Article

Study of the chemical composition, antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory activity of essential oil from Vetiveria zizanioides

September 2012
Food Chemistry 134(1):262–268

DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.131

Authors:

Vetiveria zizanioides (vetiver grass) is well known as an eco-friendly plant that prevents soil erosion and rehabilitates metalliferous polluted land. V. zizanioides is also the major source of vetiver oil for medicine and perfumery. Our study identified 25 compounds in V. zizanioides essential oil (VZ-EO). The major components were cedr-8-en-13-ol (12.4%), α-amorphene (7.80%), β-vatirenene (5.94%) and α-gurjunene (5.91%). VZ-EO may suppress the inflammatory responses of LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, including nitric oxide production and cell apoptosis, by regulating the expression of the inflammation-related enzymes heme oxygenase-1, inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 (inducible cyclooxygenase) and the inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β and interferon-β. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory activity of VZ-EO correlated with its antioxidant activity of decreasing LPS-induced superoxide anion production and malondialdehyde levels.

Bioguided identification of antimicrobial compounds from Chrysopogon zizaniodes (L.) Roberty root essential oil

Article

Sep 2019

Aim: To determine the group of compounds from Chrysopogon zizaniodes root essential oil that have antimicrobial activity. Materials & methods: Thin-layer chromatography coupled to direct bioautography was used to determinate the fraction(s) having antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis (VREF). Through GC-MS identification, the fractions with the greatest similarity to the active thin-layer chromatography fraction were used to determinate the MIC. Results: The subfraction 8 from column chromatography was responsible for the best MIC for MRSA (62.5 μg/ml) and VREF (125 μg/ml). Five compounds possibly responsible for antimicrobial activity were preliminary identified. Conclusion: We suggest that Cedr-8-en-13-ol, could be the more relevant compound involved in the antimicrobial activity in this study.

Caractérisation chimique et biologique de trois huiles essentielles répulsives issues de la biodiversité régionale contre l'alphavirus du Ross River

Thesis

Sep 2017

Miora Ralambondrainy

Les huiles essentielles de citronnelle (Cymbopogon citratus), de géranium (Pelargonium graveolens) et de vétiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) sont utilisées partout dans le monde pour leur activité répulsive contre les principaux vecteurs (moustiques, tiques) de maladies infectieuses chez l'Homme (paludisme, chikungunya, …). L'application cutanée de ces produits naturels pour éviter le contact avec un vecteur n'avait pas été encore envisagée comme moyen de limiter les premiers stades de l’infection par l'agent pathogène transmis par le vecteur. Pour vérifier cette hypothèse, les travaux ont été consacrés à la mise en place d'un cadre structuré pour la réévaluation chimique et biologique des trois huiles essentielles sur le modèle du virus du Ross River (alphavirus) de la même famille que le virus du Chikungunya. La caractérisation chimique des huiles essentielles avec une technique de haute résolution (GC×GC/TOF-MS) a permis d'établir leur profil chémotypique précis. L'utilisation de marqueurs spécifiques (clones moléculaires du virus) a permis d'établir l'inhibition de la réplication virale en fonction des conditions d'application des huiles essentielles de géranium et citronnelle. Ces résultats suggèrent l'intérêt d’une huile essentielle répulsive dans les premiers stades d'une infection par un vecteur. À ce titre, l'étude comparative établit la haute valeur ajoutée de l'huile essentielle de géranium et oriente la recherche de nouveaux anti-infectieux naturels vers des complexes riches en monoterpènes.

Biological activity of vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) essential oil in human dermal fibroblasts

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2017

Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) essential oil (VEO) has a long history of use. However, research on its biological activity in human skin cells is scarce. In this study, we investigated the biological activity of VEO in a pre-inflamed human dermal fibroblast model, which was designed to mimic the disease biology of chronic inflammation and fibrosis. We analyzed the impact of VEO on the levels of 17 important protein biomarkers pertinent to immune response and tissue remodeling. VEO exhibited strong antiproliferative activity in these cells and significantly inhibited the production of collagen III, an important molecule for skin and tissue remodeling processes. We also studied the effect of VEO on regulating genome-wide gene expression. VEO robustly impacted many genes and signaling pathways that are closely related to tissue remodeling and metabolism, among others. Specifically, VEO significantly impacted pathways for cholesterol synthesis and metabolism. This study provides the first evidence of the biological activity of VEO in human dermal fibroblasts. Though a definite conclusion remains elusive, the data suggest that VEO has therapeutic potential for both cosmetic and metabolic health care products. Further research into VEO’s biological and pharmacological mechanisms of action is recommended.

Nephroprotective activity of Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash supplement in doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity model of Wistar rats

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2021
J FOOD BIOCHEM

The nephroprotective effect of standardized aqueous root extract of Vetiveria ziza�nioides (L.) Nash (Family: Poaceae) was investigated in doxorubicin-induced (20 mg/ kg, ip) experimental nephrotoxicity model of Wistar rats. The freeze-dried aqueous refluxed (4 hr) root extract of V. zizanioides (25, 50; equivalent human therapeutic dose and 100 mg/kg) was administered separately to nephrotoxic Wistar rats (n = 6/ group). Supplement of V. zizanioides resulted a dose-dependent reduction in raised serum creatinine, β2-microglobulin, and blood urea nitrogen and a subsequent in�crease in serum total protein and albumin in nephrotoxic rats (p < .05). An attenua�tion of the doxorubicin-induced features of renal parenchymal injury was observed on H- and E-stained sections of the kidney tissues. Nootkatone, dehydroaromaden�drene, isokhusenic acid, α-vetivone, and isolongifolene were identified in the metha�nol extract of V. zizanioides based on the GC-MS chromatogram analysis. The findings revealed that the supplement of standardized aqueous root extract of V. zizanioides had a significant dose-dependent nephroprotective activity against doxorubicin�induced experimental nephrotoxicity. Practical applications Vetiveria zizanioides is a medicinal plant with a variety of therapeutic applications in kidney-related diseases. Apparently, it is used as a food ingredient due to its fresh and elegant scent and potential bioactivities. The aqueous root extract of V. ziza�nioides exerted relatively high antioxidant potential in vitro, substantiating the health effects of the plant pertaining to kidney diseases as a potential source of dietary antioxidant. The administration of the plant extract resulted in significant nephro�protection against doxorubicin-induced experimental nephrotoxicity revealing the significance of V. zizanioides as a promising dietary supplement in the management of kidney disease

GC-MS analyses and bioactivities of essential oil obtained from the roots of Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty cultivated in Giresun, Turkey

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2021
TURK J CHEM

The essential oils (EOs) constituents have trade importance due to their bioactivities. In this research, the essential oil of the roots of Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty cultivated in Giresun was obtained by hydrodistillation. Then, the chemical composition and biological activities of Chrysopogon zizanioides root essential oil (CEO) were studied. Thirty compounds were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the major compounds were determined as isobutyl-angelate (11.15%), α-muurolene (10.56%), angelate isobutyl (9.46%), and α-cedrene (8.42%). The antimicrobial effect of CEO was investigated against pathogenic bacteria and fungus. Minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) was determined 31.25 μg/mL against C. albicans and between 62.5-125 μg/mL against the rest of the microorganisms. According to the antioxidant assays, the total phenolic content of CEO was found to be 13.70±2.10 µg/mL gallic acid equivalent (GAE) and 24.67±3.79 µg/mL catechin equivalent (CE). Ferric reducing power (FRAP) of CEO was found to be 356.44±2.34 μM Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC). 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) was determined as IC50 to be 7.124±0.076 μg/mL. According to the obtained results, CEO has significant antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. This study is the first report determining the chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of essential oil obtained from vetiver grown in the Black Sea Region of Turkey.

Chrysopogon zizanioides—a review on its pharmacognosy, chemical composition and pharmacological activities

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2021
ENVIRON SCI POLLUT R

Vetiver is a traditional plant with versatile applications in medicine, aroma, commerce, environmental-protection, and agriculture. This review was designed to compile all the latest information on phytochemistry, pharmacology, and traditional uses of C. zizanioides. All the information related to this plant was gathered from several authentic sites, using keywords like Chrysopogon zizanioides, Vetiveria zizanioides, Khus, and Khas-Khas. The included resources were journaled articles, book chapters, books, Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeias, and Ayurvedic Formulary of India, from science direct, PubMed, research gate etc. All the necessary, relevant, authentic, and updated information were tried to inculcate in the manuscript. The literature was collected via online sites like Pub med, Scopus, and Science direct as well. During compilation, it observed that many traditional utilities of vetiver got their authentication when tested using different disease-based pharmacological models taking various extracts of roots, leaves, and root oil as test samples. However, systematic studies for isolation of active constituents and establishing their mechanism of action are still required to be validated. On the other hand, the development of novel and robust techniques needed for oil extraction can further enhance the exploration of biological utilities faster. Moreover, the cultivators and harvesters must address carefully to prevent the linked drawback of soil erosion.

Back to the Roots—An Overview of the Chemical Composition and Bioactivity of Selected Root-Essential Oils

Article

Full-text available

May 2021
MOLECULES

Since ancient times, plant roots have been widely used in traditional medicine for treating various ailments and diseases due to their beneficial effects. A large number of studies have demonstrated that—besides their aromatic properties—their biological activity can often be attributed to volatile constituents. This review provides a comprehensive overview of investigations into the chemical composition of essential oils and volatile components obtained from selected aromatic roots, including Angelica archangelica, Armoracia rusticana, Carlina sp., Chrysopogon zizanioides, Coleus forskohlii, Inula helenium, Sassafras albidum, Saussurea costus, and Valeriana officinalis. Additionally, their most important associated biological impacts are reported, such as anticarcinogenic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, pesticidal, and other miscellaneous properties. Various literature and electronic databases—including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Springer, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Wiley—were screened and data was obtained accordingly. The results indicate the promising properties of root-essential oils and their potential as a source for natural biologically active products for flavor, pharmaceutical, agricultural, and fragrance industries. However, more research is required to further establish the mechanism of action mediating these bioactivities as well as essential oil standardization because the chemical composition often strongly varies depending on external factors.

Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides L.) Yield and its water use efficiency affected by different plant populations under reclaimed soil conditions

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2019

Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) is one of the promising plants as raw materials in perfumery industry but it has not been widely introduced in Egypt. Where irrigation and plant population density are important factors in plant growth, a field experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm of South El-Tahrir, El-Behira governorate, Horticulture Research Institute during the two successive seasons of 2017 and 2018 to establish optimal irrigation rate and plant population densities for vetiver in sandy soils under drip irrigation system using split plot design with three replications. The treatments of three irrigation rates were I1= 1.2, I2= 1.0, and I3= 0.80 of evapotranspiration (ETo), and three plant population densities (D1= 25,000, D2= 38,000 and D3= 50,000 plants /fed), where irrigation treatments were assigned in the main plot and densities were assigned in the split plot. Results indicated that vetiver yield, yield components, and water use efficiency (WUE) increased with I2 and increasing plant population densities. Significant interaction effects between irrigation rate and plant population density were detected in both seasons for yield components, and WUE. The highest growth vegetative and yield parameters, plant height, number of tillers/plant, root length, fresh and dry weight/ plant and /fed. and WUE were obtained from plants irrigated with I1, while the highest values from root length and oil percentage were found in I2. The maximum proline value was obtained under I3. On the other hand, plant density at D2 resulted the highest value from number of tillers/plant, root length, fresh and dry weights per plant and oil percentage. High density at D3 gave the highest root length. While the highest value of proline came from D1 in both seasons.

Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides L.) Yield and its water use efficiency affected by different plant populations under reclaimed soil conditions

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2019

Catalytical Specificity, Reaction Mechanisms, and Conformational Changes during Catalysis of the Recombinant SUMO (+)-Zizaene Synthase from Chrysopogon zizanioides

Article

Apr 2019

Zizaene synthase (ZS) from Chrysopogon zizanioides (Poaceae) is the critical enzyme in the biosynthesis of the fragrant sesquiterpene khusimol, a major component of the vetiver essential oil used widely by the cosmetic industry. As reported previously, we heterologously and successfully expressed the active ZS with a small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) fusion domain. In this study, we report the optimization of reaction conditions and determination of enzyme kinetics of ZS. Moreover, we investigate the catalytic specificity and reaction mechanisms with the ubiquitous (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate (FDP) and with C 10 and C 15 prenyl diphosphate isomers. Catalytic promiscuity occurs with monoterpene substrates generating eight products that comprise acyclic, cyclic, and hydroxylated monoterpenes. In contrast, ZS is a high-fidelity terpene cyclase when used with C 15 isomer substrates, yielding as major products (Z)-β-farnesene (100%) for (2E,6Z)-FDP and (+)-zizaene (81.7%), β-acoradiene (12.8%), and (E)-β-farnesene (5.5%) for (2Z,6E)-FDP. Cyclization of the ubiquitous substrate (2E,6E)-FDP demonstrates a higher catalytic specificity, whereas the reaction proceeds via the acorenyl cation that generates (+)-zizaene (91.5%) and β-acoradiene (8.5%). Furthermore, catalytic specificity with (2E,6E)-FDP was stable in reactions tested at distinct pH and temperatures, suggesting a stable and efficient closed conformation of the active site during catalysis. To understand such stability, open and closed structural conformations of ZS were modeled in silico and revealed putative residues in the active site and in the A-C and J-K surrounding loops, which could explain the high fidelity of ZS.

In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory and Radical Scavenging Properties of Chinotto (Citrus myrtifolia Raf.) Essential Oils

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2018

Chinotto (Citrus myrtifolia Raf.) is a widely diffused plant native from China and its fruits have a wide-spread use in confectionary and drinks. Remarkably, only little has been reported thus far on its bioactive properties, in contrast to those of the taxonomically related bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso). The present study aimed to investigate potential in vitro anti-inflammatory and radical scavenging properties of chinotto essential oils (CEOs) and to establish to what extent their composition and bioactivities are dependent on maturation. Essential oil from half ripe chinotto (CEO2) reduced the production of nitric oxide (NO) and the expression of inflammatory genes, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and chemokine monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264,7 macrophages. Limonene, linalool, linalyl acetate, and γ-terpinene were found to be the main components in CEO2. Moreover, CEO2 showed high radical scavenging activity measured as Trolox equivalents (TE) against both 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS). These findings show that chinotto essential oil represents a valuable part of this fruit and warrants further in vivo studies to validate its anti-inflammatory potential.

Chemical composition and biological activities of Lonicera caprifolium L. (Caprifoliaceae) essential oil

Article

Mar 2023
NAT PROD RES

This work aimed to investigate the chemical composition, antiox-idant activity, antinociceptive effect, and wound healing activity of the Lonicera caprifolium L. flower essential oil (LCEO). Linalool (16.42%), d-limonene (9.99%), and α-cadinol (10.65%) were the most prevalent components of the LCEO. The LCEO revealed moderate DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging activity. LCEO exhibited potent antinociceptive activity in acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate-induced pain model; LCEO reduced 73.88 ± 2.78% of writhing and significantly increased pain withdrawal latency in the mice, respectively. The LCEO also presented a potent wound healing effect, with 98.08 ± 1.37% wound closure on the 12th day of treatment. The results of the study demonstrate antioxidant and wound healing potential with antinociceptive effect. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the bioactivities of L. caprifolium L. essential oil.

Bioactive principles, antibacterial and anticancer properties of Artemisia arborescens L.

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2023

Artemisia arborescens is a medicinal and aromatic plant used in traditionally by the people of Saudi Arabia. This research attempts to evaluate the bioactive constituents of the plant using organic solvents, as well as the antibacterial and anticancer properties of plant extracts. The Phytochemical analysis of methanol extract revealed eleven bioactive constituents, identified by comparing their retention periods and GC-MS profiles to account for 52.45 percent of the studied extract. In the meantime, the extract of pet ether had demonstrated the presence of sixteen significant constituents, six of which were distinct sesquiterpene derivatives. In lipophilic plant extract, three higher alkanes made up 12.49% of the total. These higher alkanes were tetratriacontane (6.55%), hentriacontane (4.17%), and octacosane (1.77%). Studies on antimicrobial activity have revealed that both methanolic and petroleum ether extracts had a broad spectrum of activity against specific human pathogens. Both extracts, however, failed to exhibit any anti-Candida albicans activity. Methanolic extract not shown inhibition in the cell growth of MCF-7 cell, but petroleum ether extract had shown significant anti-cancer activity against MCF-7 cell with an IC50 of 13.49 μg/mL. the results obtained show that A. arborescens have a lot of potential for further research into variety of biological functions, against cancer and microbes.

Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca journal uses Sultana S

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2021

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, Anti-Diabetic, Anti-Acetylcholinesterase, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antimicrobial Properties of Arbutus unedo L. and Laurus nobilis L. Essential Oils

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2022

The objectives of this work were to determine the phytochemical composition and an�tioxidant, anti-diabetic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-acetylcholinesterase properties of Arbutus unedo L. and Laurus nobilis L. EOs. The antioxidant effects were estimated using four comple�mentary methods. In addition, the anti-diabetic activity was assessed by targeting three carbohydrate�hydrolyzing enzymes, namely α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and lipase. The anti-inflammatory and anti-acetylcholinesterase effects were evaluated by testing the inhibitory potential of both plants on lipo-oxygenase and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), respectively. The antimicrobial activity of these oils was evaluated using disc-diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum lethal concentration (MLC) tests. The chemical composition of L. nobilis essential oil (EO) was dominated by eucalyptol (36.40%), followed by α-terpineole (13.05%), α-terpinyl acetate (10.61%), linalool (10.34%), and northujane (5.74%). The main volatile compounds of A. unedo EOs were decenal (13.47%), α-terpineol (7.8%), and palmitic acid (6.00%). L. nobilis and A. unedo EOs inhibited α-amylase with IC50 values of 42.51 ± 0.012 and 102 ± 0.06 µg/mL, respectively. Moreover, both oils inhibited the activity of α-glucosidase (IC50 = 1.347 ± 0.021 µg/mL and IC50 = 76 ± 0.021 µg/mL) and lipase (IC50 = 21.23 ± 0.021 µg/mL and IC50 = 97.018 ± 0.012 µg/mL, respectively). In addition, L. nobilis EO showed an anti-AChE activity (IC50 = 89.44 ± 0.07 µg/mL) higher than that of A. unedo EO (IC50 = 378.57 ± 0.05 µg/mL). Regarding anti-inflammatory activity, in vitro assays showed that L. nobilis significantly inhibits (IC50 = 48.31 ± 0.07 µg/mL) 5-lipoxygenase compared to A. unedo (IC50 = 86.14 ± 0.05 µg/mL). This was confirmed in vivo via a notable inhibition of inflammation recorded after 6 h of treatment in both plants at a dose of 50 mg/kg. The microbiological results revealed that EOs from both plants inhibited the growth of all tested organisms except P. aerugi�nosa, with the highest antimicrobial effect for L. nobilis. The results of these tests showed that these two plants possess remarkable biological and pharmacological properties, explaining their medicinal effects and suggesting them as promising sources of natural drugs.

GC-MS Profiling, Anti-Helicobacter pylori, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Three Apiaceous Fruits’ Essential Oils

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2022

Eradication of Helicobacter pylori is a challenge due to rising antibiotic resistance and GIT-related disorders. Cuminum cyminum, Pimpinella anisum, and Carum carvi are fruits belonging to the Apiaceae family. Their essential oils were extracted, analyzed using GC-MS, tested for anti-H. pylori activity by a micro-well dilution technique, identified for potential anti-H. pylori inhibitors by an in-silico study, and investigated for anti-inflammatory activity using a COX-2 inhibition assay. Results showed that the main components of C. cyminum, P. anisum, and C. carvi were cumaldehyde (41.26%), anethole (92.41%), and carvone (51.38%), respectively. Essential oil of C. cyminum exhibited the greatest anti-H. pylori activity (3.9 µg/mL) followed by P. anisum (15.63 µg/mL), while C. carvi showed the lowest activity (62.5 µg/mL). The in-silico study showed that cumaldehyde in C. cyminum has the best fitting energy to inhibit H. pylori.C. cyminum essential oil showed the maximum ability to reduce the production of Cox-2 expression approaching celecoxib with IC50 = 1.8 ± 0.41 µg/mL, followed by the C. carvi oil IC50 = 7.3 ± 0.35 µg/mL and then oil of P. anisum IC50 = 10.7±0.63 µg/mL. The investigated phytochemicals in this study can be used as potential adjunct therapies with conventional antibiotics against H. pylori.

