one of the major compounds of CZR-EO from Brazil, China, India, Java, Madagascar, Mexico, Reunion Island (France), India and Sri Lanka, it is not for CZR-EO from Turkey, Taiwan or Bangladesh [10,11]. In the particular case of CZR-EO from Taiwan informed by Chou et al., the main compounds found (Cedr-8-en-13-ol, α-amorphene, β-vatirenene and αgurjunene) have not usually been reported in previous studies from other geographical regions [12]. The complexity of the chemical composition of CZR-EO is responsible for several biological activities, and in the case of antimicrobial activity is no different. ...
... In agreement with the present study, previous studies have revealed Cedr-8-en-13-ol as the major compound of CZ-EO [12,28]. The similarity of the chemical profile could be explained by the geographical origin (southeast Asia) of oils used in the different studies (Indonesia for the present study and Taiwan in the studies above). ...
... Nowadays, there are no studies concerning the antimicrobial activity of Cedr-8-en-13-ol as an individual molecule, though its efficacy as an insecticide has been previously tested [30]. However, there are some investigations of antimicrobial activity of essential oils from other plants different to CZ that contain Cedr-8-en-13-ol [31] and reports of GC-MS analysis of CZR-EO where this molecule is present but the antimicrobial activity was not determined [12,28]. Our study is the first to link the antibacterial activity of CZR-EO with Cedr-8-en-13-ol. ...
Article
Aim: To determine the group of compounds from Chrysopogon zizaniodes root essential oil that have antimicrobial activity. Materials & methods: Thin-layer chromatography coupled to direct bioautography was used to determinate the fraction(s) having antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis (VREF). Through GC-MS identification, the fractions with the greatest similarity to the active thin-layer chromatography fraction were used to determinate the MIC. Results: The subfraction 8 from column chromatography was responsible for the best MIC for MRSA (62.5 μg/ml) and VREF (125 μg/ml). Five compounds possibly responsible for antimicrobial activity were preliminary identified. Conclusion: We suggest that Cedr-8-en-13-ol, could be the more relevant compound involved in the antimicrobial activity in this study.
... Pour l'huile essentielle de géranium, 67 composés (98,74 % de la composition totale) ont été identifiés contre 45 (94,2 % de la composition totale) ou 59 (92,3 % de la composition totale) composés avec l'analyse classique par GC-MS (Boukhatem et al., 2013b ;Ćavar and Maksimović, 2012) (Tableau 13). Pour l'huile essentielle de vétiver, 53 constituants (78,60 % de la composition totale) ont été identifiés contre 25 composés en GC-MS pour une huile essentielle de Taïwan (Chou et al., 2012) ou 29 composés en GC-FID pour une huile essentielle extraite des cultures en Inde (Chahal et al., 2015). Des données cumulées de spectroscopie de RMN établissent un mélange de 155 constituants avec une forte proportion de sesquiterpènes (Weyerstahl et al., 2000) (Tableau 14). ...
... Nom % GC-MS I (Chou et al., 2012) GC-MS II (Mallavarapu et al., 2012) GC-MS III (Mallavarapu et al., 2012) Total identifié % 78,60 a Indices de rétention de Kovats calculés grâce aux n-alcanes C7-C30 sur une colonne non polaire Elite-5 b Indices de rétention de Kovats sur colonne non polaire DB-5 d'après la littérature (Adams, 2004) I Huile essentielle de Taïwan (Chou et al., 2012) II Huile essentielle du nord de l'Inde (Mallavarapu et al., 2012) III Huile essentielle du sud de l'Inde (Mallavarapu et al., 2012) III -Tolérance cellulaire des huiles essentielles En tant que produits naturels, les huiles essentielles sont parfois considérées à tort comme inoffensives, en particulier lors d'une application cutanée. L'amélioration de la durée de protection de ces répulsifs cutanés naturels s'accompagne de l'utilisation de concentrations de plus en plus élevées de ces huiles (Fradin and Day, 2002). ...
... Nom % GC-MS I (Chou et al., 2012) GC-MS II (Mallavarapu et al., 2012) GC-MS III (Mallavarapu et al., 2012) Total identifié % 78,60 a Indices de rétention de Kovats calculés grâce aux n-alcanes C7-C30 sur une colonne non polaire Elite-5 b Indices de rétention de Kovats sur colonne non polaire DB-5 d'après la littérature (Adams, 2004) I Huile essentielle de Taïwan (Chou et al., 2012) II Huile essentielle du nord de l'Inde (Mallavarapu et al., 2012) III Huile essentielle du sud de l'Inde (Mallavarapu et al., 2012) III -Tolérance cellulaire des huiles essentielles En tant que produits naturels, les huiles essentielles sont parfois considérées à tort comme inoffensives, en particulier lors d'une application cutanée. L'amélioration de la durée de protection de ces répulsifs cutanés naturels s'accompagne de l'utilisation de concentrations de plus en plus élevées de ces huiles (Fradin and Day, 2002). ...
Thesis
Les huiles essentielles de citronnelle (Cymbopogon citratus), de géranium (Pelargonium graveolens) et de vétiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) sont utilisées partout dans le monde pour leur activité répulsive contre les principaux vecteurs (moustiques, tiques) de maladies infectieuses chez l'Homme (paludisme, chikungunya, …). L'application cutanée de ces produits naturels pour éviter le contact avec un vecteur n'avait pas été encore envisagée comme moyen de limiter les premiers stades de l’infection par l'agent pathogène transmis par le vecteur. Pour vérifier cette hypothèse, les travaux ont été consacrés à la mise en place d'un cadre structuré pour la réévaluation chimique et biologique des trois huiles essentielles sur le modèle du virus du Ross River (alphavirus) de la même famille que le virus du Chikungunya. La caractérisation chimique des huiles essentielles avec une technique de haute résolution (GC×GC/TOF-MS) a permis d'établir leur profil chémotypique précis. L'utilisation de marqueurs spécifiques (clones moléculaires du virus) a permis d'établir l'inhibition de la réplication virale en fonction des conditions d'application des huiles essentielles de géranium et citronnelle. Ces résultats suggèrent l'intérêt d’une huile essentielle répulsive dans les premiers stades d'une infection par un vecteur. À ce titre, l'étude comparative établit la haute valeur ajoutée de l'huile essentielle de géranium et oriente la recherche de nouveaux anti-infectieux naturels vers des complexes riches en monoterpènes.
... Premjanu et al malondialdehyde(MDA)levels (39).In another study by Mohammad et al the ethanol and U. dioica, combination, were denaturation effects using an albumin denaturation assay. The concentrationdependent inhibition of protein (albumin) denaturation by these extracts (40), which were similar to our findings. ...
... . A study conducted by Su-Tze Chou et al on the essential oil of exhibited antiinflammatory properties by modulating the related enzymes 2) and cytokines β) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Additionally, VZ-EO's antioxidant activity contributes to its inflammatory effects, as it reduces LPS-MDA)levels(39).In another study by Mohammad et al the ethanol extracts of H. procumbens and both individually and in combination, assessed for their anti-denaturation effects using an albumin denaturation assay. The results ...
Article
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Biofilm infections, shielded from antibiotics and immune defences, pose a major health threat. Plants offer potential solutions due to their diverse bioactive compounds. This study investigated the root extract of Vetiveria zizanioides for its composition and tested for its ability to inhibit biofilms, fight bacteria and fungi, reduce inflammation, and combat oxidative stress in pathogens. The anti-biofilm properties were assessed using test tube method and a crystal violet assay. Phytochemical composition was analysed via Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). Antimicrobial activity was tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia and Candida albicans using both agar well plate and micro broth dilution methods. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects were determined by DPPH and protein denaturation assays, respectively. The ethanolic extract contained 17 identified compounds, primarily sesquiterpenes and fatty acids. Major compounds were identified as 17-hydroxy-3,20-dioxopregna-1,4,ol, z,z- 8,10-hexadecadien-1-ol, formic acid, campesterol, cedren-13-ol, It inhibited biofilm formation in various pathogens, with the strongest effect against Staphylococcus aureus (75%) and the weakest against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (25%). The extract also displayed antimicrobial activity against all tested bacteria and fungi, with the best activity against Staphylococcus aureus (23mm inhibition zone). Additionally, it exhibited dose-dependent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These findings suggest Vetiveria zizanioides extract has significant potential for combating biofilmrelated infections. Future research should focus on isolating and purifying active compounds, assessing their safety and longterm effects, and exploring their potential as therapeutic agents.
... Other than that, fragrant roots are used in folklore medicines, water purification and soil conservation. Medicinally, roots have cooling properties used in aromatherapy, release stress, and treatment of rheumatism, paralysis, arthritis, and gouty joints [9,[11][12]. Roots stimulate digestion, act as carminative and strong antioxidants, and are used in fabric conditioners, air and water cooling, and room fresheners [4]. ...
... Roots stimulate digestion, act as carminative and strong antioxidants, and are used in fabric conditioners, air and water cooling, and room fresheners [4]. Various handicrafts are made from vetiver roots, leaves, and inflorescence, such as doormats, curtains, baskets, hats, hand fans, brooms, and leaves have fodder value, used for thatching, bedding, mulching and as fuel [1,[11][12]. ...
Article
Khus grass or vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty) is a hardy perennial aromatic grass with long enormous tufted fibrous root system. Commercially, dry roots are used for extraction of essential oil that acts as a fixative in perfumery industry worldwide. Besides, vetiver roots are used in medicinal and pharmaceutical industries to treat rheumatism, arthritis, gouty joints, paralysis and indigestion. Roots and root oil have strong anti-oxidant, stimulant, carminative and cooling properties and used in Ayurvedic medicines. Traditionally, vetiver plants are being used to cultivate across hill slopes, waterways and wastelands to reduce runoff and soil conservation. During 1990’s World bank was promoting use of vetiver grass as contour vegetative barrier in upland farming systems of Asian and African countries. Further, recent studies report the use of vetiver in phytoremediation, reclamation of mined lands and soil and water detoxification in addition to carbon sequestration. Due to introduction of modern cultivation practices, traditional soil conservation practices are being vanished gradually over a period of time. In this regard, an attempt has been made to review the scientific evidence for use of vetiver grass as a soil and water conservation measure along with phytoremediation.
... The potential correlation between the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of vetiver oil has been further specified in a study by Chou and the coworkers through decreasing lipopolysaccharideinduced superoxide anion production and malondialdehyde levels (Chou et al., 2012). Apart from its dietary uses, V. zizanioides is a main ingredient of "Rath pith kethakee oil," "Maha narayana kalkaya," "Saraswathee churnaya" etc. used in Sri Lankan traditional medicine (Pharmacopoeia, 1985). ...
... The nephroprotective activity of V.zizanioides might be via reduction of the oxidative stress due to the presence of antioxidative secondary metabolites, particularly α-vetivone, nootkatone, and isolongifolene. Additionally, the antiinflammatory potential of the plant as stated in the recent literature might account for the nephroprotective effects of the plant via suppression of the inflammatory response induced by doxorubicin(Chou et al., 2012;Heravi et al., 2018;Rahul et al., 2013). The antiinflammatory potential of nootkatone, might play a significant role in attenuating cellular inflammatory cascades resulted from doxorubicin(Nemmar et al., 2018). ...
