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On the intersection of phonetic detail and the organization of interaction: Clinical connections
Abstract
Abstract The analysis of language use in real-world contexts poses particular methodological challenges. We codify responses to these challenges as a series of methodological imperatives. To demonstrate the relevance of these imperatives to clinical investigation, we present analyses of single episodes of interaction where one participant has a speech and/or language impairment: atypical prosody, echolalia and dysarthria. We demonstrate there is considerable heuristic and analytic value in taking this approach to analysing the organisation of interaction involving individuals with a speech and/or language impairment.
... D'abord, plusieurs pistes actuelles de recherche ne peuvent facilement être résumées en ces termes-là. Pour cette raison (et pour des raisons de limitation d'espace), nous avons ignoré les études sur la prosodie dans l'accomplissement interactionnel d'affectivité (Reber 2012), et dans les interactions avec des groupes spécifiques de participants, comme les enfants (Wells & Stackhouse 2016) et les personnes ayant des troubles de la parole (Walker & Local 2013). Ensuite, la séparation des niveaux d'analyse n'est pas totale dans la pratique. ...
This article takes stock of the current state of research on the connections between prosody and the organisation of social interaction. An overview is given of central studies of prosodic and phonetic design and its procedural relevance for interaction, along three lines of inquiry: the management of turns, sequence organisation, and action formation. For each of these issues, illustrative analyses based on French data are also presented.
The study presents the neurolinguistic analysis of semantic disorders caused by the specific perception of addressed speech by the patients with Wernicke's aphasia provoked by stroke. The sample of patients included 14 people (8 men and 6 women, aged 45-69) with dominant left hemisphere. All of them had lesions (caused by strokes) in Wernicke's area according to the data of MRI. The research was conducted during the acute period. The disorders were revealed by analyzing spontaneous dialogues with patients on matters of their everyday life and with the help of conversation analysis. The baseline neurocognitive tests (Mini-Mental State Examination, Montreal Cognitive Assessment) were used to exclude general cognitive impairment. The research was conducted at the Department of Neurology No. 1 in the Republic Clinical Hospital No. 2 (Kazan, Russia); this hospital is a clinical base of Kazan Federal University.
A case study is presented of a 10-year-old child described as having 'pragmatic difficulties', for the initiation and management of conversational topic. Video-recorded naturally-occurring conversations between the child and his peers at school are subjected to a detailed sequential analysis, drawing on some of the insights gained into the collaborative management of topic by researchers working in the tradition of conversation analysis (Button and Casey 1984, 1985). We find that our subject uses some helpful devices to generate and manage conversational topics but has difficulty collaborating with his conversational partners. We consider some of the different ways in which social-cognitive abilities are implicated in alternative courses of action available for the initiation and management of topic, and find that our subject's behaviours support the suggestion of Bishop (1997) that a difficulty in the development of social cognition underlies the interactional problems experienced by children with pragmatic language impairment. Consideration is given to ways in which the child's conversational behaviours are subject to influence from the styles of talk he is exposed to in interactions with adults in the language unit setting in which he spends much of his time.
The essays in this volume are all original contributions dealing in one way or another with the analysis of prosody - primarily intonation and rhythm - and the role it plays in everyday conversation. They take as their methodological starting point the contention that the study of prosody must begin with genuine interactional rather than pre fabricated laboratory data. Through close empirical analysis of recorded material from genuine English, German, and Italian conversations, the prosody emerges here as a strategy deployed by interactants in the management of turn-taking and floor-holding; in the negotiation of conversational activities such as repair, assessments, announcements, reproaches, and news receipts; and in the keying of the tone or modality of interactional sequences.
The essays in this volume are all original contributions dealing in one way or another with the analysis of prosody - primarily intonation and rhythm - and the role it plays in everyday conversation. They take as their methodological starting point the contention that the study of prosody must begin with genuine interactional rather than pre fabricated laboratory data. Through close empirical analysis of recorded material from genuine English, German, and Italian conversations, the prosody emerges here as a strategy deployed by interactants in the management of turn-taking and floor-holding; in the negotiation of conversational activities such as repair, assessments, announcements, reproaches, and news receipts; and in the keying of the tone or modality of interactional sequences.
Presenting a comprehensive, state-of-the-art overview of theoretical and descriptive research in the field, The Handbook of Conversation Analysis brings together contributions by leading international experts to provide an invaluable information resource and reference for scholars of social interaction across the areas of conversation analysis, discourse analysis, linguistic anthropology, interpersonal communication, discursive psychology and sociolinguistics. Ideal as an introduction to the field for upper level undergraduates and as an in-depth review of the latest developments for graduate level students and established scholars. Five sections outline the history and theory, methods, fundamental concepts, and core contexts in the study of conversation, as well as topics central to conversation analysis. Written by international conversation analysis experts, the book covers a wide range of topics and disciplines, from reviewing underlying structures of conversation, to describing conversation analysis' relationship to anthropology, communication, linguistics, psychology, and sociology.
Pragmatics - the way we communicate using more than just language - is particularly problematic for people with speech disorders. Through an extensive analysis of how pragmatics can go wrong, this book not only provides a novel and clinically useful account of pragmatic impairment, but it also throws new light on how pragmatics functions in healthy individuals. Michael Perkins brings mainstream and clinical pragmatics together by showing that not only can our understanding of pragmatics be aided by the study of pragmatic impairment, but that clinical and theoretical pragmatics are better served by treating pragmatic ability and disability within a single framework. It is the first book on this topic to be aimed primarily at linguists and psycholinguists rather than clinicians, and includes illustrative material on conditions such as autism and aphasia and a wide range of other communication disorders in both children and adults.
For many individuals with severe speech intelligibility challenges, deciding whether to use one's own oral dysarthric speech or synthesized speech when communicating on the telephone is a difficult process. In the present study, we investigated the intelligibility of dysarthric speech and two types of synthesized speech over the telephone and in quiet conditions, and listeners' preferences for these speech types. Participants heard short sentences in one of three types of speech: dysarthric female speech, DECTalk® Beautiful Betty, and MacinTalk™ Victoria, high quality. They were asked to transcribe sentences for a measure of intelligibility, and to answer questions to indicate their preferences for speech type and their preferences for synthesizer. The overall intelligibility of DECTalk® and MacinTalk™ were significantly higher than the intelligibility of the dysarthric speech. Additionally, the intelligibility of the speaker with dysarthria decreased significantly when listeners were presented with the materials over the telephone. The two synthesized speech types (DECTalk® and MacinTalk™) did not differ significantly in intelligibility between the two conditions. On average, listeners tended to be more comfortable when listening to synthesized speech than when listening to dysarthric speech. Listener preferences for synthesizers were dependent on the condition: most listeners in the Speaker Group preferred the DECTalk® female voice to the MacinTalk™ female voice, while listeners in the Telephone Group were equally distributed.