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Tourism and social policy: the value of social tourism. Ann Tour Res
Abstract
Social Tourism for low-income groups forms part of social policy in several countries of mainland Europe, but little research evidence of its benefits exists. This study empirically examines these benefits in terms of increases in social and family capital. Interviews and focus groups were conducted with participating families and their support workers, in a semi-longitudinal research design. Social Tourism was found to increase family capital in the short term, and social capital—in terms of social networks, related pro-active behavior and self-esteem—in the medium term. These increases can be seen as beneficial for the participants and to wider society. Consequently it is suggested that Social Tourism may be a cost-effective addition to social policy.
... Some reflections about the implications that these findings for tourism initiatives targeted to this segment in the future are also presented. It is important to highlight that, similarly to other qualitative exploratory studies (Minnaert et al., 2009), the objective of the study is to provide an in-depth view of the complexity of family holidays away from home for FLI, analyzing the perspectives of parents and children. In this study family holidays away from home (FH) will be used as a synonym for family tourism (FT) (see Table 2). ...
... If analyzing specific types of families, such as families with additional economic and social stress (Cracolici et al., 2014), literature shows that benefits from FH may be of higher intensity because the opportunity for taking a holiday is harder to get (Minnaert et al., 2009;Smith and Hughes, 1999). ...
... The "postexperience" has been recognized by academics as an important phase of the tourist experience, since memories of the experience will remain in the families' minds for a period of time, and can also influence the families' lives. Recalling good experiences can be a form of daydreaming, contributing to increased feelings of well-being and overall life satisfaction (McCabe et al, 2010;Minnaert et al., 2009). One interviewee explicitly mentions that FH provide the opportunity to create good memories among family members in common situations and that, because they take place outside the usual environment, "allow us to give value to life." ...
Although the benefits of tourism are recognized, there are still doubts about the potential effects of family tourism for specific types of families. This qualitative study aims to characterize past family tourism practices of a sample of low-income families with children and examine its effects. Interviews were conducted, including adult(s) and children of each family. Results reveal that families reported important benefits and that differences between the perceptions of mothers and fathers exist. Further research is needed to consider different subtypes of families. Reflection on challenges faced by initiatives and research targeting this segment are presented.
... (2000) considera-se que as medidas de apoio à conciliação da vida profissional e familiar são aquelas que facilitam aos colaboradores com encargos familiares um melhor desempenho das suas responsabilidades nesse campo sem que tal acarrete qualquer tipo de penalização económica, social e profissional. Guerreiro, Lourenço e Pereira (2006) constataram que, ao longo dos últimos anos surgem, no contexto português, cada vez mais iniciativas neste domínio. Como referem Teixeira e Nascimento (2011) nas organizações cresce a importância de fomentar uma boa integração da dimensão profissional e da vida pessoal do colaborador dado que esta se traduz em ganhos para a organização ao nível do compromisso e mesmo da produtividade. ...
... As informações recolhidas foram submetidas à análise de conteúdo (Bardin, 2004). Deste modo, a estruturação da informação seguiu um modelo previamente definido, de acordo com a proposta efetuada por Guerreiro, Lourenço e Pereira (2006) que, no seu estudo junto de empresas Portuguesas, identificaram cinco modalidades facilitadoras da conciliação do trabalho com a vida familiar: 1) criação de serviços de acolhimento de crianças; 2) criação de serviços de prestação de cuidados a idosos; 3) Licenças para pais e mães trabalhadores/as, 4) Incentivo à maior participação do pai na vida familiar; 5) flexibilização da organização do trabalho (Tabela 2). De um modo geral foi possível identificar através dos discursos não só a valorização da importância da conciliação bemsucedida entre a vida profissional e familiar como se destaca, também, a importância acrescida do tema num quadro social e económico deficitário que o país atravessou nos últimos anos. ...
... Considera-se que, no que se refere a este último ponto alguns progressos podem vir a ser feitos num futuro que se espera próximo. Como referem Torres, Mendes e Lapa (2006), em Portugal existe escassez de apoios sociais, entre os quais destaca-se a falta de serviços e equipamentos públicos de apoio às famílias. Dado que os casais de duplo emprego são o modelo normativo de família em Portugal (Andrade, 2010; Matias, Andrade, & Fontaine, 2012) os investimentos, quer por via protocolar, quer por via de subsídios ou outras formas consideradas adequadas em infra-estruturas de apoio à infância e também ao cuidado de idosos são áreas ainda prioritárias e que, de acordo com o estudo efetuado ainda se encontram deficitárias. ...
DEDiCA. Revista de Educação e Humanidades. Editorial Universidad de Granada.
https://revistaseug.ugr.es/index.php/dedica
... Social tourism commonly refers to supporting disadvantaged people to participate in tourism, with the aim of promoting well-being, equality and inclusion in society (Minnaert et al., 2009). The concept covers a wide range of activities for different target groups, which is challenging from a research perspective (McCabe & Qiao, 2020). ...
... In general terms, previous studies analysing the benefits of social tourism from the customers' perspective can be divided into (1) quantitative 2-stage analyses concentrating on well-being outcomes (McCabe & Johnson, 2013;Pyke et al., 2019; and (2) mostly qualitative studies examining the benefits of a holiday among a certain target group, such as a disadvantaged family with children (e.g. McCabe, 2009;Minnaert, 2012;Minnaert et al., 2009;Smith & Hughes, 1999) or individuals and families suffering from health issues (e.g. Chung & Simpson, 2020;Hunter-Jones et al., 2020;Komppula et al., 2016) or unemployment (e.g. ...
... Kakoudakis et al., 2017;Komppula & Ilves, 2018). Although the results of previous research can support countries' social policy (Minnaert et al., 2009), the main focus has not been on examining the fulfilment of predefined social tourism objectives in a specific context. ...
This study explores the effectiveness of social holidays by examining, how the objectives of state-driven Finnish social tourism are met in practice and how the benefits of a social holiday differ between disadvantaged families with children and adult groups. Among both groups, the results of a quantitative survey (N = 796) and six qualitative interviews of four highly experienced holiday instructors foreground benefits related to emotional and mental well-being, participation and activeness, and an opportunity to escape mundane responsibilities and difficult life situations. Our results suggest that in some areas (social interaction, life management, peer support) outcomes of a holiday vary between customer groups, which foregrounds the need to match social tourism objectives and services to their variable needs and motives. Regarding methodological aspects, this study demonstrates that when a respondent directly evaluates the benefits of a holiday, the results may differ from those gained via two-stage quantitative analyses applying general-level scales.
... Most of them usually travel via programs that social tourism provides due to the lack of income, which is a result of limited access to the labor market (Shaw & Coles, 2004). Social tourism's aim is to encourage tourism participation for disadvantaged people in order to benefit from the tourism experience (Minnaert et al., 2009;Pagán, 2012;Shaw & Coles, 2004). However, some destinations now tend to focus more on adopting accessibility guidelines and design for all principles in their strategies as a means of competitive advantage (Dominguez et al. 2015;Kastenholz et al. 2012). ...
... That is very important because people with disabilities often experience isolation and suffer from sadness (Bergstad et al., 2011;Currie & Delbosc, 2010). In this context, scholars concur that tourism offers people with disabilities the prospect of self-recovery, phycological and physical renewal and it constitutes a main vehicle through which PwDs can further bond with their families and the wider society (Hunter-Jones, 2003;Hyde and Olesen, 2011;Minnaert, et al., 2009). The benefits of tourism are not just applicable to PwD, but they also extend to their wider social networks and families, and perhaps even more so to their caregivers. ...
... Hence, tourism and leisure provide PwDs and their caregivers not only opportunities for socialization, but also give them the prospect of psychological and physical renewal (Hunter-Jones, 2003;Hyde & Olesen, 2011;Minnaert et al., 2009). As Mactavish et al. (2007) suggest, leisure and tourism improve the quality of life of caregivers and contribute positively to their psychological wellbeing. ...