Article
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The nephroprotective effect of standardized aqueous root extract of Vetiveria ziza�nioides (L.) Nash (Family: Poaceae) was investigated in doxorubicin-induced (20 mg/ kg, ip) experimental nephrotoxicity model of Wistar rats. The freeze-dried aqueous refluxed (4 hr) root extract of V. zizanioides (25, 50; equivalent human therapeutic dose and 100 mg/kg) was administered separately to nephrotoxic Wistar rats (n = 6/ group). Supplement of V. zizanioides resulted a dose-dependent reduction in raised serum creatinine, β2-microglobulin, and blood urea nitrogen and a subsequent in�crease in serum total protein and albumin in nephrotoxic rats (p < .05). An attenua�tion of the doxorubicin-induced features of renal parenchymal injury was observed on H- and E-stained sections of the kidney tissues. Nootkatone, dehydroaromaden�drene, isokhusenic acid, α-vetivone, and isolongifolene were identified in the metha�nol extract of V. zizanioides based on the GC-MS chromatogram analysis. The findings revealed that the supplement of standardized aqueous root extract of V. zizanioides had a significant dose-dependent nephroprotective activity against doxorubicin�induced experimental nephrotoxicity. Practical applications Vetiveria zizanioides is a medicinal plant with a variety of therapeutic applications in kidney-related diseases. Apparently, it is used as a food ingredient due to its fresh and elegant scent and potential bioactivities. The aqueous root extract of V. ziza�nioides exerted relatively high antioxidant potential in vitro, substantiating the health effects of the plant pertaining to kidney diseases as a potential source of dietary antioxidant. The administration of the plant extract resulted in significant nephro�protection against doxorubicin-induced experimental nephrotoxicity revealing the significance of V. zizanioides as a promising dietary supplement in the management of kidney disease
... Roberty, has been used to prevent soil erosion and rehabilitate lands contaminated with heavy metals because of its extremely ever-lengthening roots and its tolerance to elevated metal levels [4]. In addition, CEO is commonly used in foods, perfumery, and medicine [5,6] for the treatments of ulcers, fever, headache, inflammation, gastritis due to functional ingredients and fragrance[5, 6,7]. ...
... This plant taxon has been naturally grown in India and extensively cultivated in the tropical regions of the World [7]. Many researchers have studied chemical compositions and bioactivities of CEO, which has already been used by local people for different purposes for hundreds of years in different regions [3,4]. Vetiver grass was brought to Turkey from Nepal in 1998 and cultivated for the first time in Çoruh Basin (Artvin province) and then in Maçka (Trabzon province) to prevent severe erosion of the region [8]. ...
Article
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The essential oils (EOs) constituents have trade importance due to their bioactivities. In this research, the essential oil of the roots of Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty cultivated in Giresun was obtained by hydrodistillation. Then, the chemical composition and biological activities of Chrysopogon zizanioides root essential oil (CEO) were studied. Thirty compounds were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the major compounds were determined as isobutyl-angelate (11.15%), α-muurolene (10.56%), angelate isobutyl (9.46%), and α-cedrene (8.42%). The antimicrobial effect of CEO was investigated against pathogenic bacteria and fungus. Minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) was determined 31.25 μg/mL against C. albicans and between 62.5-125 μg/mL against the rest of the microorganisms. According to the antioxidant assays, the total phenolic content of CEO was found to be 13.70±2.10 µg/mL gallic acid equivalent (GAE) and 24.67±3.79 µg/mL catechin equivalent (CE). Ferric reducing power (FRAP) of CEO was found to be 356.44±2.34 μM Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC). 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) was determined as IC50 to be 7.124±0.076 μg/mL. According to the obtained results, CEO has significant antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. This study is the first report determining the chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of essential oil obtained from vetiver grown in the Black Sea Region of Turkey.
... The compound (cedr-8-en-13-ol) also depicted some insecticidal activity against mosquitoes (Adams et al. 1988). Chou et al. (2012) also reported the antioxidant and antiinflammatory activity of C. zizanioides essential oil via different assays. The employed assays were superoxide, MDA (malondialdehyde) production, and SOD (superoxide dismutase) assay (Chou et al. 2012) [88]. ...
... It decreases the level of nitric oxide production at 7.5, 10 and 12.5 μg/ml, signifying a positive indication for reduced inflammation without showing any sign of toxicity. It also demonstrated a protective effect by increasing LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages quantity via an increased level of Heme oxygenase-1), mRNA (messenger Ribonucleic acid) expression (Chou et al. 2012), and reducing the NO (nitric oxide) release from LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages via inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2, mRNA, and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) levels in a dose-dependent manner (around 26.5% at 12.5 g/ml concentration) (Kim et al. 2008). The inhibition of iNOS is directly linked with the biochemical alteration of the apoptosis process, consequently resulting in the suppression of apoptosis (Brüne et al. 1998). ...
Article
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Vetiver is a traditional plant with versatile applications in medicine, aroma, commerce, environmental-protection, and agriculture. This review was designed to compile all the latest information on phytochemistry, pharmacology, and traditional uses of C. zizanioides. All the information related to this plant was gathered from several authentic sites, using keywords like Chrysopogon zizanioides, Vetiveria zizanioides, Khus, and Khas-Khas. The included resources were journaled articles, book chapters, books, Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeias, and Ayurvedic Formulary of India, from science direct, PubMed, research gate etc. All the necessary, relevant, authentic, and updated information were tried to inculcate in the manuscript. The literature was collected via online sites like Pub med, Scopus, and Science direct as well. During compilation, it observed that many traditional utilities of vetiver got their authentication when tested using different disease-based pharmacological models taking various extracts of roots, leaves, and root oil as test samples. However, systematic studies for isolation of active constituents and establishing their mechanism of action are still required to be validated. On the other hand, the development of novel and robust techniques needed for oil extraction can further enhance the exploration of biological utilities faster. Moreover, the cultivators and harvesters must address carefully to prevent the linked drawback of soil erosion.
... The commercial oil from Taiwan with 25 identified compounds was similar in its complexity and main constituents with cedr-8-en-13-ol (12.4%), and α-amorphene (7.8%). Other dominating ingredients were βvatirenene (5.9%) and α -gurjunene (5.9%) [126]. Similarly, cedr-8-en-13-ol (12.7%) and βvatirenene (7.3%) were identified as the main constituents among 37 identified components from Indonesian commercial vetiver EO [108]. ...
... Apart from this anti-oxidative properties, vetiver EO has also been found to exert anti-inflammatory activity on LPS-stimulated murine macrophage cells-including NO production and cell apoptosis-by modulating the expression of inflammatory-related enzymes (HO-1, iNOS, and COX-2) and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IFN-β). It could be shown that the anti-inflammatory activity of vetiver EO related to its antioxidant ability of decreasing LPS-induced superoxide anion production and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels [126]. ...
Article
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Since ancient times, plant roots have been widely used in traditional medicine for treating various ailments and diseases due to their beneficial effects. A large number of studies have demonstrated that—besides their aromatic properties—their biological activity can often be attributed to volatile constituents. This review provides a comprehensive overview of investigations into the chemical composition of essential oils and volatile components obtained from selected aromatic roots, including Angelica archangelica, Armoracia rusticana, Carlina sp., Chrysopogon zizanioides, Coleus forskohlii, Inula helenium, Sassafras albidum, Saussurea costus, and Valeriana officinalis. Additionally, their most important associated biological impacts are reported, such as anticarcinogenic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, pesticidal, and other miscellaneous properties. Various literature and electronic databases—including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Springer, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Wiley—were screened and data was obtained accordingly. The results indicate the promising properties of root-essential oils and their potential as a source for natural biologically active products for flavor, pharmaceutical, agricultural, and fragrance industries. However, more research is required to further establish the mechanism of action mediating these bioactivities as well as essential oil standardization because the chemical composition often strongly varies depending on external factors.
... Also, the vetiver plants has been cultivated for many industrial applications, including the production of a commercially and medically valued essential oil called vetiver oil, which can be distilled from the roots. The essential oil has potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antifungal activities (Chou et al., 2012;Kim et al., 2005;Luqman et al., 2005) [18,37,41] . Moreover, the oil has commonly been used as a functional ingredient and fragrance in foods, aromatic products, and cosmetics. ...
... Also, the vetiver plants has been cultivated for many industrial applications, including the production of a commercially and medically valued essential oil called vetiver oil, which can be distilled from the roots. The essential oil has potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antifungal activities (Chou et al., 2012;Kim et al., 2005;Luqman et al., 2005) [18,37,41] . Moreover, the oil has commonly been used as a functional ingredient and fragrance in foods, aromatic products, and cosmetics. ...
Article
Full-text available
Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) is one of the promising plants as raw materials in perfumery industry but it has not been widely introduced in Egypt. Where irrigation and plant population density are important factors in plant growth, a field experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm of South El-Tahrir, El-Behira governorate, Horticulture Research Institute during the two successive seasons of 2017 and 2018 to establish optimal irrigation rate and plant population densities for vetiver in sandy soils under drip irrigation system using split plot design with three replications. The treatments of three irrigation rates were I1= 1.2, I2= 1.0, and I3= 0.80 of evapotranspiration (ETo), and three plant population densities (D1= 25,000, D2= 38,000 and D3= 50,000 plants /fed), where irrigation treatments were assigned in the main plot and densities were assigned in the split plot. Results indicated that vetiver yield, yield components, and water use efficiency (WUE) increased with I2 and increasing plant population densities. Significant interaction effects between irrigation rate and plant population density were detected in both seasons for yield components, and WUE. The highest growth vegetative and yield parameters, plant height, number of tillers/plant, root length, fresh and dry weight/ plant and /fed. and WUE were obtained from plants irrigated with I1, while the highest values from root length and oil percentage were found in I2. The maximum proline value was obtained under I3. On the other hand, plant density at D2 resulted the highest value from number of tillers/plant, root length, fresh and dry weights per plant and oil percentage. High density at D3 gave the highest root length. While the highest value of proline came from D1 in both seasons.
... Also, the vetiver plants has been cultivated for many industrial applications, including the production of a commercially and medically valued essential oil called vetiver oil, which can be distilled from the roots. The essential oil has potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antifungal activities (Chou et al., 2012;Kim et al., 2005;Luqman et al., 2005) [18,37,41] . Moreover, the oil has commonly been used as a functional ingredient and fragrance in foods, aromatic products, and cosmetics. ...
... Also, the vetiver plants has been cultivated for many industrial applications, including the production of a commercially and medically valued essential oil called vetiver oil, which can be distilled from the roots. The essential oil has potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antifungal activities (Chou et al., 2012;Kim et al., 2005;Luqman et al., 2005) [18,37,41] . Moreover, the oil has commonly been used as a functional ingredient and fragrance in foods, aromatic products, and cosmetics. ...
Article
Full-text available
Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) is one of the promising plants as raw materials in perfumery industry but it has not been widely introduced in Egypt. Where irrigation and plant population density are important factors in plant growth, a field experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm of South El-Tahrir, El-Behira governorate, Horticulture Research Institute during the two successive seasons of 2017 and 2018 to establish optimal irrigation rate and plant population densities for vetiver in sandy soils under drip irrigation system using split plot design with three replications. The treatments of three irrigation rates were I1= 1.2, I2= 1.0, and I3= 0.80 of evapotranspiration (ETo), and three plant population densities (D1= 25,000, D2= 38,000 and D3= 50,000 plants /fed), where irrigation treatments were assigned in the main plot and densities were assigned in the split plot. Results indicated that vetiver yield, yield components, and water use efficiency (WUE) increased with I2 and increasing plant population densities. Significant interaction effects between irrigation rate and plant population density were detected in both seasons for yield components, and WUE. The highest growth vegetative and yield parameters, plant height, number of tillers/plant, root length, fresh and dry weight/ plant and /fed. and WUE were obtained from plants irrigated with I1, while the highest values from root length and oil percentage were found in I2. The maximum proline value was obtained under I3. On the other hand, plant density at D2 resulted the highest value from number of tillers/plant, root length, fresh and dry weights per plant and oil percentage. High density at D3 gave the highest root length. While the highest value of proline came from D1 in both seasons.
... 19 Further research has focused on its medicinal properties and has reported antioxidant, 20 antimicrobial, 21 and anti-inflammatory activity. 22 Together with αand β-vetivone, khusimol is one of its main constituents and its industrial extraction is performed by steam distillation from dried roots. 23 Despite its importance, there are few studies concerning the biosynthesis of khusimol, which is most relevant to the development of a biotechnological process. ...
... Regarding (2Z,6E)-FDP, the proposed mechanism leads directly to (2Z,6E)-farnesyl cation (22), after ionization of PP i (Scheme 1b). One path leads to (E)-β-farnesene (23) (5.51% abundance) and most of the flux leads to nerolidyl cation (24) and further 6,1 ring closure to bisabolyl cation (25). ...
