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Mapping outdoor recreationists' perceived social values for ecosystem services at Hinchinbrook Island National Park, Australia
... 1 社会景观是地域和人群构成的社会空间，是感知、态度、价值观和行为的综合体 [1,2] 。 由于多人群互动，社会景观具有明显的竞争特征 [3,4] 。随着现代社会流动性的增强，社会 景观结构日趋复杂化，社会竞争和冲突越发显著。乡村旅游社区作为一种具有传统乡土 性的社会景观类型，在游客的凝视下发生着显著的变化，成为社会竞争与矛盾频发的典 型区域 [5] 。已有研究表明，旅游开发导致的多群体介入，使得乡村社会冲突的可能性增 加，并表现出了明显的空间特征 [6] 。如果能够建立社会景观敏感度的指标，对旅游开发干 扰下社会问题出现的可能性进行评估，对乡村旅游社区规划管理有重要的意义。 敏感度 (sensitivity) 概念已被用于多学科的研究当中。在土壤学中，敏感度被用于 评价土壤结构对土壤侵蚀的影响 [7] ；在心理学研究中，敏感度指对他人情绪的感知与觉察 能力，可用于评估人际互动当中个体相互影响的水平 [8] 。与地理学相关的敏感度研究主要 集中于景观研究领域。在景观规划研究中，景观敏感度多表示视觉景观敏感度，是对景 观被注意到的程度的量度，它是景观醒目程度的综合反映。俞孔坚从相对坡度、距离、 视域中出现机率和醒目程度对南太行山峡谷景观敏感度进行综合评价，为景观保护及建 设规划提供重要依据 [9] ；在景观生态学中，景观敏感度主要指生态敏感度 [10] ，用来表示生 态系统对自然环境变化和人类活动干扰的反应程度，说明发生区域生态环境问题的难易 程度和可能性大小 [11,12] 。目前国内外对生态敏感度的研究已从生态学领域单一的生态敏感 问题发展到多个生态因子敏感度的综合评价 [13][14][15] ，其综合评价方法多运用德尔菲法 (Delphi Method) [16] 、层次分析法 [17] 、极大值法 [12] 等，研究尺度从国家 [11] 、流域 [17] 、省域 [18] 延 伸至市县域 [19] ，主要应用于区域功能区划分 [18] 、土地利用规划 [20] 、旅游景区规划 [16] 、自然 保护区管理 [15] 等。 虽然地理学研究已经注意到了景观敏感度的研究，但目前还主要集中于物质景观或 自然景观领域，对于社会景观敏感度的相关研究还比较欠缺。本文拟借鉴景观生态学研 究中的景观敏感度概念，利用地方竞争理论和景观价值理论构建旅游社区社会景观敏感 度模型，基于公众参与式地理信息系统 (public participation geographic information sys- [3,4,21] ，这种竞争性源于地方不单纯是简单的物质要素载体，而且 是一个被社会文化和意识持续建构的结果 [22] ，是多人群感知与认同互动的产物 [21] 。 地方意义是地方的显著特征 [23] ，通过探究不同人群对地方表征意义的差异性和多样 性来认识地方的竞争和政治特质被认为是一种有效途径 [3,4] 。针对具体的地方空间，不同 人群基于自身的信仰、价值观、文化背景以及土地利用方式，赋予其不一样的意义，促 使同一地方内部存在差异有时甚至是相悖的意义构成。由于人基于意义行动 [22,24] ，相异的 意义结构影响下的地方被多人群争夺，地方的竞争性由此而发。景观价值 (landscape value) 作为抽象地方意义的具体形式，被认为是地方感的重要组成 [24][25][26] ，反映人的主观 价值取向及其空间关联，与人群对地方内具体土地利用活动的期望和意愿紧密联系，反 映不同人群对现实和未来土地利用合理性的判断 [3,26,27] [34] 。本文采用核密度分析的方法对点 数据进行处理，根据研究区比例尺大小，参考已有研究 [26,31] ，在 ArcGIS 中设置输出栅格 大小为 30 m，搜索半径为 90 m，生成景观价值密度图。 栅格计算是栅格数据处理和分析最为常用的方法，也是建立复杂应用模型的基本模 块 [35] ，主要分为数学运算和函数运算。根据建立的数学模型，利用 ArcGIS 中的栅格计算 器对景观价值密度图进行数学运算和函数运算。 Abstract: Tourism development makes the social composition of rural tourism community more complex, where multi-groups compete and conflict with each other. It will be meaningful for planning and management of rural tourism community to develop the index of social landscape sensitivity and evaluate the possibility of the social problem under the disturbance of tourism development. ...
... 1 社会景观是地域和人群构成的社会空间，是感知、态度、价值观和行为的综合体 [1,2] 。 由于多人群互动，社会景观具有明显的竞争特征 [3,4] 。随着现代社会流动性的增强，社会 景观结构日趋复杂化，社会竞争和冲突越发显著。乡村旅游社区作为一种具有传统乡土 性的社会景观类型，在游客的凝视下发生着显著的变化，成为社会竞争与矛盾频发的典 型区域 [5] 。已有研究表明，旅游开发导致的多群体介入，使得乡村社会冲突的可能性增 加，并表现出了明显的空间特征 [6] 。如果能够建立社会景观敏感度的指标，对旅游开发干 扰下社会问题出现的可能性进行评估，对乡村旅游社区规划管理有重要的意义。 敏感度 (sensitivity) 概念已被用于多学科的研究当中。在土壤学中，敏感度被用于 评价土壤结构对土壤侵蚀的影响 [7] ；在心理学研究中，敏感度指对他人情绪的感知与觉察 能力，可用于评估人际互动当中个体相互影响的水平 [8] 。与地理学相关的敏感度研究主要 集中于景观研究领域。在景观规划研究中，景观敏感度多表示视觉景观敏感度，是对景 观被注意到的程度的量度，它是景观醒目程度的综合反映。俞孔坚从相对坡度、距离、 视域中出现机率和醒目程度对南太行山峡谷景观敏感度进行综合评价，为景观保护及建 设规划提供重要依据 [9] ；在景观生态学中，景观敏感度主要指生态敏感度 [10] ，用来表示生 态系统对自然环境变化和人类活动干扰的反应程度，说明发生区域生态环境问题的难易 程度和可能性大小 [11,12] 。目前国内外对生态敏感度的研究已从生态学领域单一的生态敏感 问题发展到多个生态因子敏感度的综合评价 [13][14][15] ，其综合评价方法多运用德尔菲法 (Delphi Method) [16] 、层次分析法 [17] 、极大值法 [12] 等，研究尺度从国家 [11] 、流域 [17] 、省域 [18] 延 伸至市县域 [19] ，主要应用于区域功能区划分 [18] 、土地利用规划 [20] 、旅游景区规划 [16] 、自然 保护区管理 [15] 等。 虽然地理学研究已经注意到了景观敏感度的研究，但目前还主要集中于物质景观或 自然景观领域，对于社会景观敏感度的相关研究还比较欠缺。本文拟借鉴景观生态学研 究中的景观敏感度概念，利用地方竞争理论和景观价值理论构建旅游社区社会景观敏感 度模型，基于公众参与式地理信息系统 (public participation geographic information sys- [3,4,21] ，这种竞争性源于地方不单纯是简单的物质要素载体，而且 是一个被社会文化和意识持续建构的结果 [22] ，是多人群感知与认同互动的产物 [21] 。 地方意义是地方的显著特征 [23] ，通过探究不同人群对地方表征意义的差异性和多样 性来认识地方的竞争和政治特质被认为是一种有效途径 [3,4] 。针对具体的地方空间，不同 人群基于自身的信仰、价值观、文化背景以及土地利用方式，赋予其不一样的意义，促 使同一地方内部存在差异有时甚至是相悖的意义构成。由于人基于意义行动 [22,24] ，相异的 意义结构影响下的地方被多人群争夺，地方的竞争性由此而发。景观价值 (landscape value) 作为抽象地方意义的具体形式，被认为是地方感的重要组成 [24][25][26] ，反映人的主观 价值取向及其空间关联，与人群对地方内具体土地利用活动的期望和意愿紧密联系，反 映不同人群对现实和未来土地利用合理性的判断 [3,26,27] [34] 。本文采用核密度分析的方法对点 数据进行处理，根据研究区比例尺大小，参考已有研究 [26,31] ，在 ArcGIS 中设置输出栅格 大小为 30 m，搜索半径为 90 m，生成景观价值密度图。 栅格计算是栅格数据处理和分析最为常用的方法，也是建立复杂应用模型的基本模 块 [35] ，主要分为数学运算和函数运算。根据建立的数学模型，利用 ArcGIS 中的栅格计算 器对景观价值密度图进行数学运算和函数运算。 Abstract: Tourism development makes the social composition of rural tourism community more complex, where multi-groups compete and conflict with each other. It will be meaningful for planning and management of rural tourism community to develop the index of social landscape sensitivity and evaluate the possibility of the social problem under the disturbance of tourism development. ...
... 1 社会景观是地域和人群构成的社会空间，是感知、态度、价值观和行为的综合体 [1,2] 。 由于多人群互动，社会景观具有明显的竞争特征 [3,4] 。随着现代社会流动性的增强，社会 景观结构日趋复杂化，社会竞争和冲突越发显著。乡村旅游社区作为一种具有传统乡土 性的社会景观类型，在游客的凝视下发生着显著的变化，成为社会竞争与矛盾频发的典 型区域 [5] 。已有研究表明，旅游开发导致的多群体介入，使得乡村社会冲突的可能性增 加，并表现出了明显的空间特征 [6] 。如果能够建立社会景观敏感度的指标，对旅游开发干 扰下社会问题出现的可能性进行评估，对乡村旅游社区规划管理有重要的意义。 敏感度 (sensitivity) 概念已被用于多学科的研究当中。在土壤学中，敏感度被用于 评价土壤结构对土壤侵蚀的影响 [7] ；在心理学研究中，敏感度指对他人情绪的感知与觉察 能力，可用于评估人际互动当中个体相互影响的水平 [8] 。与地理学相关的敏感度研究主要 集中于景观研究领域。在景观规划研究中，景观敏感度多表示视觉景观敏感度，是对景 观被注意到的程度的量度，它是景观醒目程度的综合反映。俞孔坚从相对坡度、距离、 视域中出现机率和醒目程度对南太行山峡谷景观敏感度进行综合评价，为景观保护及建 设规划提供重要依据 [9] ；在景观生态学中，景观敏感度主要指生态敏感度 [10] ，用来表示生 态系统对自然环境变化和人类活动干扰的反应程度，说明发生区域生态环境问题的难易 程度和可能性大小 [11,12] 。目前国内外对生态敏感度的研究已从生态学领域单一的生态敏感 问题发展到多个生态因子敏感度的综合评价 [13][14][15] ，其综合评价方法多运用德尔菲法 (Delphi Method) [16] 、层次分析法 [17] 、极大值法 [12] 等，研究尺度从国家 [11] 、流域 [17] 、省域 [18] 延 伸至市县域 [19] ，主要应用于区域功能区划分 [18] 、土地利用规划 [20] 、旅游景区规划 [16] 、自然 保护区管理 [15] 等。 虽然地理学研究已经注意到了景观敏感度的研究，但目前还主要集中于物质景观或 自然景观领域，对于社会景观敏感度的相关研究还比较欠缺。本文拟借鉴景观生态学研 究中的景观敏感度概念，利用地方竞争理论和景观价值理论构建旅游社区社会景观敏感 度模型，基于公众参与式地理信息系统 (public participation geographic information sys- [3,4,21] ，这种竞争性源于地方不单纯是简单的物质要素载体，而且 是一个被社会文化和意识持续建构的结果 [22] ，是多人群感知与认同互动的产物 [21] 。 地方意义是地方的显著特征 [23] ，通过探究不同人群对地方表征意义的差异性和多样 性来认识地方的竞争和政治特质被认为是一种有效途径 [3,4] 。针对具体的地方空间，不同 人群基于自身的信仰、价值观、文化背景以及土地利用方式，赋予其不一样的意义，促 使同一地方内部存在差异有时甚至是相悖的意义构成。由于人基于意义行动 [22,24] ，相异的 意义结构影响下的地方被多人群争夺，地方的竞争性由此而发。景观价值 (landscape value) 作为抽象地方意义的具体形式，被认为是地方感的重要组成 [24][25][26] ，反映人的主观 价值取向及其空间关联，与人群对地方内具体土地利用活动的期望和意愿紧密联系，反 映不同人群对现实和未来土地利用合理性的判断 [3,26,27] [34] 。本文采用核密度分析的方法对点 数据进行处理，根据研究区比例尺大小，参考已有研究 [26,31] ，在 ArcGIS 中设置输出栅格 大小为 30 m，搜索半径为 90 m，生成景观价值密度图。 栅格计算是栅格数据处理和分析最为常用的方法，也是建立复杂应用模型的基本模 块 [35] ，主要分为数学运算和函数运算。根据建立的数学模型，利用 ArcGIS 中的栅格计算 器对景观价值密度图进行数学运算和函数运算。 Abstract: Tourism development makes the social composition of rural tourism community more complex, where multi-groups compete and conflict with each other. It will be meaningful for planning and management of rural tourism community to develop the index of social landscape sensitivity and evaluate the possibility of the social problem under the disturbance of tourism development. ...