... Due to the free time available to many older people, it is possible to concentrate this kind of tourism in those months when less tourism in general occurs. Social tourism is in the base of any type of senior tourism's motivation destinations [42,43]. ...
... In this way, the creation and conservation of protected natural areas now forms part of noteworthy regional strategies for attracting tourists towards a sustainable development environment [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60]. These paragraphs introduce the following hypotheses. ...
... A group tour is also a social interaction, such as intimate communication between members on various issues or topics. At the same time, it also brings various social benefits, such as family and social capital, including self-esteem and positive tourism behavior [61]. A group tour provides an opportunity to develop close relationships with other group members because the co-creation process of sharing experiences requires group members to engage in various activities [62]. ...
... In group tours, TCB will positively and significantly affect intimacy and engagement (H 1 , H 2 ), which has the same conclusion as previous studies [16,46]. Intimacy among tourists also significantly affects engagement (H 3 ), which is consistent with the findings of Minnaert, Maitland, and Miller [61] and Shafiee, Tabaeeian, and Khoshfetrat [14]. That is, if there is intimate communication and interaction among group members, they will show positive engagement. ...
Tourist engagement not only yields advantages for the destination but also holds significance within the realm of group travel. In this context, if tour guides are able to leverage tourist citizenship behaviors (TCB) to augment interactivity and participation, tourists can essentially transform into “tour guide assistants”. To this end, the study introduces intimacy as a mediating variable, aiming to investigate the influence of TCB on engagement levels among group tourists. The subjects were Taiwanese tourists who had engaged in outbound group tourism for more than five days within three years. A total of 436 online questionnaires were collected by convenience sampling and analyzed in LISREL and SPSS 21.0. The research results: 1. TCB significantly positively affects intimacy and engagement; 2. Intimacy is a mediating variable between TCB and engagement. 3. Different levels of TCB have significant differences in intimacy and engagement. The research results can help tour guides and travel agency operators know the characteristics of group tourists and improve the experience of group tour tourists.
... Defined as "tourism with added moral value, the primary objective of which is to benefit either the host or the visitor in the tourism exchange" [6] social tourism provides tourism opportunities for those who would otherwise not be able to participate due to certain disadvantages, such as lack of money, their a full-time carer role or a health problem or disability. Social tourism includes a range of activities and programs across Europe and elsewhere that provide social and economic benefits, stimulate tourism development or promote understanding between guests and hosts in tourist destinations [7]; [8]; [9]; [6]. But neither the general public nor potential recipients are usually aware of such a possibility [10]. ...
... Accordingly, studies of social tourism clearly demonstrate its positive impacts, particularly on families [37]; [25]. Minnaert et al. [9] argue that social tourism helps disadvantaged families to increase their family and social capital and expand their social networks and encourage positive behavior and self-esteem. Thus, tourism (read social tourism) provides opportunities for promoting social inclusion, expanding limited social domains, facilitating social interaction and networking, and "for reaffirming oneself and developing a new identity in later years" [38]. ...
... McCabe and Johnson (2013) and Chen and Petrick (2013) suggest that the social skills and bonds formed through leisure involvement are instrumental in building successful and happy families and communities. In support of this proposition, Minnaert et al. (2009) affirmed that, further to helping people live healthier and longer lives, leisure participation is a form of social investment that provides long-term returns in the form of stronger family and community bonds which make people lead happier lives and enjoy an improved quality of life. It is in this vein that the study of Minnaert et al. (2009) and a number of others (Deci & Ryan, 2002;Hemingway & Jack, 2013;McCabe, 2009;Randle et al., 2018;Sedgley et al., 2011;Waldinger, 2016) validate the positive co-relation between leisure involvement and quality of life. ...
... In support of this proposition, Minnaert et al. (2009) affirmed that, further to helping people live healthier and longer lives, leisure participation is a form of social investment that provides long-term returns in the form of stronger family and community bonds which make people lead happier lives and enjoy an improved quality of life. It is in this vein that the study of Minnaert et al. (2009) and a number of others (Deci & Ryan, 2002;Hemingway & Jack, 2013;McCabe, 2009;Randle et al., 2018;Sedgley et al., 2011;Waldinger, 2016) validate the positive co-relation between leisure involvement and quality of life. ...
This study explores the relationship between leisure participation and perceived quality of life among respondents in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. Using a cross-sectional research design, data were collected from 247 participants at four community events. The results reveal a positive relationship between leisure participation and perceived quality of life. However, no statistically significant differences were found between selected independent variables and quality of life, and the effect sizes indicated minimal impacts. In view of the positive effects of leisure involvement on perceived quality of life, the study recommends, inter alia, that the government play a leading role in encouraging leisure practice through policy implementation within communities.
... A growing body of literature (e.g., Agovino et al., 2017;Eichhorn et al., 2013;Minnaert et al., 2009) has stressed that tourism has a significant impact on the wellbeing of each individual, and the positive effects would be especially relevant for people with disabilities (Small et al., 2012). Social tourism has been recognized as a key factor to tackle social and economic inequality (e.g., McCabe, 2009;McCabe et al., 2010). ...
... In the case of cultural barriers, governments of several countries encouraged various awareness campaigns and legal limitations recognized in accessibility policies to provide information on applying their needs in different environments (Agovino et al., 2017). Economic barriers have been widely studied from a social tourism perspective as essential factors in attaining social and economic equality (McCabe, 2009;Minnaert et al., 2009). In the tourism sector, the main problems are the lack of information (so-called information barriers) which, together with inadequacy by the tourism stakeholders, produce accessibility problems to tourists with disabilities (Agovino et al., 2017). ...
As the world is moving toward an ever-increasing aging population, interest in the issue of disabilities is also growing. This has a significant influence on new approaches to different measurements and definitions of disabilities. These new parameters also encompass measures related to participation and involvement in life situations that regard touristic activities. For these reasons, this study aims to offer a contribution to the study of touristic opportunities for people with disabilities, shedding some light on an Italian nonprofit project called Turismabile that, since 2007, has been engaged in promoting several activities aimed at improving Piedmont tourist accessibility and promoting Piedmont (a region in the north-west of Italy with Turin as the capital town) as a touristic destination for all.
... From this perspective, tourism can be described as a form of social care (Lynn et al., 2011) that aims to help those whose economic circumstances ordinarily preclude them from holidaying (Diekmann & McCabe, 2011). The benefits of social tourism have been extensively examined in previous research (Ferrer et al., 2016;McCabe, 2009;McCabe et al., 2010;McCabe & Johnson, 2013;Minnaert et al., 2009;Morgan et al., 2015). Moreover, Minnaert et al. (2009) pointed out that social tourism enables low-income families to increase family capital in the short term and increase social capital (social networks, related to pro-active behavior and self-esteem) in the medium term. ...
... The benefits of social tourism have been extensively examined in previous research (Ferrer et al., 2016;McCabe, 2009;McCabe et al., 2010;McCabe & Johnson, 2013;Minnaert et al., 2009;Morgan et al., 2015). Moreover, Minnaert et al. (2009) pointed out that social tourism enables low-income families to increase family capital in the short term and increase social capital (social networks, related to pro-active behavior and self-esteem) in the medium term. Morgan et al., (2015, p.1) observed that for elderly tourists, "social tourism presents older individuals with occasions for escape, respite, companionship, and reminiscence and for renegotiation of self-identity following spousal bereavement." ...