GC-MS Analysis, Antioxidant Capacity and Antimicrobic Action of Vetiveria zizanioides. Essential Oil Cultivated in North Egypt

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2022

Determination of the extraction frequency of green tea leaves by the antioxidant method

Article

Full-text available

May 2022

Aim. To determine the optimal extraction frequency of green tea leaves with 60 % ethanol by the antioxidant method.Materials and methods. Chun Myn green tea leaves were the object of the study, the raw material was collected in Anhui province (China) from March to April. Dry green tea leaves were standardized according to the European Pharmacopeia 9.0. Spectrophotometry was used to quantify biologically active substances. The antioxidant activity was determined by the potentiometric method. Potentiometric measurements were performed on a HANNA 2550 pH meter (Germany) with a combined platinum EZDO 50 PO electrode (Taiwan). A UV-1000 spectrophotometer (China) was used to measure the optical density.Results and discussion. The total content of phenolic compounds was 9.60 ± 0.17, 1.30 ± 0.03 and 0.12 ± 0.002 %, catechins – 9.20 ± 0.18, 1.20 ± 0.02 and 0.07 ± 0.002 %, flavonoids – 0.27 ± 0.005, 0.04 ± 0.001, 0.005 ± 0.001, hydroxycinnamic acids – 0.49 ± 0.01, 0.07 ± 0.002 and 0.007 ± 0.001 %, dry residue – 10.75 ± 0.11, 1.59 ± 0.02 and 0.15 ± 0.002 %, the antioxidant activity was 474.08 ± 9.48, 67.70 ± 1.35 and 7.01 ± 0.14 mmol-equiv mdry res-1 for the first, second and third extraction, respectively. According to the results obtained, the optimal number of extractions of the raw material with 60 % ethanol was found to be two.Conclusions. The dynamic of extractions of biologically active substances of green tea leaves has been studied by triple extraction of the raw material to find the optimal extraction frequency; for the first time, a method for determining the extraction frequency based on the antioxidant activity of the extracts has been developed and proposed. It has been found that the optimal extraction rate is 2 times. The results obtained will be used in the further production of herbal medicines, dietary supplements, and cosmetic products with a green tea extract.

Preliminary analysis on volatile composition of Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty cultivated in Tunisia

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2022

The roots of Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty, belonging to the Poaceae family, are the main source of volatile that has substantial value in perfume, cosmetics, pharmaceutical and food industries. The study of C. zizanioides volatiles, obtained from plant roots cultivated in Tunisia, using GC and GC/MS revealed that more than 50 compounds were detected of which 14 constituents were identified representing 33.87% of the total. Oleic acid (17.09%) and (E) -3-Eicosene (7.77%) were the major components at the species level. However, 10,13 methyl ester octadecadienoic acid (0.01%), (Z) - 9,17-octadecadienal (0.01%), (Dimethylethyl-1,1) Bis-2,6 Methyl- 4 Phenol (0.04%), methyl pentadecanoic acid, 13-methyl-, methyl ester (0.05%), (Z) -13-octadecenal (0.06%) and linoleic acid ethyl ester (0 , 06%) are the constituents which have the lowest contents.

A Newer Technique Induced Latent Fingerprint Registration by Using Vetiveria Zizanioides Powder on Electronic Surfaces

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2021

Introduction: Most of the conventional methods make use of chemicals for registration of the latent fingerprints which causes potential health hazards to the examiner during the identification. Hence to overcome all these disadvantages the researchers have worked on the development of latent fingerprints using powders of herbal origin. Vetiveria zizanioides is commonly known as Khas Khas, Khas, or Khus grass in India. It belongs to the Poaceae family. Its major constituents are vetiselinenol and khusimol, which render the herb its pharmacological properties. The present study aims to use a new fingerprint powder with herbal formulation using Vetiveria zizanioides.

An Evaluation of the Potential of Essential Oils against SARS-CoV-2 from In Silico Studies through the Systematic Review Using a Chemometric Approach

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2021

Essential oils (EOs) and their compounds have attracted particular attention for their reported beneficial properties, especially their antiviral potential. However, data regarding their anti-SARS-CoV-2 potential are scarce in the literature. Thus, this study aimed to identify the most promising EO compounds against SARS-CoV-2 based on their physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, and toxicity properties. A systematic literature search retrieved 1669 articles; 40 met the eligibility criteria, and 35 were eligible for analysis. These studies resulted in 465 EO compounds evaluated against 11 human and/or SARS-CoV-2 target proteins. Ninety-four EO compounds and seven reference drugs were clustered by the highest predicted binding affinity. Furthermore, 41 EO compounds showed suitable drug-likeness and bioactivity score indices (≥0.67). Among these EO compounds, 15 were considered the most promising against SARS-CoV-2 with the ADME/T index ranging from 0.86 to 0.81. Some plant species were identified as EO potential sources with anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity, such as Melissa officinalis Arcang, Zataria multiflora Boiss, Eugenia brasiliensis Cambess, Zingiber zerumbet Triboun & K.Larsen, Cedrus libani A.Rich, and Vetiveria zizanoides Nash. Our work can help fill the gap in the literature and guide further in vitro and in vivo studies, intending to optimize the finding of effective EOs against COVID-19.

Rotula aquatica Lour. inhibits growth and biofilm formation of clinically isolated uropathogenic Escherichia coli.

Article

Jul 2021

Sebastian J Midhun

Objective: To decipher the responsible compound present in the aqueous root extract of Vetiveria zizanioides which has tremendous immunomodulatory activity. Methods: Different fractions of the water extract were collected and analyzed for immunomodulatory activity by analyzing in vitro phagocytic activity and nitric oxide production. One fraction VF3 was selected and further analyzed for possible compounds by high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer. The in vitro immunomodulatory parameters such as phagocytic index, nitrite content, and tumor necrosis factor-α production in murine macrophages were analyzed. In vivo studies, sheep red blood cell induced haemagglutination titer, the number of antibody-producing cells, and sheep red blood cell induced delayed-type hypersensitivity were analyzed. Cytotoxic studies in L929 normal fibroblasts were also performed. Results: One of the fractions, VF3, was selected and confirmed the presence of an active compound valencene. The in vitro immunomodulatory parameters were significantly (P

Phytochemical Screening, Free Radical Scavenging and Cytotoxic Profile for Different Extracts of Chrysopogon zizanioides Roots

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2021

The Chrysopogon zizanioides plant possesses multiple traditional uses, especially in therapeutics, but only a few articles have reported its biological activity. Hence, the present study was planned to explore the phytochemical constituents, cytotoxic potential, radical scavenging activity, and GC‐MS (Gas chromatography & Mass spectrometry) analysis of the vetiver root extracts. The roots extracted with different solvents exhibited more significant phytochemical constituents in polar solvents in comparison to non‐polar ones, favoring the extraction of a greater number of components in highly polar solvents. All the extracts were tested for their cytotoxicity using SRB (Sulforhodamine B) assay. They confirmed ethanolic extract as a potent extract with GI50 56±0.5 µg/ml in oral cancer (SCC‐29B) along with no cytotoxicity in healthy cells (Vero cells), making it a safer therapeutic option in comparison to standard Adriamycin. This extract was also analyzed for its antioxidant potential by DPPH (1,1‐Diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl) assay with IC50 value 10.73 µg/ml, which was quite comparable to Ascorbic acid having IC50 value 4.61 µg/ml. The quantitative analysis of ethanolic extract exhibited 107 compounds amongst which Khusenic acid, Ascorbic acid, Junipen, gamma‐Himachalene, alpha‐Guaiene were the majorly occurring compounds that can be explored further for their cytotoxic activity.

Potential therapeutic effect of Chrysopogon zizanioides (Vetiver) as an anti-inflammatory agent

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2021
ENVIRON SCI POLLUT R

Vetiver has a broad history of traditional medicinal uses, but only a handful of research article has reported its utility in treating diseases. But unfortunately, no work has been reported on the anti-inflammatory activity of its plant extract and inflammatory-linked diseases. Hence, the present review focuses on investigating the several presumptions which can be put forward to explain its anti-inflammatory property. Thus, for ensuring the same, all the databases like science direct, PubMed, book chapters, and other authenticated papers were thoroughly studied to present a connection between inflammation and the plant potential. After gaining enough knowledge on pathogenesis of inflammation, it has been observed that the release of mediators from the arachidonic acid metabolism pathway and generation of oxidative and nitrogen species are presented as the main reason for the occurrence of inflammation condition. The stimulation of antioxidant enzyme system network by the plant extract reduces the level of oxidative stress, creating a balance between oxidant and antioxidant system. Moreover, its antimicrobial activity will prevent the biological source of stimulation towards injury and the CNS depressant effect will subside the pain of inflammation. Amalgamating all the factors together, the plant can be utilized as anti-inflammatory can be and also can be proved as a beneficial perspective in the treatment of inflammation-linked disorders.

Evaluation of In-vitro Anti-Inflammatory activity of Citrus macroptera Montr.

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2020

Sonam Bhutia

Objective: The use of naturally occurring medicines dependent on essential oils (EOs) is nowadays of great interest. In addition, within the human body, EO shows high efficacy as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory drugs. The present experiment was conducted to access the anti-inflammatory activity of EO obtained from the fruit peels of Citrus macroptera Montr. (Rutaceae) against the denaturation of protein in vitro model. Methods: The test sample (EO) was incubated under controlled laboratory conditions at varying concentrations with egg albumin and was subjected to absorbance determination for the anti-inflammatory property analysis. Diclofenac sodium was used as the standard reference drug for the experiment. Results: The results show a concentration-dependent inhibition of protein (albumin) denaturation by the test oil. This was concluded by comparing their IC 50 average values. Citrus macroptera Montr. EO possessed IC 50 average value 54.6+0.07 μg/mL, whereas that of diclofenac sodium was found to be 52.89+0.06 μg/ml. The result shows that the test oil is more effective than the standard drug. Conclusion: From the above experimental finding, it can be concluded that Citrus macroptera Montr. EO has significance anti-inflammatory effect against the denaturation of the protein in vitro model. The activity may be due to the presence of terpene polyphenolic component or some other active compound present in the oil. The provided information was first of its kind of knowledge to keep the scientific data for future reference.

In vitro Anti-inflammatory effects of thai herb essential oils

Article

Jan 2020

Estimation of Genetic Diversity in Genus Mentha Collected From Azad Jammu And Kashmir, Pakistan

Preprint

Full-text available

Dec 2019

Mints are perennial aromatic herbs used both for medicinal and aromatic purposes. Flora of Pakistan has reported six species of genus Mentha. Taxonomy of genus Mentha is more complex and confusing due to inter specific hybridization. The present research is the first documented report from Pakistan for the purpose to dissect Mentha specimens using molecular tools. A total of 17 SCoT and SSR markers used to dissect genetic diversity among 41 Mentha specimens. The results revealed substantial variation among Mentha specimens. The molecular data analyzed through NTSYS and Power marker software's. Dendrogram constructed on the base of similarity coefficients generated using weighted pair group method of arithmetic means (UPGMA) recorded high level of polymorphism. Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) for molecular markers recorded in the range of 5-8. Mean genetic distance (GD) was estimated in the range from 0.35% to 100%. The minimum and maximum GD recorded in one combination each as P2-P4 and M41-P10. The present study was explored the efficiency of SCoT and SSR markers for evaluating the genetic diversity of medicinal plants. The present research was concluded that both morphological and molecular dendrogram determined considerable level of diversity among Mentha species. Furthermore, specific primers and DNA chloroplast technology could be needed for further molecular analysis to refine the data more up to varietal level.