旅游开发使得乡村旅游社区社会构成复杂化,多人群的空间竞争与冲突日益明显。如果能够建立社会景观敏感度的指标,对旅游开发干扰下社会问题出现的可能性进行评估,将对乡村旅游社区规划管理有重要的意义。利用参与式制图和半结构访谈的方法,对甘南郎木寺镇的藏族居民、回族居民、游客和经营者四类群体进行景观价值调查,最终获得396份访谈表和填图。在此基础上,利用地方竞争理论和景观价值理论构建旅游社区社会景观敏感度模型,并基于GIS工具计算和揭示其空间特征。研究表明:(1)社会景观敏感度分析从社会互动和空间格局两个方面对旅游社区进行评价,一定程度上能够表征社会景观的格局与效应,为旅游社区规划管理提供依据;(2)研究揭示的景观敏感区域空间上呈现斑状分布,承载着多人群的关注和竞争关系,与社区资源分布、多人群文化认同和环境心理因素相联系;(3)田野调查,多人群地方竞争理论和PPGIS空间分析技术的结合,为地方感研究提供了新的视角,也为社会景观研究提供了新的机遇。
... Public Participation Geographic Information Systems (PPGIS) refers to spatially explicit methods for capturing and using spatial information in participatory planning processes, decision-making, and scientific inquiry (Lowery & Morse, 2013;Rambaldi et al., 2006;Sieber, 2006). PPGIS has been used to identify participant preferences for future land use and management (Brown & Kyttä, 2014), pinpoint valued locations for conservation (Fagerholm et al., 2012;van Riper et al., 2012), and design urban landscapes (Babelon et al., 2017;Bugs et al., 2010) among other applications Brown & Fagerholm, 2015;Brown & Raymond, 2014). The medium by which spatial preferences are collected varies from paper maps (Pocewicz et al., 2012;Zhang & Smith, n.d.) to online digital interfaces (Bugs et al., 2010;Kahila-Tani et al., 2019). ...
... There is also increasing awareness that planning prioritises already privileged groups and entrenched interests, leading to adaptation inequities, such as targeting marginalised communities for relocation or prioritising green infrastructure investment in affluent neighbourhoods. Developing accessible tools that center long-term, sustainable, and just city planning is part of the Great Lakes Integrated Sciences and Assessments' (GLISA) latest plans for strengthening climate science and decision making capacities for Great Lakes communities (Van Berkel et al., 2022). PPGIS is being deployed in 5 cities throughout the GL for supporting their efforts to understand, plan for, and respond to climate and equity impacts now and in the future. ...
... The ability to add user-defined base maps for decision making and thematic layers gives it tremendous flexibility for numerous applications. Within community engagement research it can potentially be used to: 1) enfranchise the public through formalised democratisation of decision-making (Voinov et al., 2016), 2) tap into the considerable knowledge, labour, and skills from the public to benefit and complement scientific research, 3) capture and analyse stakeholder management preferences in practical and efficient ways (van Riper et al., 2012), and 4) attend to the plurality of knowledge of different stakeholders (Norström et al., 2020). Applications outside of engaged research (e.g. ...
... Landscape value analysis technology (LVM) is used to map the landscape value perceived by the public and to analyze its spatial characteristics, to find the possible land use mode coordinated with the landscape value [14]. In the past ten years, landscape value analysis has been used in various fields of natural resources protection to improve the quality of planning and management, such as in national forest management [15,16], the management of national parks and protected areas [17,18], the management of coastal zones [19,20], urban parks [21], river wetlands [22], etc. Brown and others have made useful explorations in this field. Based on previous studies, Brown summarized 12 basic landscape value types for natural landscapes (forests and national parks), including aesthetics, economy, recreation and environmental support, which made the landscape value types more comprehensive and universal [23]. ...
... Using the Kernel Density tool [22] in ArcGIS software, the value point weight is used as the input field, and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method is used to calculate the weight of each value point. Through experiments and referring to relevant research [20], the size and search radius of the output grid are set to generate grid density layers of relevant values. ratio of males to females was 44.87% and 55.13%, respectively, which is basically balanced; In terms of age composition, the respondents aged 26-30 accounted for 3.51%, those aged 31-40 accounted for 9.94%, those aged 41-50 accounted for 51.17%, and those aged 51-60 accounted for 18.42% (Table 2). ...
... Using the Kernel Density tool [22] in ArcGIS software, the value point weight is used as the input field, and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method is used to calculate the weight of each value point. Through experiments and referring to relevant research [20], the size and search radius of the output grid are set to generate grid density layers of relevant values. ...
Under the current urban renewal background, the subjective attitude of stakeholders directly affects the feasibility of planning projects in the development or protection activities related to brownfield redevelopment. It is key that the public effectively participates in planning and decision-making to explore the suitable expression method of public attitude. In this paper, Jigang, Jinan, Shandong Province is taken as an example. By using participatory mapping and semi-structural interviews, the landscape perceived value of 365 (342 valid) stakeholders in the original site of Jigang is investigated. By using hot spot analysis, correspondence analysis and compatibility index analysis, the spatial composition of public perceived landscape value, the correspondence between landscape value and land use and its compatibility with existing conservation and renewal schemes are revealed. On this basis, three types of brownfield land redevelopment attitude areas are identified. The results show that: 1. The attitude of Jinan Iron and Steel Group’s renewal based on the degree of compatibility is location-dependent, and the spatial difference analysis of this attitude provides more detailed data support for the protection and renewal design, planning management and conflict control; 2. The landscape perceived value of case stakeholders has regularity in spatial distribution and is related to a certain material landscape foundation (land use), which is beneficial in explaining the possible social phenomena caused by landscape change; 3. Participatory cartography combined with landscape value investigation provides an effective method for the study of perceived landscape. Through cartographic visualization, statistical analysis and index model construction, the spatial structure characteristics of perceived landscape value can be revealed. It can provide effective decision support for brownfield urban renewal projects, solve the problem that the current upper-level planning of such renewal is not matched with the actual demand, and improve the vitality of brownfield sites in the development area.
... A comprehensive assessment of ES is based on a wide variety of natural and social information [4]. However, scholars mostly rely on the economic evaluation methods, ignoring the non-market value perceived by humans that is difficult to quantify, namely the social value for ES, which usually corresponds to specific cultural ES, such as aesthetics and recreation [5,6]. This concept of social value evolved from the earlier idea of forest value [7]. ...
... The research framework of assessing social values for rural ES was established in this paper, containing a complete process from the classification of social value types to the analysis of the data (Figure 1). The markers (1)- (6) in the figure correspond to the six steps of the data analysis. Additionally, all abbreviations in this section can be identified in p. ...
... Developed by the United States Geological Survey and Colorado State University, the SolVES model can be used to assess the social values for ESs based on the environmental raster datasets, vector data of study area, and survey data. According to a review on the application research of the SolVES model [6,10,[12][13][14]31], the most commonly used variables in the environmental raster datasets include ELEV, SLOPE, DTR, distance to water (DTW), and land use and land cover (LULC). A few studies introduced variables such as landscape types (LT) and distance to coast (DTC) on this basis to improve the application of the model in some specific ecosystems [11,32]. ...
Assessing social values attributed to ecosystem services based on the Social Values for Ecosystem Services (SolVES) model helps ecosystems to provide services sustainably, including land and forest products and non-material services. Currently, urbanization has accelerated the deterioration of rural environments, which affects the supply of social values for rural ecosystem services. How to scientifically assess the social values for ecosystem services in rural areas remains to be studied. In addition, there are significant differences in the perceptions of social value among stakeholder groups. Therefore, this study aims to provide a complete and systematic approach to identify the social value of complex and specific rural ecosystem services and to fill the gap in the research of perceived differences among stakeholder groups in rural areas. On the basis of building environmental raster datasets on a village scale, this research applies the SolVES model to evaluate social values in the Paifang rural community. Results show that aesthetic, health care, recreation, and biodiversity values are highly regarded in rural areas. The normalized difference vegetation index, the distance to rural settlements, the distance to tourist attractions, and the distance to agricultural production spaces can improve the evaluation accuracy, and the level of social values can be predicted by certain environmental variables. The spatial distribution of social values and the degree of attention paid to the biodiversity value, and the trade-off between the aesthetic and biodiversity value are the main perception differences between villagers and tourists. This research contributes to ecological construction and sustainable development in rural areas.
... Spatially explicit models for mapping cultural ecosystem services have been used to inform the assessment of the impact of tourism and recreation on nature conservation and on land management (Beltrame et al., 2013;van Riper et al., 2012;Paracchini et al., 2014;Vallecillo et al., 2019). Less research, however, has investigated whether the concept of ecosystem services has met stakeholder's and practitioners' needs or if maps and spatially explicit models, nowadays accepted by the scientific community, are clear and useful for stakeholders and practitioners . ...
... Spatially explicit models for mapping cultural ecosystem services have been used to inform the assessment of the impact of tourism and recreation on nature conservation and on land management (Beltrame et al., 2013;van Riper et al., 2012;Paracchini et al., 2014;Vallecillo et al., 2019). Less research, however, has investigated whether the concept of ecosystem services has met stakeholder's and practitioners' needs or if maps and spatially explicit models, nowadays accepted by the scientific community, are clear and useful for stakeholders and practitioners . ...
... ESTIMAP was developed as a tool to support policies at European scale and currently includes eight models to map regulating and cultural services (Zulian et al., 2013;Maes, et al., 2015). The ESTIMAP-Recreation model (Zulian et al., 2013;Paracchini et al., 2014;Vallecillo et al., 2019) measures the capacity of ecosystems to provide naturebased outdoor recreational and leisure opportunities. The model consists of two parts: (i) Recreation Potential (RP), an estimate of the potential capacity of a landscapes to provide opportunities for outdoor recreation, parameterised by scoring landscape features such as water bodies, types of forest, etc. and (ii) Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS), a map that spatializes the degrees of service available according to proximity and accessibility for the potential users, calculated by cross-tabulating RP and remoteness/access (Paracchini et al., 2014). ...
There is often pressure on protected area managers to enhance wild landscapes and protect biodiversity while simultaneously promoting goals such as assuring ongoing provision of ecosystem services and providing for tourist and recreational needs. In the current study, we investigate two tools that may provide different types of management-relevant knowledge on recreation ecosystem services to aid management decisions in a protected area (PA), particularly where such tradeoffs must be considered. We constructed a spatial recreational model of the whole Cairngorms National Park, Scotland (ESTIMAP-Recreation), parameterised by hard and soft recreationalists (providing “where and what” types of knowledge). We then conducted 33 interviews with managers, residents, and visitors, asking if and how they considered the resulting maps useful. In parallel, we conducted focused walking interviews in two contrasting park sites, favoured by hard and soft recreationalist to determine if it was possible to gain further insight into other aspects of the recreational ecosystem services (the “why”). These walking interviews were conducted in a woodland adjacent to an urban area (30 interviews) and in a wild landscape mountain area (22 interviews). The complimentary nature of these approaches highlights the diverse sources of knowledge PA managers may exploit to assist in managing the many conflicting objectives imposed upon them.
... Various PPGIS tools, including SolVES, have been applied to understand social values in coastal regions and to assist in coastal planning-most frequently in Australia, Europe, and North America but with examples from around the world. PPGIS has been used to inform marine spatial planning (Ruiz-Frau et al., 2011;Brown et al., 2016;Blake et al., 2017;Kobryn et al., 2017), including environmental health (Jarvis et al., 2015), marine protected zone management tradeoffs (Bas Ventín et al., 2015), and coastal protected area management (van Riper et al., 2012(van Riper et al., , 2017van Riper and Kyle 2014). PPGIS has informed identification and prioritization of coastal areas vulnerable to sea-level rise, such as along the U.S. Gulf Coast (Morse et al., 2020). ...
... Internet-based applications have also been used to elicit value information from larger numbers of respondents at sites around the world (Brown and Hausner 2017;Sijtsma et al., 2019). SolVES has been previously applied to Australia's Hinchinbrook Island National Park to map social values for different groups of recreationists (van Riper et al., 2012) and Channel Islands National Park in California to map social values among respondents with different environmental worldviews and knowledge of the park (van Riper and Kyle 2014;van Riper et al., 2017). Johnson et al. (2019) compared the social values modeled in these two coastal protected areas, including an analysis of how social values relate to landscape conditions. ...
... Park Service staff, and academic social scientists (van Riper et al., 2012;van Riper and Kyle 2014). The definitions shown in Table 1 were provided in the survey to give respondents a consistent definition for each social-value type. ...
Managing public lands to maximize societal benefits requires spatially explicit understanding of societal valuation, and public participation geographic information systems (PPGIS) are increasingly used in coastal settings to accomplish this task. Social Values for Ecosystem Services (SolVES), a PPGIS tool that systematizes the mapping and modeling of social values and cultural ecosystem services, is promising for use in coastal settings but has seen relatively limited applications relative to other PPGIS approaches; it has also, to our knowledge, not yet been applied in a barrier island setting. In this study, we surveyed two visitor groups and residents living near Cape Lookout National Seashore (North Carolina, USA) to understand their social values in the context of the park's management needs. We developed social-value models to evaluate differences between three user groups (fall visitors, summer visitors, and residents) and to evaluate how respondents' experiences, attitudes, and recreational activities influence the locations they value and their most strongly held value types, which included aesthetic, recreation, biodiversity, future, therapeutic, and historic values. We found that accessibility, user types and the seasonality of major recreational activities, and the linear configuration of the barrier island system at Cape Lookout are important influences on the social values held by visitors and residents. The modeling results provide information relevant to management at Cape Lookout and can inform the design of future PPGIS studies in coastal and marine settings.
... Previous research has called for broader conceptualizations of human values that reflect a diverse range of priorities among people who are affected by change (Chan et al., 2012;Kenter et al., 2019;Pascual et al., 2023). Particularly over the past two decades, scholars have argued that values span individual, communal, and societal domains that vary across space and time (Manfredo et al., 2014;van Riper et al., 2019) and show discernable patterns within cultural contexts (Kendal & Raymond et al., 2019;Schwartz, 1994). 'Specific values' in particulardefined as the preferred qualities people associate with landscape featuresincreasingly garner research attention (Brown, 2013;Sherrouse et al., 2011) given their potential to represent the relative perceived importance of environmental features and provide insight on transformative pathways for inducing change (Gould et al., 2023). ...
... Specific values are individualized but can be aggregated to illustrate shared beliefs about what exists in the natural world (Massenberg, 2019;Raymond et al., 2014). This research approach aligns with previous studies that have argued specific values illustrate how people view environments when faced with prioritizing and making tradeoffs among competing landscape conditions (Alessa et al., 2008;Bagstad et al., 2017;Brown, 2013;van Riper et al., 2012). ...