Article
Zizaene synthase (ZS) from Chrysopogon zizanioides (Poaceae) is the critical enzyme in the biosynthesis of the fragrant sesquiterpene khusimol, a major component of the vetiver essential oil used widely by the cosmetic industry. As reported previously, we heterologously and successfully expressed the active ZS with a small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) fusion domain. In this study, we report the optimization of reaction conditions and determination of enzyme kinetics of ZS. Moreover, we investigate the catalytic specificity and reaction mechanisms with the ubiquitous (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate (FDP) and with C 10 and C 15 prenyl diphosphate isomers. Catalytic promiscuity occurs with monoterpene substrates generating eight products that comprise acyclic, cyclic, and hydroxylated monoterpenes. In contrast, ZS is a high-fidelity terpene cyclase when used with C 15 isomer substrates, yielding as major products (Z)-β-farnesene (100%) for (2E,6Z)-FDP and (+)-zizaene (81.7%), β-acoradiene (12.8%), and (E)-β-farnesene (5.5%) for (2Z,6E)-FDP. Cyclization of the ubiquitous substrate (2E,6E)-FDP demonstrates a higher catalytic specificity, whereas the reaction proceeds via the acorenyl cation that generates (+)-zizaene (91.5%) and β-acoradiene (8.5%). Furthermore, catalytic specificity with (2E,6E)-FDP was stable in reactions tested at distinct pH and temperatures, suggesting a stable and efficient closed conformation of the active site during catalysis. To understand such stability, open and closed structural conformations of ZS were modeled in silico and revealed putative residues in the active site and in the A-C and J-K surrounding loops, which could explain the high fidelity of ZS.
... MCP-1 plays an important role in inducing macrophage infiltration to the site of inflammation, thus, leading to amplification of the inflammatory response [47]. In line with our findings, inhibitory effects of some essential oils, including those from thyme (Thymus vulgaris), oregano (Origanum vulgare), artemisia (Artemisia fukudo), and vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides), have been reported to influence the production of the pro-inflammatory mediators, NO, prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ), IL-1β, and IL-6, which was found to be mainly regulated at the transcriptional level [14,[48][49][50]. Collectively, our results demonstrate, for the first time, that essential oils from chinotto possess anti-inflammatory properties similarly to other valuable Citrus fruits [12,13,[51][52][53][54]. ...
... Remarkably, we found that CEO2 showed high radical scavenging activity in both assays, indicating that CEO2 can act against both DPPH• and ABTS• + . In line with our findings, anti-inflammatory potential is often associated with free radical scavenging activity [14,51,52,57]. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are crucial in the onset of the inflammation by activating transcription factors, such as the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), which induces the gene expression of inflammatory enzymes and cytokines [1]. ...
Article
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Chinotto (Citrus myrtifolia Raf.) is a widely diffused plant native from China and its fruits have a wide-spread use in confectionary and drinks. Remarkably, only little has been reported thus far on its bioactive properties, in contrast to those of the taxonomically related bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso). The present study aimed to investigate potential in vitro anti-inflammatory and radical scavenging properties of chinotto essential oils (CEOs) and to establish to what extent their composition and bioactivities are dependent on maturation. Essential oil from half ripe chinotto (CEO2) reduced the production of nitric oxide (NO) and the expression of inflammatory genes, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and chemokine monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264,7 macrophages. Limonene, linalool, linalyl acetate, and γ-terpinene were found to be the main components in CEO2. Moreover, CEO2 showed high radical scavenging activity measured as Trolox equivalents (TE) against both 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS). These findings show that chinotto essential oil represents a valuable part of this fruit and warrants further in vivo studies to validate its anti-inflammatory potential.
... While the root of C. zizanoides has shown effective antioxidant activity in previous studies [21][22][23][24] , our focus on the leaf extract revealed moderate antioxidant properties. ...
Preprint
Chrysopogon zizanioides, commonly known as vetiver, has long been utilized in traditional medicine for its therapeutic properties. This study investigated Chrysopogon zizanioides leaf extract's antioxidant, antibacterial, analgesic, and antidiabetic properties. A diclofenac sodium standard and control group were used to compare the extract's analgesic impact in an animal model. The extract was 66.08% analgesic, whereas diclofenac sodium was 91.11%. Antibacterial activity was assessed against various bacterial pathogens, showing strong inhibition of gram-positive bacteria, particularly Staphylococcus aureus, with an inhibition zone of 30 ± 4.39 mm. The extract also demonstrated notable activity against gram-negative bacteria, with Escherichia coli exhibiting the highest inhibition of 22 ± 1.93 mm. Antioxidant activity was measured using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging assays. The extract had an IC50 of 257.23 µg/ml, whereas ascorbic acid had an IC50 of 7.8 µg/ml. Moreover, GC-MS analysis identified 63 phytoconstituents and the antidiabetic activity showed as in silico model where in molecular docking 9,19-Cyclolanostan-3-ol acetate (3.beta.) showing the highest binding scores with proteins such as 5NN5 (-9.6820 kcal/mol) and 4GQR (-10.2851 kcal/mol). Additionally, Phytol demonstrated a Glide docking value of -9.1677 kcal/mol with protein 5F19. ADMET analysis showed the extract's non-carcinogenicity and good absorption, whereas PASS predictions and drug-likeness data suggested significant oral bioavailability, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of Chrysopogon zizanioides leaf extract as a natural pharmacological agent. Further research, including clinical trials and isolation of active compounds, is needed to fully understand its mechanisms and confirm its efficacy and safety for human use.
... Drinking vetiver water by soaking vetiver roots in cold or hot water -slowly releasing its aroma and chemical constituents into the water will help to keep the body fresh in summer. It also acts as a deodorant, stimulant, aids digestion, carminative, colic, anthelmintic, and antioxidant properties [10,14]. Vetiver oil possesses medicinal properties used to treat paralysis, rheumatic arthritis, and joint pains. ...
Article
Vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides) is a versatile medicinal and aromatic plant mainly used for soil and conservation purposes. It is a perennial grass species with a densely tufted enormous root system that grows up to two meters long. The fibrous roots are highly aromatic and used for extraction of essential oils used in high-grade perfumes as a base or fixative for their long-lasting characteristic odor. The fragrant dry roots are traditionally used for water purification in south India. Besides, the consumption of vetiver-treated water has cooling properties and refreshes the body and mind. It also acts as a deodorant and stimulant, aids digestion, and has carminative, colic, anthelmintic, and antioxidant properties. It is a very hard grass, suitable for growing in wastelands, arid regions, and hill slopes with the least maintenance. The worldwide demand for vetiver oil was estimated at around 408.8 t/year in 2019, and the growth was reported to increase at a CAGR of 7.8 % from 2020-2027. India consumes 100 tons of vetiver oil annually; the domestic production is only 20 tons, and the remaining 80 % of the oil is imported. Hence, there is a lot of scope for increasing the vetiver area in India and globally. Looking at its vast utilization and demand, an attempt has been made to present the improved cultivation practices of vetiver based on the literature survey and experience.
... zizanioides) is a perennial tussock grass that belongs to of the Gramineae family [212,213]. Moreover, the various parts or volatile oils of V. zizanioides possesses diverse biological properties, including anti-oxidant [214], anti-microbial [215], and anti-inflammatory properties [216]. The major components of V. zizanioides EO (VZ-EO) are Cedr-8-en-13-ol and α-Amorphene [217]. ...
Article
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Naturally derived essential oils and their active components are known to possess various properties, ranging from anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-cancer activities. Numerous types of essential oils and active components have been discovered, and their permissive roles have been addressed in various fields. In this comprehensive review, we focused on the roles of essential oils and active components in skin diseases and cancers as discovered over the past three decades. In particular, we opted to highlight the effectiveness of essential oils and their active components in developing strategies against various skin diseases and skin cancers and to describe the effects of the identified essential-oil-derived major components from physiological and pathological perspectives. Overall, this review provides a basis for the development of novel therapies for skin diseases and cancers, especially melanoma.
... Antioxidant activity in crude vetiver oil was identified by the presence of β-vetivenene, β-vetivone, and α-vetivone. In addition, there were several potential natural antioxidants [22,23]. ...
... The components of vetiver root that function as the main odor contributor are α-vetivon, β-vetivon, and khusimol, where α-vetivone, β-vetivone, and khusimol are in the fingerprint area [14]. Vetiver oil had activities as antimycobacterial [18]; antimicrobial [8,11]; antioxidant [19,20]; anti-inflammatory [21]; repellent [10,22]; antifungal [23]. ...
Article
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Vetiver oil is a type of essential oil extracted from the vetiver plant's roots. Vetiver oil is commonly used as a major odor contributor in the fragrance and aromatherapy industry. This study aimed to isolation khusimol compound from vetiver oil, which will be used as a marker and determine khusimol content in various drying times after harvesting. The target compound was found in the combination of fraction 3 (GF-3). Furthermore, GF-3 was subfractionated by classical column chromatography. Structure elucidation of isolate X was performed by NMR. 1 H-NMR and 13 C-NMR data of isolate X as the same as 1 H-NMR and 13 C-NMR data of khusimol compound in literature. Molecular formula of khusimol C15H24O. Khusimol content in extract with various drying times after harvest time 0 hr, 6 hr, 12 hr, 24 hr, 36 hr and 48 hr were 1.95 ± 0.02; 2.15 ± 0.02; 2.30 ± 0.03; 2.81 ± 0.01; 1.72 ± 0.03 and 1.38 ± 0.02 mg/100 g. The odor contributor compound was khusimol (C15H24O). The highest khusimol content was revealed by vetiver extract, which drying for 24 hr after harvest. Drying vetiver more than 24 hr could reduce khusimol content.
... The essential oil from the aerial parts was rich in β-thujone, camphor, β-carophyllene, myrcene, chamazulene and eudesmol (Biondi et al., 1993;Ballero et al., 2001;He et al., 2003;Boussaada et al., 2008;Abderrahim et al., 2010;Boachon et al., 2015;Bouabdallah et al., 2016;Balouiri et al., 2016;Bechkri et al., 2017;Baghbani et al., 2017;Al Bratty et al., 2020;). The aerial parts afforded artemitin, arborescin, sesamin, (+)-lirioresinol βdimethyl ether, chrysoeriol, apigenin, β-sitosterylglucoside, dihydroridentin, chrysoeriol 4-glucoside and eudesmanolidejordanolide (Cheesbrough, 1981;Bouzenna and Krichen, 2013) germacrane derivatives ketopelenolides C and D (Chinery et al., 1997) and a nor-caryophyllane derivative, artarborol (Chou et al., 2012). According to the studies by Abderrahim et al. (2010), Boachon et al. (2015), and Al Bratty et al. (2020) the essential oil of A. arborescens can be a valuable tool in the fight against food-borne diseases. ...
Article
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Artemisia arborescens is a medicinal and aromatic plant used in traditionally by the people of Saudi Arabia. This research attempts to evaluate the bioactive constituents of the plant using organic solvents, as well as the antibacterial and anticancer properties of plant extracts. The Phytochemical analysis of methanol extract revealed eleven bioactive constituents, identified by comparing their retention periods and GC-MS profiles to account for 52.45 percent of the studied extract. In the meantime, the extract of pet ether had demonstrated the presence of sixteen significant constituents, six of which were distinct sesquiterpene derivatives. In lipophilic plant extract, three higher alkanes made up 12.49% of the total. These higher alkanes were tetratriacontane (6.55%), hentriacontane (4.17%), and octacosane (1.77%). Studies on antimicrobial activity have revealed that both methanolic and petroleum ether extracts had a broad spectrum of activity against specific human pathogens. Both extracts, however, failed to exhibit any anti-Candida albicans activity. Methanolic extract not shown inhibition in the cell growth of MCF-7 cell, but petroleum ether extract had shown significant anti-cancer activity against MCF-7 cell with an IC50 of 13.49 μg/mL. the results obtained show that A. arborescens have a lot of potential for further research into variety of biological functions, against cancer and microbes.