Potential of Medicinal Use of Essential Oils from Aromatic Plants

Chapter

Full-text available

Sep 2018

Potential of Medicinal Use of Essential Oils from Aromatic Plants

Chapter

Full-text available

Sep 2018

Mozaniel Santana Oliveira

The in vitro antimicrobial evaluation of commercial essential oils and their combinations against acne

Article

Mar 2018

Objective The study investigated the efficacy of commercial essential oil combinations against the two pathogens responsible for acne with the aim to identify synergy and favourable oils to possibly use in a blend. Methods and materials Antimicrobial activity was assessed using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay against Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 2223) and Propionibacterium acnes (ATCC 11827), and the fractional inhibitory concentration index (ΣFIC) was calculated. Combinations displaying synergistic interactions were further investigated at varied ratios and the results plotted on isobolograms. Results From the 408 combinations investigated, 167 combinations were identified as displaying noteworthy antimicrobial activity (MIC value ≤ 1.00 mg ml⁻¹). Thirteen synergistic interactions were observed against S. epidermidis and three synergistic combinations were observed against P. acnes. It was found that not one of the synergistic interactions identified were based on the combinations recommended in the layman's aroma‐therapeutic literature. Synergy was evident rather from leads based on antimicrobial activity from previous studies, thus emphasising the importance of scientific validation. Leptospermum scoparium J.R.Forst. and G.Forst (manuka) was the essential oil mostly involved in synergistic interactions (four) against S. epidermidis. Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.f. and Thomson (ylang ylang) essential oil was also frequently involved in synergy where synergistic interactions could be observed against both pathogens. The combination with the lowest MIC value against both acne pathogens was and Vetiveria zizanioides Stapf (vetiver) with Cinnamomum verum J.Presl (cinnamon bark) (MIC values 0.19‐0.25 mg ml⁻¹). Pogostemon patchouli Benth. (patchouli), V. zizanioides, C. verum and Santalum spp. (sandalwood) could be identified as the oils that contributed the most noteworthy antimicrobial activity towards the combinations. The different chemotypes of the essential oils used in the combinations predominantly resulted in similar antimicrobial activity. Conclusion The investigated essential oil combinations resulted in at least 50% of the combinations displaying noteworthy antimicrobial activity. Most of the synergistic interactions do not necessarily correspond to the recommended aroma‐therapeutic literature, which highlights a need for scientific validation of essential oil antimicrobial activity. No antagonism was observed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Insecticidal effect of several essential oils against Musca domestica

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2018
Comp Clin Pathol

This study aimed to evaluate for the first time the insecticidal effects of essential oils of bergamot (Citrus bergamia), palmarosa grass (Cymbopogon martini), vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides), and red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) against the house fly (Musca domestica). The in vitro study was performed in captured adult flies, which were separated on testing cages (n = 20). Subsequently, the essential oils cited above were used in the concentrations of 1, 5, and 10%, and a control group was maintained for test validation. All flies were monitored for 8 h after treatment. All four oils showed insecticidal effect against the fly species studied in vitro and after 8 h of treatment, an efficacy of 73% was observed for the essential oil of bergamot, 55% for palmarosa grass, 75% for vetiver grass, and 89% for red cedar. We conclude that the essential oils tested showed insecticidal effect against house fly, acting as an environmentally sustainable alternative to be applied in human habitats, especially against flies’ resistant to chemical insecticides. In addition, the use of such oils may decrease the doses of synthetic drugs routinely used.

Antioxidant activity and total phenolic and flavonoid contents of Chrysopogon aucheri (Boiss.) Stapf

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2017

Introduction: Chrysopogon aucheri is a species native to the South of Iran. It is used for the treatment of some oxidative-based disorders. Objective: Due to lack of biological research on C. aucheri , we were prompted to investigate the antioxidant activities of leaf total extract and different sub-fractions for the first time. The phenolic and flavonoid contents were also determined in the leaves as the interaction between these components and the antioxidant activity. Methods: The antioxidant effects of total extract and sub-fractions were evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also determined by Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminium chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. Results: Total extract of C. aucheri leaves was found to possess desirable antioxidant activity in vitro in comparison with standard antioxidant BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene). The highest phenolic and flavonoid contents were observed in the methanol sub-fraction. Results showed weak and moderate correlations with phenolics and flavonoids, respectively, and therefore other metabolites of C. aucheri leaves might be responsible for antioxidant activities. Conclusion: The results suggested that C. aucheri leaves possess desirable antioxidant activity when compared with BHT and support the ethnomedicinal claims of the use of the leaves in the management of some oxidative-based diseases.

Antibiofilm activity of Vetiveria zizanioides root extract against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Article

Jul 2017

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a leading human pathogen responsible for causing chronic clinical manifestation worldwide. In addition to antibiotic resistance genes viz. mecA and vanA, biofilm formation plays a prominent role in the pathogenicity of S. aureus by enhancing its resistance to existing antibiotics. Considering the role of folk medicinal plants in the betterment of human health from the waves of multidrug resistant bacterial infections, the present study was intended to explore the effect of Vetiveria zizanioides root on the biofilm formation of MRSA and its clinical counterparts. V. zizanioides root extract (VREX) showed a concentration-dependent reduction in biofilm formation without hampering the cellular viability of the tested strains. Micrographs of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) portrayed the devastating impact of VREX on biofilm formation. In addition to antibiofilm activity, VREX suppresses the production of biofilm related phenotypes such as exopolysaccharide, slime and α-hemolysin toxin. Furthermore, variation in FT-IR spectra evidenced the difference in cellular factors of untreated and VREX treated samples. Result of mature biofilm disruption assay and down regulation of genes like fnbA, fnbB, clfA suggested that VREX targets these adhesin genes responsible for initial adherence. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of sesquiterpenes as a major constituent in VREX. Thus, the data of present study strengthen the ethnobotanical value of V. zizanioides and concludes that VREX contain bioactive molecules that have beneficial effect over the biofilm formation of MRSA and its clinical isolates.

Medicinal plants of panamá 2: Ethnobotanics of forestal reserve la tronosa, Province of Los Santos

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2017

The Tronosa Forest Reserve is located in the province of Los Santos, Tonosí district with an area of 20.579 ha. The aim of the research was to determine the use of medicinal plants. The methodology includes surveys ethnobotanical walks and implementation in communities: La Bijagual, Culebra, Corotúa and La Bonita. Species were identified 108 and 1855 data source and used portion of the plants, the preparation form and processed healing properties. La Bonita was the community that uses the medicinal plants by 38%. The part of the plant used was the leaf (69%) and are prepared in wash (65%) and tea (57%). The plants most commonly used are aloe, mastranto and sage. The most common diseases are respiratory (19,7%), body pain (19%) and stomach problems (18%). © 2017 Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas.

Vetiver Essential Oil in Cosmetics: What Is New?

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2017

Background: Vetiver is a key ingredient for the perfume industry nowadays. However, with the constant and rapid changes of personal tastes, this appeal could vanish and this sector could decline quite quickly. New dissemination paths need to be found to tap this valuable resource. Methods: In this way, its potential use in cosmetics either as an active ingredient per se (with cosmeceutical significance or presenting antimicrobial activity) has hence been explored in vitro. Results: In this contribution, we demonstrated that vetiver essential oil displays no particularly significant and innovative cosmetic potential value in formulations apart from its scent already largely exploited. However, evaluated against twenty bacterial strains and two Candida species using the in vitro microbroth dilution method, vetiver oil demonstrated notably some outstanding activities against Gram-positive strains and against one Candida glabrata strain. Conclusions: Based on these findings, vetiver essential oil appears to be an appropriate aspirant for the development of an antimicrobial agent for medicinal purposes and for the development of a cosmetic ingredient used for its scent and displaying antimicrobial activity as an added value.

Cellular Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Coffee Extracts with Different Roasting Levels

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2017

During roasting, major changes occur in the composition and physiological effects of coffee beans. In this study, in vitro antioxidant effects and anti-inflammatory effects of Coffea arabica green coffee extracts were investigated at different roasting levels corresponding to Light, Medium, City, and French roast. Total caffeine did not show huge difference according to roasting level, but total chlorogenic acid contents were higher in light roasted coffee extract than other roasted groups. In addition, light roasted coffee extract had the highest antioxidant activity in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. To determine the in vitro antioxidant property, coffee extracts were used to treat AML-12 cells. Intracellular glutathione (GSH) concentration and mRNA expression levels of genes related to GSH synthesis were negatively related to roasting levels. The anti-inflammatory effects of coffee extracts were investigated in lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The cellular antioxidant activity of coffee extracts exhibited similar patterns as the AML-12 cells. The expression of mRNA for tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 was decreased in cells treated with the coffee extracts and the expression decreased with increasing roasting levels. These data suggest that coffee has physiological antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and these effects are negatively correlated with roasting levels in the cell models.

The Performance of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Vetiver Grass (Vetiveria zizanioides) concurrently cultivated in aquaponic system

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2015

Background: Today various aquaponic methods involving fish and vegetables have been developed. Researcher recognized the potential of vetiver grass which has high economic value. To date vetiver grass is planted in soil and hydroponic media with additional nutrients. Objective: This study aimed to find out whether vetiver grass is able to grow in aquaponic system and suitable to be planted concurrently with fish. The present study is interesting because such topic has never studied before. Result: Nile tilapia fish was used and experiments were carried out using Recirculating Aquaponic System (RAS) for six weeks where the observations and measurements of which were done every week. The result indicated that Nile tilapia planted concurrently with vetiver grass in higher density (P2) has the best Relative Growth Rate (RGR) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR). There was no significant difference between the growth of vetiver grass P1 and P2, the grass was able to grow with RGR of 0.01 g day-1. The percentage of N and P in vetiver grass tissue reached 1.98% and 0.35%, respectively. Such percentage is considered very sufficient and it showed that the nutrient was wellabsorbed. Conclusion: Nile tilapia and vetiver grass are potential to be cultivated in the same system and so the system is very potential to be developed.

Ethnopharmacological appraisal of culturally important medicinal plants and polyherbal formulas used against communicable diseases in Rodrigues Island

Article

Nov 2016

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction of oil from calophyllum inophyllum seeds: Optimization of process parameters

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2016

Calophyllum inophyllum (C. inophyllum) is a plant known as “Penaga Laut” in Malaysia. Its seeds contain valuable oil that serve as a potential alternative sources for vegetable oil. In this study, C. inophyllum seeds oil was extracted using an ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) technique. The optimization of extraction parameters namely different types of solvent, extraction time, ultrasonic power, extraction temperature and liquid to solid (L/S) ratio were performed using one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) method. The optimum extraction conditions obtained were n-hexane as a solvent, extraction time 20 min, ultrasonic power 210 W, extraction temperature 40°C and L/S ratio 20 ml/g, with an oil yield 55.44 ± 0.53 %.