Protected area landscapes embody multiple values of nature that can create meaning in everyday life. Though the values ascribed to these environments theoretically inspire changes in human behavior, surprisingly few studies have empirically evaluated how 'specific values' affect actions that benefit the environment. We used Public Participation in Geographic Information Systems (PPGIS) methods to evaluate the relationships among four nature-based values and the patterns of both reported and intended behavior among visitors to Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska, USA (n = 667). We found that wilderness, recreation, ecological integrity, and scientific qualities of places were particularly important for characterizing the Denali landscape and accounted for more variation in intended than reported pro-environmental behaviors. We provide new insights on how nature-based values underpin the decisions of visitors and lead to transformative changes after experiencing a high profile, charismatic protected area. Understanding the reasons why people forge connections with natural areas and modeling how these associations relate to different types of behavior advances knowledge of how to effectively build environmental stewardship and guide public land management decisions. Management implications: Findings from this study provide public land management agencies with insight on what people value in protected areas, the locations they appreciate, and how their experiences may influence their behaviors after returning home. We contend that "nature-based values" that encompass recreation, ecological integrity, wilderness, and scientific qualities of nature are particularly important to visitors and can provide a basis for communication about high and low priority places, as well as spatially explicit guidance for management agencies. Also, we show that as nature-based values increase, so do the reported and intended actions of people who visit Denali National Park and Preserve. As such, these multiple values of nature should be harnessed to inspire and energize more environmentally friendly practices in the future.
... 、 社区发展规划 [12] 到景观资源调查与评价 [13] 等领 域都有其身影。该技术采用自下而上的理念， 在提 取和表达社区内部不同利益群体的内心诉求方面 取得了良好的效果 [14][15][16] 。目前， PPGIS 在旅游领域的 应用主要集中在测量目的地居民对旅游发展的偏 好和旅游规划过程中的公众感知调查与意见收集 方面 [17] 。但总体来说， PPGIS 技术在旅游研究中的 应用仍处于探索阶段， 国内更鲜有学者将其应用于 旅游社区研究的相关案例。 景观一词在很大程度上与环境或地理同义， 但 却不能将其等同， 在整体性景观和文化景观研究看 来， 与后两者相比， 景观包含了更多的人文内涵 [18] ， 是一种自然基础上的文化建构 [19] ， 除了有形的物质 构成部分之外， 还存在与人类活动相关的无形的部 分 [20] 。景观感知是这种无形景观研究的主要内容， 其任务是认识人在具体景观当中的心理和行为活 动及价值、 意义构建。景观价值的研究基于人与景 观交互关系理论 [21] ， 是场所感知研究深化的结果。 该理论认为， 人作为积极的因子与景观互动 (思考、 体验和活动) ， 在一定的社会文化背景下， 通过感知 赋予景观价值。反过来， 人又依附于这种景观与价 值体系， 藉以实现个人效能(personal utility)、 身份 认同， 并影响人的态度取向与行为选择。 由于景观价值反映人的主观判断及其空间关 联， 可以帮助掌握开发活动中公众接受程度和潜在 的不同利益群体的冲突点， 因此在自然资源规划管 理领域受到广泛关注 [22][23] 。近年来， 由于景观价值 被认为是地方知识的重要组成， 可以促进社区参与 式规划、 管理工作， 同时由于 PPGIS 技术的发展对 其在技术上的支撑， 使得景观价值研究得到了深 化 [24] 。目前， 景观价值研究主要包括景观价值类型 构成 [25][26] 、 景观价值空间格局 [27] 、 价值相容性与规划 意义 [22,28] [31] 和火山学 [32] 等。 后来社会科学领域开始运用来发现社会现象在空 间上的集聚分布特征， 如流行病学 [33] 和犯罪学 [34] 等。在这些热点分析应用中， 常采用空间聚类分析 中的最近邻距离层次聚类方法来探测空间分布的 热点区域 [35] ， 即根据每个数据点 i 的最邻近距离， 通 过定义一个 "聚集单元" "距离阈值" "每一聚集单元 的最小数目" ， 比较聚集单元与每一点的最邻近距 离， 当某一点的最邻近距离小于距离阈值时， 该点 被计入聚集单元， 据此将原始点数据聚类为若干区 域， 成为一阶 (first order) 热点区； 同理， 对一阶热点 区利用同样方法， 聚类得到二阶 (second order) 热点 区， 依此类推更高阶热点区 [36] Fig. 1 The overview map of Tangyu Town 图 2 景观价值类型与标记点 Fig. 2 The landscape values and sticker dots Abstract: With the expansion of domestic tourism development activities, the social space of the tourism community is gradually evolving into a multi-group intervention place in which different groups based on different interests and concerns bond to different stakeholders. Meanwhile, the meaning structure of community has become increasingly complicated. ...
... 、 社区发展规划 [12] 到景观资源调查与评价 [13] 等领 域都有其身影。该技术采用自下而上的理念， 在提 取和表达社区内部不同利益群体的内心诉求方面 取得了良好的效果 [14][15][16] 。目前， PPGIS 在旅游领域的 应用主要集中在测量目的地居民对旅游发展的偏 好和旅游规划过程中的公众感知调查与意见收集 方面 [17] 。但总体来说， PPGIS 技术在旅游研究中的 应用仍处于探索阶段， 国内更鲜有学者将其应用于 旅游社区研究的相关案例。 景观一词在很大程度上与环境或地理同义， 但 却不能将其等同， 在整体性景观和文化景观研究看 来， 与后两者相比， 景观包含了更多的人文内涵 [18] ， 是一种自然基础上的文化建构 [19] ， 除了有形的物质 构成部分之外， 还存在与人类活动相关的无形的部 分 [20] 。景观感知是这种无形景观研究的主要内容， 其任务是认识人在具体景观当中的心理和行为活 动及价值、 意义构建。景观价值的研究基于人与景 观交互关系理论 [21] ， 是场所感知研究深化的结果。 该理论认为， 人作为积极的因子与景观互动 (思考、 体验和活动) ， 在一定的社会文化背景下， 通过感知 赋予景观价值。反过来， 人又依附于这种景观与价 值体系， 藉以实现个人效能(personal utility)、 身份 认同， 并影响人的态度取向与行为选择。 由于景观价值反映人的主观判断及其空间关 联， 可以帮助掌握开发活动中公众接受程度和潜在 的不同利益群体的冲突点， 因此在自然资源规划管 理领域受到广泛关注 [22][23] 。近年来， 由于景观价值 被认为是地方知识的重要组成， 可以促进社区参与 式规划、 管理工作， 同时由于 PPGIS 技术的发展对 其在技术上的支撑， 使得景观价值研究得到了深 化 [24] 。目前， 景观价值研究主要包括景观价值类型 构成 [25][26] 、 景观价值空间格局 [27] 、 价值相容性与规划 意义 [22,28] [31] 和火山学 [32] 等。 后来社会科学领域开始运用来发现社会现象在空 间上的集聚分布特征， 如流行病学 [33] 和犯罪学 [34] 等。在这些热点分析应用中， 常采用空间聚类分析 中的最近邻距离层次聚类方法来探测空间分布的 热点区域 [35] ， 即根据每个数据点 i 的最邻近距离， 通 过定义一个 "聚集单元" "距离阈值" "每一聚集单元 的最小数目" ， 比较聚集单元与每一点的最邻近距 离， 当某一点的最邻近距离小于距离阈值时， 该点 被计入聚集单元， 据此将原始点数据聚类为若干区 域， 成为一阶 (first order) 热点区； 同理， 对一阶热点 区利用同样方法， 聚类得到二阶 (second order) 热点 区， 依此类推更高阶热点区 [36] Fig. 1 The overview map of Tangyu Town 图 2 景观价值类型与标记点 Fig. 2 The landscape values and sticker dots Abstract: With the expansion of domestic tourism development activities, the social space of the tourism community is gradually evolving into a multi-group intervention place in which different groups based on different interests and concerns bond to different stakeholders. Meanwhile, the meaning structure of community has become increasingly complicated. ...
PPGIS 技术相结合， 考察了社区内三个不同利益群体 (当地居 民， 外来游客和购房业主) 景观感知价值的空间构成与分布特征 及其差异性， 结果表明： (1) 人群的感知价值空间呈现非均匀集 聚分布特征， 在一些特殊场所形成感知的热点。 (2) 三个群体景 观价值感知既有相似性， 又表现出显著差异。差异包含空间分 布差异和感知强度差异两个方面， 反映出三个群体对社区景观 的价值赋予与认同有着不同的想象。 (3) 造成差异的原因多样， 既与景观本身的特征有关， 又与各群体间与场所互动、 情感联结 和对功能性场所的依赖需求不同有关。 (4) 多群体价值空间的叠 加分析， 可为我们理解社区提供更为丰富的信息。根据三个群 体的价值空间构成和分布， 可以区分出若干一致性和非一致性 区域， 两种区域都具有一定的社区规划管理参考意义。 ［关键词］ 旅游社区； 景观价值； PPGIS； 多利益群体 ［中图分类号］ F59 ［文献标识码］ A
... Public Participation Geographic Information Systems (PPGIS) refers to spatially explicit methods for capturing and using spatial information in participatory planning processes, decision-making, and scientific inquiry [1][2][3]. PPGIS has been used to identify participant preferences for future land use and management [4], pinpoint valued locations for conservation [5,6], and design urban landscapes [7,8] among other applications [9][10][11]. The medium by which spatial preferences are collected varies from paper maps [12,13] to online digital interfaces [8,14]. ...
... The ability to add user-defined basemaps for decision making and thematic layers gives it tremendous flexibility for numerous applications. Within community engagement research it can potentially be used to: (1) enfranchise the public through formalised democratisation of decision-making [35], (2) tap into the considerable knowledge, labour, and skills from the public to benefit and complement scientific research, 3) capture and analyse stakeholder management preferences in practical and efficient ways [6], and (4) attend to the plurality of knowledge of different stakeholders [36]. Applications outside of engaged research (e.g., spatial planning) include groundtruthing of remotely-sensed images, crowdsourcing urban flooding hazards for improving infrastructure targeting, and eliciting spatially explicit knowledge on the movement of wildlife from experts, to name a few. ...
In this paper we present PPGISr, an open source R package for Public Participatory GIS (PPGIS). The online Shiny application and customisable R function enables capturing and using spatial information for participatory planning processes and scientific inquiry. With functionality to add a user-defined editable map, basemaps and mapping categories, the application is highly flexible for guiding decision-making in diverse contexts. Moreover, online functionality reduces time and cost barriers to participation through synchronous and asynchronous engagement. While there are numerous user-friendly decision support tools based on GIS, PPGISr adds novel functionality for the collection and analysis of users’ location priority areas.
... In this study, we referred to the multiple landscape value (LV) typology table (Brown and Reed, 2000), which was originally based on research by Rolston and Coufal (1991) on forests, to capture people's perceptions of CES of the landscape under observation (Raymond et al., 2016). Utilizing the LV typology table allows us to describe the importance of CES to each user (e. g., Kovács et al., 2020Kovács et al., , 2021Sherrouse et al., 2011;van Riper et al., 2012), which is important to identify in order to develop appropriate management plans for the area (Olafsson et al., 2022). For instance, Raymond and Brown (2006) assessed the prospective national park expansion areas in Australia using LV typology. ...
... Therapeutic value is understood as a direct health benefit obtained by forest bathing, which has been politically institutionalized by the Japanese government since the 1980s (Kagami, 1998;Li, 2010;Park et al., 2010). International research also found evidence that people associate healing, stress recovery, relaxation, and other health benefits with nature-interaction (e.g., Stålhammar and Pedersen, 2017;van Riper et al., 2012). Although it remains methodologically challenging to evaluate the therapeutic value and how it interacts with other values, some countries, including Australia, Canada, and Finland, have incorporated it into policy and management goals by considering the link between health benefits and nature conservation (Lee et al., 2012). ...
Peri-urban Satoyama forests in Japan provide multiple or bundles of cultural ecosystem services (CES), yet, visitors’ perceptions of CES are not well established. There is a need to explore these perceptions in order to provide comprehensive information to forest managers. This study aims to address this knowledge gap by exploring the profiles of visitors of peri-urban Satoyama forests and their perceived importance of CES using the landscape value (LV) typology table. Nine LVs of Kaisho Forest in Aichi, Japan were assessed using face-to-face questionnaires on socio-demographic variables, forest use, and a photograph-based approach, which were analyzed using descriptive statistics, quantitative cross-tabulation, multiple response analyses, and geocoding. Results showed that the forest is visited mostly by married elderly people from Aichi prefecture who were engaged in forest bathing or bird watching. Forest use patterns, like frequency, duration of the visit, and group size, presented a significant relation to demographic variables, like marital status or gender. Furthermore, the study showed how visitors´ LV perceptions were weighted towards natural and aesthetic values. The socio-cultural Satoyama forest elements displayed a more detailed value perception where recreational, therapeutic, spiritual, cultural-historic, and educational values were also assigned. The LV perception enhances a comprehensive description of the perceived positive effects of visiting such forests. Hence, we concluded that visitors gain positive effects on mental and emotional health and spirituality as part of CES. Forest managers can reflect and accommodate diverse landscape value typology as a tool for monitoring visitors’ perceptions.
... Managers can focus efforts on these areas of low values for social and ecological intensity to provide opportunities for the growing demands for diverse nonconsumptive opportunities, like wildlife watching and photography (Marion, 2016; U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, 2018). However, this should be planned in conjunction with ecological evaluations to prevent further degradation of the ecosystem (van Riper et al., 2012). At Valentine NWR there was little seasonal social or ecological variation for the no fishing or hunting lake type; therefore, there should be little impact to seasonally important ecological processes, such as breeding bird displays during spring. ...
... Mapping values for both social and ecological intensity of recreation use provides managers an important tool in developing and managing recreation zones for specific recreational-activity groups (Eadens et al., 2009;van Riper et al., 2012). This information can be used in conjunction with maps of sensitive species to understand areas where the species are most vulnerable to disturbance or destruction (Peterson et al., 2020). ...