This research explores Chinese rural migrant workers' perceived value of tourism from a social tourism perspective. The findings are based on 20 semi-structured interviews and highlight the benefits that tourism can bring to Chinese rural migrant workers. Theoretically, the study led to the developed of a six-dimension life work social self-realization emotional epistemic scale that shows Chinese rural migrant workers' perceived value of tourism based on life value, work value, social value, self-realization value, emotional value, and epistemic value. Practically, the research provides useful suggestions for government on policy development and opportunities
for the design of tourism products for Chinese rural migrant workers. This study challenges the existing understanding of perceived value, which has highlighted tourism value from a macro perspective but neglected to look at perceived value on a micro or individual level.
... Tourism and the ability to travel reported to be a human right for every individual (Minnaert et al., 2009). Travel and recreational activities are able to help relive symptoms of depression, increase overall feelings of satisfaction and great stress reducers (Evcil, 2018). ...
This research presents autoethnography study of a wheelchair-users named Zo during her journey in Bali, Indonesia. Her documentations and field notes are analyzed in four main themes: information accessibility, public facilities accessibility, destinations accessibility as well as cultural and social issues. This research provides personal deeply personal view on her experience, her way to adapt with accessibility issues, as well as multiple accessibility issues that needs to be improved to ensure that all travelers are able to enjoy Bali.
... Holiday plans must be approached with caution (e.g. by respecting the wishes of individuals from war-torn areas and ensuring their consent). Ongoing support and long-term plans should be in place to assist with residents' readjustment upon their return home [33,34]. Given the absence of research bridging tourism and humanitarian crises, this paper presents a conceptual framework to identify obstacles and interdisciplinary approaches to promoting solidarity tourism for post-war recovery. ...
While everyone aspires to a peaceful world, wars and conflicts unfortunately persist, posing a serious threat to public health. As one of the most important global industries, what is the role of tourism in the humanitarian crises?
This viewpoint offers interdisciplinary contemplation about how solidarity tourism can benefit people living in war zones and possibly revitalise global health. Tourism could potentially improve the health and well-being of war-affected individuals (e.g. children and refugees)through two approaches: encouraging people to travel to war zones when conditions are safe and organising trips for people affected by war
... In the literature, such recommendations are provided by intelligent systems [4,5], although there are other approaches, e.g., recommendations provided by information sharing [6]. However, many tourists travel in groups since traveling together induces social interaction and brings various social benefits, such as family and social capital [7]. Also, traveling in a group supports sustainable tourism. ...
Trip recommendation for groups of tourists (TRGT) is a challenging task in tourism since many tourists travel in groups, inducing social interaction and bringing various social benefits. However, TRGT must address various real-life constraints such as limited time for touring, cost, etc. TRGT aims to design personalized tours that meet the preferences of all group members by addressing a variety of tourists’ requirements that may sometimes result in conflicts and stress for the group members. TRGT should satisfy that both the preferences of group members need to be achieved as much as possible and the preferences of group members need to be achieved as evenly as possible. In this paper, we present a methodology for tackling the TRGT problem by reducing it to the Cooperative Location Set Cover Problem (CLSCP), formulated as an integer linear program. The CLSCP aims to select a group of facilities that can satisfy, in aggregate, all demand points. To tackle the CLSCP, we present a new method based on detecting frequent patterns. We also demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed methodology by presenting extensive experimental tests.
... The threat of mass unemployment in the tourism and hospitality sector brought about by widespread Covid-19 lockdown's affecting the tourism and hospitality industries has highlighted the precariousness of these jobs. Social tourism policy makers and providers tackle these problems as they advocate a responsible approach to employment (Cisneros-Martínez et al. 2018) with permanent and decent working contracts and conditions (Minnaert et al. 2009;Diekmann & McCabe 2011) and to destination management, whereby demand is more evenly distributed throughout the season. Unfortunately, to date not many researchers have looked into the employment aspects of social tourism, but there is an urgent need to tackle these issues as working conditions are deteriorating in the tourism sector (Baum 2015). ...
... Several parties have carried out efforts to take advantage of tourism potential but have not shown optimal results, so they require improvement (Minnaert et al., 2009). With the synergy of all stakeholders, it is hoped that the process of developing a tourist village is supported by sufficient resources, capacity, and thinking so that its success and sustainability are relatively guaranteed. ...
The objectives to be achieved in this research were to describe the pattern of institutional synergy and the factors that determine the synergy between institutions/stakeholders in developing Tourism Villages in East Lombok Regency. This research was qualitative-quantitative prospective research in which the perception of stakeholders/institutions towards synergies—data analysis using the Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) method assisted by Tosmana version 1.54 software. QCA is a new way to research social phenomena that combines the power of quantitative and qualitative methods. In this study, the QCA method was used to find a model (pattern) and causality structure between the level of synergy between institutions (stakeholders) in the East Lombok Regency. Data processing using QCA software obtained results in the form of a QCA Output Truth Table showing the contribution of each stakeholder actor in supporting the realization of institutional synergy in the development of tourist villages. The level of contribution was measured through 4 (four) parameters. Based on the analysis of the QCA Truth Table results, the factors that form institutional synergy can be seen. These factors were based on factors that get strong support from stakeholders. The factors that received strong support from stakeholder actors were: responsibility (v4), strategic vision (v1), capacity (v2) and mindset (v3 ). The responsibility factor (v4) received a strong contribution from 7 stakeholders, the strategic vision factor (v1) received strong support from 6 stakeholders, the capacity factor (v2) received a strong contribution from 5 stakeholders, and the mindset factor (v3) received moderate support from 3 stakeholders.
... Research results support the idea that holidays play an important role in ensuring equality for disadvantage people, providing them a sense of feeling included in society [38,44]. Apart from the need for social inclusion, recent findings demonstrate various psychological benefits such as increased self-esteem and positive changes in job research-related behaviour [45], quality of life [46] and wellbeing [44,[47][48][49], overall functioning [48] and family and social capital [49,50]. Moreover, using qualitative data, Kakoudakis et al. [45] highlighted the fundamental role played by the holiday environment, through creating enabling conditions and safe spaces, triggering positive cognitive and behavioural changes. ...
Holiday vouchers are a tool that have been used for 40 years to encourage employees' access to vacation and have been highlighted during the recent pandemic, when governments used them to support the tourism industry. Using a naturalistic inquiry that combined focus groups with workers from travel agencies and semi-structured interviews with tourists, we analysed the influence of the Romanian holiday voucher scheme on the tourist behaviour of employees in order to establish the holiday vouchers' usefulness as a tool in social tourism or for the development of the tourism industry. An overwhelming share of the interviewees considered the granting of holiday vouchers beneficial. First and foremost, holiday vouchers enabled some people with blue-collar jobs to have their first holiday in decades. Secondly, vouchers influenced tourist behaviour mainly in terms of destination choice, services purchased and holiday frequency and/or duration. Moreover, for the past couple of years when there were major events with impacts on the entire economy worldwide, holiday vouchers proved to be a lifesaver for the Romanian tourism industry.
... Although tourism is reported a human right for everyone [1], the involvement and participation of people with disabilities remains comparatively low [2]. According to Devile and Kastenholz [3], people with disabilities are often neglected and excluded from tourism activities, and not at the forefront of tourism product and service planning. ...
The implementation of inclusive sustainable development goals (SDGs) in the tourism sector must promote opportunities and experiences for people with disabilities. This study explored the tourism experiences of people with disabilities in Indonesia. This phenomenological study reported on data collected through in-depth interviews with participants whose disabilities impact their lived experiences in tourism. Several themes, grounded in lived experiences, emerged from systematic analysis of the data. These include desire for relaxation, unaccommodated needs, inability to travel alone, unheard voices, and lack of empathy and awareness. These findings strengthen theory by conceptualizing the original voices of the tourism experience through past experiences. The results contribute to growing tourism literature on accessible tourism and the sustainable development goals by presenting insights of the tourism experiences of people with disabilities in the Indonesian context and other developing countries. The voices of disability experience in tourism help to improve the understanding of inclusivity as it relates to tourism experiences, and the need to hear the voices of people with disabilities in tourism planning.