Ethyl 4-(4-methylphenyl)-4-pentenoate from Vetiveria zizanioides Inhibits Dengue NS2B-NS3 Protease and Prevents Viral Assembly: A Computational Molecular Dynamics and Docking Study

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2016
CELL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS

Around 50 % of the world's population is at the risk of dengue, a viral infection. Presently, there are not many drugs and prophylactic measures available to control dengue viral infection, and hence, there is an urgent need to develop effective antidengue compound from natural sources. In the current study, we explored the antiviral properties of the medicinal plant Vetiveria zizanioides against dengue virus. Initially, the antiviral properties of active compounds were examined using docking analysis along with reference ligand. The enzyme-ligand complex which showed higher binding affinity than the reference ligand was employed for subsequent analysis. The stability of the top scoring enzyme-ligand complex was further validated using molecular simulation studies. On the whole, the study reveals that the compound Ethyl 4-(4-methylphenyl)-4-pentenoate has an effective antiviral property, which can serve as a potential lead molecule in drug discovery process.

Chemical composition of Thymus vulgaris, Origanum compactum and Vetiveria zizanoides essential oils and their antibacterial and antioxidant activities

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2023

Thanks to their various compounds, essential oils (EOs) are promising innovative resources of antimicrobial and antioxidant agents. This work aims to explore in vitro the antibacterial and antioxidant potential of the volatile oils extracted from three Moroccan species: Thymus vulgaris, Origanum compactum and Vetiveria zizanoides. The phytochemistry of these oils attained by hydro-distillation was investigated via GC-MS analysis. Antioxidant potential was evaluated by DPPH and FRAP assays. The antibacterial effect was assessed on Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enterica using broth-microdilution method. Phytochemical analysis allowed to identify 10 components for each EO. Caryophellene (19.93%) and carvacrol (15.35%) were the main identified compounds in O. compactum EO, while T. vulgaris EO was dominated by caryophyllene (17.925%) and thymol (15.127%). As regard V. zizanoides EO, longiverbenone (27.31%) and longipinocarvone (26.87%) were the major compounds. The antibacterial screening demonstrated that these oils exhibited significant inhibitory effects against S. aureus and S. enterica with MIC values varying from 0.25 to 0.5% and 0.5 to 1% (v/v), respectively. These values are close to those of positive control: tetracycline (MIC values = 0.5 and 0.25% (v/v), respectively). The studied EOs presented promising antioxidant effects by IC50 values varied between 93.10 ± 1.3 and 141.5 ± 2.41 µg/mL for DPPH assay, and between 131.79 ± 2.64 and 184.8 ± 1.02 µg/mL for FRAP method. In light of this work, the volatile compounds of the studied plants could constitute a natural source for antibacterial and antioxidant agents. Presented information could shed light into further studies on these plant Eos.

IJAM-Article Prevention of Covid

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2021

Lekha G S

This review article presents a brief outline on SARS-COV-2 and the Siddha concept of infectious and epidemic diseases along with their preventive measures in Siddha System of Medicine.

Quality control standard values and stability study of ethanolic Ya-Hom KAE-LOM-WING-WIEN remedy extract on nitric oxide inhibition in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells of its anti-inflammatory activity

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2018

Introduction: Ya-Hom KAE-LOM-WING-WIEN remedy (KLWW) is included in the Thai National List of Essential Medicines A.D. 2013 and used for treating dizziness, fatigue, and sleeplessness. Quality control of plant ingredients and stability test of this remedy extract were ensured and controlled the quality of herbal medicines. In addition, standard quality values of this remedy and its plant ingredients have never been reported. The stability of this remedy extracts had also no report. The aim of this study was to investigate the quality control and stability test of KLWW on anti-inflammatory activity. Method: Quality assessment method of remedy and its plant ingredients were determined by loss on drying, extractive value, total ash and acid insoluble ash, following Thai Herbal Pharmacopeia (THP) method. The stability testing of KLWW extract was stored over a six-month period, under 40 ± 2 °C with 75 ± 5% RH as accelerated conditions and also evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity by nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory assay in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Results: The KLWW showed loss on drying value of 6.40 ± 0.20%, total ash value of 6.77 ± 0.48%, acid insoluble ash value of 0.91 ± 0.11%, and the ethanol and water-soluble extractive values of 7.64 ± 0.33 and 18.37 ± 0.74%, respectively. Stability test of the 95% ethanolic extract of KLWW on NO inhibition at days 0, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 showed IC 50 values of 19.38 ± 1.13, 28.43 ± 078, 29.06 ± 1.71, 34.02 ± 0.40, 33.82 ± 0.44, 34.66 ± 2.32, 34.13 ± 1.68 and 32.04 ± 2.32 µg/ml, respectively, compared with prednisolone (positive control) with IC 50 value of 0.16 ± 0.01 µg/ml.For stability study, KLWW extract lost anti-inflammatory activity after kept 15 days and the activity did not decreased any further up to 6 months. Discussion and KLWW passed the standard value of THP standard in terms of loss on drying, extractive value, Conclusion: total ash, and acid insoluble ash. For stability study, KLWW extract lost anti-inflammatory activity after keep 15 days but it had anti-inflammatory activity because IC 50 was in range 28-34 µg/ml. Thus, KLWW extract are stable in anti-inflammatory activity within two years.

Grasses in South African traditional medicine: A review of their biological activities and phytochemical content

Article

Feb 2019
S AFR J BOT

Certain grass species are used as remedies against diseases and as nourishing food for both humans and livestock. The review aims to explore the grasses used in South African traditional medicine and highlight their pharmacological and phytochemical properties as well as safety. Chemical compounds were drawn using ChemDraw Ultra 7.0, structures were confirmed or authenticated using chemical structure databases such as PubChem, Chemical Books, NIST Chemistry Books and ChemSpider. In terms of pharmacological properties of these grasses, antimicrobial, anti-mutagenic, anti-tumour, anti-diarrhoeal, anti-diabetic, diuretic, hepato-protective, anti-inflammatory, anti-plasmodial and antioxidant activities have been indicated. Diverse classes of phytochemicals such as sterols, alkaloids, phenolics, terpenes and cardiac glycosides have been isolated. Toxicity and cytotoxicity studies of extracts and the isolated compounds from the grasses suggest their relative safety. Grasses play a substantial role in primary health care needs and may serve as novel sources of bioactive compound(s). However, when compared to other plant families often used in South African traditional medicine, there is limited scientific evidence on their pharmacological and phytochemical properties as well as cytotoxicity. Thus, more research efforts are required to unlock the potential embedded in this important group of plants.

Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash: A Magic Bullet to Attenuate the Prevailing Health Hazards: Phytochemistry and Molecular Aspects

Chapter

Jan 2019

Amidst the haze surfacing the earth with the occurrence of ever-increasing diseases, indigenous plant remedies stand as the only ray of hope with its heroic therapeutic properties. Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides L. Nash), a quintessential medicinal and aromatic plant (MAP), is known to possess miraculous therapeutic properties and distinct base note characteristics. The plant stockpiles its essential oil (EO) in the roots which serves as the wellhead of the key natural input to the proliferating cosmeceutical, pharmaceutical, and perfumery industries. The roots exhibit a two-way benefit by forming an intertwined network sustaining the environment as well as producing essential oil, which is highly valued for its aromatic and biological properties. Moreover, the plant seems to be best suited to the adverse conditions of today because of its morphological adaptations. The leaves are adapted such that they can survive stresses such as drought-desiccation, salinity, temperature, heavy metals, herbicides, pesticides, etc., while roots are so dense, long, and lacy that they interlock into massive curtain-like structure forming an underground network most suitable for soil and water conservation, land rehabilitation and gully control, slope stabilization, disaster mitigation, improvement of the interface of water and structures, water quality, remediation of polluted sites, agricultural uses, and other applications that are unrelated to the forgoing. The phenomenal nature of vetiver is realized because of its multifarious utilities. The roots as well as aboveground parts are known to benefit almost all segments of humankind. Vetiver oil has distinctive rich balsamic tonality indicating that the EO is mainly composed of highly complex volatile sesquiterpene and its derivatives. Apart from its direct applications in perfumery industry, vetiver oil in its dilute form is extensively used commercially in food and cosmetic industries and aromatherapy. Furthermore, the essential oil is reported to greatly underpin pharmaceutical industry as it exhibits anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antidiabetic, anticataleptic, anti-arthritic, sedative, calming, antidiuretic, antimicrobial, antifungal, herbicidal, insecticidal, antioxidant, and even anticancer activities. The following section highlights the botanical information, update of essential oil composition, economics, extraction, secondary metabolites biosynthesis, cellular compartmentalization, ethnobotanical significance, and their therapeutic properties discovered and proved in the past decades and their potential for future exploitation.

Activity of Vetiver Extracts and Essential Oil against Meloidogyne incognita

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2018
J NEMATOL

Vetiver, a nonhost grass for certain nematodes, was studied for the production of compounds active against the southern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita . In laboratory assays studying the effects on second-stage juvenile (J2) activity and viability, crude vetiver root and shoot extracts were nematotoxic, resulting in 40% to 70% J2 mortality, and were also repellent to J2. Vetiver oil did not exhibit activity against J2 in these assays. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses of three crude vetiver root ethanol extracts and a commercial vetiver oil determined that two of the major components in each sample were the sesquiterpene acid 3,3,8,8-tetramethyltricyclo[5.1.0.0(2,4)]oct-5-ene-5-propanoic acid and the sesquiterpene alcohol 6-isopropenyl-4,8a-dimethyl-1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydronaphthalen-2-ol. The acid was present in higher amounts in the extracts than in the oil. These studies demonstrating nematotoxicity and repellency of vetiver-derived compounds to M. incognita suggest that plant chemistry plays a role in the nonhost status of vetiver to root-knot nematodes, and that the chemical constituents of vetiver may be useful for suppressing nematode populations in the soil.

Study on the Bioactive Constituents and in vitro Antioxidant and in vivo Anti-inflammatory Activities of Extracts from the Fruits of Ziziphus Jujuba Mill. cv. Jinsixiaozao Hort

Article

Jul 2017

The aims of this study were to investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of extracts from fruits of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. cv. jinsixiaozao Hort (ZJMH) and its active chemical constituents. For antioxidant activity, reducing power, DPPH and β-carotene bleaching inhibition assay were used. Ethyl acetate extract exhibited the strongest antioxidant potential in all the models. For anti-inflammatory activity, petroleum ether extract showed the strongest inhibition (32.86%) against carrageenan-induced paw edema, which also displayed potent anti-inflammatory activity against xylene-induced ear edema (41.52%). The contents of phenolic acids, flavonoids, triterpenes, anthocyanins, triterpenoid saponins of different extracts were also observed. Moreover, seven compounds were first isolated from petroleum ether extract and showed considerable anti-inflammatory activity, especially alphitolic acid and stigmasterol. The results showed that ZJMH can be a natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent.