... The essential oil from the aerial parts was rich in β-thujone, camphor, β-carophyllene, myrcene, chamazulene and eudesmol (Biondi et al., 1993;Ballero et al., 2001;He et al., 2003;Boussaada et al., 2008;Abderrahim et al., 2010;Boachon et al., 2015;Bouabdallah et al., 2016;Balouiri et al., 2016;Bechkri et al., 2017;Baghbani et al., 2017;Al Bratty et al., 2020;). The aerial parts afforded artemitin, arborescin, sesamin, (+)-lirioresinol βdimethyl ether, chrysoeriol, apigenin, β-sitosterylglucoside, dihydroridentin, chrysoeriol 4-glucoside and eudesmanolidejordanolide (Cheesbrough, 1981;Bouzenna and Krichen, 2013) germacrane derivatives ketopelenolides C and D (Chinery et al., 1997) and a nor-caryophyllane derivative, artarborol (Chou et al., 2012). According to the studies by Abderrahim et al. (2010), Boachon et al. (2015), and Al Bratty et al. (2020) the essential oil of A. arborescens can be a valuable tool in the fight against food-borne diseases. ...
... A large number of aromatic medicinal plant species contain various bioactive compounds with beneficial health properties, especially anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, using EOs as natural additives is a good approach to prevent abnormal inflammation [62,63]. ...
Article
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The objectives of this work were to determine the phytochemical composition and an�tioxidant, anti-diabetic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-acetylcholinesterase properties of Arbutus unedo L. and Laurus nobilis L. EOs. The antioxidant effects were estimated using four comple�mentary methods. In addition, the anti-diabetic activity was assessed by targeting three carbohydrate�hydrolyzing enzymes, namely α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and lipase. The anti-inflammatory and anti-acetylcholinesterase effects were evaluated by testing the inhibitory potential of both plants on lipo-oxygenase and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), respectively. The antimicrobial activity of these oils was evaluated using disc-diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum lethal concentration (MLC) tests. The chemical composition of L. nobilis essential oil (EO) was dominated by eucalyptol (36.40%), followed by α-terpineole (13.05%), α-terpinyl acetate (10.61%), linalool (10.34%), and northujane (5.74%). The main volatile compounds of A. unedo EOs were decenal (13.47%), α-terpineol (7.8%), and palmitic acid (6.00%). L. nobilis and A. unedo EOs inhibited α-amylase with IC50 values of 42.51 ± 0.012 and 102 ± 0.06 µg/mL, respectively. Moreover, both oils inhibited the activity of α-glucosidase (IC50 = 1.347 ± 0.021 µg/mL and IC50 = 76 ± 0.021 µg/mL) and lipase (IC50 = 21.23 ± 0.021 µg/mL and IC50 = 97.018 ± 0.012 µg/mL, respectively). In addition, L. nobilis EO showed an anti-AChE activity (IC50 = 89.44 ± 0.07 µg/mL) higher than that of A. unedo EO (IC50 = 378.57 ± 0.05 µg/mL). Regarding anti-inflammatory activity, in vitro assays showed that L. nobilis significantly inhibits (IC50 = 48.31 ± 0.07 µg/mL) 5-lipoxygenase compared to A. unedo (IC50 = 86.14 ± 0.05 µg/mL). This was confirmed in vivo via a notable inhibition of inflammation recorded after 6 h of treatment in both plants at a dose of 50 mg/kg. The microbiological results revealed that EOs from both plants inhibited the growth of all tested organisms except P. aerugi�nosa, with the highest antimicrobial effect for L. nobilis. The results of these tests showed that these two plants possess remarkable biological and pharmacological properties, explaining their medicinal effects and suggesting them as promising sources of natural drugs.
... Several essential oils were proven to have anti-H. pylori potential [37,[42][43][44], while others were extensively analyzed for their anti-inflammatory effects and the mechanism of their action was recorded in the literature [45][46][47][48][49][50]. ...
Article
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Eradication of Helicobacter pylori is a challenge due to rising antibiotic resistance and GIT-related disorders. Cuminum cyminum, Pimpinella anisum, and Carum carvi are fruits belonging to the Apiaceae family. Their essential oils were extracted, analyzed using GC-MS, tested for anti-H. pylori activity by a micro-well dilution technique, identified for potential anti-H. pylori inhibitors by an in-silico study, and investigated for anti-inflammatory activity using a COX-2 inhibition assay. Results showed that the main components of C. cyminum, P. anisum, and C. carvi were cumaldehyde (41.26%), anethole (92.41%), and carvone (51.38%), respectively. Essential oil of C. cyminum exhibited the greatest anti-H. pylori activity (3.9 µg/mL) followed by P. anisum (15.63 µg/mL), while C. carvi showed the lowest activity (62.5 µg/mL). The in-silico study showed that cumaldehyde in C. cyminum has the best fitting energy to inhibit H. pylori.C. cyminum essential oil showed the maximum ability to reduce the production of Cox-2 expression approaching celecoxib with IC50 = 1.8 ± 0.41 µg/mL, followed by the C. carvi oil IC50 = 7.3 ± 0.35 µg/mL and then oil of P. anisum IC50 = 10.7±0.63 µg/mL. The investigated phytochemicals in this study can be used as potential adjunct therapies with conventional antibiotics against H. pylori.
... Vetiver essential oil composition is various deepening several factors, however growing climatic conditions of geographical region play the prominent factor. North India feature with high percent of Khusimol, khusinol, germacrene-D, junipene and γ-muurolene, while the vetiver oil from south India feature with higher percent Khusimol, bicyclovetivenol and viridiflorene (Dubey et al., 2010) In Taiwan, Cedr-8-en-13-ol, αamorphene, β-vatirenene and α-gurjuene are the major percent of the vetiver oil (Chou et al., 2012). Khusinol, β-vetivenene and dehydro-aromadendrene are the major components of the oil obtained from Southeast Medierranean (Turkey) (Kirici et al., 2011). ...
... Moreover, it does not need expensive reagents and equipment for analysis. In addition, in many scientific studies the antioxidant activity correlates with the antiinflammatory effect, this gives an idea of other possible effects of the extracts under research [14]. ...
Article
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Aim. To determine the optimal extraction frequency of green tea leaves with 60 % ethanol by the antioxidant method.Materials and methods. Chun Myn green tea leaves were the object of the study, the raw material was collected in Anhui province (China) from March to April. Dry green tea leaves were standardized according to the European Pharmacopeia 9.0. Spectrophotometry was used to quantify biologically active substances. The antioxidant activity was determined by the potentiometric method. Potentiometric measurements were performed on a HANNA 2550 pH meter (Germany) with a combined platinum EZDO 50 PO electrode (Taiwan). A UV-1000 spectrophotometer (China) was used to measure the optical density.Results and discussion. The total content of phenolic compounds was 9.60 ± 0.17, 1.30 ± 0.03 and 0.12 ± 0.002 %, catechins – 9.20 ± 0.18, 1.20 ± 0.02 and 0.07 ± 0.002 %, flavonoids – 0.27 ± 0.005, 0.04 ± 0.001, 0.005 ± 0.001, hydroxycinnamic acids – 0.49 ± 0.01, 0.07 ± 0.002 and 0.007 ± 0.001 %, dry residue – 10.75 ± 0.11, 1.59 ± 0.02 and 0.15 ± 0.002 %, the antioxidant activity was 474.08 ± 9.48, 67.70 ± 1.35 and 7.01 ± 0.14 mmol-equiv mdry res-1 for the first, second and third extraction, respectively. According to the results obtained, the optimal number of extractions of the raw material with 60 % ethanol was found to be two.Conclusions. The dynamic of extractions of biologically active substances of green tea leaves has been studied by triple extraction of the raw material to find the optimal extraction frequency; for the first time, a method for determining the extraction frequency based on the antioxidant activity of the extracts has been developed and proposed. It has been found that the optimal extraction rate is 2 times. The results obtained will be used in the further production of herbal medicines, dietary supplements, and cosmetic products with a green tea extract.
... While, 10,13 methyl ester octadecadienoic acid (0.01%), (Z) -9,17-octadecadienal (0.01%), (Dimethylethyl-1,1) Bis-2,6 Methyl-4 Phenol (0.04%), methyl pentadecanoic acid, 13-methyl-, methyl ester (0.05%), (Z) -13-octadecenal (0.06%) and linoleic acid ethyl ester (0, 06%) are the constituents which have the lowest contents. Owing to the many usages of C. zizonoides and its products, studies have been conducted on the chemistry of this plant, with emphasis on C. zizonoides root volatile (Lavania 2003;Singh et al. 2011;Chou et al. 2012). Champagnat et al. (2006) reported that 110 constituents were identified in the chemical composition of C. zizonoides root volatile from nine countries (Brazil, China, Haiti, India, Java, Madagascar, Mexico, Reunion and Salvador). ...
Article
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The roots of Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty, belonging to the Poaceae family, are the main source of volatile that has substantial value in perfume, cosmetics, pharmaceutical and food industries. The study of C. zizanioides volatiles, obtained from plant roots cultivated in Tunisia, using GC and GC/MS revealed that more than 50 compounds were detected of which 14 constituents were identified representing 33.87% of the total. Oleic acid (17.09%) and (E) -3-Eicosene (7.77%) were the major components at the species level. However, 10,13 methyl ester octadecadienoic acid (0.01%), (Z) - 9,17-octadecadienal (0.01%), (Dimethylethyl-1,1) Bis-2,6 Methyl- 4 Phenol (0.04%), methyl pentadecanoic acid, 13-methyl-, methyl ester (0.05%), (Z) -13-octadecenal (0.06%) and linoleic acid ethyl ester (0 , 06%) are the constituents which have the lowest contents.
... The different parts of the plant are used for making essential oil, powder, and soap. Its major constituents are vetiselinenol and khusimol that render the herb its pharmacological properties (10). However its role in recording latent fingerprints has not been studied. ...
Article
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Introduction: Most of the conventional methods make use of chemicals for registration of the latent fingerprints which causes potential health hazards to the examiner during the identification. Hence to overcome all these disadvantages the researchers have worked on the development of latent fingerprints using powders of herbal origin. Vetiveria zizanioides is commonly known as Khas Khas, Khas, or Khus grass in India. It belongs to the Poaceae family. Its major constituents are vetiselinenol and khusimol, which render the herb its pharmacological properties. The present study aims to use a new fingerprint powder with herbal formulation using Vetiveria zizanioides.
... Most of the promising compounds found in the present study were significantly identified in vetiver EO (Chrysopogon zizanioides Roberty or Vetiveria zizanoides Nash) as alpha-vetispirene, isovalencenol, khusene, khusimol, khusimone, khusol, and epizizanone [103,[115][116][117]. This EO has been reported as antimicrobial [118], antifungal [119], anxiolytic [120], antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory [121]. To our knowledge, there is only one study reporting the antiviral action of this EO. ...
Article
Full-text available
Essential oils (EOs) and their compounds have attracted particular attention for their reported beneficial properties, especially their antiviral potential. However, data regarding their anti-SARS-CoV-2 potential are scarce in the literature. Thus, this study aimed to identify the most promising EO compounds against SARS-CoV-2 based on their physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, and toxicity properties. A systematic literature search retrieved 1669 articles; 40 met the eligibility criteria, and 35 were eligible for analysis. These studies resulted in 465 EO compounds evaluated against 11 human and/or SARS-CoV-2 target proteins. Ninety-four EO compounds and seven reference drugs were clustered by the highest predicted binding affinity. Furthermore, 41 EO compounds showed suitable drug-likeness and bioactivity score indices (≥0.67). Among these EO compounds, 15 were considered the most promising against SARS-CoV-2 with the ADME/T index ranging from 0.86 to 0.81. Some plant species were identified as EO potential sources with anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity, such as Melissa officinalis Arcang, Zataria multiflora Boiss, Eugenia brasiliensis Cambess, Zingiber zerumbet Triboun & K.Larsen, Cedrus libani A.Rich, and Vetiveria zizanoides Nash. Our work can help fill the gap in the literature and guide further in vitro and in vivo studies, intending to optimize the finding of effective EOs against COVID-19.
... Another study reported that the essential oil from V. zizanioides could reduce NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. So it can act as an immunomodulant [28]. ...