Accounting for the variation of visitor conflicts and ecological disturbance of outdoor recreation activities across space and time can cause difficulty for managers seeking to make decisions in social-ecological systems (SESs). We develop a method to quantify and visualize social and ecological intensities resulting from outdoor recreation. We demonstrate the utility of our method at Valentine National Wildlife Refuge, where we conducted onsite surveys for an entire year of recreationists participating in consumptive (i.e., hunting), intermediate-consumptive (i.e., fishing) and nonconsumptive (e.g., hiking) activities. We use survey results and combine them with expert consensus by engaging refuge managers and scientists (i.e., Delphi method) to chart patterns in social (e.g., visitor conflicts) and ecological (e.g., damages to natural resources) intensities across multiple spatial and temporal scales. We highlight unexpected patterns that are revealed by collectively considering multi-activity groups through space and time and combining different survey methods (onsite, Delphi method). Based on the consensus reached using the Delphi method, the consumptive group had the greatest potential for social conflicts and ecological disturbances. Social and ecological intensities (i.e., hotspots) of recreation varied across lake types and seasons, highlighting high-intensity areas and periods on the refuge. Accounting for diverse outdoor recreation activities and coinciding social and ecological intensities will allow managers of SESs the ability to concomitantly preserve ecological resources, prioritize conservation efforts, and minimize visitor conflicts. We demonstrate the utility and ease of use of this technique, which can be implemented by managers and scientists within their respective SES of interest.
... In the case of PES, this information enables a better understanding of PES participants on the driving force towards management decisions, which is crucial in improving management strategies (Balvanera et al. 2012). Fewer studies have addressed the local community's awareness on PES as a strategy to improve community livelihood and protection of wetlands (O'Farrell et al. 2007, de Chazal et al. 2008, Pieroni and Giusti 2009, Quétier et al. 2010, Lamarque et al. 2011, van Riper et al. 2012, Hutchinson et al. 2015. This informs the basis for this paper, to augment the growing demands for literature on the awareness to PES (Pieroni and Giusti 2009, Quétier et al. 2010, Lamarque et al. 2011, van Riper et al. 2012 and to build on the premise that studies on the local community's awareness on PES for improved community livelihood and protection of wetlands in Kenya are scanty in current literature. ...
... Fewer studies have addressed the local community's awareness on PES as a strategy to improve community livelihood and protection of wetlands (O'Farrell et al. 2007, de Chazal et al. 2008, Pieroni and Giusti 2009, Quétier et al. 2010, Lamarque et al. 2011, van Riper et al. 2012, Hutchinson et al. 2015. This informs the basis for this paper, to augment the growing demands for literature on the awareness to PES (Pieroni and Giusti 2009, Quétier et al. 2010, Lamarque et al. 2011, van Riper et al. 2012 and to build on the premise that studies on the local community's awareness on PES for improved community livelihood and protection of wetlands in Kenya are scanty in current literature. ...
Nyando wetland provides several ecosystem goods and services, i.e., provisioning, cultural, supporting and regulating which are essential for human well-being for making life possible and worth living. Payment for Ecosystem Services presents one key question in current literature on whether local communities are aware of ecosystem services provided by wetlands. This paper contributes to the understanding of the local community’s level of awareness of the ecosystem services provided by Nyando wetland in Kenya as a strategy to improve protection of wetlands. The study is significant as it proposes policy options that can assist conservation authorities and local communities in management of wetlands. A stratified random sampling based on two administrative sub-counties, namely Nyando and Nyakach was employed to collect quantitative data from 394 households using a structured questionnaire. The quantitative data was subjected to descriptive statistics and Chi-square test which were performed in SPSS version 20. The results confirmed that the local community is more conversant with the provisioning ecosystem services (37.7%) compared to the other classes of ecosystem services. Despite the locals being involved in community based natural resource conservation initiatives, majority of the respondents (69%) were not familiar with the concept of Payment for Ecosystem Services. Therefore, there is need to create awareness and capacity building to local communities on the importance of both the wetland ecosystem services and Payment for Ecosystem Services in conservation of wetlands for enhanced community livelihoods. Keywords: Payment for ecosystem services; wetland; conservation; community; livelihood; awareness
... Esta carencia del vínculo social también se presenta en la valoración y reconocimiento de los servicios ecosistémicos vinculados a los cuerpos azules como los ríos urbanos,(Julian, Daly, & Weaver, 2018). Condición que desatiende a los valores intangibles que componen al paisaje,(Chan, Satterfield, & Goldstein, 2012;Julian et al., 2018;Oteros-Rozas et al., 2014;van Riper, Kyle, Sutton, Barnes, & Sherrouse, 2012) y dificultan la inclusión de las partes interesadas, (Arias-Arévalo, Gómez-Baggethun, Martín-López, & Pérez-Rincón, 2018). ...
Urban rivers have become emerging territories due to the aggressive and polluting practices to which they are subjected, generating multiple impacts and risk scenarios. In this sense, paying attention to the voice of the local community is a category of analysis rarely used in decision-making, but it provides local knowledge for the development of more participatory and territorial solutions. Therefore, the study emphasizes integrating the local perspective, the preferences of the community and the places of value. Methodologically, the work is resolved from an ethnographic approach with observation visits, photographs and the dissemination of a virtual geo-form; These data were processed by a Participatory GIS, for the development of social cartographies. The results show the distribution of positive and negative value zones applied to the Zamora and Malacatos urban rivers in the city of Loja - Ecuador, together with the viability of the social and methodological approach as a planning tool. Keywords: river landscape, social value, PPGIS, ecosystem services
Los ríos urbanos se han convertido en territorios emergentes debido a las prácticas agresivas y contaminantes a las que se encuentran sometidos, generando múltiples impactos y escenarios de riesgo. En este sentido, prestar atención a la voz de la comunidad local resulta una categoría de análisis poco utilizada en la toma de decisiones, pero capaz de aportar conocimiento local hacia el desarrollo de soluciones más participativas y con base en el lugar. Por lo que el estudio pone el acento en integrar la perspectiva local, las preferencias de la comunidad y los lugares de valor. Metodológicamente, el trabajo se resuelve desde una aproximación etnográfica con visitas de observación, fotografías y la difusión de geo-formulario virtual, datos se procesaron con un SIG Participativo para el desarrollo de cartografías sociales. Los resultados muestran la distribución de las zonas de valor positivo y negativo aplicadas a los ríos urbanos Zamora y Malacatos en la ciudad de Loja – Ecuador, junto a la viabilidad del enfoque social y mapeo participativo como herramientas de planificación. Palabras clave: paisaje fluvial, valoración social, PPGIS, ríos urbanos
... The species diversity of both fauna and flora and the unique characteristics of mangrove plants have been a great attraction for ecotourism [194]. Mangrove areas offer several forms of ecotourism activities, such as sports and recreational activities such as fishing, boating, and camping [195]; educational and research tourism in the form of field trips to mangroves to observe and study the mangrove vegetation and life inside the mangroves [196]; and health tourism as sites for self-meditation and other therapy [197]. Many mangrove forests have been established as tourist attractions by governmental or non-governmental organisations in different regions [198]. ...
Mangroves stand out as one of the most diverse and biologically significant natural systems in the world. Playing critical roles in maintaining the health and productivity of coastal ecosystems, mangroves provide a range of services and functions, including habitat for local fauna and flora, food and other goods, carbon sequestration, and protection from natural disasters such as storm surges and coastal erosion. It is also evident that mangroves face several threats, which have already led to the gradual depletion of mangrove areas worldwide. Based on the analysis of current and related historical literature and data, this review summarises mangrove functions and the threats and challenges associated with mangrove management practices. Our findings suggest that coastal development, expanded aquaculture, deforestation, climate change, and other associated implications such as eutrophication, diseases, and pollution are the major factors posing threats to mangrove sustainability. We also highlight the various challenges, such as land use conflict, a lack of stringent regulatory actions, inadequate policy and government frameworks, and a lack of community awareness, that underlie ineffective mangrove management. The implementation of inclusive and coordinated approaches involving stakeholders from different backgrounds and interests, governmental and non-governmental organisations, and academia is essential for mangrove restoration and sustainable mangrove management by adapting mitigation strategies.
... The SolVES provides a useful toolset that can be used to effectively capture and analyse visitors' visitation preferences for the WPW Park (van Riper et al., 2012). The output information of the aggregation degree and distribution of each CES value type can be used as a basis for park project improvement. ...
As urbanization increases, the human demand for the cultural services of wetland ecosystems is growing. However, traditional cultural ecosystem service (CES) assessments are usually conducted using a focused survey over a short period, often ignoring the changes in CESs over time. Social media data have great potential for assessing dynamic changes in CESs. In this paper, we integrated social media data into the Social Value for Ecosystem Services (SolVES) model to identify and locate the CES values of Shanghai's Wusong Paotaiwan Wetland (WPW) Park in 2015, 2017, and 2019. We also quantified the inter-annual variation in the CES values through raster calculations. We found that the spatial distribution of the CES values showed a tendency towards mean values, which may be related to social media promotion, the improvements in park facilities, and visitors' play psychology of seeking differences. These results can help planners respond to visitor feedback and improve park programmes in a timely manner. Notably, the spatial distribution of the CES values varied significantly between years, which suggests that we should select data for different purposes and consider which year or years of data are most scientifically sound to facilitate reliable conclusions before conducting CES assessments.
... There is growing recognition of the social value of ecosystem services. The social value of ecosystem services reflects human attitudes and preferences, including human spiritual needs and the development characteristics of the times, and can be divided into seven areas: aesthetics, recreation, education, cultural heritage, religious spirituality, local identity, and recreational experiences [46][47][48]. Assessing social value opens up new ideas for assessing ecosystem service value, provides strong support for planning and management related to land, the environment, and ecology, and provides a basis for the formulation and implementation of environmental protection measures. Social Values for Ecosystem Services (SolVES), a tool jointly developed by the USGS and Colorado State University for use in ArcGIS, is a typical method for assessing the social value of ecosystem services and consists of three sub-models: the social value of ecosystem service functions, value mapping, and value conversion. ...
With the development of the social economy, human demand for forest ecosystem service functions is increasing, and at the same time, higher requirements are being put forward for forest ecosystems. Therefore, a more comprehensive and scientific evaluation of forest ecosystem service functions is needed. In order to understand the current status and trends of research on forest ecosystem service functions and value assessment, this study used bibliometric methods and CiteSpace visual analysis to organize and summarize the relevant research. The results show that current research focuses on three aspects: the formulation of forest ecosystem service assessment issues, the classification of ecosystem service functions, and ecosystem service assessment methods. The focus of future research on forest ecosystem services can be summarized as follows: refining the indicators and methods for assessment, extending the research area and scope, analyzing the spatial and temporal dynamics, conducting research on mechanisms of forest ecosystem service functions, and transforming the evaluation results. This study provides an initial insight into the study of forest ecosystem services and a reference for future scholarly research.
... Public participation mapping and analysis typically incorporate qualitative data (e.g., interviews, focus groups, and written surveys) with quantitative spatial methodologies (e.g., indices and map algebra). Specifically, place value mapping through public participation geographic information systems (PPGIS) facilitates an understanding of where individuals perceive landscape values to exist [25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. As such, it can assist in uncovering the nuances of place' [32][33][34]. ...
Geodiversity and geosystem services are essential concepts for conservation efforts in mountain regions. Approaches that integrate both natural and human dimensions of mountain abiotic nature are best suited for this purpose; however, geodiversity research and associated conservation efforts along this vein are still developing. Here, we explore the potential of a public participation GIS, which integrates qualitative surveys with quantitative geodiversity information, to assess possible relationships between geodiversity and geosystem services for Grayson County, Virginia, U.S.A. Specifically, we: (1) used a geodiversity index to model geodiversity for the study area, (2) used a public participation GIS to map geosystem services markers, and (3) visualized geodiversity–geosystem services hotspots to uncover potential relationships between geodiversity and geosystem services values. Participants placed 318 markers, most frequently representing aesthetic (32%), artistic (22%), and educational (15%) geosystem services values. The majority (55%) of these markers corresponded to low and very low quantitative geodiversity index scores. Geosystem services value markers were clustered around population centers and protected areas. Although quantitative geodiversity measures are often used to identify and prioritize areas for conservation, our results suggest that locations valued by respondents would be missed using quantitative metrics alone. This research thus supports the need for holistic approaches incorporating place values to conserve and best understand relationships between people and abiotic aspects of mountain landscapes.
... While the close contact of cities to natural ecosystems and protected areas can lead to environmental conflicts and the decline of biodiversity (McDonald et al. 2009;Ioja et al. 2016), they are also important areas that provide natural resources and CES (Palomo et al. 2013). Extensive studies demonstrate the use of protected areas by the inhabitants in close-by urban areas, for different activities such as recreation, sports or other human-nature interactions (Martín-López et al. 2012;van Riper et al. 2012;Plieninger et al. 2013;Palomo et al. 2014). The studies revolving around CES provided by natural or protected areas have analyzed the types and preferences of visitors for different landscapes and activities (Schirpke et al. 2014), the importance of nature from a restorative perspective (Romagosa et al. 2015;Terraube et al. 2017), trade-offs and synergies of different ecosystem services and conservation goals (Ziv et al. 2018) and mapping instruments for cultural services, as challenging as this process may be (Paracchini et al. 2014). ...
In recent years, numerous studies have reported the importance of the human perception of the qualities of urban green spaces. While we can measure the value of most ecosystem services quantitatively, the real values of the individual vegetation are often determined by human perception. Creating and maintaining vegetation in a way that it meets the most needs, urban planners and decision-makers need to understand the differences between visitor preferences regarding various structural vegetation types (SVT). In the present study, we tested a mobile application-based survey method (Park Survey) as a possible tool for the assessment of human perception and preferences regarding park vegetation. The subjects of the investigation were university students in Salzburg, Austria. The results indicated participants’ general inclination of the forest vegetation type, while aesthetically groves and water areas were the most valued SVTs. Future evaluation of visitors' or other focus groups' attitudes towards urban vegetation utilization of Park Survey could prove as a highly effective surveying method.KeywordsGreen spacesEcosystem servicesForestGroveMobile applicationSurvey
... Policy responses include different techniques for citizen participation and dialogs (Brink & Wamsler, 2018;Mayer et al., 2012), mapping (Ertiö, 2015;Raymond et al., 2016), and coproduction (Mees et al., 2016(Mees et al., , 2017Raymond, Giusti, et al., 2017). However, real participation of poorer segments is rare, unless they are specifically targeted, and more radical social change or resistance to such marketized or entrepreneurial governance arrangements might be more likely to emerge from civil society (Apostolopoulou & Adams, 2019;Brink & Wamsler, 2018;Woroniecki et al., 2020).Attempts to capture values of different stakeholders is done through assessment, valuation, participatory geo-spatial mapping (Brown & Fagerholm, 2015;García-Nieto et al., 2015;Paracchini et al., 2014;Tyrväinen et al., 2007;van Riper et al., 2012). ...