... By looking at the reviews of some literatures on tourism, we narrow the focus to family tourism. Some researches discuss this as the element of social experience [3] from the interactions among family members to create bonding and strengthening family relationships [4]. The experience of holidays creates family engagement to build family capital [5]. ...
This research took place at Metro as one of the local governments in Lampung Province, Indonesia. There were some main visions of development in this region: education-based, family tourism, social economic-based, and participative development. We focused on the family tourism vision of the local government to create the region as the tourism site for families. Meanwhile, there were some facts that Metro, geographically was not a large region and not many nature destinations to attract the tourists. It could be meant that there was a gap between the visions of the local government to implement the second vision. We did field study to observe and interview the related parties and reviewed some literature on tourism concept, family tourism, trend in family tourism business, and the local government policy on tourism. The result of our study show that the measurement of the regional tourism index in Metro has never been carried out, the tourism affairs is no longer completely relied on tourism business actors, but must be developed by involving all stakeholders. To sustain the tourism vision in Metro local government, it is needed to carry out tourism promotions in their regions, learning and coordinate with central government and other regions for managing the opportunity implementation on artificial tourism potential for family tourism business.
... Ainsi, l'offre de tourisme sportif ferait vivre à ses usagers une expérience positive liant la dimension touristique à la dimension sportive (Houge et al., 2020) et pourrait affecter positivement sa santé physique (Lee, 2014). Certains travaux ont par ailleurs démontrés l'efficacité du tourisme dans la transformation des modes de vie (Minnaert et al., 2009). ...
On-site observation, supplemented by informal interviews with recreational sports professionals.
... Por muitos anos, as práticas do turismo social variaram em função das orientações políticas de seus Estados, desde aqueles que praticamente não dispuseram de programas públicos de turismo social até os que o reconheceram como parte de suas políticas sociais e promoveram iniciativas governamentais nesse sentido (MINNAERT et al., 2009) (SCHENKEL, 2017). Ao mesmo tempo, multiplicaram-se as dificuldades para o acesso de certos grupos ao turismo. ...
... In the case of cultural barriers, governments of several countries encouraged various awareness campaigns and legal limitations recognized in accessibility policies to provide information on applying their needs in different environments (Agovino et al., 2017). Economic barriers have been widely studied from a social tourism perspective as essential factors in attaining social and economic equality (McCabe, 2009;Michopoulou et al., 2015;Minnaert et al., 2009). In the tourism sector, the main problems are the lack of information (so-called information barriers) (Eichhorn et al., 2008) which, together with inadequacy by the tourism stakeholders, produce accessibility problems to tourists with disabilities (Agovino et al., 2017). ...
This work joins the stream of research investigating the link between the Smart Tourism Destinations (STDs) and the concept of accessibility for tourists with disabilities. The STDs, characterized by advanced Information and Communication Technologies, infrastructures, and platforms to help tourists in their decision-making and improve their touristic experience, allow the personalization of touristic products and services by adapting them to tourists’ preferences. This appears more relevant for tourists with disabilities, as STDs could be capable of ensuring, as far as possible, fully independent use of available facilities and services by all customers. This chapter aims to identify areas of convergence between STDs and disabilities and suggests opportunities for future research. Specifically, focusing on one of the leading European STDs (i.e., Amsterdam), this work collected evidence regarding how STDs apply the smartness concept to meet the specific requirements of people with disabilities.
... A growing body of literature (e.g., Agovino et al., 2017;Eichhorn et al., 2013;Minnaert et al., 2009) has stressed that tourism has a significant impact on the wellbeing of each individual, and the positive effects would be especially relevant for people with disabilities (Small et al., 2012). Social tourism has been recognized as a key factor to tackle social and economic inequality (e.g., McCabe, 2009;McCabe et al., 2010). ...
While a large literature has stressed the role of infrastructures and tourism facilities for disabled people provided by the private sector in enhancing tourism flows, this paper explores, using data on Italian provinces, the relationship between tourism flows and local public expenditure in welfare policies for the disabled as a proxy for the commitment of local public authorities and communities to the well-being of the weakest people. The results show positive and significant effects on tourism and are confirmed when we broaden the analysis to other target groups, namely the elderly and the entire set of eligible recipients of welfare policies. In addition, where an airport station is available, such a positive relationship appears even more intense. These findings suggest how public policies for the social inclusion of disabled people may have beneficial effects beyond the targets, including the tourism sector.
... L'observation rend visibles à la fois les difficultés d'accès aux pratiques touristiques et son apprentissage dans le cadre d'un accompagnement. Il ne s'agit pas ici de se centrer sur la spécificité du tourisme social en dehors du fait qu'il rend plus visible les apprentissages, d'autres l'ont fait en mettant en évidence les bénéfices d'un tel tourisme (McCabe, 2009 ;Minnaert, Maitland, Miller, 2009 ;Minnaert, 2012) mais sans doute d'une façon comportementaliste et naïve en méconnaissant la dimension de normalisation sociale à l'oeuvre que nous avons de notre côté mis en avant dans (Brougère, 2014a). Faute de place nous ne reviendrons pas ici sur cette question. ...
... The main concepts about the value in this paper were taken from the research conducted in the fields of marketing and management. The approaches used in the examination of these concepts can be summarized as follows: (1) social, economic and environmental values (Minnaert, Maitland, & Miller, 2009;Mitchell, 1969;Vujičić et al., 2019); (2) value chain analysis at destination level (Georgantzas, 2003;van der Merwe & Saayman, 2003;Yılmaz & Bititci, 2006); (3) perceived value (Boksberger Philipp & Melsen, 2011;Dedeoğlu, 2019;Petrick & Backman, 2002;Ryu, Han, & Kim, 2008;Sánchez, Callarisa, Rodríguez, & Moliner, 2006); (4) experiential value (Fan, Hsu, & Lin, 2020;Hung, Peng, & Chen, 2019); (5) psychological value (Jewell & Crotts, 2002;van Rekom, 1995); (6) consumer value in tourism (Gallarza & Gil, 2008;Pechlaner, Smeral, & Matzier, 2002); (7) economic and social value of the recreational sites (Carlsen & Wood, 2004;Eagles, McLean, & Stabler, 2000;Gios, Goio, Notaro, & Raffaelli, 2006;Turpie & Joubert, 2001); (8) value creation (Braun, 2005;Calveras, 2019;Flagestad & Hope, 2001); (9) brand value (Carlbäck, 2019). These value-related conceptions encountered in tourism research also reflect the dominant paradigm in the field. ...
This study re-evaluates the concept of destination value to develop and propose a solution to the theoretical dilemmas encountered in tourism research. For this purpose, a hierarchical structure including the intrinsic and extrinsic values of destinations was developed first. A mixed methodology was adopted to achieve the research objectives. In the qualitative part of the study, data was gathered through literature review and document analysis. In the quantitative part, data was collected from field experts. Then importance weights for the themes and subthemes forming destination value were measured by fuzzy criteria weighting using pairwise comparisons technique. The key results obtained with this study supported the validity of the distinction between the intrinsic and extrinsic values of destinations. Analysis revealed that any approach based on intrinsic and extrinsic destination values is suitable when dealing with the information from a range of disciplines.