Article
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Objective: To decipher the responsible compound present in the aqueous root extract of Vetiveria zizanioides which has tremendous immunomodulatory activity. Methods: Different fractions of the water extract were collected and analyzed for immunomodulatory activity by analyzing in vitro phagocytic activity and nitric oxide production. One fraction VF3 was selected and further analyzed for possible compounds by high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer. The in vitro immunomodulatory parameters such as phagocytic index, nitrite content, and tumor necrosis factor-α production in murine macrophages were analyzed. In vivo studies, sheep red blood cell induced haemagglutination titer, the number of antibody-producing cells, and sheep red blood cell induced delayed-type hypersensitivity were analyzed. Cytotoxic studies in L929 normal fibroblasts were also performed. Results: One of the fractions, VF3, was selected and confirmed the presence of an active compound valencene. The in vitro immunomodulatory parameters were significantly (P
... Chrysopogon zizanioides scientific names of Poaceae family. Its leaves and roots are widely used as traditional medicine in the wounded or injured skin layers, CNS-related disorders, anti-venom for snakebite, etc. [8] Other important medicinal properties include antimicrobial, [9] anticonvulsant, [10] antioxidant, [11] anti-inflammatory, [12] anti-melanogenesis, [13] Mosquito repellent, [14] anxiolytic, [15] acaricidal, [16] hypoglycemic, [17] antidepressant, [18] protective effect, [19] insecticidal, [20] etc. Despite the enormous potential, the plant has not been explored much for its cytotoxic activity & its mechanistic aspect. ...
Article
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The Chrysopogon zizanioides plant possesses multiple traditional uses, especially in therapeutics, but only a few articles have reported its biological activity. Hence, the present study was planned to explore the phytochemical constituents, cytotoxic potential, radical scavenging activity, and GC‐MS (Gas chromatography & Mass spectrometry) analysis of the vetiver root extracts. The roots extracted with different solvents exhibited more significant phytochemical constituents in polar solvents in comparison to non‐polar ones, favoring the extraction of a greater number of components in highly polar solvents. All the extracts were tested for their cytotoxicity using SRB (Sulforhodamine B) assay. They confirmed ethanolic extract as a potent extract with GI50 56±0.5 µg/ml in oral cancer (SCC‐29B) along with no cytotoxicity in healthy cells (Vero cells), making it a safer therapeutic option in comparison to standard Adriamycin. This extract was also analyzed for its antioxidant potential by DPPH (1,1‐Diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl) assay with IC50 value 10.73 µg/ml, which was quite comparable to Ascorbic acid having IC50 value 4.61 µg/ml. The quantitative analysis of ethanolic extract exhibited 107 compounds amongst which Khusenic acid, Ascorbic acid, Junipen, gamma‐Himachalene, alpha‐Guaiene were the majorly occurring compounds that can be explored further for their cytotoxic activity.
... The absorbance is confirming that the color of -carotene has been retained with vetiver oil. Also, the vetiver oil has showed comparable result with that of BHA confirming its potency (Luqman et al. 2009;Chou et al. 2012). The mechanism behind the antioxidant potency is restoration of cellular level of SOD, GPX, and CAT activities which is attributed to cedr-8-en-13-ol (12.4%), the most abundant compound present in oil (Hsin-Yi et al. 2014). ...
Article
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Vetiver has a broad history of traditional medicinal uses, but only a handful of research article has reported its utility in treating diseases. But unfortunately, no work has been reported on the anti-inflammatory activity of its plant extract and inflammatory-linked diseases. Hence, the present review focuses on investigating the several presumptions which can be put forward to explain its anti-inflammatory property. Thus, for ensuring the same, all the databases like science direct, PubMed, book chapters, and other authenticated papers were thoroughly studied to present a connection between inflammation and the plant potential. After gaining enough knowledge on pathogenesis of inflammation, it has been observed that the release of mediators from the arachidonic acid metabolism pathway and generation of oxidative and nitrogen species are presented as the main reason for the occurrence of inflammation condition. The stimulation of antioxidant enzyme system network by the plant extract reduces the level of oxidative stress, creating a balance between oxidant and antioxidant system. Moreover, its antimicrobial activity will prevent the biological source of stimulation towards injury and the CNS depressant effect will subside the pain of inflammation. Amalgamating all the factors together, the plant can be utilized as anti-inflammatory can be and also can be proved as a beneficial perspective in the treatment of inflammation-linked disorders.
... EO. Therefore, the final result concentrations (100μg/ml, 200 μg/ml, 300 μg/ml, 400 μg/ml, and 500 μg/ml) were made as per the standard method [8][9][10][11][12]. An equal volume of distilled water was used as regulation. ...
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Objective: The use of naturally occurring medicines dependent on essential oils (EOs) is nowadays of great interest. In addition, within the human body, EO shows high efficacy as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory drugs. The present experiment was conducted to access the anti-inflammatory activity of EO obtained from the fruit peels of Citrus macroptera Montr. (Rutaceae) against the denaturation of protein in vitro model. Methods: The test sample (EO) was incubated under controlled laboratory conditions at varying concentrations with egg albumin and was subjected to absorbance determination for the anti-inflammatory property analysis. Diclofenac sodium was used as the standard reference drug for the experiment. Results: The results show a concentration-dependent inhibition of protein (albumin) denaturation by the test oil. This was concluded by comparing their IC 50 average values. Citrus macroptera Montr. EO possessed IC 50 average value 54.6+0.07 μg/mL, whereas that of diclofenac sodium was found to be 52.89+0.06 μg/ml. The result shows that the test oil is more effective than the standard drug. Conclusion: From the above experimental finding, it can be concluded that Citrus macroptera Montr. EO has significance anti-inflammatory effect against the denaturation of the protein in vitro model. The activity may be due to the presence of terpene polyphenolic component or some other active compound present in the oil. The provided information was first of its kind of knowledge to keep the scientific data for future reference.
... Vetiveria zizanioides (Poaceae) essential oils demonstrated anti-inflammatory effect of LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages by regulating the expression of the inflammation related enzymes heme oxygenase-1, iNOS and COX-2 and the inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, V. zizanioides essential oil shown the anti-inflammatory activity correlated with its antioxidant activity of decreasing LPS-induced superoxide anion production and malondialdehyde levels 7 . Even though several studies have reported the various anti-inflammatory effect of essential oil but the reports on actions of Thai herbs essential oil on the inflammatory activity in human cells have been limited. ...
... Mint produce important secondary metabolites that forage poisonous free radicals, check and explored potential sources for natural antioxidants due to the free radicals scavenging activity in Mentha species [6]. Due to presence of volatile compounds some typical secondary metabolites it shows cytotoxic and antioxidant activities [7] [8] [9]. It have a substantial significance in the botanical economy and to the pharmaceutical industry, mainly because of presence of essential oils and their antimicrobial properties, used since ancient times for the treatment of several digestive tract diseases and in culinary [10]. ...
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Mints are perennial aromatic herbs used both for medicinal and aromatic purposes. Flora of Pakistan has reported six species of genus Mentha. Taxonomy of genus Mentha is more complex and confusing due to inter specific hybridization. The present research is the first documented report from Pakistan for the purpose to dissect Mentha specimens using molecular tools. A total of 17 SCoT and SSR markers used to dissect genetic diversity among 41 Mentha specimens. The results revealed substantial variation among Mentha specimens. The molecular data analyzed through NTSYS and Power marker software's. Dendrogram constructed on the base of similarity coefficients generated using weighted pair group method of arithmetic means (UPGMA) recorded high level of polymorphism. Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) for molecular markers recorded in the range of 5-8. Mean genetic distance (GD) was estimated in the range from 0.35% to 100%. The minimum and maximum GD recorded in one combination each as P2-P4 and M41-P10. The present study was explored the efficiency of SCoT and SSR markers for evaluating the genetic diversity of medicinal plants. The present research was concluded that both morphological and molecular dendrogram determined considerable level of diversity among Mentha species. Furthermore, specific primers and DNA chloroplast technology could be needed for further molecular analysis to refine the data more up to varietal level.
... In recent years the anti-inflammatory potential of essential oils and their chemical position has become the object of study of several researchers in the search for new drugs of natural origin [82][83][84], as well as a study of the synergistic anti-inflammatory effect of the chemical constituents of essential oils and synthetic drugs, showing a possible association between ...
... In recent years the anti-inflammatory potential of essential oils and their chemical position has become the object of study of several researchers in the search for new drugs of natural origin [82][83][84], as well as a study of the synergistic anti-inflammatory effect of the chemical constituents of essential oils and synthetic drugs, showing a possible association between ...
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Cadmium (Cd) is a ubiquitous toxic metal that threatens all forms of life on Earth. After being released from different sources into the soil, Cd undergoes substantial transformation in the rhizospheric zone of the soil. This chapter thoroughly investigated all possible interactions of Cd with plant roots and microbes in the rhizosphere. When microbes and plants are exposed to Cd, it adversely affects growth and development, generates oxidative stress, and alters many physiological and metabolic processes in both microbes and plants. Both microbes and plants themselves use some internal adaptive mechanisms that allow them to lessen the negative effects of Cd exposure. In addition, the phytotoxicity of Cd can be minimized by applying some physical, chemical, and biological remediation strategies. This chapter explores all available Cd remediation strategies. Biological methods are considered the most effective ones in terms of availability, cost-effectiveness, and efficiency. Biological methods include phytoremediation, the use of microbes like mycorrhiza, and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. However, success stories of the field application of Cd remediation are minimal, and the mechanisms involved in the remediation processes are not fully understood yet. Further research is necessary to unveil the complete story of Cd phytotoxicity and its remediation. In essence, this chapter will provide a complete overview of Cd toxicity in microbes and plants, adaptive features, and all possible remediation strategies for the reader.
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Numerous studies have demonstrated essential oils’ diverse chemical compositions and pharmacological properties encompassing antinociceptive, anxiolytic-like, and anticonvulsant activities, among other notable effects. The utilization of essential oils, whether inhaled, orally ingested, or applied topically, has commonly been employed as adjunctive therapy for individuals experiencing anxiety, insomnia, convulsions, pain, and cognitive impairment. The utilization of synthetic medications in the treatment of various disorders and symptoms is associated with a wide array of negative consequences. Consequently, numerous research groups across the globe have been prompted to explore the efficacy of natural alternatives such as essential oils. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the existing literature on the pharmacological properties of essential oils and their derived compounds and the underlying mechanisms responsible for these observed effects. The primary emphasis is on essential oils and their constituents, specifically targeting the nervous system and exhibiting significant potential in treating neurodegenerative disorders. The current state of research in this field is characterized by its preliminary nature, highlighting the necessity for a more comprehensive overlook of the therapeutic advantages of essential oils and their components. Integrating essential oils into conventional therapies can enhance the effectiveness of comprehensive treatment regimens for neurodegenerative diseases, offering a more holistic approach to addressing the multifaceted nature of these conditions
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Ethnopharmacological relevance: Kheaw-Hom (KH) remedy, a Thai traditional medicine (TTM) on the National List of Essential Medicines, has long been clinically used to treat fever and inflammation in children. However, no in vitro or in vivo anti-inflammatory or bioactive compound studies are published in the literature. Aims of the study: To explore the in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of KH remedy and its bioactive compound and analyze relationships between flavor and ethnopharmacological activities of plant components in KH remedy according to TTM theory. Materials and methods: Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC), a bioactive compound of KH remedy was analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In vitro anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic extract (KHE), aqueous extract (KHA), acid-hydrolysis of KHA (KHA-h), acid-hydrolysis of KH powder (KHP-h), and EPMC were investigated using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) production in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. In vivo anti-inflammatory activities of KH powder (KHP) and KHE were determined using carrageenan-induced paw edema and ethyl phenylpropiolate (EPP)-induced ear edema in rats and PGE2 production in tissue samples was examined. Results: KHP-h showed the highest EPMC content (21.33 ± 1.08 mg/g of extract) and inhibited PGE2, NO, and TNF-α production with IC50 values of 11.92 ± 0.21, 30.61 ± 3.12, and 56.71 ± 2.91 μg/mL, respectively, followed by KHE and KHA-h while KHA did not. EPMC, a bioactive compound of KH remedy showed high anti-inflammatory activities through three pathways. KHP oral administration (100 mg/kg) significantly minimized rat paw inflammation at 1, 2, and 3 h while KHE (100 mg/kg) noticeably reduced at 2 and 3 h. KHP (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) and KHE (100 mg/kg) significantly inhibited PGE2 production. KHP (1% w/v) notably reduced rat ear edema at 30, 60, and 120 min whereas KHE at all concentrations decreased swelling at 120 min. KHP and KHE at all doses significantly inhibited PGE2 production. Cool flavor was the main KH remedy flavor. Spicy plant components and some fragrant components showed high anti-inflammatory activity. Conclusions: Results from the in vivo study strongly paralleled the in vitro study. These findings support the rational use of KH remedy according to TTM theory for fever treatment and inflammation in children.