... The survey used a multiple-response format on a Likert scale, divided into different blocks, one part intended to collect information and socio-demographic characteristics and another focused on the degree of satisfaction, awareness, type of relationship and activities carried out on the riverbanks. Finally, the respondents were asked to interact with a map of the city and locate the places with positive and a negative value for the Zamora and Malacatos rivers and then to assign each location a value category based on a prede ned list (Table 1) For this study, the following were used: elevation, land use and land cover (LULC), slope, landscape type, which are metrics commonly adopted by researchers (Bagstad et al., 2017;Sherrouse et al., 2017;van Riper et al., 2012). Since the study area is centered on the uvial urban interface, where it limits the road network and the water axis, the variables were discarded: horizontal distance to the nearest road (DTR), distance to the water (DTW). ...
Context
The progressive degradation of urban rivers has serious socio-ecological impacts, compromising the provision of ecosystem services (ES), thus affecting the quality of life of the inhabitants, however, few are integrated into the social perspective together with the diagnosis of the immaterial and non-monetary benefits as complementary knowledge to traditional approaches.
Objective
This work sought to add complexity to the diagnosis of the ES, through the identification and mapping of the positive and negative landscape preferences of the local community concerning the urban fluvial landscape of the Zamora and Malacatos rivers in the urban-periurban environment of the city of Loja in Ecuador.
Methods
This work is resolved with the dissemination of a virtual geo-form, processed with the SolVES model, a participatory mapping tool (PPGIS) that integrates social and biophysical variables.
Results
The value points obtained revealed different spatial patterns for each social value group. The positives exhibited more dispersed patterns, clustering in peripheral areas. The negatives were concentrated in the centre of the city. Of the ten social values studied, the most relevant were: Learning, Aesthetic, Therapeutic and Disgust, Poor and Inaccessible Infrastructure, and Flood Threat. The environmental variable with the greatest contribution was the Horizontal Distance to Green Areas.
Conclusions
The results help to identify possible places of conflict as well as attractive locations based on place-based knowledge, which enables a better understanding of the value of the benefits of urban rivers, further, it stimulates the inclusion of the local community in the development of more participatory management and governance and sensitive to the landscape.
... The research concluded an urgent need for landscape planning to utilize the values of ES in the green space with low perceived ES values. Similar studies tend to evaluate the importance of ES to users (van Riper et al., 2012), but rarely the performance of ES. A limited number of studies have simultaneously considered the importance and performance dimensions for assessing ES from users' expectations to guide the governance and decision-making of ES (Das and Basu, 2020;Hua and Chen, 2019). ...
The ecosystem services (ES) provided by urban parks are critically important for urban sustainability, but their performance evaluation needs to be further enhanced for cost-effective park governance. Importance-performance analysis (IPA) can prioritize ES performance, but most ongoing IPA studies are based on surveys with limited scalability. The recent upsurge of social media data (SMD) offers new data sources and research opportunities in varied realms. However, there is a prominent research gap on SMD's capacity in ES prioritization compared to surveys considering data advantages and limitations. Based on Pearl River Park and Yunxi Ecological Park in Guangzhou, China, this study explores the similarities and differences in satisfaction and importance characteristics, and IPA results of perceived ES based on both SMD and survey data. This study found that SMD can fully prioritize ES relevant to public welfare but only partially to personal welfare. There are consistent IPA results for all ES relevant to public welfare through both data sources. IPA results of the ES relevant to personal welfare demonstrate varied conclusions through the two data sources: some (aesthetic service, physical and mental recovery, and religion) are similar, but the rest are different (recreational service, social interaction, and education). The consistency is mainly because some ES have similar experiences to most users, while the difference is affected primarily by different user groups. SMD directly reflects users' feedback to varied ES. While survey data can cover more extensive user groups, detailed classification is necessary for analysis. By distinguishing different IPA results for different ES from two data sources, this study offers methodological insights for ES assessment and other related urban studies. It also has methodological and practical significance for the realization of urban social-environmental justice and human well-being.
... The congruence between habitat characteristics of symbolic species and people's value perceptions is quite important from the perspective of decision-making in community-based management because local stakeholders likely support habitat conservation of the species where it actually occurs. In addition, the distribution of the values generally increased as distance to road decreased (Appendix 3c), in agreement with other studies reporting that people are more likely to perceive ecosystem services when they are closer to a road (Riper et al. 2012(Riper et al. , 2017Sherrouse et al. 2014). In short, value perceptions of symbolic species are affected both by biophysical factors (i.e. ...
Charismatic organisms are often used as symbols of nature-based community development. Understanding value perceptions of ecosystems services provided by symbolic species is important because such perceptions often influence land management and cultural associations between people and nature. Here, we aimed to characterize local perceptions of social values for ecosystem services of wild cherries in Sakuragawa city, Japan. The city has long been renowned for the beautiful traditional landscape of its flowering wild cherries and is involved in various conservation activities as a part of regional planning. We administered a questionnaire survey to three socio-cultural groups: local residents, tourists, and high school students; their responses were analyzed by using SolVES. Value perceptions of ecosystem services provided by wild cherries differed considerably among these groups. The residents and tourists ranked the value ‘aesthetic in spring’ as highest, whereas high school students ranked many values equally. In addition, most of the students confused wild cherry trees with the popular cultivar ‘Somei-yoshino’. The students’ more limited knowledge of wild cherries may have affected their value perceptions. Looking at the spatial distribution of perceived values, local residents and tourists highly valued the specific sites famous for their wild cherry scenery. In contrast, students did not value such sites and perceived more value in urbanized areas. Although symbolic species help to develop the perceived value of nature, filling a knowledge gap and sharing a variety of values within local communities is important for promoting community-based management of traditional forest landscapes characterized by wild cherries.
... It is an application based on geographic information system technology that can quantify the various social values of ecosystem services and perform spatial analysis. At present, some countries have tried to apply it to evaluate the value of ecological services to society, and achieved some results [12], and some domestic parks, such as forest parks and wetland parks, have also begun to try to use this model for evaluation [13][14][15]. Its powerful spatial analysis module is composed of social value, value mapping, and value conversion mapping. ...
With the increasing demand for diverse ecosystem services, the assessment of ecosystem services has become a hot research topic. Taking Koktokay Global Geopark as the study area, the SoIVES model was used to quantitatively evaluate the various cultural services of the ecosystem in this area from the perspective of social attributes and spatial heterogeneity and to generate corresponding value index (VI) maps. The results show that aesthetic value index is the largest, while entertainment value index is the smallest. With the increase of distance from roads and water bodies, aesthetic value and entertainment value tend to decrease gradually. The value of popular science education still fluctuates slightly in locations far away from roads and water bodies. The value index of health care value fluctuates within a certain distance from the road and gradually decreases as the distance from the water body increases. The application of the SolVES model in a wide range of areas has achieved good results and provided a scientific basis for ecological construction and park planning.
... Different hotspots exist for assigning social values to national parks among tourists engaged in different consumption activities. Tourist preferences for ecosystem social values are concentrated in three types: recreation, biodiversity, and aesthetic quality [35]. Scholars Gao Yan and Ma Qiao assessed 10 social values for ecosystem services such as aesthetics, biodiversity, life sustainability, and spirituality and their spatial distribution characteristics in Taibais- han National Forest Park and Xi'an Chanba National Wetland Park, respectively [36,37]. ...
Social values of ecosystem services originate from human perceptions of ecosystem services and are defined as non-market values perceived by ecosystem stakeholders. Although it is widely recognized that the information of social value can provide assistance to stakeholders and decision makers in environmental management, this issue has received far less attention. This article uses the Public Participation Geographic Information System (PPGIS) method to analyze the assessment of social values of national park ecosystem services by residents with different environmental values and their relationship with surrounding natural resource conditions. According to the preference of the interviewed residents, it was found that the four most important types of social value are biodiversity value, aesthetic value, economic value, and recreation and wellness value. In terms of spatial distribution, the hot spots of social values show a pattern of “two cores and multiple centers”. The “two cores” are the Gutianshan National Nature Reserve and Qianjiangyuan National Forest Park, which are located at the north and south ends of the national park; the “multiple centers” include Kukeng, Xikeng, Xiachuan, Gaotiankeng villages in Changhong Township and Longkeng Village in the Hetian Township. By analyzing the relationship between the four social value types with higher preference and the resource environment (land use and elevation), the article found that social values are closely related to scenic spots, river water surface, reservoir water surface, forested land, tea plantations, and villages, and that they are mostly distributed in the range of 400 m to 600 m above sea level. The distribution of social values in the ecocentric subgroup is larger, covering almost the entire national park area. The transition of the value index is smoother, while the distribution of social values in the anthropocentric subgroup is relatively concentrated in one area.
... Since the release of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, different ecosystem service frameworks have been developed to prove or quantify the various ecosystem services provided by urban green spaces in various ways (Escobedo et al., 2019;Nesbitt et al., 2017). Based on literature reviews of different studies (Bertram and Rehdanz, 2015;Buchel and Frantzeskaki, 2015;Richards and Friess, 2015;Sun et al., 2019a;Swapan et al., 2017;van Riper et al., 2012) and pretests conducted by our group (Wang et al., 2021a), this study focused on nine types of landscape services (Table 1). To decipher landscape services from online comments, an landscape service lexicon of urban parks in Beijing was used, and the details about the lexicon can be found in another published paper (Wang et al., 2021a). ...
Urban renewal to fulfill the updated needs of urban residents is an inevitable product of urbanization at certain stages. And how to effectively prioritize varied attributes to be renewed across scales is a challenging process for urban governance worldwide. This study aimed to fill the existing gaps by merging the prioritization capacity of importance-performance analysis (IPA) and the scalability potential of social media data. The study pioneered establishing a social-media-based improvement index (SMII) for urban renewal. Based on the framework of importance-performance analysis, SMII takes the most overkilled point (the lowest importance but the highest performance) as the origin and calculates the area between other points and the origin. SMII always has the highest value in the quadrant with high importance but low performance. We demonstrate the usage of SMII taking the landscape services of urban park systems as an example. We used SMII to understand the users' evaluation of parks' services across scales and then clarified the priority sequence for future renewal. Among selected parks, we identified three parks that need immediate renewal. Among all the services, we found that recreational activities and social interactions are in highest priority for renewal in Beijing's park systems. The findings suggest that the history and culture services of the Old Summer Place Park need to be improved first for a wide variety of reasons. The findings also reveal multiple temporal changes of varied services. Our study concludes that SMII can clarify problem prioritization and cost-effective guide decision-making for urban park renewal with high scalability both temporally and spatially. Meanwhile, SMII can extend its applications to analyzing various issues in the urban environment on multiple scales for the effective allocation of resources during urban renewal.
... In recent years, researchers have also become increasingly aware that the assessment of CESs needs to focus not only on the physical characteristics of the landscape but also on examining the subjective differences amongst people from different backgrounds. Some demographiceconomic factors and social attributes, including gender (Swapan et al., 2017;Zhou et al., 2020), occupation , frequency of visit (Wang et al., 2016), length of residence (Shoyama and Yamagata, 2016), type of activity (van Riper et al., 2012), and motivation of tour (Ma et al., 2018) greatly influence the subjective evaluation and perceived outcomes of CESs. ...
Parks have become important spaces for supplying cultural ecosystem services (CESs) in cities, and satisfying various needs of different age groups in parks has become a critical issue. Many studies focused on the environmental preferences and behaviours of different age groups in parks. However, results revealing the differences in value demand and acquisition between elderly and youth from a landscape spatial environmental perspective are limited. In this study, the same number of youth and elderly volunteers were recruited, according to the value-labelled photo fed back after their self-driven tour in the Huanhuaxi Urban Forest Park in Chengdu, China. In addition, this study explored the relationship between the perceived CES needs of the youth and elderly and the landscape spatial environment in the urban park ecosystem with the help of the Social Values for Ecosystem Services model. Results showed that, in comparison, to obtain recreation value, playgrounds, pavilions and squares were more important for the elderly, whereas topography, rivers, landscape sketches and trails were more important for the youth. Moreover, in terms of the sense of place, lakes and wetlands were more important for the elderly, whereas landscape sketches and playgrounds were more important for the youth. Furthermore, for the delivery of therapeutic value, squares were more important for the elderly. Spatially, the areas of lakes or wetlands with geographical combinations of landscape sketches and flowers were the high-value spots for supplying multiple CESs in urban parks. Then, squares, rivers, playgrounds and forests were the focus areas where the value identification of the two age groups diverges. This study emphasises the differences in demand and acquisition of cultural added value provided by the environment between the young and the old. The study provides a basis for more targeted land management and landscape planning of urban parks.
... Brown (2004) defined the typology of landscape values in an empirical study conducted on the Kenai Peninsula in Alaska and found 13 types of values (Brown, 2004). Eleven of these, except for scientific and wildlife, have been widely adopted in subsequent studies (e.g., Alessa, Kliskey, & Brown, 2008;Bagstad, Semmens, Ancona, & Sherrouse, 2017;Beverly, Uto, Wilkes, & Bothwell, 2008;Brown & Brabyn, 2012;Brown & Raymond, 2007;Brown & Weber, 2013;Cerveny, Biedenweg, & McLain, 2017;Clement & Cheng, 2011;Raymond & Brown, 2006;Sherrouse, Semmens, & Clement, 2014;van Riper, Kyle, Sutton, Barnes, & Sherrouse, 2012;Zhu, Pfueller, Whitelaw, & Winter, 2010). After an attempt to explain wilderness values in terms of landscape values (i.e., Brown & Alessa, 2005), a survey in Victoria, Australia (i.e., Brown & Raymond, 2007;Raymond & Brown, 2006) identified three more values (future, learning, and wilderness). ...