Chrysopogon zizanioides

Chapter

Feb 2016

T. K. Lim

Vetiver grass large dense clump

Vetiverianines A, B, and C: Sesquiterpenoids from Vetiveria zizanioides Roots

Article

Sep 2016
J NAT PROD

Three new sesquiterpenoids-vetiverianines A (1), B (2), and C (3)-and a known eudesmane sesquiterpenoid (4) were isolated from the roots of Vetiveria zizanioides. Vetiverianine A (1) has a unique carbon framework comprising a rigid tricyclic ring system. Vetiverianines B (2) and C (3) are new eremophilane sesquiterpenoids. The structures of sesquiterpenoids 1-3, including the absolute configurations, were determined by NMR spectroscopic, X-ray crystallography, and vibrational circular dichroism data analysis. Vetiverianine C (3) exhibited weak cytotoxic activity against HL-60 cells.

Enhanced Plant let Regeneration and In Vitro Root Production in Vetiver [Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash]

Article

Dec 2012
PHILIPP AGRIC SCI

In vitro plantlet regeneration and production of roots in the shoot base explants of vetiver [Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash] was investigated using Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium supplemented with different types and concentrations of plant growth regulators. Extensive shoot proliferation was maintained at 5 mg L-1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). Increasing the concentration of BAP to 20 mg L-1 significantly inhibited the growth of shoots. Root production was greatly enhanced by the addition of either 0.25 mg L-1 naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) or 20 mg L-1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Roots induced by NAA were short and thick, whereas those induced by IBA were long, thin and fibrous. Supplementation of 0.5 mg L-1 NAA to MS basal medium and further enrichment with 0.5 mg L-1 kinetin (Ki) significantly enhanced the proliferation of roots. However, addition of 0.2 mg L-1 paclobutrazol (PBZ) into the NAA-supplemented MS medium suppressed both shoot and root growth of vetiver.

Evaluation of the Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of the Essential Oils of Peucedanum longifolium (Waldst. & Kit.) and P. palimbioides (Boiss.)

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2011
REC NAT PROD

This study was designed to evaluate the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the essential oils of Peucedanum longifolium and P. palimbioides. According to the GC-MS analysis, 35 compounds were accounted for 96.98% of the total oil of P. longifolia. Major components of the oil were 8-cedren-13-ol (33.74%), myristicin (8.03%), germacrene-D (7.73%) and Δ-3-carene (6.38%). In the case of P. palimbioides, 26 compounds were identified comprising the 98.96% of the total oil. The major compounds were described as α- pinene (35.45%), (E)-9-octadecenoic acid (23.57%) and β-pinene (20.19%). In general, P. palimbioides oil exhibited stronger than that of P. longifolia in all test systems. Especially in β-carotene/linoleic acid system, P. palimbioides showed strong activity against linoleic acid oxidation at 2.0 mg/mL concentration (90.58% ± 1.56). This value is too close to the synthetic antioxidants BHT and BHA at the same concentration (95.86% ± 0.23 and 93.05% ± 1.04, respectively). This plant also exhibited excellent chelating effect (90.39% ± 0.28) which is obviously greater than that of P. longifolium at 2.0 mg/mL concentration (24.12% ± 2.50). Chelating effect of the control agent EDTA was measured as 98.78% ± 0.78 (2.0 mg/mL).

Antioxidant and antilisterial activity of olive oil, cocoa and rosemary extract polyphenols

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2011
FOOD CHEM

Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of polyphenols from olive oil, cocoa, and rosemary extract was tested. Antimicrobial activity against Listeria strains was assessed using broth dilution and time-kill curve methods. The 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydracyl hydrate (DPPH) radical scavenging method, Folin–Ciocalteu method, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used for phenolics identification and determination of antioxidants level. Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of main pure phenolic compounds, such as hydroxytyrosol in olive oil, epicatechin in cocoa and carnosic acid in rosemary was each compared with their extracts.Rosemary extract showed strong, while olive oil and particularly cocoa phenolic extract showed lower antilisterial activity. The overall relative antioxidant capacities of the samples were as follows in decreasing order: rosemary>cocoa>olive oil. These results indicate that rosemary, olive oil, and cocoa polyphenols could be potentially used as alternative food additives for the prevention of food spoilage, and contamination with Listeria monocytogenes.

Pharmacognostic specification of Vetiveria zizanioides roots in Thailand

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2008

ABTRACT: Dried roots of Vetiveria zizanioides Nash (commonly known in Thai as ‘PHAEK-HOM’) were collected from 15 Thai traditional drug stores in 13 provinces located at 4 regions of Thailand. Crude drugs were evaluated by World Health Organization (WHO) quality control methods for medicinal plant materials. Cross section of the root and powdered drug were studied for microscopic characters. The mean contents of pharmacognostic specifications of Vetiveria zizanioides roots were described as follow: foreign matter 0.30% w/w, acid-insoluble ash 9.10% w/w, total ash 10.63% w/w, ethanol-soluble extractive 4.98% w/w, water-soluble extractive 48.03% w/w, loss on drying 9.34% w/w, volatile oil content 0.23% w/w and water content 8.48% w/w. The roots of V. zizanioides contained numerous starch grains which varied in size distributed in reserved parenchyma and the radial arrangement with fibre-parenchyma was found. TLC and GC fingerprint of volatile oil of V. zizanioides roots were demonstrated. Keywords: Vetiveria zizanioides root, pharmacognostic specification

Total Phenolic Contents and Antioxidant Capacities of Selected Chinese Medicinal Plants

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2010
INT J MOL SCI

Antioxidant capacities of 56 selected Chinese medicinal plants were evaluated using the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, and their total phenolic content was measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The strong correlation between TEAC value and FRAP value suggested that the antioxidants in these plants possess free radical scavenging activity and oxidant reducing power, and the high positive correlation between antioxidant capacities and total phenolic content implied that phenolic compounds are a major contributor to the antioxidant activity of these plants. The results showed that Dioscorea bulbifera, Eriobotrya japonica, Tussilago farfara and Ephedra sinica could be potential rich sources of natural antioxidants.

Antioxidant potential of the root of Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2009
INDIAN J BIOCHEM BIO

Vetiveria zizanioides, an aromatic plant commonly known as vetiver has been used for various ailments. The essential oil of vetiver root has been shown to possess antioxidant activity. However, antioxidant potential of spent root extract has not been reported. Hence, in the present study, ferric reducing, free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity of two genotypes namely KS1 and gulabi of V. zizanioides L. Nash root were investigated using in vitro assays - the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), total phenolic content (TPC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and reducing power (RP). KS1 genotype showed higher FRAP values, DPPH inhibition, TPC and RP potential compared to gulabi and the antioxidant activity increased with the concentration of the extract (10-1000 microg/mL). A significant protective effect of cv KS1 (100 microg/mL) extract was also observed in reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations of erythrocytes subjected to oxidative stress by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) and hydrogen peroxide (H202). The cv KS1 showed better antioxidant activity, compared to cv gulabi indicating the possibility of exploring the presence of different phytoconstituents in the two varieties.

Elevation of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in the Mouse Brain after Chronic Nonylphenol Exposure

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2008
INT J MOL SCI

The present study was performed to investigate the effects of chronic administration of nonylphenol (NP) on the expression of inflammation-related genes in the brains of mice. NP was given orally by gavages at 0, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/d. The expression of inflammatory enzymes, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting assays. The nitric oxide (NO) level and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity were also measured by biochemical analyses. The results showed that NP at a high dose (200 mg/kg/d) significantly increased the expression of iNOS and COX-2 in both the hippocampus and cortex. In parallel with the increase in iNOS expression, the NO level was significantly greater at the dose of 200 mg/kg/d, compared to the control. The activity of NOS was also increased in the brain of mice at the dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg/d. These findings demonstrate that NP may have the potential to induce the chronic inflammation or cause neurotoxicity in the mouse brain.

Astaxanthin inhibits nitric oxide production and inflammatory gene expression by suppressing I??B kinase-dependent NF-??B activation

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2003

Astaxanthin, a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities; however, its molecular action and mechanism have not been elucidated. We examined in vitro and in vivo regulatory function of astaxanthin on production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) as well as expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta). Astaxanthin inhibited the expression or formation production of these proinflammatory mediators and cytokines in both lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and primary macrophages. Astaxanthin also suppressed the serum levels of NO, PGE2, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta in LPS-administrated mice, and inhibited NF-kappaB activation as well as iNOS promoter activity in RAW264.7 cells stimulated with LPS. This compound directly inhibited the intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells as well as H2O2-induced NF-kappaB activation and iNOS expression. Moreover, astaxanthin blocked nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB p65 subunit and I(kappa)B(alpha) degradation, which correlated with its inhibitory effect on I(kappa)B kinase (IKK) activity. These results suggest that astaxanthin, probably due to its antioxidant activity, inhibits the production of inflammatory mediators by blocking NF-kappaB activation and as a consequent suppression of IKK activity and I(kappa)B-alpha degradation.

Highly Volatile Constituents of Vetiveria zizanioides Roots Grown under Different Cultivation Conditions

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2006
MOLECULES

Roots of Vetiveria zizanioides Nash (Mae Hae; Thai ecotype) planted in three different cultivation systems (normal soil, normal soil with added microbes and semi- hydroponically) were extracted using a simultaneous steam distillation and solvent extraction (SDE) apparatus. Yields of the essential oils obtained were 0.27, 0.18 and 0.06%, respectively. The separation profiles obtained by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC) and solid phase microextraction (SPME)-GCxGC analyses of the crude essential oils showed a total of 156 and 48 well-resolved components, respectively. The highly volatile fractions isolated from the three essential oils by SPME were subjected to analysis by GC-MS and 42 compounds were identified in total. Volatile component profiles of the oils obtained by normal soil and semi-hydroponic cultivation were similar, whereas a quantitative difference was noted in some major volatiles when the cultivation system containing microbes was utilized.

The non-provitamin A carotenoid, lutein, inhibits NF-κB-dependent gene expression through redox-based regulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/PTEN/Akt and NF-κB-inducing kinase pathways: Role of H2O2 in NF-κB activation

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2008
FREE RADICAL BIO MED

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in the regulation of NF-kappaB activation, which plays an important role in inflammation and cell survival. However, the molecular mechanisms of ROS in NF-kappaB activation remain poorly defined. We found that the non-provitamin A carotenoid, lutein, decreased intracellular H(2)O(2) accumulation by scavenging superoxide and H(2)O(2) and the NF-kappaB-regulated inflammatory genes, iNOS, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and cyclooxygenase-2, in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. Lutein inhibited LPS-induced NF-kappaB activation, which highly correlated with its inhibitory effect on LPS-induced IkappaB kinase (IKK) activation, IkappaB degradation, nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB, and binding of NF-kappaB to the kappaB motif of the iNOS promoter. This compound inhibited LPS- and H(2)O(2)-induced increases in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activity, PTEN inactivation, NF-kappaB-inducing kinase (NIK), and Akt phosphorylation, which are all upstream of IKK activation, but did not affect the interaction between Toll-like receptor 4 and MyD88 and the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. The NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin and gp91(phox) deletion reduced the LPS-induced NF-kappaB signaling pathway as lutein did. Moreover, lutein treatment and gp91(phox) deletion decreased the expressional levels of the inflammatory genes in vivo and protected mice from LPS-induced lethality. Our data suggest that H(2)O(2) modulates IKK-dependent NF-kappaB activation by promoting the redox-sensitive activation of the PI3K/PTEN/Akt and NIK/IKK pathways. These findings further provide new insights into the pathophysiological role of intracellular H(2)O(2) in the NF-kappaB signal pathway and inflammatory process.