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Thanks to their various compounds, essential oils (EOs) are promising innovative resources of antimicrobial and antioxidant agents. This work aims to explore in vitro the antibacterial and antioxidant potential of the volatile oils extracted from three Moroccan species: Thymus vulgaris, Origanum compactum and Vetiveria zizanoides. The phytochemistry of these oils attained by hydro-distillation was investigated via GC-MS analysis. Antioxidant potential was evaluated by DPPH and FRAP assays. The antibacterial effect was assessed on Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enterica using broth-microdilution method. Phytochemical analysis allowed to identify 10 components for each EO. Caryophellene (19.93%) and carvacrol (15.35%) were the main identified compounds in O. compactum EO, while T. vulgaris EO was dominated by caryophyllene (17.925%) and thymol (15.127%). As regard V. zizanoides EO, longiverbenone (27.31%) and longipinocarvone (26.87%) were the major compounds. The antibacterial screening demonstrated that these oils exhibited significant inhibitory effects against S. aureus and S. enterica with MIC values varying from 0.25 to 0.5% and 0.5 to 1% (v/v), respectively. These values are close to those of positive control: tetracycline (MIC values = 0.5 and 0.25% (v/v), respectively). The studied EOs presented promising antioxidant effects by IC50 values varied between 93.10 ± 1.3 and 141.5 ± 2.41 µg/mL for DPPH assay, and between 131.79 ± 2.64 and 184.8 ± 1.02 µg/mL for FRAP method. In light of this work, the volatile compounds of the studied plants could constitute a natural source for antibacterial and antioxidant agents. Presented information could shed light into further studies on these plant Eos.
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This review article presents a brief outline on SARS-COV-2 and the Siddha concept of infectious and epidemic diseases along with their preventive measures in Siddha System of Medicine.
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Introduction: Ya-Hom KAE-LOM-WING-WIEN remedy (KLWW) is included in the Thai National List of Essential Medicines A.D. 2013 and used for treating dizziness, fatigue, and sleeplessness. Quality control of plant ingredients and stability test of this remedy extract were ensured and controlled the quality of herbal medicines. In addition, standard quality values of this remedy and its plant ingredients have never been reported. The stability of this remedy extracts had also no report. The aim of this study was to investigate the quality control and stability test of KLWW on anti-inflammatory activity. Method: Quality assessment method of remedy and its plant ingredients were determined by loss on drying, extractive value, total ash and acid insoluble ash, following Thai Herbal Pharmacopeia (THP) method. The stability testing of KLWW extract was stored over a six-month period, under 40 ± 2 °C with 75 ± 5% RH as accelerated conditions and also evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity by nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory assay in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Results: The KLWW showed loss on drying value of 6.40 ± 0.20%, total ash value of 6.77 ± 0.48%, acid insoluble ash value of 0.91 ± 0.11%, and the ethanol and water-soluble extractive values of 7.64 ± 0.33 and 18.37 ± 0.74%, respectively. Stability test of the 95% ethanolic extract of KLWW on NO inhibition at days 0, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 showed IC 50 values of 19.38 ± 1.13, 28.43 ± 078, 29.06 ± 1.71, 34.02 ± 0.40, 33.82 ± 0.44, 34.66 ± 2.32, 34.13 ± 1.68 and 32.04 ± 2.32 µg/ml, respectively, compared with prednisolone (positive control) with IC 50 value of 0.16 ± 0.01 µg/ml.For stability study, KLWW extract lost anti-inflammatory activity after kept 15 days and the activity did not decreased any further up to 6 months. Discussion and KLWW passed the standard value of THP standard in terms of loss on drying, extractive value, Conclusion: total ash, and acid insoluble ash. For stability study, KLWW extract lost anti-inflammatory activity after keep 15 days but it had anti-inflammatory activity because IC 50 was in range 28-34 µg/ml. Thus, KLWW extract are stable in anti-inflammatory activity within two years.
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Certain grass species are used as remedies against diseases and as nourishing food for both humans and livestock. The review aims to explore the grasses used in South African traditional medicine and highlight their pharmacological and phytochemical properties as well as safety. Chemical compounds were drawn using ChemDraw Ultra 7.0, structures were confirmed or authenticated using chemical structure databases such as PubChem, Chemical Books, NIST Chemistry Books and ChemSpider. In terms of pharmacological properties of these grasses, antimicrobial, anti-mutagenic, anti-tumour, anti-diarrhoeal, anti-diabetic, diuretic, hepato-protective, anti-inflammatory, anti-plasmodial and antioxidant activities have been indicated. Diverse classes of phytochemicals such as sterols, alkaloids, phenolics, terpenes and cardiac glycosides have been isolated. Toxicity and cytotoxicity studies of extracts and the isolated compounds from the grasses suggest their relative safety. Grasses play a substantial role in primary health care needs and may serve as novel sources of bioactive compound(s). However, when compared to other plant families often used in South African traditional medicine, there is limited scientific evidence on their pharmacological and phytochemical properties as well as cytotoxicity. Thus, more research efforts are required to unlock the potential embedded in this important group of plants.
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Amidst the haze surfacing the earth with the occurrence of ever-increasing diseases, indigenous plant remedies stand as the only ray of hope with its heroic therapeutic properties. Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides L. Nash), a quintessential medicinal and aromatic plant (MAP), is known to possess miraculous therapeutic properties and distinct base note characteristics. The plant stockpiles its essential oil (EO) in the roots which serves as the wellhead of the key natural input to the proliferating cosmeceutical, pharmaceutical, and perfumery industries. The roots exhibit a two-way benefit by forming an intertwined network sustaining the environment as well as producing essential oil, which is highly valued for its aromatic and biological properties. Moreover, the plant seems to be best suited to the adverse conditions of today because of its morphological adaptations. The leaves are adapted such that they can survive stresses such as drought-desiccation, salinity, temperature, heavy metals, herbicides, pesticides, etc., while roots are so dense, long, and lacy that they interlock into massive curtain-like structure forming an underground network most suitable for soil and water conservation, land rehabilitation and gully control, slope stabilization, disaster mitigation, improvement of the interface of water and structures, water quality, remediation of polluted sites, agricultural uses, and other applications that are unrelated to the forgoing. The phenomenal nature of vetiver is realized because of its multifarious utilities. The roots as well as aboveground parts are known to benefit almost all segments of humankind. Vetiver oil has distinctive rich balsamic tonality indicating that the EO is mainly composed of highly complex volatile sesquiterpene and its derivatives. Apart from its direct applications in perfumery industry, vetiver oil in its dilute form is extensively used commercially in food and cosmetic industries and aromatherapy. Furthermore, the essential oil is reported to greatly underpin pharmaceutical industry as it exhibits anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antidiabetic, anticataleptic, anti-arthritic, sedative, calming, antidiuretic, antimicrobial, antifungal, herbicidal, insecticidal, antioxidant, and even anticancer activities. The following section highlights the botanical information, update of essential oil composition, economics, extraction, secondary metabolites biosynthesis, cellular compartmentalization, ethnobotanical significance, and their therapeutic properties discovered and proved in the past decades and their potential for future exploitation.
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Vetiver, a nonhost grass for certain nematodes, was studied for the production of compounds active against the southern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita . In laboratory assays studying the effects on second-stage juvenile (J2) activity and viability, crude vetiver root and shoot extracts were nematotoxic, resulting in 40% to 70% J2 mortality, and were also repellent to J2. Vetiver oil did not exhibit activity against J2 in these assays. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses of three crude vetiver root ethanol extracts and a commercial vetiver oil determined that two of the major components in each sample were the sesquiterpene acid 3,3,8,8-tetramethyltricyclo[5.1.0.0(2,4)]oct-5-ene-5-propanoic acid and the sesquiterpene alcohol 6-isopropenyl-4,8a-dimethyl-1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydronaphthalen-2-ol. The acid was present in higher amounts in the extracts than in the oil. These studies demonstrating nematotoxicity and repellency of vetiver-derived compounds to M. incognita suggest that plant chemistry plays a role in the nonhost status of vetiver to root-knot nematodes, and that the chemical constituents of vetiver may be useful for suppressing nematode populations in the soil.
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Essential oils show important biological activities, which account for the development of aromatherapy used in complementary and alternative medicine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition and the antioxidant, anti-melanogenic, and anti-inflammatory properties of Glechoma hederacea essential oil (GH-EO). The essential oil composition was analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The most abundant compound in GH-EO was trans-3-pinanone (41.4%), and other major compounds were 4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-5-isopropenyl-3,6-beta-dimethyl-6-alpha-vinylbenzofuran (10.8%), β-caryophyllene (10.2%), and spathulenol (4.3%). Our results indicated that GH-EO shows strong lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity for the moderation of β-carotene bleaching. GH-EO can markedly decrease melanin production and tyrosinase activity in α-melanin-stimulating-hormone (α-MSH)-stimulated B16 cells. The results also demonstrated that the activity of GH-EO on melanogenesis might be the result of its potent antioxidative ability (P < 0.05), which was reflected in the decreased cellular oxidant and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and in the recovered activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in α-MSH stimulated B16 cells. GH-EO may suppress the inflammatory responses of LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, including nitric oxide (NO) production, by regulating the expression of the inflammation-related enzymes inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), which decreases LPS-induced MDA levels and DNA damage.
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This study was designed to evaluate the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the essential oils of Peucedanum longifolium and P. palimbioides. According to the GC-MS analysis, 35 compounds were accounted for 96.98% of the total oil of P. longifolia. Major components of the oil were 8-cedren-13-ol (33.74%), myristicin (8.03%), germacrene-D (7.73%) and Δ-3-carene (6.38%). In the case of P. palimbioides, 26 compounds were identified comprising the 98.96% of the total oil. The major compounds were described as α- pinene (35.45%), (E)-9-octadecenoic acid (23.57%) and β-pinene (20.19%). In general, P. palimbioides oil exhibited stronger than that of P. longifolia in all test systems. Especially in β-carotene/linoleic acid system, P. palimbioides showed strong activity against linoleic acid oxidation at 2.0 mg/mL concentration (90.58% ± 1.56). This value is too close to the synthetic antioxidants BHT and BHA at the same concentration (95.86% ± 0.23 and 93.05% ± 1.04, respectively). This plant also exhibited excellent chelating effect (90.39% ± 0.28) which is obviously greater than that of P. longifolium at 2.0 mg/mL concentration (24.12% ± 2.50). Chelating effect of the control agent EDTA was measured as 98.78% ± 0.78 (2.0 mg/mL).
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Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of polyphenols from olive oil, cocoa, and rosemary extract was tested. Antimicrobial activity against Listeria strains was assessed using broth dilution and time-kill curve methods. The 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydracyl hydrate (DPPH) radical scavenging method, Folin–Ciocalteu method, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used for phenolics identification and determination of antioxidants level. Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of main pure phenolic compounds, such as hydroxytyrosol in olive oil, epicatechin in cocoa and carnosic acid in rosemary was each compared with their extracts.Rosemary extract showed strong, while olive oil and particularly cocoa phenolic extract showed lower antilisterial activity. The overall relative antioxidant capacities of the samples were as follows in decreasing order: rosemary>cocoa>olive oil. These results indicate that rosemary, olive oil, and cocoa polyphenols could be potentially used as alternative food additives for the prevention of food spoilage, and contamination with Listeria monocytogenes.
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Antioxidant capacities of 56 selected Chinese medicinal plants were evaluated using the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, and their total phenolic content was measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The strong correlation between TEAC value and FRAP value suggested that the antioxidants in these plants possess free radical scavenging activity and oxidant reducing power, and the high positive correlation between antioxidant capacities and total phenolic content implied that phenolic compounds are a major contributor to the antioxidant activity of these plants. The results showed that Dioscorea bulbifera, Eriobotrya japonica, Tussilago farfara and Ephedra sinica could be potential rich sources of natural antioxidants.