This study aimed to develop a methodology for applying the framework of landscape value, which has been used to evaluate natural landscapes on a large scale, to the evaluations of the micro-scale urban places. First, the typology of landscape values that could be applied to urban areas was established based on the literature review of previous studies. Next, an online questionnaire survey was conducted, in which a total of 1,730 residents of the Tokyo metropolitan area were presented with the street-level images and asked to rate their overall impressions of places and the 18 types of landscape values. The results revealed: (1) the degree of correlation with the overall impression of an urban place depends on the type of landscape value, (2) it is sometimes difficult to distinguish between the types of values in the evaluation of urban landscapes despite their mutual exclusiveness verified in natural landscapes, (3) eight types of values are rated significantly higher when the participants are familiar with the place, and (4) gender and age affect the evaluations of landscape values. The correlation coefficients with the overall impression of the place are more significant for women than men for all types of values. The associations between landscape values and the favorable impressions of places are stronger for the older generations. A limitation of this study is the geographic scope of the survey limited to Tokyo, Japan. The verification of the differences in the types and natures of place values among countries is a future issue.
... Rarity was identified as the average ratio of the place-specific social value abundance to the regional average social value abundance over all ecosystem services. Van Riper et al. (2012) applied SolVES to identify the relationships of the distributions of social values for ecosystem services with landscape metrics characterizing the natural environment in a national park in Australia. Brown et al. (2014) applied boundary social metrics to quantify place values for public lands in Victoria, Australia, based on value abundance, richness, and diversity. ...
While the benefits of multifunctional landscapes has been underlined by previous studies, assessing human perceptions of these benefits can be enhanced by applying methodological approaches that examine the perceived distributions and interactions among ecosystem services. This study applied Shannon's diversity and Simpson's evenness metrics from landscape ecology to advance an approach for assessing general and place-specific patterns of perceived ecosystem services and the existence of ecosystem service bundles in North Khorasan, Iran. A typology of 12 different ecosystem services, within three categories of provisioning, cultural ecosystem services, and biodiversity was established. A total of 158 individuals from the study area mapped these services individually on a hard copy through interviews and filled a semi-structured questionnaire regarding their socio-economic characteristics. In addition to showing areas of value abundance and diversity, we showed areas where specific ecosystem services were evenly or unevenly distributed across the landscape. Grazing ecosystem service showed to have the most even distribution in the study area, followed by cultivation and aesthetics as next services with more spread-out areal distributions. We found strong correlations between different types of cultural ecosystem services including tourism, social and spiritual services, which formed bundles on the landscape. The results also revealed partial bundling of clean water service with cultural ecosystem services and other provisioning services such as grazing. We conclude that these perceptions can complement the information necessary to develop sustainable planning and management strategies in order to promote landscape multi-functionality.
Mangroves stand out as one of the most diverse and biologically significant natural systems in the world. Playing critical roles in maintaining the health and productivity of coastal ecosystems, mangroves provide a range of services and functions, including habitat for local fauna and flora, food and other goods, carbon sequestration, and protection from natural disasters such as storm surges and coastal erosion.
Keywords: carbon sequestration ; climate change ; coastal development ; mangrove biodiversity ; mangrove management
; microbial communities ; mitigation
Urban rivers play a crucial role in providing ecosystem services (ES) that contribute to the social well-being and quality of life of urban inhabitants. However, rapid urbanisation has led to the progressive degradation of these rivers, affecting their capacity to deliver ES and resulting in significant socio-ecological impacts. This study performs a participatory mapping of the non-monetary social values (positives and negatives), in the urban Zamora and Malacatos Rivers and their ESs, in Loja, Ecuador, to understand community perceptions and preferences in a context of degraded landscapes as a complementary category of analysis to traditional approaches. Methodologically, the collection, analysis and mapping were carried out using public participation GIS (PPGIS) based on surveys. This method facilitated the integration of social data with biophysical variables. The most relevant of the ten social values studied were positives: Learning, Aesthetic, Therapeutic and negatives: Displeasure, Deficient and Inaccessible Infrastructure and Threat of Flooding. We revealed different spatial patterns for each ES social value, where positive value locations exhibited a dispersed pattern, with clusters in peripheral areas, while negative value locations exhibited a clustered pattern in the city centre. The environmental variable with the most significant contribution was the Horizontal Distance to Green Areas. These findings enhance our understanding of the social values and preferences associated with ES in urban river contexts. Furthermore, they provide valuable insights for identifying areas of opportunity and conflict, informing community planning and effective management of the urban landscape.
Purpose/Significance
To a certain extent, geographical indication (GI) protects the ecosystem of product origin, but there is still a lack of quantitative evidence on its cultural spillover effect. The mechanism of the impact of geo-certified landscapes on people’s perceived value of cultural ecosystem services (CESs) should be explored.
Methods/Procedures
In this study, two urban forest parks, Changqing and Zhongshan, which differ mainly in terms of geo-certified landscapes, were selected in Beihai, Guangxi. Basically, homogeneous volunteers were recruited, and photos of value labels were collected from their independent visits to two parks. The SolVES model was used to explore the effect of the presence or absence of geo-certified landscapes in urban park ecosystems on people’s CESs needs and the relation to the spatial context of the landscape.
Results/Conclusions
The results show that GI significantly enhance people’s perception of human CESs value of landscape elements, and clarifies the correspondence perception relationship between CESs value types and each landscape element. In addition to the spillover effect on humanistic value perception, GI also attracts and transfers people’s esthetic attention to the natural landscape itself to a certain extent. And these two effects will also spread to the ecosystem that the landscape belongs to.
This study advanced knowledge of the geospatial relationships between social values elicited during a participatory mapping exercise and on-ground travel patterns understood through Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking of backcountry visitors to a protected area in Alaska. As one of the first studies to combine social values and real-time use of a protected area landscape, we showcase how these combined forms of knowledge can be better understood when compared against biophysical conditions. Contrary to previous research, we observed that perceived social value hotspots, defined by an abundance of point data, did not fully align with use patterns, suggesting that visitors value areas that are not experienced first-hand. Specifically, backcountry travel routes in Denali were less dispersed than areas perceived to be important. Use was mostly concentrated in backcountry units close to the middle sections of the park road while highly valued units coincided with major landmarks, such as the peak of Denali. Travel cost induced by terrain conditions (summarized by elevation, slope and landcover), accessibility (measured by proximity to the park road), and long-view visual resources all contributed to how observed travel behavior deviated from perceived social values. These findings help inform policy and management decisions about outdoor recreation, visitor safety, and visual resource stewardship.
The high level of anthropization in urban areas has induced a shift of resource demand, where the supply has moved outside the cities’ boundaries. Thus, protected areas located in the cities’ proximity have faced pressure to satisfy cities’ needs leading to conflicts and loss of critical ecosystem services. Our study aims to assess the cultural ecosystem services (CES) and recreational activities provided by five Natura 2000 sites located in near-urban environments. We used photographs uploaded on social media and multiple correspondence analysis to investigate the synergies and trade-offs between different CES and recreational activities. Analyzed photos showed synergies between aesthetic values and related activities, such as photographing landscapes and watching wildlife. However, we found trade-offs between aesthetic values and recreational activities, which are the result of the different types of management. Protected areas offer multiple opportunities for conducting scientific and educational investigations to conserve and protect key species and habitats. As a result, we found synergies between knowledge values and educational and conservational activities. We conclude that Natura 2000 sites located in the proximity of urban spaces are valuable places for nature-experience outside cities. Therefore, the importance of such locations has to be considered when planning urban green infrastructure.KeywordsEcosystem servicesProtected areasRomaniaSocial media
Accounting for ecosystem service values in wildfire risk mitigation remains a challenge. In this study we utilize public participatory GIS methods to measure ecosystem service values and overlay those values with maps of wildfire hazard. Our first objective is to understand sociocultural demand for ecosystem services, and our second objective is to show how non-monetary ecosystem service valuation methods can be used to inform wildfire risk mitigation decisions. Regulating ecosystem services, such as water quality, biodiversity/habitat, and air quality, along with recreation and aesthetics, were the most highly valued ecosystem services in our study. These ecosystem service values were clustered around roads, towns, and water features and correlated with accessibility, education, and income. These values also had significant overlap with wildfire hazard, suggesting that this non-monetary mapping approach could provide a more participatory method of incorporating people’s preferences into decisions about where to target wildfire mitigation efforts.
Ecosystem services (ES) are vital to sustaining human health and well-being. However, ES are rarely realized and understood by the public. As such, it is urgent to increase the awareness and involvement of the public to conserve ES. Our study conducted an environmental education-oriented landscape study to observe, identify, and map ES on a campus landscape based on social values. The social values that incorporate the perception and associated preferences of participants were assigned by pointing out locations where ES exist. To evaluate how environmental education shapes their social values in identifying ES, we compared the changes in the spatial-explicit social value mappings of ES before and after the education program. On the other hand, we evaluated changes in understanding, attitudes, and behaviors relevant to ES. We demonstrated a case study evaluating air quality regulation services provided by the Ming Chi University of Technology in the urban fringe of Taipei, Taiwan. The results showed that environmental education with ES themes reshapes their social values by elaborating on the knowledge of the regulating functions provided by plant communities and increasing contact with nature through outdoor experience. In doing so, the participants recognize how a campus landscape functions and delivers ES for shaping the sustainability of a local community. Our result suggests that a campus landscape provides a dynamic learning environment for engaging people to perceive ES, as well as to change individual knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to conserving ES.
Urban park green space (UPGS) plays an important role in providing ecological and social benefits. However, in many large cities with rapid economic development, the supply of UPGS is unfairly distributed, and there is a severe mismatch between its supply and residents’ demand. Taking the Beijing central city as an example, this study aims to develop a fairness assessment model to quantify the fairness of UPGS distribution and the matching relationships between supply and demand for UPGS. To achieve the aims of the study, we improved the supply model of UPGS by integrating three factors: the number of UPGS, the service capacity of UPGS, and the quality of UPGS in the Beijing central city. Subsequently, we evaluated the spatial fairness and social fairness of the supply of UPGS using the Gini coefficient. Then, we used the number of residents in the sub-district to characterize the intensity of residents’ needs and quantitatively analyzed the spatial matching relationship between the supply of UPGS and residents’ demand. The results show that: (a) The improved supply model of UPGS can measure the supply of UPGS of different types in a more detailed way. (b) The per capita supply of UPGS is unevenly distributed among the six urban districts of Beijing, which may lead to a sense of unfairness among residents. While residents in Haidian District (Gini = 0.649) may have the highest sense of unfairness, followed by those in Fengtai (Gini = 0.505), Dongcheng (Gini = 0.410), Xicheng (Gini = 0.392), and Chaoyang District (Gini = 0.225). (c) The matching relationship between the supply of UPGS and the needs of different social groups is not ideal, especially the spatial matching relationship between the needs of the elderly and the supply of UPGS. This study can be used as a reference for supporting decision making in optimizing UPGS and providing a reference for fine urban management.
This chapter explores the present worldwide status of mangrove ecosystems, state of their different ecosystem services, and effects of major environmental threats and hazards on them. The scenarios of the recent past, in which these threats and hazards culminate into disasters for not only the mangroves but also the millions of coastal communities that depend on them directly or indirectly, are also analyzed in detail. In addition, the mitigation measures to tackle the continual degradation and obliteration of tropical and subtropical mangroves as well as replantation initiatives had been dealt specifically with the help of several regional case studies. Finally, the chapter aims to provide a comprehensive enlistment of the probable consequences of a
“mangrove-free tropics” in the imminent future, if the current trend of climatic changes and mangrove deforestation continues.
Natural ecosystems provide various material and nonmaterial services to individuals. The provision of nature-based recreation services has become an important means to meet the spiritual needs of mankind. However, the increasing demand for recreation services and the unclear supply of recreation services have brought many challenges for recreation service planning. Therefore, to achieve high-quality regional development, scientific exploration of the relationship between recreation service supply and demand is necessary. In this study, we integrated multiple data sources into an indicator system for the supply and demand of recreation services. Environmental and landscape attribute indicators were applied in this study as proxies for the supply of recreation services, and population, gross domestic product grid data, and nighttime usage data were used to represent the local demand for recreation services. Finally, matching patterns and correlations between the supply and demand of recreational services in the Ili River Valley were identified. Overall, the results showed that the Ili River Valley has great potential for recreation services supply, but the local demand for recreation services is relatively lower than the supply. Therefore, there is a spatial mismatch between the supply and demand for recreation services in the Ili River Valley. We applied bivariate spatial autocorrelation analysis to examine autocorrelation among recreation service indicators. The results showed a significant spatial correlation between recreation services supply and demand. Therefore, this study can provide information for Ili River Valley's recreation planning and management.
Environmental and ecological degradation are more prominent within lake-wetland ecosystem than any other ecosystem on Earth, especially in the highlands. The continued pressures of population growth and rapid urbanization on cultural ecosystem services (CES) provided by lake-wetland ecosystem in highlands present ongoing challenges to decision-makers and managers. In this paper, Social Values for Ecosystem Services model (SolVES) was used to map, quantify and assess CES in Dianchi lake basin (DLB) and Erhai lake basin (ELB) to understand the spatial dynamics of CES perceived by residents and tourists. After combining the field survey data with four environmental variables, our analysis shows that (1) The Maximum Value Index (M-VI) ranking of the three CES in descending order within DLB was aesthetic (M-VI = 10), recreation (M-VI = 10), cultural (M-VI = 8). (2) Different stakeholders (residents and tourists) had different perceptions of CES. Recreation value between residents and tourists had the same M-VI (M-VI = 10), but the M-VI of aesthetic value (M-VI = 10) perceived by tourists was higher than those perceived by residents. (3) The four environmental variables significantly influenced CES, especially distance to water and dominant landcover. (4) CES were transferable from DLB to ELB due to the potential transferability of Maxent's DLB models for each CES, and CES hotspots in ELB generated from SolVES were highly consistent with high kernel-density areas. In conclusion, SolVES incorporating CES can benefit the basin resource managers when seeking to integrate a social perspective into the resource management decision-making process. In particular, the involvement of various stakeholders ensures that they are not marginalized in environmental planning and management.