... Initially, social tourism was defined by Hunzicker (1951, p.1, cited in Minnaert, Maitland & Miller, 2011 as 'the relationships and phenomena in the field of tourism resulting from participation in travel by economically weak or otherwise disadvantaged elements in society'. This connotes the idea that tourism is an activity that should not prevent anyone from participating, thus it is imperative to identify how either social or economic barriers may be overcome (Minnaert, 2012;McCabe, Minnaert & Diekmann, 2011;Minnaert, Maitland & Miller, 2011;Minnaert, Maitland & Miller, 2009;Shaw & Coles, 2004). Great emphasis is given in the wider context of tourism that the prohibition of service delivery to a disabled customer constitutes a form of discrimination (Kalargyrou, Trivellas & Sigala, 2020;Ozturk, Yayli & Yesiltas, 2008). ...
... For years, social tourism has taken multiple different forms depending on countries' political tendencies, ranging from those with practically no public social tourism programmes to those that have acknowledged it to be part of their social policies and hence promote government initiatives in this field (Minnaert et al. al., 2009). Since the approval of the 1972 Vienna Charter by the International Bureau of Social Tourism (BITS), founded in Belgium in 1963 and known as the International Social Tourism Organization (ISTO) 1 since 2010, social tourism has sought to find ways of contributing to greater social equality in access to leisure, given the handicaps faced by certain groups. ...
The Bertioga holiday resort has been in operation since 1948. Located in a coastal town in the state of São Paulo, its target is workers from the trade, tourism, and service sectors. It was one of the first social tourism accommodation centers to be created in Brazil. With a history of over seventy years as a resort and a capacity for one thousand guests and three hundred visitors, SESC Bertioga has become an international reference point in social tourism. In this report, in addition to explaining its origin and the evolution that has made it possible to configure a unique social tourism proposal, three key dimensions are analyzed in detail: who are the users of the tourist complex and what type of services they receive, the working conditions of those who attend them and, finally, their insertion in the host territory.
... Social tourism can be defined as 'tourism with an added moral value, of which the primary aim is to benefit either the host or the visitor in the tourism exchange' (Minnaert, Maitland, & Miller, 2011, p. 414). Namely, it brings many benefits for individuals that are also reflected at a societal level, such as greater social inclusion, increased quality of life and social cohesion as well as reduced social inequalities (Dolnicar, Yanamandram, & Cliff, 2012;Griffin & Stacey, 2013;McCabe, 2009;Minnaert, Maitland, & Miller, 2009;Minnaert et al., 2011). ...
The article examines how tourism constraints for seniors are addressed through social tourism programmes. The research is aimed to (1) identify and (2) classify/categorise various adjustments in social torism programmes for seniors to determine the unique combination of adjustments that characterise social tourism programmes for seniors. Building on the hierarchical leisure constraints model [Crawford, D. W., Jackson, E. L., & Godbey, G. (1991). A hierarchical model of leisure constraints. Leisure Sciences, 13(4), 309–320. doi:10.1080/01490409109513147] the analysis intersects the three groups of constraints – intrapersonal, interpersonal and structural – with three strands of uncertainty faced by seniors – travel uncertainty, financial uncertainty and mobility uncertainty and corresponding social support adjustments: personal support mechanisms and instrumental support mechanisms. The proposed model shows that travel social support is of central importance for effectively negotiating the travel constraints in social tourism for seniors.
... Although for some, taking part in tourism means participation in leisurely activities, a number of tourism scholars have a different view; they see tourism as a social force that can have transformative power (cf. Ateljevic et al., 2007;Higgins-Desbiolles, 2006Minnaert, 2014;Minnaert et al., 2006Minnaert et al., , 2009Pritchard et al., 2011). However, tourism is still generally viewed 'as an "industry" [which] has overshadowed other conceptualisations of the tourism phenomenon' (Higgins-Desbiolles, 2006, p. 1192. ...
Goal 16 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SGDs) emphasizes the importance of providing just and inclusive societies for all and target 16.10 underscores the importance of ‘protect[ing] fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national legislation and international agreements’. The United Nations (UN) and World Tourism Organization (WTO) frequently describe tourism as a phenomenon that promotes peace and dialogue between different cultures. Nonetheless, the UN rarely sees tourism as political. Despite the ongoing struggles of the members of marginalized communities throughout the world, social justice in the context of international travel remains unattainable for some and neoliberal understandings of freedom of movement and right to travel replicate and contribute to the existing systems of injustice and inequality. Guided by a critical mobilities framework, the aim of this research is to explore how dual citizenship shapes the border crossing experiences of Canadians who have travelled internationally in the post 9/11 era. To that end, we had in-depth interviews with 11 Canadian dual citizens to learn how citizenship shape their border crossing experiences. Findings revealed that some dual citizens are treated as insurgent citizens as they are legally citizens but are not treated as such and are deprived of their rights. Moreover, race plays a crucial role in how dual citizens are hierarchically categorized and international mobilities of some citizens are favoured over the others.
The desire for sustainable growth and inclusivity is increasing. Accessibility is a critical feature of inclusion, particularly in tourism, one of the world’s largest industries. The purpose of this chapter is to shed light on the conceptual evolution of accessible tourism in the light of technological developments through a review of the literature on the topic. This chapter first presents the theoretical background of the concepts of diversity, inclusion and accessibility in tourism. It then explains the methodology followed for the literature review and presents an analysis of the results. Finally, reflections and future research directions are proposed.KeywordsDiversity in tourismInclusive tourismDimensions of accessibility in tourismSustainable tourismRole of digital technology
Digitalization and virtualization are extremely active and important approaches in a large scope of activities (marketing, selling, enterprise management, logistics). Tourism management is also highly concerned by this evolution. In this paper we try to present today’s situation based on a 7-week trip showing appropriate and shame situations. After this case study, we give a list of appropriate practices and orientations and confirm the fundamental role of User Experience in validating the proposed assistive system and the User Interfaces needed for client/user satisfaction. We also outline the expected role of Metaverse in the future of the evolution of this domain.KeywordsDigitalizationvirtualizationassistive systemstourismtourist mobilityUser InterfaceUser ExperienceMetaverse
The objective of this paper is to develop how good health performance boosts the tourism industry. This paper focused on systematic studies by different researchers on worldwide.
Tourism as a right was officially stated in the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism (1999) and it would be granted normative status once the Framework Convention on Tourism Ethics (2020) is legally binding. As such, the importance of the rights discourse in tourism has been largely acknowledged and its status is increasingly being reinforced. The rights discourse of tourism is particularly important as the world is facing at the Fourth industrial revolution, which can lead to a societal transformation like previous industrial revolutions. However, the position of tourism as a right has still been confronted with an ambivalent conjuncture and it still requires the relevant etudes to provide diverse perspectives for its justification or its discursive construction within a philosophical approach. By applying a Foucauldian discourse analysis for a close reading of international statements and demonstrating the relevance and applicability of biopolitics to the rights discourse in tourism, this article argues that a fuller understanding of the discourses and arguments made regarding a right to tourism is possible through a deeper consideration of biopolitics and that its legitimation needs to take place within the realm of biopolitical production.