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Vetiveria zizanioides, an aromatic plant commonly known as vetiver has been used for various ailments. The essential oil of vetiver root has been shown to possess antioxidant activity. However, antioxidant potential of spent root extract has not been reported. Hence, in the present study, ferric reducing, free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity of two genotypes namely KS1 and gulabi of V. zizanioides L. Nash root were investigated using in vitro assays - the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), total phenolic content (TPC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and reducing power (RP). KS1 genotype showed higher FRAP values, DPPH inhibition, TPC and RP potential compared to gulabi and the antioxidant activity increased with the concentration of the extract (10-1000 microg/mL). A significant protective effect of cv KS1 (100 microg/mL) extract was also observed in reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations of erythrocytes subjected to oxidative stress by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) and hydrogen peroxide (H202). The cv KS1 showed better antioxidant activity, compared to cv gulabi indicating the possibility of exploring the presence of different phytoconstituents in the two varieties.
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The present study was performed to investigate the effects of chronic administration of nonylphenol (NP) on the expression of inflammation-related genes in the brains of mice. NP was given orally by gavages at 0, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/d. The expression of inflammatory enzymes, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting assays. The nitric oxide (NO) level and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity were also measured by biochemical analyses. The results showed that NP at a high dose (200 mg/kg/d) significantly increased the expression of iNOS and COX-2 in both the hippocampus and cortex. In parallel with the increase in iNOS expression, the NO level was significantly greater at the dose of 200 mg/kg/d, compared to the control. The activity of NOS was also increased in the brain of mice at the dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg/d. These findings demonstrate that NP may have the potential to induce the chronic inflammation or cause neurotoxicity in the mouse brain.
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Roots of Vetiveria zizanioides Nash (Mae Hae; Thai ecotype) planted in three different cultivation systems (normal soil, normal soil with added microbes and semi- hydroponically) were extracted using a simultaneous steam distillation and solvent extraction (SDE) apparatus. Yields of the essential oils obtained were 0.27, 0.18 and 0.06%, respectively. The separation profiles obtained by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC) and solid phase microextraction (SPME)-GCxGC analyses of the crude essential oils showed a total of 156 and 48 well-resolved components, respectively. The highly volatile fractions isolated from the three essential oils by SPME were subjected to analysis by GC-MS and 42 compounds were identified in total. Volatile component profiles of the oils obtained by normal soil and semi-hydroponic cultivation were similar, whereas a quantitative difference was noted in some major volatiles when the cultivation system containing microbes was utilized.
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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in the regulation of NF-kappaB activation, which plays an important role in inflammation and cell survival. However, the molecular mechanisms of ROS in NF-kappaB activation remain poorly defined. We found that the non-provitamin A carotenoid, lutein, decreased intracellular H(2)O(2) accumulation by scavenging superoxide and H(2)O(2) and the NF-kappaB-regulated inflammatory genes, iNOS, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and cyclooxygenase-2, in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. Lutein inhibited LPS-induced NF-kappaB activation, which highly correlated with its inhibitory effect on LPS-induced IkappaB kinase (IKK) activation, IkappaB degradation, nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB, and binding of NF-kappaB to the kappaB motif of the iNOS promoter. This compound inhibited LPS- and H(2)O(2)-induced increases in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activity, PTEN inactivation, NF-kappaB-inducing kinase (NIK), and Akt phosphorylation, which are all upstream of IKK activation, but did not affect the interaction between Toll-like receptor 4 and MyD88 and the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. The NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin and gp91(phox) deletion reduced the LPS-induced NF-kappaB signaling pathway as lutein did. Moreover, lutein treatment and gp91(phox) deletion decreased the expressional levels of the inflammatory genes in vivo and protected mice from LPS-induced lethality. Our data suggest that H(2)O(2) modulates IKK-dependent NF-kappaB activation by promoting the redox-sensitive activation of the PI3K/PTEN/Akt and NIK/IKK pathways. These findings further provide new insights into the pathophysiological role of intracellular H(2)O(2) in the NF-kappaB signal pathway and inflammatory process.
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This study was designed to investigate whether genistein may ameliorate oxidative stress and nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) activation in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line. Treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with genistein significantly reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated nitric oxide (NO) production in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 of 69.4 mum. Genistein at 50 mum and 100 mum concentrations reduced thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) accumulation, increasing the GSH level and antioxidant enzyme activities, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. The specific DNA-binding activities of nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) on nuclear extracts from 50 mum and 100 mum genistein treatments were significanly suppressed. These results suggest that genistein has mild antioxidant activity to suppress intracellular oxidative stress and NFkappaB activation.
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The MTT assay for cell viability and cell proliferation has been modified to improve its reproducibility and accuracy. The modified test is performed on MultiScreen filtration plates, which permits the removal of the culture medium prior to formazan solubilisation, without loss of cells or formazan crystals. A 1:1 mix of DMSO and ethanol is used as the solvent, since this has the same optical refraction index as the filters, making it possible to measure the optical densities directly on the MultiScreen plate. Data obtained in the assay method using the MultiScreen plate were compared with data from studies employing the normal flat-bottomed plate, by using cells which grow in suspension. Two cell lines were used in the study. CTLL-2, which are IL-2 dependent cells of murine T cell origin, and Jurkat E.6.1 which are IL-2 producing cells of human lymphoma origin. CTLL-2 cells and the modified MTT assay were also used for evaluating the effects of different IL-2 concentrations on cell proliferation.
Article
Twelve taxa of Juniperus from the United States were investigated for termiticidal activities of the heartwood, bark/sapwood and leaves. All taxa exhibited termiticidal activities for the fresh heartwood sawdusts. All except Juniperus scopulorum showed high termiticidal activities for the bark/sapwood sawdusts. The activity in the sawdusts could be removed by washing with hexane followed by methanol for about half of the taxa. Both hexane and methanol (sequential) extracts of the heartwoods showed termiticidal activities. Hexane and methanol (sequential) extracts of intact leaves displayed termiticidal activities for most of the taxa.
Article
A rapid aqueous acid extraction thiobarbituric acid method for measuring malondialdehyde as a marker of lipid peroxidation in animal tissue, food, and feedstuff samples has been developed. Sample is homogenized with aqueous trichloroacetic acid in the presence of hexane and butylated hydroxytoluene, and the homogenate is centrifuged. Following reaction with thiobarbituric acid reagent, malondialdehyde is directly quantified on the basis of the third-derivative absorption spectrum of the pink complex formed. Further purification is not required because the derivative transformation of the conventional analytical band at around 532 nm virtually eliminates spectral interferences arising from other compounds. The effect of antioxidants and the optimum conditions far the reaction have been established, and the analytical performance of the new method has been evaluated. The applicability of the method on various animal tissue, food, and feedstuff samples has been also tested. Owing to its simplicity and increased sensitivity and specificity, the method may be preferred over other methods for estimating the extent of lipid peroxidation.
Article
The autoxidation of pyrogallol was investigated in the presence of EDTA in the pH range 7.9–10.6. The rate of autoxidation increases with increasing pH. At pH 7.9 the reaction is inhibited to 99% by superoxide dismutase, indicating an almost total dependence on the participation of the superoxide anion radical, O2·−, in the reaction. Up to pH 9.1 the reaction is still inhibited to over 90% by superoxide dismutase, but at higher alkalinity, O2·− -independent mechanisms rapidly become dominant. Catalase has no effect on the autoxidation but decreases the oxygen consumption by half, showing that H2O2 is the stable product of oxygen and that H2O2 is not involved in the autoxidation mechanism. A simple and rapid method for the assay of superoxide dismutase is described, based on the ability of the enzyme to inhibit the autoxidation of pyrogallol. A plausible explanation is given for the non-competitive part of the inhibition of catechol O-methyltransferase brought about by pyrogallol.
Article
Neuronal cell death due to apoptosis is a common characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we report protective effect of 2-ethoxy-4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazine-6-one (EDPOO) against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cell death in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells, as assessed by MTT test, acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining, determination of Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase-3 levels. We further show that this compound could increase heat shock proteins Hsp-70 and Hsp-32 levels. EDPOO also modulates nuclear levels of Nrf2 and NF-κB, transcription factors that are activated by intracellular reactive oxygen species and/or mediators generated due to chemical exposure of cells. Pretreatment of the cells with this oxazine derivative also increases γ-GCS level, as well as antioxidant enzyme activities, in a dose-dependent manner. Protective effect of this compound could represent a promising approach for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
Article
The common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers, Asteraceae) has been widely used in folklore medicine to treat dyspepsia, heartburn, and spleen and liver disorders. To compare the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of Taraxacum officinale methanol extract (TOME) and water extract (TOWE) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and assess their constitutional differences, including luteolin, chicoric acid, and total phenol content. Antioxidative enzyme activities, nitric oxide (NO) production, and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB expression were estimated by biochemical analysis, the Griess reaction, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, western hybridization, and electrophoretic mobility shift assay. High-performance liquid chromatography and the Folin-Ciocalteau method were used to analyze functional phytochemicals and total phenol content. TOME and TOWE significantly reduced NO production with an IC(50) of 79.9 and 157.5 μg/mL, respectively, without cytotoxicity. Depleted glutathione (GSH) and antioxidative enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, GSH-peroxidase, and GSH-reductase, were restored by dandelion extracts. Both extracts inhibited LPS-stimulated iNOS gene expression and that of its transcription factor, NF-κB, in parallel with nitrite reduction. TOME showed more potent antioxidative and anti-inflammatory capacities than TOWE, which was attributable to its high total phenol, luteolin, and chicoric acid content. These results indicate that TOME and TOWE inhibit oxidative stress and inflammatory responses through elevated de novo synthesis of antioxidative enzymes and suppression of iNOS expression by NF-κB inactivation.
Article
Exploration of antioxidants of plant origin and their scientific validation for their immense pharmacological potential is emerging as an issue of intense research now-a-days.The effect of Cymbopogon citratus extract was seen on cell viability, oxidative stress markers i.e. ROS production, SOD activity, lipid peroxidation and GSH content of murine alveolar macrophages stressed with lipopolysaccharide. Modulation in release of NO and pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α along with alterations in mitochondrial membrane potential under stress were compared with known plant derived antioxidant quercetin. The extract was not found to be cytotoxic at any of the selected doses. At 5 and 10 μg the extract showed significant increase in SOD activity, GSH content (p<0.001), decrease in ROS production as seen by fluorescent dye DCFH-DA and also MDA formation (lipid peroxidation marker) significantly. The extract also showed reduction in the release of pro-inflammatory mediators TNF-α and NO significantly indicating an anti-inflammatory effect. The extract was able to restore mitochondrial membrane potential as estimated by spectrofluorimetry using the fluorescent dye Rhodamine 123. The results suggest potential use of the cytoprotective, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory property of C. citratus in the form of dietary component and also in formulations against lung inflammatory diseases where oxidative stress plays an important role.
Article
Hydroponic experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of cadmium (Cd) on growth, Cd accumulation, lipid peroxidation, antioxidative enzymes, leaf chlorophyll, root activity, protein content and Cd uptake kinetics of vetiver grass. The results showed that 1 mg/L Cd in solution led to increased chlorophyll contents, root activity and enhanced the growth of vetiver grass after 15 days, with 2.2% biomass increased compared to the control. Malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were significantly enhanced by all Cd supply levels. The development of toxic symptoms corresponded to a high accumulation of Cd and to the decrease of water content, chlorophyll, protein content and root activity, but to high increase in catalase and peroxidase activities in plants. Cd concentration in shoots and roots increased with increasing Cd supply levels, and reached a maximum of 93 and 2232 mg/kg Cd dry weight at 30 mg/L treatment, respectively.
Article
Our primary studies had shown that danthron induced cytotoxic effects, including apoptosis and inhibition of migration and invasion. However, danthron-affected DNA damage and repair gene expressions are not clear. In this study, we investigated to examine whether or not danthron induced DNA damage and inhibited DNA repair gene expression in human brain glioblastoma multiforms (GBM 8401) cells. The results from Comet assay indicated that incubation of GBM 8401 cells with 0, 50, 100 and 150 μM of danthron led to a longer DNA migration smear based on the single cell electrophoresis (Comet tail). The results from real-time PCR assay demonstrated that 100 μM of danthron for 24 h treatment in GBM 8401 cells led to decrease all examined ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR), breast cancer 1, early onset (BRCA-1), 14-3-3 proteins sigma (14-3-3σ), DNA-dependent serine/threonine protein kinase (DNA-PK) and O 6 -methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) mRNA expressions. Taken together, the present study showed that danthron caused DNA damage and inhibited DNA repair genes, which may be the factors for danthron-inhibited cell growth in vitro.