Landscape is the visual embodiment of the human–environment relationship. It is an important field for understanding and shaping the relationship between human society and the environment, and it is also the focus of multidisciplinary attention. Rural landscape construction is of great significance to the development of rural tourism and rural revitalization. The results and preferences from landscape evaluation are an important basis for landscape construction. This paper selected 222 rural landscape short video works published on the TikTok short video platform; extracted the basic elements of rural landscapes using video content analysis and according to grounded theory; condensed 32 basic categories and 12 main categories; and formed a rural landscape system composed of three core categories: rural ecological, living, and productive landscapes. The short video user comment data were mined using ROST CM6 software, to analyze the rural landscape preferences of video viewers. The results showed that the short video users had a high overall evaluation of rural landscapes, but there were differences among the three core rural landscape preference categories. Users had a high preference for the architectural landscape and ecological landscape in the rural lifestyle landscape but raised concerns about the impact of disharmonious infrastructure and service facilities, existing security risks, and environmental health on the rural landscape. This paper suggests that we should pay attention to the construction of rural artistic conceptions and the expression of nostalgia, enhance experiences to enhance perception, and strengthen the protection of natural and cultural landscapes.
Background: With elderly people comprising a growing share of the population, landscape planners need to consider their specific requirements to enhance the opportunities for them to engage in nature-based recreation (NBR). However, few studies have spatially assessed the recreation potential, demand, and opportunities for elderly people in
cities. Thus, this paper aimed to spatially model and investigate the NBR opportunities for and demand of elderly people in urban areas. A spatial framework based on the ESTIMAP recreation model was developed, considering special factors to better reflect elderly people’s preferences regarding NBR at the city scale. In particular, NBR opportunities
were assessed considering landscape aesthetics, various types of facilities, and proximity. The street network was used to understand elderly people’s walking behaviours regarding green spaces and related facilities.
Results: A case study in Hannover, Germany, demonstrated the applicability of the proposed method. The results illustrate the spatial heterogeneity of recreation options for the elderly. Only parts of Hannover’s green spaces offer high recreation opportunities for elderly people. Many of the existing green spaces lack diverse landscape components
and sufficient supply of facilities, resulting in a compromise to aesthetics and recreational opportunities.
Conclusions: The proposed method contributes to research on spatial planning and environmental justice by incorporating vulnerable groups’ preferences and needs in spatially assessing NBR. The planning implications highlight pocket gardens and greenways connecting communities and parks as development opportunities in the city.
Urban greenspace can provide important health benefits for urban residents, but knowledge about the potential mechanisms remains unclear, and it is challenging in promoting health behaviors through design and management practices. This study proposed a hypothetical model that assumed ecosystem services as mediating factors between urban greenspace and health behaviors. An urban park in Beijing was selected as a case area to test the hypothesis and identify the ecosystem services-mediated pathways. Results based on spatial explicit mapping and multivariate statistical analysis confirmed the hypothesis and showed that urban greenspaces contribute to health behaviors in varying degrees through the delivery of health behaviors-related ecosystem services. The promotion effect was mainly mediated by cultural services, which is much more obvious than regulating services. We identified the importance of different properties of inner urban greenspace in promoting health behaviors through ecosystem services-mediated pathways. Green elements, especially tree canopy shaded ground, were found to contribute the most to health behaviors in the pathways, and slightly higher than facilities and grey elements. To promote health benefits, the design and arrangement of facilities and grey elements in urban greenspace is suggested to be cooperated with green elements for enhancing multiple ecosystem services. The findings will enhance the understanding of potential theoretical pathways from urban greenspace to health benefits, and support health promotion-oriented design and management practices.
Estimating the economic value of ecosystem services derived from estuarine habitats is important for prioritising management, conservation, and restoration activities, but remains challenging. Recently, a novel approach to estimate the value of estuarine habitats for species commercially harvested from estuaries was developed, which incorporates Bayesian stable isotope mixing models that identify the underlying primary production responsible for the nutrition of these species and links this to the value of product for fisheries. However, the difficultly of separating common primary nutrient sources in estuaries; saltmarsh grass (Sporobolus virginicus) and seagrasses, means application of this approach has been constrained to estuaries with little or no seagrass. Here, we extend this approach and examine the use of tri-variate (C, N and S) isotopic composition to model the comparative economic value of saltmarsh, seagrass, and other producer groups, for a commercial fishery. Isotope data indicated that grouped estuary producers contributed 44 ± 16% (mangrove and saltmarsh succulents), 22 ± 11% (saltmarsh grass), 11 ± 6% (fine benthic organic matter) and 23 ± 11% (seagrasses) of exploited species diets. Although seagrass and saltmarsh contributions were reasonably similar, the areal coverage of saltmarsh habitats was ∼10% that of seagrasses. This affected the area-standardised valuation of these habitats, which suggested that saltmarsh had the highest value (AUD $621 ± 191 ha⁻¹y⁻¹) followed by mangroves (AUD $227 ± 66 ha⁻¹y⁻¹), while seagrasses had the lowest value (AUD $63 ± 29 ha⁻¹y⁻¹). These results highlight the impact of areal coverage on the comparative value of estuarine habitats, but also highlight that habitats with lesser areal extent but higher proportional contribution to diets of exploited species may present a higher priority for conservation or repair.
Despite changing paradigms on nature conservation, protected areas (PAs) such as national parks (NPs) remain key elements of systems of nature protection. Nowadays PAs are perceived as socio-ecological systems and there is a conviction that using ecosystem services (ES) approach (and follow-up derivatives) may help explaining social reluctance towards planned or existing PAs. In our study we focused on the planned Turnicki National Park (TuNP) in the far eastern part of the Polish Carpathians - an arena of intensive conservation conflict between proponents of park establishment and various local stakeholders. We examined the case through the ecosystem services perspective, using a questionnaire survey covering local communities around the planned TuNP. Further, we analyzed the interactions between perception of benefits from nature and attitudes towards NPs, as well as we assessed how social and economic status of local inhabitants shape attitudes towards PAs. Also, we discussed potential roles and viewpoints for a NP for a better coexistence with local social environments. We found important associations between attitudes towards parks and different factors, such as age, the length of living in a municipality, level of education and net income. Most notably, respondents who saw benefits of nature were more positive towards NPs in general and TuNP in specific, however those who prioritized provisioning services were more skeptical. The study has shown that using ES lens can help exploring the factors important in establishment and management of PAs and suggesting approaches to improve people’s attitudes towards PAs.
While previous socio-ecological systems research has shown relationships between local knowledge and the assignment of landscape values, the relationships between value assignment and more nuanced forms of local knowledge remain less understood. This study makes use of public participation geographic information systems (PPGIS), a method for identifying and mapping landscape attributes important to local communities. We use this method to assess the spatial associations between three landscape attributes often overlooked in the PPGIS literature: landscape values, self-reported knowledge about different types of landscape management practices and land-use types. We analyzed responses from residents of Mjölby kommun, Sweden (n = 301) using Monte Carlo simulations and density-based clustering. Overall, we found stronger spatial associations between landscape values and land-use types compared with landscape values and self-reported knowledge about landscape management. For example, significant positive associations were found between aesthetic and recreation values and certain land-use types, but there was no association between these values and self-reported knowledge. The land-use type to which a landscape value is assigned is sometimes supported by self-reported knowledge (especially for underrepresented landscape values), while self-reported knowledge did not provide a conclusive pattern about value assignment on its own. We discuss the implications of using PPGIS in integrated landscape management for building multifunctionality in landscape management by addressing the values of different land-use stakeholders, and the potential benefits of increased inclusivity in forms of local knowledge.
Social Values for Ecosystem Services (SolVES) version 4.0 is a fully open-source, GIS-based tool designed to aid in the creation of quantitative, spatially explicit models of the nonmonetary values attributed to cultural ecosystem services, such as aesthetics and recreation, specifically to facilitate their incorporation into larger ecosystem service assessments. Newly redeveloped for QGIS, SolVES can be applied in a wide variety of biophysical and social contexts including mountain, forest, coastal, riparian, agricultural, and urban settings worldwide. Redeveloping SolVES for an open-source platform was intended to expand its user base by eliminating the cost of proprietary GIS software licenses and to remove the impact of proprietary software changes on SolVES development. Providing additional options would enable users to delineate relevant stakeholder groups to better assess how differing preferences impact the intensity and spatial distribution of perceived social values.
Coastal marine resource over-exploitation has led to the loss of marine biodiversity and environmental degradation. This has serious consequences to Coastal and Marine Ecosystems (CME) and ecosystem services. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) can have positive influences on adjacent fisheries and habitat recovery, which can help resolve these issues. However, quantifying the monetary value of an MPA's potential ecosystem service delivery is notoriously difficult. In this study, we review available tools for evaluating the monetary value of CME services for MPAs. We show that only four out of the 12 most frequently used CME tools incorporate monetary value assessments for MPAs, the rest of the tools can help build monetary awareness but only indirectly. We argue that the monetary value measurement of CME services for MPAs should be based on the biophysical production of services in MPAs rather than from subjective human perspectives (e.g., Willingness to Pay surveys). This requires transdisciplinary knowledge connecting ecology and economy, to produce an ecology-based monetary value measurement. We suggest that developing this novel method could help to better understand the valuation of CME services for MPAs and make a positive influence on marine conservation.
An increasing amount of information is being collected on the ecological and socio-economic value of goods and services provided by natural and semi-natural ecosystems. However, much of this information appears scattered throughout a disciplinary academic literature, unpublished government agency reports, and across the World Wide Web. In addition, data on ecosystem goods and services often appears at incompatible scales of analysis and is classified differently by different authors. In order to make comparative ecological economic analysis possible, a standardized framework for the comprehensive assessment of ecosystem functions, goods and services is needed. In response to this challenge, this paper presents a conceptual framework and typology for describing, classifying and valuing ecosystem functions, goods and services in a clear and consistent manner. In the following analysis, a classification is given for the fullest possible range of 23 ecosystem functions that provide a much larger number of goods and services. In the second part of the paper, a checklist and matrix is provided, linking these ecosystem functions to the main ecological, socio–cultural and economic valuation methods.
This evolution of forest values is currently being widely discussed and debated in the forestry community. It is often claimed that a fundamental shift in forest values has taken place in recent decades. Gordon argued that a shift in public values is part of the explanation for the declining influence of the multiple-use sustained-yield paradigm of forest management. It is increasingly recognized that the values people hold about forest ecosystems are an important part of the social underpinning of ecosystem management, the emerging forest management paradigm. In either case, values play a critical role in identifying ecosystem management goals, setting the context for decisionmaking, and guiding our choices.
Most evidence for ontogenetic migration of fishes from mangroves to coral reefs has been based on cross-sectional studies of <2 yr duration that have not considered annual variability in recruitment. Taking a longitudinal approach of following cohorts over time, we evaluated evidence for mangrove-derived replenishment of 10 coral reef fishes by drawing on data from 2 concurrent fish monitoring efforts conducted in Biscayne National Park, Florida, USA, over the period 1999 to 2007. Annual indices of abundance were calculated for fish estimated to be age-0 to 4+ in both habitats, and correlation analyses, with appropriate temporal lags, were performed. Statistically significant (p < 0.05; r2 = 0.30 to 0.71) correlations between juvenile abundances in mangrove habitats and adult abundances on the reef tract 1 to 2 yr later emerged for 4 species: Abudefduf saxatilis, Lutjanus apodus, L. griseus, and Sphyraena barracuda. This is one of the few longitudinal studies that uses juvenile abundance indices to test mangrove-reef ontogenetic connectivity. Our results have potential utility for nursery habitat assessment, marine reserve design, and for forecasting species-specific year-class strength on the reef, where most fishing is directed.
Cogan, C. B., Todd, B. J., Lawton, P., and Noji, T. T. 2009. The role of marine habitat mapping in ecosystem-based management. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 2033–2042.
Ecosystem-based management (EBM) and the related concept of large marine ecosystems (LMEs) are sometimes criticized as being too broad for many management and research applications. At the same time, there is a great need to develop more effectively some substantive scientific methods to empower EBM. Marine habitat mapping (MHM) is an example of an applied set of field methods that support EBM directly and contribute essential elements for conducting integrated ecosystem assessments. This manuscript places MHM practices in context with biodiversity models and EBM. We build the case for MHM being incorporated as an explicit and early process following initial goal-setting within larger EBM programmes. Advances in MHM and EBM are dependent on evolving technological and modelling capabilities, conservation targets, and policy priorities within a spatial planning framework. In both cases, the evolving and adaptive nature of these sciences requires explicit spatial parameters, clear objectives, combinations of social and scientific considerations, and multiple parameters to assess overlapping viewpoints and ecosystem functions. To examine the commonalities between MHM and EBM, we also address issues of implicit and explicit linkages between classification, mapping, and elements of biodiversity with management goals. Policy objectives such as sustainability, ecosystem health, or the design of marine protected areas are also placed in the combined MHM–EBM context.
Proponents of ecotourism within protected areas believe that tour design and interpretation can help mitigate the negative impacts of tourism, human and environmental, and build an educated and motivated constituency that supports environmental conservation and social improvements. However, ecotourism's claims to achieve those objectives are largely untested, and linkages between tourism's operational characteristics and positive changes in tourists” environmental knowledge, attitudes and behaviours are largely unexplored. This exploratory research investigated the efforts of one Galapagos National Park tour operator to explore whether a well-conceived interpretation/ecotourism product could influence tourists” educational outcomes and support of environmental conservation. Results suggest that well-designed and delivered interpretation during the ecotourism experience can increase knowledge of the host-protected area, supportive attitudes towards resource management issues facing the host-protected area, general environmental behavioural intentions and philanthropic support of conservation.
This paper examines recreationist and tourist value orientations toward coral reefs (e.g. protection–use, biocentric-anthropocentric), tests a scale for measuring these orientations in recreation and tourism settings, groups individuals based on their orientations and examines demographic and activity differences among groups. Data were obtained from surveys of 2821 users at three coastal and marine sites in Hawai'i. Belief statements about reefs (e.g. “coral reefs have value whether humans are present or not”) were used to measure value orientations. Users agreed with protectionist and disagreed with use-oriented beliefs. Except for one statement (“humans should manage coral reefs so that humans benefit”), the scale provided a reliable and valid measure of value orientations toward reefs. Respondents were grouped into three subgroups (strong protection, moderate protection, mixed protection–use). The largest number of users had strong protectionist orientations toward reefs, and there was no group possessing only use orientations. There were no relationships between value orientations and site, age and residence. Females, snorkelers and sunbathers had stronger protectionist orientations, whereas most scuba divers and anglers had mixed orientations. Given that most respondents had protectionist orientations, efforts to conserve reefs would be supported, whereas activities with deleterious effects on reefs would not be widely supported.