Drawing on the literature that examines business models, feminist ethics of care and social policy, this article develops a theoretical framework for uncovering gender influences on sustainable business models by women entrepreneurs in a highly patriarchal and established tourism destination. Gender influences are socially embedded drivers that inform how women entrepreneurs create and operate sustainable business model archetypes and manifest as doing gender (accepting and complying with gendered perceptions) and redoing gender (resisting gendered perceptions by displaying masculine traits or taking advantage of their femineity) in the business realm. Empirically, the article provides a qualitative analysis of in-depth interviews with women owner-managers of fourteen small tourism firms in Turkey. The study provides evidence of gender influences that materialise as gendered perceptions of identity, role expectations and legislative practices (regulative). The managerial and social policy implications that encourage and support women entrepreneurs in pursuing sustainable business models are critically examined.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis fenomena wisatawan keluarga dan mengidentifikasi strategi yang dilakukan pengelola Saung Eling dalam menghadapi segmen pasar wisatawan keluarga. Saung Eling terletak di Kampung Lembur Sawah, Kelurahan Mulyaharja Kota Bogor. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan analisis fenomenologi. Teknik pengumpulan informasi yang digunakan adalah dengan melakukan interview, observasi, dan dokumentasi terhadap kawasan wisata, pengelola, dan pekerja Saung Eling. Dari hasil penelitian yang dilakukan menunjukan bahwa terdapat fenomena wisata kelurga di kawasan Saung Eling. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari adanya peningkatan jumlah kunjungan wisata keluarga ke Saung Eling, serta jumlah revisit intention lebih dari 10 kali yang dilakukan oleh wisatawan keluarga. Selain itu, strategi yang dilakukan oleh pengelola Saung Eling yaitu ; dari sisi aksesibilitas pengelola Saung Eling memudahkan wisatawan dengan langsung menjemput kelompok tour di titik yang mudah dijangkau wisatawan. Adanya penunjuk arah menuju Saung Eling juga diletakan di beberapa persimpangan jalan. Dari segi atraksi, Saung Eling menyediakan dua atraksi utama, yaitu wisata kuliner dan wisata alam. Kuliner di Saung Eling juga menonjolkan menu khas setempat, seperti pala squash dan nasi liwetan. Sedangkan wisata alam dikemas dalam bentuk paket tour keliling kampung dengan memanfaatkan suasana pedesaan yang asri serta kearifan lokal yang masih menonjolkan budaya kesundaan. Selain paket tour. Saung Eling juga menyediakan fasilitas penunjang seperti tempat parkir, CHSE, musholah (tempat ibadah), toilet, serta homestay (baik itu di rumah yang telah disiapkan maupun di homestay Saung Eling).
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive review of the contribution of tourism to the development of healthy lives and to promote feelings of well-being for older adults. This is related to the 2030 agenda sustainable development goal (SDG) 3 to “ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages”.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper is presented as a conceptual review that will bridge the research gap between tourism and demography and will focus on travel for older tourists that supports a healthy lifestyle and helps to develop positive feelings of well-being.
Findings
The aging population and changing demographic structure will present both possibilities and difficulties for the economy, services and society. Developing innovative ways to assist people to remain active as they age is important, as well as providing measures to combat loneliness is paramount. Tourism and travel can play a significant role to achieve this SDG.
Research limitations/implications
A theoretical framework was developed to acknowledge the four contributions (from a physical, psychological [or intellectual], social and spiritual perspective), organizing the findings into a holistic model of health and wellness, which helped to delineate the research. There is a need for a deeper comprehension of a strategy to promote the benefits of leisure travelling that are linked to active ageing and well-being.
Practical implications
Destination Marketing Organizations and Tourism marketers need to carefully consider the challenges and implications and identify the key drivers that will be vital to propose strategic solutions and innovations to meet the future demands and expectations of older people in an ageing society. Destination management organizations need to promote and plan “memorable experiences” for older tourists that emphasize the physical health benefits, especially if it is feasible in a natural setting.
Social implications
Social experiences are essential in older people’s lives that can help them avoid feelings of depression and isolation. The transformative promise of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its SDGs identify key drivers to propose strategic solutions and innovations to meet the future demands and expectations of older people in an ageing society.
Originality/value
This study provides a qualitative overview of extant literature, examining the role of tourism from a physical, psychological (or intellectual), social and spiritual perspective that has proved important in promoting a healthy lifestyle as well as creating positive feelings of well-being for older travellers. It also offers future directions and builds theory through a holistic model of the dimensions of wellness. Further, it proposes future research priorities related to older individuals that are linked to healthy lifestyles, which include tourism experiences.
The chapter aims at studying the inclusion of these groups in a consumer market, especially in the tourism industry, and it is a continuation of a master study carried out by one of the authors of the text in the Graduate Program in Tourism at the University of São Paulo. To this end, the authors focus their attention on the NGO Eternamente SOU, a reference in welcoming LGBT+ elderly people in Brazil, and on the life stories of its participants, recently published in the book Os Brilhos das Velhices LGBT+ and as a supporting text, the book Introduction to Elderly LGBTI+.
Ferðamennska og tómstundir hafa fengið æ meira vægi í daglegu lífi fólks síðustu áratugi í kjölfar vaxandi velmegunar og breytinga á vinnumarkaði. Aðgengi að ferðamennsku og margs konar tómstundum er ólíkt og fer meðal annars eftir efnahagslegri stöðu fólks. Hérlendis er lítið vitað um samspil félagslegrar stöðu, ferðamennsku og tómstundaiðkunar. Markmið þessarar greinar er að varpa ljósi á þátttöku unglinga í ferðamennsku m.t.t. félagslegra og efnahagslegra þátta og ræða í samhengi við ferðahegðun Íslendinga innanlands, félagslega ferðamennsku og menntun. Notuð eru gögn úr HBSC-rannsókninni Heilsa og lífskjör skólabarna frá árinu 2017–2018 þar sem 6717 börn og unglingar svöruðu spurningum varðandi útiveru. Hér er gerð grein fyrir niðurstöðum spurninga um heimsóknir 12–15 ára barna og unglinga á þekkta áfangastaði á Íslandi. Niðurstöður benda til þess að eftir því sem börn eldast hafi þau komið á fleiri áfangastaði. Algengast er að svarendur segist hafa komið að Gullfossi, Geysi, á Þingvelli, í Heiðmörk og til Mývatns. Efnahagsleg staða, uppruni foreldra og búseta tengist heimsóknum á suma áfangastaði en þau áhrif eru ekki einhlít. Niðurstöður vekja upp spurningar um ólíka stöðu unglinga til að njóta ferðamennsku og tómstunda, um grundvöll fyrir frekari uppbyggingu félagslegrar ferðamennsku hérlendis og tengsl hennar við menntun og hlutverk skólakerfisins í því sambandi. Reifuð eru álitamál þessu tengd og vörðuð verðug rannsóknarefni á þessu sviði.
Tekst prezentuje aktualne spektrum beneficjentów współczesnej turystyki społecznej wskazując na rolę składających się na nią programów i przedsięwzięć w zaspokajaniu ich potrzeb oraz ich miejsce w realizacji polityk społecznych. Rozpoczyna go analiza wspomnianych grup i rozmaitych korzyści z ich uczestnictwa w tej formie turystyki, a także zestawienie najpopularniejszych form organizowanych dla nich aktywności i adresowanych do nich produktów turystycznych. Druga część obejmuje opis głównych działań składających się na organizację turystyki socjalnej w wybranych krajach Europy. W końcowej, trzeciej części zestawiono najważniejsze problemy związane z organizacją
współczesnej turystyki socjalnej, stojące przed nią aktualne wyzwania, rekomendacje rozwiązań dla części z nich, a także średniookresowe perspektywy rozwoju tej formy turystyki.
Starzenie się populacji jest wyzwaniem przed jakim staje coraz więcej krajów świata. Z jednej strony jest to proces wyraźnie pozytywny, ponieważ udało się wyeliminować lub ograniczyć część ryzyk, które miały bezpośredni wpływ na poziom i jakość życia, ale też jego długość. Z drugiej strony przed społeczeństwami pojawiają się nowe problemy związane z koniecznością zabezpieczenia rosnących i zróżnicowanych potrzeb coraz liczniejszej subpopulacji osób starszych. Stąd też w monografii podjęto rozważania w ujęciu interdyscyplinarnym nad perspektywami rozwoju srebrnej gospodarki w Polsce.