Comparison of chemical compositions between two essential oils from Vetiveria zizanioides by different extraction methods

Article

Jan 2009

Suppressive Effects of Genistein on Oxidative Stress and NFκB Activation in RAW 264.7 Macrophages

Article

Sep 2003

This study was designed to investigate whether genistein may ameliorate oxidative stress and nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) activation in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line. Treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with genistein significantly reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated nitric oxide (NO) production in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 of 69.4 mum. Genistein at 50 mum and 100 mum concentrations reduced thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) accumulation, increasing the GSH level and antioxidant enzyme activities, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. The specific DNA-binding activities of nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) on nuclear extracts from 50 mum and 100 mum genistein treatments were significanly suppressed. These results suggest that genistein has mild antioxidant activity to suppress intracellular oxidative stress and NFkappaB activation.

An improved MIT assay

Article

Jan 1993
J IMMUNOL METHODS

The MTT assay for cell viability and cell proliferation has been modified to improve its reproducibility and accuracy. The modified test is performed on MultiScreen filtration plates, which permits the removal of the culture medium prior to formazan solubilisation, without loss of cells or formazan crystals. A 1:1 mix of DMSO and ethanol is used as the solvent, since this has the same optical refraction index as the filters, making it possible to measure the optical densities directly on the MultiScreen plate. Data obtained in the assay method using the MultiScreen plate were compared with data from studies employing the normal flat-bottomed plate, by using cells which grow in suspension. Two cell lines were used in the study. CTLL-2, which are IL-2 dependent cells of murine T cell origin, and Jurkat E.6.1 which are IL-2 producing cells of human lymphoma origin. CTLL-2 cells and the modified MTT assay were also used for evaluating the effects of different IL-2 concentrations on cell proliferation.

Termiticidal activities in the heartwood, bark/sapwood and leaves of Juniperus species from the United States

Article

Dec 1988
BIOCHEM SYST ECOL

Twelve taxa of Juniperus from the United States were investigated for termiticidal activities of the heartwood, bark/sapwood and leaves. All taxa exhibited termiticidal activities for the fresh heartwood sawdusts. All except Juniperus scopulorum showed high termiticidal activities for the bark/sapwood sawdusts. The activity in the sawdusts could be removed by washing with hexane followed by methanol for about half of the taxa. Both hexane and methanol (sequential) extracts of the heartwoods showed termiticidal activities. Hexane and methanol (sequential) extracts of intact leaves displayed termiticidal activities for most of the taxa.

Rapid, Sensitive, and Specific Thiobarbituric Acid Method for Measuring Lipid Peroxidation in Animal Tissue, Food, and Feedstuff Samples

Article

Sep 1994

A rapid aqueous acid extraction thiobarbituric acid method for measuring malondialdehyde as a marker of lipid peroxidation in animal tissue, food, and feedstuff samples has been developed. Sample is homogenized with aqueous trichloroacetic acid in the presence of hexane and butylated hydroxytoluene, and the homogenate is centrifuged. Following reaction with thiobarbituric acid reagent, malondialdehyde is directly quantified on the basis of the third-derivative absorption spectrum of the pink complex formed. Further purification is not required because the derivative transformation of the conventional analytical band at around 532 nm virtually eliminates spectral interferences arising from other compounds. The effect of antioxidants and the optimum conditions far the reaction have been established, and the analytical performance of the new method has been evaluated. The applicability of the method on various animal tissue, food, and feedstuff samples has been also tested. Owing to its simplicity and increased sensitivity and specificity, the method may be preferred over other methods for estimating the extent of lipid peroxidation.

Involvement of the Superoxide Anion Radical in the Autoxidation of Pyrogallol and a Convenient Assay for Superoxide Dismutase

Article

Mar 2005
Eur J Biochem

The autoxidation of pyrogallol was investigated in the presence of EDTA in the pH range 7.9–10.6. The rate of autoxidation increases with increasing pH. At pH 7.9 the reaction is inhibited to 99% by superoxide dismutase, indicating an almost total dependence on the participation of the superoxide anion radical, O2·−, in the reaction. Up to pH 9.1 the reaction is still inhibited to over 90% by superoxide dismutase, but at higher alkalinity, O2·− -independent mechanisms rapidly become dominant. Catalase has no effect on the autoxidation but decreases the oxygen consumption by half, showing that H2O2 is the stable product of oxygen and that H2O2 is not involved in the autoxidation mechanism. A simple and rapid method for the assay of superoxide dismutase is described, based on the ability of the enzyme to inhibit the autoxidation of pyrogallol. A plausible explanation is given for the non-competitive part of the inhibition of catechol O-methyltransferase brought about by pyrogallol.

Attenuation of LPS-induced apoptosis in NGF-differentiated PC12 cells via NF-κB pathway and regulation of cellular redox status by an oxazine derivative

Article

Feb 2011

Neuronal cell death due to apoptosis is a common characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we report protective effect of 2-ethoxy-4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazine-6-one (EDPOO) against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cell death in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells, as assessed by MTT test, acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining, determination of Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase-3 levels. We further show that this compound could increase heat shock proteins Hsp-70 and Hsp-32 levels. EDPOO also modulates nuclear levels of Nrf2 and NF-κB, transcription factors that are activated by intracellular reactive oxygen species and/or mediators generated due to chemical exposure of cells. Pretreatment of the cells with this oxazine derivative also increases γ-GCS level, as well as antioxidant enzyme activities, in a dose-dependent manner. Protective effect of this compound could represent a promising approach for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

Taraxacum officinale Weber extracts inhibit LPS-induced oxidative stress and nitric oxide production via the NF-??B modulation in RAW 264.7 cells

Article

Nov 2010

The common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers, Asteraceae) has been widely used in folklore medicine to treat dyspepsia, heartburn, and spleen and liver disorders. To compare the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of Taraxacum officinale methanol extract (TOME) and water extract (TOWE) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and assess their constitutional differences, including luteolin, chicoric acid, and total phenol content. Antioxidative enzyme activities, nitric oxide (NO) production, and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB expression were estimated by biochemical analysis, the Griess reaction, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, western hybridization, and electrophoretic mobility shift assay. High-performance liquid chromatography and the Folin-Ciocalteau method were used to analyze functional phytochemicals and total phenol content. TOME and TOWE significantly reduced NO production with an IC(50) of 79.9 and 157.5 μg/mL, respectively, without cytotoxicity. Depleted glutathione (GSH) and antioxidative enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, GSH-peroxidase, and GSH-reductase, were restored by dandelion extracts. Both extracts inhibited LPS-stimulated iNOS gene expression and that of its transcription factor, NF-κB, in parallel with nitrite reduction. TOME showed more potent antioxidative and anti-inflammatory capacities than TOWE, which was attributable to its high total phenol, luteolin, and chicoric acid content. These results indicate that TOME and TOWE inhibit oxidative stress and inflammatory responses through elevated de novo synthesis of antioxidative enzymes and suppression of iNOS expression by NF-κB inactivation.

Suppression of oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory mediators by Cymbopogon citratus D. Stapf extract in lipopolysaccharide stimulated murine alveolar macrophages

Article

Oct 2010

Exploration of antioxidants of plant origin and their scientific validation for their immense pharmacological potential is emerging as an issue of intense research now-a-days.The effect of Cymbopogon citratus extract was seen on cell viability, oxidative stress markers i.e. ROS production, SOD activity, lipid peroxidation and GSH content of murine alveolar macrophages stressed with lipopolysaccharide. Modulation in release of NO and pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α along with alterations in mitochondrial membrane potential under stress were compared with known plant derived antioxidant quercetin. The extract was not found to be cytotoxic at any of the selected doses. At 5 and 10 μg the extract showed significant increase in SOD activity, GSH content (p<0.001), decrease in ROS production as seen by fluorescent dye DCFH-DA and also MDA formation (lipid peroxidation marker) significantly. The extract also showed reduction in the release of pro-inflammatory mediators TNF-α and NO significantly indicating an anti-inflammatory effect. The extract was able to restore mitochondrial membrane potential as estimated by spectrofluorimetry using the fluorescent dye Rhodamine 123. The results suggest potential use of the cytoprotective, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory property of C. citratus in the form of dietary component and also in formulations against lung inflammatory diseases where oxidative stress plays an important role.

Cadmium accumulation in vetiveria zizanioides and its effects on growth, physiological and biochemical characters

Article

Aug 2010

Hydroponic experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of cadmium (Cd) on growth, Cd accumulation, lipid peroxidation, antioxidative enzymes, leaf chlorophyll, root activity, protein content and Cd uptake kinetics of vetiver grass. The results showed that 1 mg/L Cd in solution led to increased chlorophyll contents, root activity and enhanced the growth of vetiver grass after 15 days, with 2.2% biomass increased compared to the control. Malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were significantly enhanced by all Cd supply levels. The development of toxic symptoms corresponded to a high accumulation of Cd and to the decrease of water content, chlorophyll, protein content and root activity, but to high increase in catalase and peroxidase activities in plants. Cd concentration in shoots and roots increased with increasing Cd supply levels, and reached a maximum of 93 and 2232 mg/kg Cd dry weight at 30 mg/L treatment, respectively.

Danthron Induces DNA Damage and Inhibits DNA Repair Gene Expressions in GBM 8401 Human Brain Glioblastoma Multiforms Cells

Article

Apr 2010
NEUROCHEM RES

Our primary studies had shown that danthron induced cytotoxic effects, including apoptosis and inhibition of migration and invasion. However, danthron-affected DNA damage and repair gene expressions are not clear. In this study, we investigated to examine whether or not danthron induced DNA damage and inhibited DNA repair gene expression in human brain glioblastoma multiforms (GBM 8401) cells. The results from Comet assay indicated that incubation of GBM 8401 cells with 0, 50, 100 and 150 μM of danthron led to a longer DNA migration smear based on the single cell electrophoresis (Comet tail). The results from real-time PCR assay demonstrated that 100 μM of danthron for 24 h treatment in GBM 8401 cells led to decrease all examined ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR), breast cancer 1, early onset (BRCA-1), 14-3-3 proteins sigma (14-3-3σ), DNA-dependent serine/threonine protein kinase (DNA-PK) and O 6 -methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) mRNA expressions. Taken together, the present study showed that danthron caused DNA damage and inhibited DNA repair genes, which may be the factors for danthron-inhibited cell growth in vitro.