Since the social values of urban woodlands are not always sufficiently taken into account in decision-making on urban land-use and green space planning, new means of collecting the experienced values of urban green areas and integrating this information into the planning processes are needed. The main aim of this study was to develop a simple method to describe the experienced qualities of green areas for strategic green area planning purposes. In a postal survey conducted in Helsinki, Finland, general attitudes towards and benefits felt to be derived from green areas as well as site specific information about the experience values were gathered. Local residents were asked to identify, those areas on a map of the study area that had particular positive qualities, such as beautiful scenery, peace and quiet and the feeling of being in a forest as well as those areas with negative features. These results were compiled in map form using GIS software. The results highlight the most valued sites as well as problem areas within the study area. The most important features associated with favourite places were: tranquillity, the feeling of being in a forest, and naturalness. The results suggest that the method is communicative and relatively easy to use in both collaborative green area planning and land-use planning.
As human pressures on ecosystems continue to increase, research involving the effective incorporation of social values information into the context of comprehensive ecosystem services assessments is becoming more important. Including quantified, spatially explicit social value metrics in such assessments will improve the analysis of relative tradeoffs among ecosystem services. This paper describes a GIS application, Social Values for Ecosystem Services (SolVES), developed to assess, map, and quantify the perceived social values of ecosystem services by deriving a non-monetary Value Index from responses to a public attitude and preference survey. SolVES calculates and maps the Value Index for social values held by various survey subgroups, as distinguished by their attitudes regarding ecosystem use. Index values can be compared within and among survey subgroups to explore the effect of social contexts on the valuation of ecosystem services. Index values can also be correlated and regressed against landscape metrics SolVES calculates from various environmental data layers. Coefficients derived through these analyses were applied to their corresponding data layers to generate a predicted social value map. This map compared favorably with other SolVES output and led to the addition of a predictive mapping function to SolVES for value transfer to areas where survey data are unavailable. A more robust application is being developed as a public domain tool for decision makers and researchers to map social values of ecosystem services and to facilitate discussions among diverse stakeholders involving relative tradeoffs among different ecosystem services in a variety of physical and social contexts.
A total of 53 species of juvenile fish were caught over a 2 yr study period in 2 mangrove lined estuaries in Moreton Bay, eastern subtropical Australia. Comparing juvenile fish communities among mangrove forests, seagrass beds and mudflats identified significant differences in species richness and abundances of juveniles. Seagrass communities comprised distinct species of resident and nonresident fish species of little economic importance. Mangrove forests and mudflats had many shared species (but mangrove forests were dominated by smaller or younger juveniles in greater abundances; Laegdsgaard unpubl. data). Mudflat habitats appear to be transition zones between juvenile and adult habitats. Only 4 species were exclusive to seagrass whereas 27 species were exclusive to the mangrove/mudflat habitat. Juveniles of 7 of the 10 commercially harvested fish species in Moreton Bay were found in greatest numbers in mangrove forests. Salinity, temperature and turbidity were similar in all habitats so could not account for differences in habitat choice of juvenile fish. Most juvenile fish in mangroves during summer were nonresidents and species richness and abundance were highest in summer and lowest in winter. There were significant differences among sites and years in the numbers of species and individuals; however, the trends were similar and demonstrated clearly that mangrove sites within Moreton Bay play a more important role and have greater potential as nursery habitats than do adjacent habitats. Preferential selection of mangrove habitats by juvenile fish, particularly commercial species, indicates a need for conservation.
In contrast to the dominant multiattribute commodity view of outdoor recreation settings, wilderness users are described as having emotional and symbolic ties to the setting that are manifested as attachment to the site and the wilderness concept. Data from four wilderness areas show stronger place and wilderness attachment to be associated with previous visits, rural residence, a setting focus, visiting alone and on weekdays, hunting in the area, and sensitivity to site impacts and horse encounters. Place attachment is also associated with a lack of nonwilderness substitutes and lower income and education. Wilderness attachment is associated with membership in wilderness and conservation organizations, visits to more wilderness areas, a preference for longer visits, participation in nature study, and sensitivity to sight and sound intrusions and hiker encounters. -from Authors
Ecosystem service approaches have become a prominent basis for planning and management. Cultural services and non-use values are included in all major typologies and present some of the most compelling reasons for conserving ecosystems, though many barriers exist to their explicit characterization. The values that conform least well to economic assumptions—variously lumped together with/as cultural services—have proven elusive in part because valuation is complicated by the properties of intangibility and incommensurability, which has in turn led to their exclusion from economic valuation. We argue that the effectiveness of the ecosystem services framework in decision-making is thwarted by (i) conflation of services, values, and benefits, and (ii) failure to appropriately treat diverse kinds of values. We address this challenge by (1) distinguishing eight dimensions of values, which have implications for appropriate valuation and decision-making; (2) demonstrating the interconnected nature of benefits and services, and so the ubiquity of intangible values; (3) discussing the implications of these propositions for ecosystem-services research; and (4) outlining briefly a research agenda to enable decision-making that is ecologically appropriate and socially just. Because many ecosystem services (co-)produce ‘cultural’ benefits, full characterization of services must address non-material values through methods from diverse social sciences.
A major challenge of forest policy and management is effectively understanding different people's viewpoints on natural resource use and conservation, and how those viewpoints contribute to conflict and conflict resolution. In response to this challenge, the concept of place is gaining currency in natural resource research. The study of place promises an integrative approach to understanding people's relationships with particular areas. Realizing the potential of place research to inform forest policy and management means conceptualizing place as an arena of shared and contested meanings. A politics of place is attentive to different and potentially conflicting meanings, and how senses of place may be connected to larger political struggles. This study examines people's images, values, and interests with respect to the Rocky Mountain Front in Montana. In this case study, discourse about placenames provided a window into the politics of place. Results illustrate the ways in which place meanings are connected to people's ideas about property, conservation, and governance. Knowledge of the politics of place can inform forest policy and management and contribute to a more sophisticated understanding of natural resource conflict and the potential effectiveness of decision-making processes. FOR. SCI. 49(6):855866.
The services of ecological systems and the natural capital stocksthat produce them are critical to the functioning of the
Earth’s life-support system. They contribute to human welfare, both directly and indirectly, and therefore represent
part of the total economic value of the planet.We have estimated the current economic value of 17 ecosystem services
for 16 biomes, based on published studies and a few original calculations. For the entire biosphere, the value (most of
which is outside the market) is estimated to be in the range of US$16–54 trillion (1012) per year, with an average of
US$33trillion per year. Because of the nature of the uncertainties, thismust be considered a minimum estimate. Global
gross national product total is around US$18 trillion per year.
Mail surveys are a staple of the survey industry; however, they are rarely used in surveys of the general population. The
problem is twofold: (1) lack of a complete sampling frame of households and (2) difficulties with ensuring random selection
of a respondent within the household. However, advances in electronic record keeping, such as the U.S. Postal Service Delivery
Sequence File, now make it possible to sample from a frame of residential addresses. Unfortunately, less is known about the
effectiveness of within-household selection techniques for household mail surveys. A six-state pilot study was conducted as
part of the 2005 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System using the Delivery Sequence File to sample addresses for a mail
survey. The pilot study tested three respondent selection methods: any adult, adult with the next birthday, and all adults.
The next-birthday and all-adults methods yielded household-level response rates that were comparable to the any-adult method,
the method assumed to have the least respondent burden. At the respondent level, however, the response rate for the all-adults
method was lower when we accounted for within-household nonresponse.
The value of biodiversity is discussed at different levels including market value, non-market values to humans, and the value of biodiversity to ecosystems. The main conclusion is that, although market exchange values of environmental services may be used to justify biodiversity protection measures, it must be stressed that exchange value constitutes a small portion of total biodiversity value. The total value of existing biodiversity is largely unknown but indications are that it is essential to human existence. The various levels of biodiversity value point to the need for a hierarchical and pluralistic methodology to determine appropriate policies for its preservation.
The last 50 years or so have seen a steady increase in the rate of destructive wildfires across the world, partly as a result
of climate change and partly as a result of encroachment of human settlement on fire-based ecosystems (Russell et al. 2004; Westerling et al. 2006). Years of active fire suppression in such areas has inevitably led to the build-up of hazardous fuel loads, creating
ideal conditions for destructive wildfires (Johnson et al. 2001). Recently, serious wildfires have occurred in Australia, southeast Asia and the Mediterranean, as well as those occurring
in the USA in California, Montana, Idaho and Alaska. Current thinking on fire management is very much focused on re-instating
natural fire regimes and allowing fire, as nearly as possible, to function in its natural ecological role (Miller 2006), thereby
reducing the occurrence of destructive fires. Mechanical fuel treatments (e.g. thinning) and prescribed burning are being
used to reduce fuel loads to near natural conditions, after which natural fire regimes can be allowed to operate. There are
two main types of thinning that either remove selected trees to create a more widely spaced forest consisting of trees of
different sizes/ages or remove all smaller trees and brush within the understory to leave a more uniform forest of more widely
spaced older trees. Prescribed burning uses small managed fires, rather than mechanical means, to achieve the latter. This
is a long and involved process and often has the potential to create conflict between the different management regimes associated
with adjacent lands and between the different inhabitants and stakeholders affected in the short to medium term. This requires
a high degree of collaboration and participatory planning if acceptable fuel reduction strategies and management plans are
to be developed.
Recreational non-consumptive use of wildlife has been attracting increasing numbers of people and generating growing economic benefits from tourism activity. More importantly this type of wildlife interaction has potential benefits to conservation from the long-term effect of changing attitudes towards wild animals and natural habitats. It does not, however, fit well into the existing wildlife management paradigm due to the nature of the final product, a recreation experience. This paper aims to provide an integrated framework that illustrates the major components of non-consumptive wildlife recreation and links between research areas in ecology, animal behaviour, recreation, tourism and existing wildlife management institutions. The fundamental purpose of this paper is to cast wildlife conservation in a new light that recognizes the need to formulate management plans in both a social and biological context.
Research on place attachment has provided insight on the diversity of meanings humans associate with the physical environment. We provide further insight on the nature of human–place bonding by examining place attachment's effect on respondents’ perceptions of social and environmental conditions along the Appalachian Trail (AT) in the United States. Using a social judgment framework, our results indicated that the two dimensions of place attachment, place identity and place dependence, had opposing effects on the condition domains. For all condition domains, as respondents’ scores on the place identity dimension increased, they were more inclined to perceive the condition encountered as problematic. The opposite pattern of relations was observed for place dependence. These results indicate that the two dimensions of place attachment, while moderately and positively correlated, examine different sources of meaning for AT hikers.
For twenty-five years, Studies in Outdoor Recreation has served as an invaluable reference for park and recreation managers and a standard text in college courses. The only book to integrate social science literature on outdoor recreation, it reviews studies from this broad, interdisciplinary field and synthesizes them into a body of knowledge, providing a historical perspective on outdoor recreation research and developing its practical management implications. This third edition is fully revised to reflect current research and new concerns in the field. A new chapter examines the emerging issue of sense of place and its relationship to outdoor recreation. The book concludes with twenty principles to guide outdoor recreation management and research. An extensive bibliography and section entitled Notes on Sources: A Guide to the Social Science Literature in Outdoor Recreation lead readers to valuable primary source material.
The purpose of this study is to examine preference heterogeneity among day non-motorized, day motorized and overnight visitors to the Okefenokee Wilderness using conjoint analysis. Study results support the hypothesis that the subgroups of Okefenokee Wilderness visitors considered in this study are not homogeneous with respect to their wilderness setting preferences and that they may be better understood by studying similarities and differences in preferences among them. The study findings suggest that the issue most likely to be a source of contention among day motorized, day non-motorized and overnight Okefenokee Wilderness visitors is the percentage of water trail miles motorized visitors are allowed to use, while there was general agreement among the subgroups of visitors considered in this study about what constitutes reasonable numbers of encounters with other boating groups.
1. Development of environmental protected areas has been driven 'more by opportunity than design, scenery rather than science' (Hackman A. 1993. Preface. A protected areas gap analysis methodology: planning for the conservation of biodiversity. World Wildlife Fund Canada Discussion Paper; i-ii). If marine environments are to be protected from the adverse effects of human activities, then identification of types of marine habitats and delineation of their boundaries in a consistent classification is required. Without such a classification system, the extent and significance of representative or distinctive habitats cannot be recognized. Such recognition is a fundamental prerequisite to the determination of location and size of marine areas to be protected. 2. A hierarchical classification has been developed based on enduring/recurrent geophysical (oceanographic and physiographic) features of the marine environment, which identifies habitat types that reflect changes in biological composition. Important oceanographic features include temperature, stratification and exposure; physiographic features include bottom relief and substrate type 3. Classifications based only on biological data are generally prohibited at larger scales, due to lack of information. Therefore, we are generally obliged to classify habitat types as surrogates for community types. The data necessary for this classification are available from mapped sources and from remote sensing. It is believed they can be used to identify representative and distinctive marine habitats supporting different communities, and will provide an ecological framework for marine conservation planning at the national level.
Spatial attribution mapping is one method of eliciting the relationship between people and place. I use a landscape values typology and environmental values theory to investigate how people attribute values to the landscape in three counties of Idaho and Oregon. Using geographically referenced values data collected in a mail survey (n = 767), I examine the use of intensity weights when implementing a mapping exercise and the spatial scale and geographic associations between values in the typology. The results demonstrate that places within a landscape can offer multiple values, and that when geographically operationalized the landscape values typology can be divided primarily into two categories: material (socioeconomic quality) and postmaterial (personal/environmental quality) values. The findings reflect the linkages between spatially operationalized values and established environmental values theory, and the need for land use planners, natural resource managers, and local decision makers to facilitate both material and postmaterial values in their decisions.