Książka obejmuje 19 rozdziałów o zróżnicowanej tematyce i charakterze naukowym. Zawiera opracowania badawcze, koncepcyjne, analityczne i syntetyczne, w tym diagnostyczne i prognostyczne, opierające się na źródłach wtórnych i własnych badaniach empirycznych 28 autorów na następujące tematy:
1. zmiany demograficzne a gospodarka i społeczeństwo, w tym:
- srebrne finanse z perspektywy ekonomicznej i menedżerskiej
- komplementarność usług prywatnych i publicznych na lokalnym rynku
- zatrudnianie osób starszych i ich oczekiwania wobec pracodawców
- prawa seniorów vs. modele rodziny i opieki instytucjonalnej
2. funkcjonowanie srebrnego rynku, w tym:
- reklama jako środek komunikacji marketingowej adresowanej do seniorów
- prognoza zmian struktury konsumpcji gospodarstw domowych seniorów dla lat 2025-2050
- krytyczna ocena skutków gospodarczych rosnącej populacji osób starszych
3. zdrowie, ochrona zdrowia i profilaktyka, w tym:
- potrzeby, wyzwania i perspektywy dostępu do usług e-zdrowia
- wyzwania stojące przed sektorem ochrony zdrowia
- wiedza osób w wieku podeszłym na temat szczepień ochronnych
- organizacyjne, legislacyjne i prawne uwarunkowania wykorzystania telerozwiązań
4. kultura, turystyka i przestrzeń miejska, w tym:
- stymulanty i destymulanty uczestnictwa seniorów w kulturze
- turystyka z perspektywy polityki społeczno-gospodarczej UE i Polski
- miejska polityka senioralna na przykładzie Gminy Szczecin
- nowości dedykowane osobom starszym w obszarze edukacji i środowiska
5. innowacje, w tym:
- zachowania seniorów w świetle postępującej cyfryzacji usług finansowych
- postawy osób starszych wobec innowacji na rynku FMCG
- innowacje społeczne
- subiektywny wymiar cyfrowego wykluczenia.
We live in a dynamic and constantly evolving environment. The need
for science to solve increasingly complex tasks that require analysis
with the participation of various specialists, from different points
of view, gives rise to the need for the development of the so-called
multi- and interdisciplinary research. The progress of science requires
crossing the boundaries of disciplines, at their "crossing" often
new ideas and important discoveries arise. Interdisciplinarity as
well as a comprehensive or holistic approach are of particular importance
in the development of economics and finance as well
as management. Without comprehensive research, in which various
sciences participate with their specific methods and conceptual apparatus,
it is currently impossible to obtain scientific achievements.
Nowadays, there are more and more examples of issues whose
analysis and solution require the participation of — apart from economists
— specialists from other sciences. In economics and finance,
also inmanagement, everything is connected with everything,
everything influences everything. The main purpose of these considerations
is an attempt to present the interdisciplinary approach
on the example of silver (senior) finances. We intend to formulate
an initial concept of a new research trend on the border of economics,
finance and management as well as other disciplines, including
using the 'resilience' category.
The goal of this paper is to develop a theoretical perspective to better understand senior tourist behaviour. The perspective is guided by concepts from research on senior tourism, goal theory of leisure travel satisfaction, and socio-emotional selectivity theory. It examines four central principles: (1) selecting leisure travel goals that have high levels of positive valence, (2) selecting leisure travel goals that are very likely to be attained, (3) engaging in actions that would implement leisure travel goals, and (4) engaging in actions that would allow tourists to experience goal attainment. We describe these theoretical principles and sub-principles in relation to senior tourists to build a research agenda to encourage future research.
Communist ideologies and political regimes have had their specific models of tourism. These models reflect on the way former communist countries view tourism today. Despite the long communist period, Romania refuses to accept Communism as an integral part of its historical culture and society, being perceived as a dark period of its history. Several campaigns which were broadcasted as a way to show the cultural and natural beauty of the country, promote rural tourism and the ancient Romanian History, eluding themes and subjects related with that recent past. Even though there has been a growing touristic interest in Romania’s communist heritage, the country’s strategies express the difficulty in accepting Communism as part of the Romanian cultural identity and history. Thus, what communication strategies does Romania use to promote its culture, in order to avoid its communist heritage? What are the reasons behind the country’s vehement silence about its past? This article aims to discuss how and why the country and its population promote specific tourist products as a way to avoid their communist legacy.
As organizations grow in size, geographical scope, and complexity, it is increasingly apparent that sponsorship and support of communities of practice—groups whose members regularly engage in sharing and learning, based on common interests—can improve organizational performance. Although many authors assert that communities of practice create organizational value, there has been relatively little systematic study of the linkage between community outcomes and the underlying social mechanisms that are at work. To build an understanding of how communities of practice create organizational value, we suggest thinking of a community as an engine for the development of social capital. We argue that the social capital resident in communities of practice leads to behavioral changes, which in turn positively influence business performance. We identify four specific performance outcomes associated with the communities of practice we studied and link these outcomes to the basic dimensions of social capital. These dimensions include connections among practitioners who may or may not be co-located, relationships that build a sense of trust and mutual obligation, and a common language and context that can be shared by community members. Our conclusions are based on a study of seven organizations where communities of practice are acknowledged to be creating value.
Since the mid-70s the economic restructuring of advanced capitalist democracies has revealed the outdated nature of universal social policies and the declining representativeness of secure life and family patterns. Terms such as "social exclusion', "new poverty', "the underclass' have emerged to describe such phenomena. After clarifying the multiple connotations of these terms, the author adopts a pluridimensional, multidisciplinary approach to distinguish the theoretical bases of three paradigms (solidarity, specialization and monopoly) to enable a better understanding of exclusion. She illustrates the paradigms with theories addressing the economic dimension of exclusion before, finally, considering its significance in politics and social policy. -Author
Two experiments investigated the effects of achievement goals on intrinsic motivation for an enjoyable pinball game. Exp 1 manipulated Ss' performance (demonstrating ability) and mastery (developing one's skills) achievement goals and contrasted them with a neutral control group. Exp 2 replicated Exp 1 and extended it by additionally providing (or not) Ss with positive, goal-relevant feedback. Results were consistent across studies, indicating that individual differences in achievement orientation moderated the influence of achievement goals on intrinsic motivation. Specifically, performance goals enhanced intrinsic motivation for achievement-oriented individuals, whereas mastery goals enhanced interest for those low in achievement orientation. The results were discussed in the context of J. M. Harackiewicz and C. Sansone's (1991) model of intrinsic motivation processes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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This paper reveals the author's theory of method for conducting longitudinal field research on change. The paper also discusses a range of practical problems in carrying out time-series research in organisational settings. The practical problems include dealing with time in longitudinal research; issues of site selection, choices about data collection and degrees of involvement the importance of clarifying research outputs. audience and presentation; and finally handling problems of complexity and simplicity associated with longitudinal comparative case study research on change. The paper concludes by discussing some ethical issues of longitudinal research field research, and managing a community of researchers.
This paper reviews the origins and definitions of social capital in the writings of Bourdieu, Loury, and Coleman, among other authors. It distinguishes four sources of social capital and examines their dynamics. Applications of the concept in the sociological literature emphasize its role in social control, in family support, and in benefits mediated by extrafamilial networks. I provide examples of each of these positive functions. Negative consequences of the same processes also deserve attention for a balanced picture of the forces at play. I review four such consequences and illustrate them with relevant examples. Recent writings on social capital have extended the concept from an individual asset to a feature of communities and even nations. The final sections describe this conceptual stretch and examine its limitations, I argue that, as shorthand for the positive consequences of sociability, social capital has a definite place in sociological theory. However, excessive extensions of the concept may jeopardize its heuristic value.
critical evaluations of his work, notably papers by Rodney Benson, 4 Rogers Brubaker, Nick Crossley, and John Myles. Indeed, it is the 1985 article by Rogers Brubaker that can truly be said to have served as one of the best introductions to Bourdieu’s thought for the American social scienti?c public. It is for this reason that we include it in the present collection. Intellectual origins & orientations We begin by providing an overview of Bourdieu’s life as a scholar and a public intellectual. The numerous obituaries and memorial tributes that have appeared following Bourdieu’s untimely death have revealed something of his life and career, but few have stressed the intersection of his social origins, career trajectory, and public intellectual life with the changing political and social context of France. This is precisely what David Swartz’s “In memoriam” attempts to accomplish. In it he emphasizes the coincidence of Bourdieu’s young and later adulthood with the period of decolonization, the May 1968 French university crisis, the opening up of France to privatization of many domains previously entrusted to the state (l’état providence), and, most threatening to post-World War II reforms, the emergence of globalization as the hegemonic structure of the 21st century. An orienting theme throughout Bourdieu’s work warns against the partial and fractured views of social reality generated by the fundamental subject/object dichotomy that has plagued social science from its very beginning.