Curcumin mediates time and concentration dependent regulation of redox homeostasis leading to cytotoxicity in macrophage cells

Article

Apr 2009

The present study was designed to test a hypothesis that curcumin may be modulating oxidative stress parameters including reactive oxygen species, non-protein thiols and expression of antioxidant genes in a concentration and time dependent manner in exhibiting cytotoxic effects in macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. The results have shown that curcumin elevated the reactive oxygen species levels accompanied by a decrease in levels of intracellular non-protein thiols at 2 h after its addition to cells. However, the levels of reactive oxygen species decreased and non-protein thiols content increased at 18 h after its addition. Whereas the expression of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase, Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) increased with curcumin concentration and also with increase in time of incubation, the expression of Mn- superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) showed concentration dependant repression upon treatment with curcumin. The cell viability was significantly reduced at high concentration (25 microM) of curcumin treatment but not at low concentration (5 microM). Curcumin at 5 microM scavenged gamma-radiation induced reactive oxygen species and inhibited cell death. On the contrary, at 25 microM, curcumin increased radiation induced reactive oxygen species production and augmented cell death. Interestingly pretreatment with reducing agents glutathione (GSH) or N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), modified the curcumin mediated redox changes and cell death differentially, due to the inhibition of cellular uptake of curcumin by GSH but not by NAC. The important finding of the study is that the concentration and time dependent dual effect of curcumin may be attributed to changes in oxidative stress and antioxidant gene expression levels leading to inhibition or promotion of cell death.

Measurement of Protein Using Bicinchoninic Acid,Anal. Biochem. 150, 76-85

Article

Nov 1985

Bicinchoninic acid, sodium salt, is a stable, water-soluble compound capable of forming an intense purple complex with cuprous ion (Cu1+) in an alkaline environment. This reagent forms the basis of an analytical method capable of monitoring cuprous ion produced in the reaction of protein with alkaline Cu2+ (biuret reaction). The color produced from this reaction is stable and increases in a proportional fashion over a broad range of increasing protein concentrations. When compared to the method of Lowry et al., the results reported here demonstrate a greater tolerance of the bicinchoninate reagent toward such commonly encountered interferences as nonionic detergents and simple buffer salts. The stability of the reagent and resulting chromophore also allows for a simplified, one-step analysis and an enhanced flexibility in protocol selection. This new method maintains the high sensitivity and low protein-to-protein variation associated with the Lowry technique.

Oxygen free radicals and human disease

Article

Feb 1995
BIOCHIMIE

M. MARTÍNEZ-CAYUELA

Oxygen free radicals are very reactive molecules which can react with every cellular component. They are normally produced in organisms being involved in various biologic reactions. However, too high levels of these partially-reduced O2 species can give rise to functional and morphologic disturbances in cells. There is evidence to implicate oxygen free radicals as important pathologic mediators in many human disease processes.

An improved MIT assay

Article

Feb 1993
J IMMUNOL METHODS

Pulmonary fibrosis: Cytokines in the balance

Article

Jul 1998

Pulmonary fibrosis can complicate diverse pulmonary and systemic pathologies. In many cases the underlying cause remains unidentified. Mortality from the disease is increasing steadily in the UK and USA. The clinical features are well-described, but patients frequently present at an advanced stage, and current treatments have not improved the poor prognosis. There is a compelling need to identify the fibrotic process earlier and to develop new therapeutic agents. Increased collagen deposition is central to the pathology and interest over the last decade has focused on the role of cytokines in this process. These polypeptide mediators are believed to be released from both circulating inflammatory and resident lung cells in response to endothelial and epithelial injury. Key cytokines currently implicated in the fibrotic process are transforming growth factor-beta, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and endothelin-1. This article outlines the evidence implicating these mediators in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis and also considers the possible role of cytokines with antifibrotic effects, such as interferon-gamma. The "balance" of positively and negatively regulating cytokines is discussed, and the potential for interaction with other factors including viruses, hormones and altered antioxidant status is also considered. Finally, potential novel therapeutic approaches are discussed, together with suggestions for future studies and clinical trials. As the outcomes of different avenues of research over the last ten years are brought together, it is clear that there is now a hitherto unrivalled opportunity to begin to tackle the treatment of this devastating disease.

Nitric oxide and its role in apoptosis

Article

Jul 1998
EUR J PHARMACOL

Nitric oxide (NO.), a potentially toxic molecule, has been implicated in a wide range of diverse (patho)physiological processes. It is appreciated that the production of NO. from L-arginine is important for nonspecific host defense, helping to kill tumors and intracellular pathogens. Cytotoxicity as a result of a massive NO.-formation is now established to initiate apoptosis. Apoptotic cell death in RAW 264.7 macrophages and several other systems as a result of inducible NO-synthase activation comprises upregulation of the tumor suppressor p53, activation of caspases, chromatin condensation, and DNA fragmentation. The involvement of NO was established by blocking adverse effects by NO-synthase inhibition. Overexpression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 rescued cells from apoptosis by blocking signal propagation downstream of p53 and upstream of caspase activation. As the wide variety of NO.-effects is achieved through its interactions with targets via redox and additive chemistry, the biological milieu, as a result of internal and external stimuli, may modulate toxicity. Therefore, transducing pathways of NO. are not only adopted to cytotoxicity but also refer to cell protection. NO.-signaling during protection from apoptosis is in part understood by the requirement of gene transcription and protein synthesis. NO.-formation causes upregulation of protective proteins such as heat shock proteins, cyclooxygenase-2, or heme oxygenase-1 which in a cell specific way may attenuate apoptotic cell death. Alternatively, protection may result as a consequence of a diffusion controlled NO./O2- (superoxide) interaction. The NO./O2--interaction redirects the apoptotic initiating activity of either NO. or O2- towards protection as long as reduced glutathione compensates the resultant oxidative stress. Protective principles may further arise from cyclic GMP formation or thiol modification. NO shares with other toxic molecules such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha the unique ability to initiate and to block apoptosis, depending on multiple variables that are being elucidated. The crosstalk between cell destructive and protective signaling pathways, their activation or inhibition under the modulatory influence of NO. will determine the role of NO in apoptotic cell death.

Oxidants, oxidative stress and the biology of aging

Article

Dec 2000

Living in an oxygenated environment has required the evolution of effective cellular strategies to detect and detoxify metabolites of molecular oxygen known as reactive oxygen species. Here we review evidence that the appropriate and inappropriate production of oxidants, together with the ability of organisms to respond to oxidative stress, is intricately connected to ageing and life span.

The effect of natural antioxidants, NAO and apocynin, on oxidative stress in the rat heart following LPS challenge

Article

Sep 2001
TOXICOL LETT

Oxidative damage plays a key role in septic shock induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) which is known to enhance the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, biochemical parameters indicative of oxidative stress were tested in the rat heart following LPS challenge, with and without pretreatment with the antioxidants NAO (natural antioxidant) and apocynin. NAO is a natural antioxidant isolated and purified from spinach and its main components are flavonoids and coumaric acid derivatives. Treatment with LPS alone significantly (P<0.05) increased the malondialdehyde (MDA) level in heart, both in cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions by 1.5- and 2.4-fold, respectively, and in plasma (2.66 fold). In the heart homogenate, the level of hydroperoxides also increased significantly (P<0.05). In addition, LPS treatment significantly (P<0.05) increased NADPH oxidase activity in the heart microsomal fraction by approximately 10-fold compared to control. Pretreatment for 7 days with either apocynin or NAO prior to the LPS challenge significantly (P<0.05) improved rat survival, decreased MDA levels in both fractions and decreased microsomal NADPH-oxidase activity, compared to LPS alone. Catalase (CAT) activity slightly increased at 24 h post-LPS injection in LPS group and returned to the control level in the apocynin treated group. No meaningful changes were indicated for glutathione peroxidase activity among all the treatment groups. The activities of cytosolic and mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes significantly (P<0.05) increased approximately 20% in the LPS-treated group, compared to control. Apocynin significantly (P<0.05) decreased SOD level in the mitochondrial fraction with no effect on the cytosolic fraction; whereas, NAO had no important effect on SOD level in both fractions. The beneficial pretreatment effects of the antioxidants against oxidative stress in the rat heart presented in this study may suggest a potential chemopreventive effect of this compound in sepsis prevention.

Influence of protein phosphatase inhibitors on HL60 cells death induction by dehydrocrotonin

Article

Oct 2003
LEUKEMIA RES

Oxidative stress can be involved in several cellular responses, such as differentiation, apoptosis and necrosis. Dehydrocrotonin (DCTN, diterpene lactone) from Croton cajucara, Brazilian medicinal plant, slightly induced NBT-reducing activity. In presence of protein phosphatase inhibitors significant differentiation of HL60 cells was observed. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that apoptosis was induced when the cells were treated with okadaic acid (OKA) and plus trans-dehydrocrotonin (t-DCTN) this effect was two-fold increased. Unlike, when the cells were treated only with t-DCTN, necrosis was observed. On the other hand, the necrosis induced by t-DCTN could be due to oxidative stress, revealed by increase of GSH content. Therefore, this differentiation pathway involves the modulation of protein phosphatases and this inhibition promotes the t-DCTN action on apoptosis induction.

Suppressive effects of genistein on oxidative stress and NFkappaB activation in RAW 264.7 macrophages.

Article

Oct 2003

This study was designed to investigate whether genistein may ameliorate oxidative stress and nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) activation in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line. Treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with genistein significantly reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated nitric oxide (NO) production in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 of 69.4 microM. Genistein at 50 microM and 100 microM concentrations reduced thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) accumulation, increasing the GSH level and antioxidant enzyme activities, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. The specific DNA-binding activities of nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) on nuclear extracts from 50 microM and 100 microM genistein treatments were significantly suppressed. These results suggest that genistein has mild antioxidant activity to suppress intracellular oxidative stress and NFkappaB activation.

Anti-proliferative activity of essential oil extracted from Thai medicinal plants on KB and P388 cell lines

Article

May 2006
CANCER LETT

Anti-proliferative activity of essential oil from 17 Thai medicinal plants on human mouth epidermal carcinoma (KB) and murine leukemia (P388) cell lines using MTT assay were investigated. An amount of 1 x 10(4)cells/well of KB cell line and 1 x 10(5) cells/well of P388 cell line were treated with the oil samples at different concentrations ranging from 0.019 to 4.962 mg/ml. In KB cell line, Guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaf oil showed the highest anti-proliferative activity with the IC(50) value of 0.0379 mg/ml (4.37 times more potent than vincristine) whereas Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) oil gave the highest anti-proliferative activity with the IC(50) value of 0.0362 mg/ml (12.7 times less potent than 5-FU) in P388 cell line. The results demonstrated the potential of essential oil from Thai medicinal plants for cancer treatment.

Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Vetiver ( Vetiveria zizanioides L . ) Oil and Identification of Its Antioxidant Constituents

Article

Study of the chemical composition, antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory activity of essential oil from Vetiveria zizanioides

Abstract

No full-text available