Article
The present study was designed to test a hypothesis that curcumin may be modulating oxidative stress parameters including reactive oxygen species, non-protein thiols and expression of antioxidant genes in a concentration and time dependent manner in exhibiting cytotoxic effects in macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. The results have shown that curcumin elevated the reactive oxygen species levels accompanied by a decrease in levels of intracellular non-protein thiols at 2 h after its addition to cells. However, the levels of reactive oxygen species decreased and non-protein thiols content increased at 18 h after its addition. Whereas the expression of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase, Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) increased with curcumin concentration and also with increase in time of incubation, the expression of Mn- superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) showed concentration dependant repression upon treatment with curcumin. The cell viability was significantly reduced at high concentration (25 microM) of curcumin treatment but not at low concentration (5 microM). Curcumin at 5 microM scavenged gamma-radiation induced reactive oxygen species and inhibited cell death. On the contrary, at 25 microM, curcumin increased radiation induced reactive oxygen species production and augmented cell death. Interestingly pretreatment with reducing agents glutathione (GSH) or N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), modified the curcumin mediated redox changes and cell death differentially, due to the inhibition of cellular uptake of curcumin by GSH but not by NAC. The important finding of the study is that the concentration and time dependent dual effect of curcumin may be attributed to changes in oxidative stress and antioxidant gene expression levels leading to inhibition or promotion of cell death.
Article
Bicinchoninic acid, sodium salt, is a stable, water-soluble compound capable of forming an intense purple complex with cuprous ion (Cu1+) in an alkaline environment. This reagent forms the basis of an analytical method capable of monitoring cuprous ion produced in the reaction of protein with alkaline Cu2+ (biuret reaction). The color produced from this reaction is stable and increases in a proportional fashion over a broad range of increasing protein concentrations. When compared to the method of Lowry et al., the results reported here demonstrate a greater tolerance of the bicinchoninate reagent toward such commonly encountered interferences as nonionic detergents and simple buffer salts. The stability of the reagent and resulting chromophore also allows for a simplified, one-step analysis and an enhanced flexibility in protocol selection. This new method maintains the high sensitivity and low protein-to-protein variation associated with the Lowry technique.
Article
Oxygen free radicals are very reactive molecules which can react with every cellular component. They are normally produced in organisms being involved in various biologic reactions. However, too high levels of these partially-reduced O2 species can give rise to functional and morphologic disturbances in cells. There is evidence to implicate oxygen free radicals as important pathologic mediators in many human disease processes.
Article
The MTT assay for cell viability and cell proliferation has been modified to improve its reproducibility and accuracy. The modified test is performed on MultiScreen filtration plates, which permits the removal of the culture medium prior to formazan solubilisation, without loss of cells or formazan crystals. A 1:1 mix of DMSO and ethanol is used as the solvent, since this has the same optical refraction index as the filters, making it possible to measure the optical densities directly on the MultiScreen plate. Data obtained in the assay method using the MultiScreen plate were compared with data from studies employing the normal flat-bottomed plate, by using cells which grow in suspension. Two cell lines were used in the study. CTLL-2, which are IL-2 dependent cells of murine T cell origin, and Jurkat E.6.1 which are IL-2 producing cells of human lymphoma origin. CTLL-2 cells and the modified MTT assay were also used for evaluating the effects of different IL-2 concentrations on cell proliferation.
Article
Pulmonary fibrosis can complicate diverse pulmonary and systemic pathologies. In many cases the underlying cause remains unidentified. Mortality from the disease is increasing steadily in the UK and USA. The clinical features are well-described, but patients frequently present at an advanced stage, and current treatments have not improved the poor prognosis. There is a compelling need to identify the fibrotic process earlier and to develop new therapeutic agents. Increased collagen deposition is central to the pathology and interest over the last decade has focused on the role of cytokines in this process. These polypeptide mediators are believed to be released from both circulating inflammatory and resident lung cells in response to endothelial and epithelial injury. Key cytokines currently implicated in the fibrotic process are transforming growth factor-beta, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and endothelin-1. This article outlines the evidence implicating these mediators in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis and also considers the possible role of cytokines with antifibrotic effects, such as interferon-gamma. The "balance" of positively and negatively regulating cytokines is discussed, and the potential for interaction with other factors including viruses, hormones and altered antioxidant status is also considered. Finally, potential novel therapeutic approaches are discussed, together with suggestions for future studies and clinical trials. As the outcomes of different avenues of research over the last ten years are brought together, it is clear that there is now a hitherto unrivalled opportunity to begin to tackle the treatment of this devastating disease.
Article
Nitric oxide (NO.), a potentially toxic molecule, has been implicated in a wide range of diverse (patho)physiological processes. It is appreciated that the production of NO. from L-arginine is important for nonspecific host defense, helping to kill tumors and intracellular pathogens. Cytotoxicity as a result of a massive NO.-formation is now established to initiate apoptosis. Apoptotic cell death in RAW 264.7 macrophages and several other systems as a result of inducible NO-synthase activation comprises upregulation of the tumor suppressor p53, activation of caspases, chromatin condensation, and DNA fragmentation. The involvement of NO was established by blocking adverse effects by NO-synthase inhibition. Overexpression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 rescued cells from apoptosis by blocking signal propagation downstream of p53 and upstream of caspase activation. As the wide variety of NO.-effects is achieved through its interactions with targets via redox and additive chemistry, the biological milieu, as a result of internal and external stimuli, may modulate toxicity. Therefore, transducing pathways of NO. are not only adopted to cytotoxicity but also refer to cell protection. NO.-signaling during protection from apoptosis is in part understood by the requirement of gene transcription and protein synthesis. NO.-formation causes upregulation of protective proteins such as heat shock proteins, cyclooxygenase-2, or heme oxygenase-1 which in a cell specific way may attenuate apoptotic cell death. Alternatively, protection may result as a consequence of a diffusion controlled NO./O2- (superoxide) interaction. The NO./O2--interaction redirects the apoptotic initiating activity of either NO. or O2- towards protection as long as reduced glutathione compensates the resultant oxidative stress. Protective principles may further arise from cyclic GMP formation or thiol modification. NO shares with other toxic molecules such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha the unique ability to initiate and to block apoptosis, depending on multiple variables that are being elucidated. The crosstalk between cell destructive and protective signaling pathways, their activation or inhibition under the modulatory influence of NO. will determine the role of NO in apoptotic cell death.
Article
Living in an oxygenated environment has required the evolution of effective cellular strategies to detect and detoxify metabolites of molecular oxygen known as reactive oxygen species. Here we review evidence that the appropriate and inappropriate production of oxidants, together with the ability of organisms to respond to oxidative stress, is intricately connected to ageing and life span.
Article
Oxidative damage plays a key role in septic shock induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) which is known to enhance the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, biochemical parameters indicative of oxidative stress were tested in the rat heart following LPS challenge, with and without pretreatment with the antioxidants NAO (natural antioxidant) and apocynin. NAO is a natural antioxidant isolated and purified from spinach and its main components are flavonoids and coumaric acid derivatives. Treatment with LPS alone significantly (P<0.05) increased the malondialdehyde (MDA) level in heart, both in cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions by 1.5- and 2.4-fold, respectively, and in plasma (2.66 fold). In the heart homogenate, the level of hydroperoxides also increased significantly (P<0.05). In addition, LPS treatment significantly (P<0.05) increased NADPH oxidase activity in the heart microsomal fraction by approximately 10-fold compared to control. Pretreatment for 7 days with either apocynin or NAO prior to the LPS challenge significantly (P<0.05) improved rat survival, decreased MDA levels in both fractions and decreased microsomal NADPH-oxidase activity, compared to LPS alone. Catalase (CAT) activity slightly increased at 24 h post-LPS injection in LPS group and returned to the control level in the apocynin treated group. No meaningful changes were indicated for glutathione peroxidase activity among all the treatment groups. The activities of cytosolic and mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes significantly (P<0.05) increased approximately 20% in the LPS-treated group, compared to control. Apocynin significantly (P<0.05) decreased SOD level in the mitochondrial fraction with no effect on the cytosolic fraction; whereas, NAO had no important effect on SOD level in both fractions. The beneficial pretreatment effects of the antioxidants against oxidative stress in the rat heart presented in this study may suggest a potential chemopreventive effect of this compound in sepsis prevention.
Article
Oxidative stress can be involved in several cellular responses, such as differentiation, apoptosis and necrosis. Dehydrocrotonin (DCTN, diterpene lactone) from Croton cajucara, Brazilian medicinal plant, slightly induced NBT-reducing activity. In presence of protein phosphatase inhibitors significant differentiation of HL60 cells was observed. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that apoptosis was induced when the cells were treated with okadaic acid (OKA) and plus trans-dehydrocrotonin (t-DCTN) this effect was two-fold increased. Unlike, when the cells were treated only with t-DCTN, necrosis was observed. On the other hand, the necrosis induced by t-DCTN could be due to oxidative stress, revealed by increase of GSH content. Therefore, this differentiation pathway involves the modulation of protein phosphatases and this inhibition promotes the t-DCTN action on apoptosis induction.
Article
This study was designed to investigate whether genistein may ameliorate oxidative stress and nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) activation in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line. Treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with genistein significantly reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated nitric oxide (NO) production in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 of 69.4 microM. Genistein at 50 microM and 100 microM concentrations reduced thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) accumulation, increasing the GSH level and antioxidant enzyme activities, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. The specific DNA-binding activities of nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) on nuclear extracts from 50 microM and 100 microM genistein treatments were significantly suppressed. These results suggest that genistein has mild antioxidant activity to suppress intracellular oxidative stress and NFkappaB activation.
Article
Anti-proliferative activity of essential oil from 17 Thai medicinal plants on human mouth epidermal carcinoma (KB) and murine leukemia (P388) cell lines using MTT assay were investigated. An amount of 1 x 10(4)cells/well of KB cell line and 1 x 10(5) cells/well of P388 cell line were treated with the oil samples at different concentrations ranging from 0.019 to 4.962 mg/ml. In KB cell line, Guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaf oil showed the highest anti-proliferative activity with the IC(50) value of 0.0379 mg/ml (4.37 times more potent than vincristine) whereas Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) oil gave the highest anti-proliferative activity with the IC(50) value of 0.0362 mg/ml (12.7 times less potent than 5-FU) in P388 cell line. The results demonstrated the potential of essential oil from Thai medicinal plants for cancer treatment.
Article
Antioxidant capacities of vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) oil were evaluated by two different in vitro assays: the DPPH* free radical scavenging assay and the Fe2+-metal chelating assay. Results showed that the vetiver oil (VO) possessed a strong free radical scavenging activity when compared to standard antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and alpha-tocopherol. However, its metal chelating capacity was relatively weak. VO (10 microL/mL) dissolved in methanol exhibited approximately 93% free radical scavenging activity in the DPPH* assay and approximately 34% Fe2+ chelating activity in the metal chelating assay. By contrast, 10 mM BHT and 0.1 mM alpha-tocopherol exhibited 93 and 89% free radical scavenging activities in the DPPH* assay, respectively, and 1 mM EDTA exhibited approximately 97% activity in the metal chelating assay. Among the complex constituents in the crude VO, beta-vetivenene, beta-vetivone, and alpha-vetivone, which had shown strong antioxidant activities, were isolated and identified using various chromatographic techniques including silica gel open column chromatography, silica HPLC, and GC-MS. These results show that VO and some of its inherent components can be potential alternative natural antioxidants.
Study on chemical composition and antifungal activity in volatile oil of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq Fruits
  • C Xin
  • L Xiaojing
  • W Jiao
  • D Haofu
  • W Wenquan
Xin, C., Xiaojing, L., Jiao, W., Haofu, D., & Wenquan, W. (2010). Study on chemical composition and antifungal activity in volatile oil of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq Fruits. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 26(22), 366–371.