The idea of social exclusion is part of the new political language. When Labour came into government in 1997, it launched the Social Exclusion Unit to pursue this central theme. But what exactly does social inclusion mean? This revised and updated edition of The Inclusive Society? identifies three competing meanings of the term in contemporary British Politics, emphasising poverty, employment and morality. Ruth Levitas argues that there has been a shift away from understanding social exclusion as primarily a problem of poverty, towards questions of social integration through paid work and moral regulation.
We now can begin to turn the observations of the previous chapter into objects to be analyzed. In the following sections, we recast the central characteristics of these several historical realizations of apprenticeship in terms of legitimate peripheral participation. First, we discuss the structuring resources that shape the process and content of learning possibilities and apprentices' changing perspectives on what is known and done. Then we argue that “transparency” of the sociopolitical organization of practice, of its content and of the artifacts engaged in practice, is a crucial resource for increasing participation. We next examine the relation of newcomers to the discourse of practice. This leads to a discussion of how identity and motivation are generated as newcomers move toward full participation. Finally, we explore contradictions inherent in learning, and the relations of the resulting conflicts to the development of identity and the transformation of practice.
Three waste management behaviors (waste reduction, reuse, and recycling) were examined with the use of a conceptual framework developed by the author. It was posited that environmental values, situational characteristics, and psychological factors all play a significant role in the prediction of waste management behavior, within the context of a core intention-behavior relationship. The framework was tested in a self-report questionnaire of 673 residents of Exeter, UK. It was found that the predictors of reduction, reuse, and recycling behavior differed significantly, with reduction and reuse being predicted by underlying environmental values, knowledge, and concern-based variables. Recycling behavior was, in contrast, characterized as highly normative behavior. The use of the approach taken for investigating other environmental behaviors is examined.
Learning is increasingly seen as an important motivation for tourism, however, little is known about touristic learning. While descriptions are available, few have attempted to establish why it has become important or to distil theoretical foundations that can explain both its form and existence. Establishing a theoretical framework for touristic learning will assist in the development of products that better fulfil both consumers' needs and providers' objectives and perhaps illuminate our understanding of learning that is more incidental. Indeed, beyond this, a greater understanding of touristic learning may also provide new insight on why people travel at all. This paper discusses learning as a motivation for tourism and advocates the use of the notions of tourism as play and learning through play to enhance future research into touristic learning.
Holiday participation, although widespread, is not universal. This paper summarises a study of the meaning and significance of the holiday for families who are rarely able to go on holiday because of personal economic and social circumstances: a subgroup of Haukeland's category C non-travellers. Holidays are likely to have particular significance for them. Studies of women’s holiday experiences are examined in order to contribute to the context of this study. Informants were interviewed in their own homes and a number of meanings emerged including the significance of ‘change’ and establishing relationships. The study confirms the diversity of holiday experiences and meanings and the particular significance for this study group in conferring the ‘excitement and spectacle’ that are particularly limited in their every-day lives. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
This study revisits the conceptualization and operationalization of salesperson goal orientation, a mid-level construct in the achievement motivation model. Goal orientation has, in recent sales studies, been conceptualized to be comprised of a learning and a performance goal orientation. However, studies examining goal orientation’s relationship with salesperson performance and behavior have found inconsistent results. Guided by seminal studies in achievement motivation theory, this study proposes that performance goal orientation is comprised of two distinct components: a performanceapproach goal orientation and a performance-avoidance goal orientation, the latter of which is grounded in fear of failure. The contemporary model of goal orientation is tested and compared with the classic model. The results indicate that the classic model more accurately captures salesperson goal orientation and its relationship with salesperson performance. Notably, a performance-avoidance goal orientation is negatively related to salesperson performance.
We investigate the effects of both family and school capital on
student math and reading achievement. We use the National Longitudinal
Survey of Youth (NLSY) merged Child-Mother Data for 1992 and 1994, to
which indicators of capital in the children's schools for 1993-94 and
1994-95 have recently been added. We study children who attended first
through eighth grades in both 1992 and 1994, with samples of 2034 for
math achievement and 2203 for reading recognition. Findings suggest
that school capital effects are modest in size while family capital
effects are stronger; combinations of school and family capital boost
or modify additive findings. We sketch directions for future research
and discuss the usefulness of analyzing school and family capital as
parallel concepts.
The author surveys current literature on communities of practice and their potential development using networked technology and remote collaboration, specifically with respect to World Wide Web (WWW) communication tools. The vast majority of the current literature in this new research area consists of case studies. Communities of practice have the following components that distinguish them from traditional organizations and learning situations: (1) different levels of expertise that are simultaneously present in the community of practice; (2) fluid peripheral to center movement that symbolizes the progression from being a novice to an expert; and (3) completely authentic tasks and communication. Supporting concepts include aspects of constructivism (i.e., ill-structured problems, facilitation, collaborative learning, and negotiated goals), community knowledge greater than individual knowledge, as well as an environment of safety and trust. Virtual communities are defined as designed communities using current networked technology, whereas communities of practice emerge within the designed community via the ways their participants use the designed community. Current networked technology has both advantages and disadvantages in emergent development of communities of practice. Because most collaboration is text-based, norms are reduced, enabling introverted participants to share their ideas on an equal footing with extroverts. However, the greatest problem with virtual communities is withdrawing, or attrition. This problem can be reduced somewhat through good facilitation techniques and adequate scaffolding, especially in the cases of online communication techniques and technical support. Finally, the author recommends further research questions and proposes a case study, whose purpose is to observe the effects of an emerging community of practice within the designed environment of a virtual community.
In this follow-up study of an earlier investigation (Marjoribanks, 1992), relationships were examined between family capital, children's individual attributes, immediate family settings, and adolescents' aspirations. There were 500 Australian adolescents (250 girls, 250 boys) and their parents in the sample. The results of this study and of the earlier investigation suggest that (a) family environmental contexts are moderately to largely associated with children's academic performances and adolescents' aspirations; (b) relationships between family contexts, children's individual attributes, and adolescents' aspirations are mediated fully or in part by adolescents' perceptions of their parents' support for learning; and (c) there are gender-related differences in the nature of the associations among family capital, individual attributes, immediate family settings, and adolescents' aspirations.
This article presents a meta-analysis of the experimental literature that has examined the effect of performance and mastery achievement goals on intrinsic motivation. Summary analyses provided support for the hypothesis that the pursuit of performance goals has an undermining effect on intrinsic motivation relative to the pursuit of mastery goals. Moderator analyses were conducted in an attempt to explain significant variation in the magnitude and direction of this effect across studies. Results indicated that the undermining effect of performance goals relative to mastery goals was contingent on whether participants received confirming or nonconfirming competence feedback, and on whether the experimental procedures induced a performance-approach or performance-avoidance orientation. These findings provide conceptual clarity to the literature on achievement goals and intrinsic motivation and suggest numerous avenues for subsequent empirical work.
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