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Shame, guilt, and personality judgment

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to shed further light on the intrapersonal and interpersonal correlates of shame- and guilt-proneness by examining their relations with self- and peer-ratings of the five-factor model (FFM) of personality. Shame- and guilt-proneness were assessed using a scenario-based and a checklist measure. Consistent with findings from previous research, the self-rating data yielded support for the view that shame-proneness may be associated with more maladaptive patterns than guilt-proneness. However, peer-ratings of personality failed to corroborate these findings. Both scenario-based and checklist measures of shame-proneness were associated with a tendency to underestimate one’s Agreeableness relative to peer-ratings. Several possible interpretations of these findings are discussed in light of the extant research on personality judgment.

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... Neuroticism has not only been associated with negative affect, but it has been also found to have a positive relationship with shame as well as guilt (e.g., Abe, 2004;Alcaraz-Ibáñez et.al., 2020;Einstein & Lanning, 1998;Harder & Greenwald, 1999). While the positive relationship between neuroticism and shame has been consistently reported throughout the years (e.g., Erden & Akbağ, 2015;Muris et al., 2018), such has not been the case for guilt. ...
... Similarly Johnson et al. (1989) conducted a family study and this time they found extraversion to be uncorrelated to guilt and the negative relationship with shame was only observed among fathers and not for the other members of the family. Similar results of extraversion to be negatively related to shame and unrelated to guilt were also reported by Abe (2004) only when self-rating scales were used. Nevertheless, such results were not replicated when peer ratings were used instead. ...
... In another study by Erden and Akbağ, (2015), conscientiousness was found to be positively associated with both guilt and shame for both males and females alike. Most of the other studies have found conscientiousness to be unrelated to shame and guilt (Abe, 2004;Einstein & Lanning, 1998;Harder & Greenwald, 1999). As this paper focuses exclusively on the intensity of shame, guilt and remorse and not on the trait of guilt or shame (guilt-proneness and shame-proneness), we frame our hypothesis on guilt based on the findings of guilt experience and not guilt-proneness by Fayard and colleagues (2012). ...
Article
With increasing literature refuting the role of situational antecedents as reliably distinguishing the elicitation of shame, guilt and remorse, there arises a need to examine the underlying dispositional factors at play. Although personality factors like neuroticism and extraversion have often been analyzed along with positive–negative affect, other personality factors and their relation to the complex moral emotions have rarely been studied. A study was conducted on 147 participants to examine the role of big-five personality factors namely, neuroticism, extraversion, conscientiousness, openness to experience and agreeableness on the three complex moral emotions. Storyboards depicting 13 scenarios were used as stimuli for measuring shame, guilt and remorse. Results enumerate that while openness to experience has the ability to distinguish between guilt and shame, neuroticism and extraversion are significant positive predictors of guilt. Overall findings suggest the interplay of personality and moral emotions and highlights the need to study these emotions in larger and varied contexts.
... Research demonstrating a negative link between conscientiousness and shame point in this direction (Abe, 2004). Feelings of shame have, however, also been positively associated with conscientiousness (Erden and Akba g, 2015). ...
... It is, therefore, not surprising that extraversion has been linked to self-disclosure (Chen and Sharma, 2015;Cho, 2017;Loiacono, 2015). Several studies have, additionally, found that introverts tend to feel shame more often than extroverts (Abe, 2004;Christensen et al., 1993;Einstein and Lanning, 1998;Erden and Akba g, 2015;Muris et al., 2018;Zhong et al., 2003Zhong et al., , 2008. One explanation may lie in the introspective nature of introverts who tend to reflect more on their own characteristics and actions. ...
... This tolerance seems to reflect back on agreeable people themselves as research has identified a negative association between agreeableness and feelings of shame (e.g. Abe, 2004). People who often feel shame, moreover, tend to withdraw socially (Cibich et al., 2016;Keltner and Harker, 1998;Tignor and Colvin, 2017). ...
Article
Purpose The aim of this study is to assess the impact of personality traits and sense of coherence (SOC) on concealing information needs out of shame. The study also investigates the link between concealed information needs and the use of experiential information for psychological wellbeing. Design/methodology/approach A Partial Least Square ‐ Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) approach is used to assess and analyse the proposed conceptual model, which is based on the responses of 412 upper secondary school students. Findings The findings reveal that personality traits not only have direct significant effects on concealing information needs but that their effects are also mediated by SOC. The positive relationship between concealed information needs and the use of experiential information is confirmed in the study. Originality/value This study is the first to show that personality and SOC influence concealing information needs. Two pathways are found. Firstly, negative emotionality and a low SOC lead to a heightened sense of shame. Secondly, introversion induces a more guarded behaviour. The study, moreover, quantitatively demonstrates a link between concealed information needs and the use of experiential information for psychological wellbeing.
... Guilt and shame are distinct and have differential effects in encouraging compliance. Guilt tends to create more favorable behavioral responses, but shame is more likely to trigger negative behaviors ( Abe, 2004 ;Gausel and Brown, 2012 ;Lindsay-Hartz, 1984 ). In social psychology, shame is a potent experience that plays an important role in normal development of both adaptive and maladaptive behaviors. ...
... In comparison with guilt, shame tends to create more defensive responses ( Abe, 2004 ;Lindsay-Hartz, 1984 ;Stuewig et al., 2010 ). However, in social psychology, shame essentially helps to motivate socially favorable behavior and efforts towards self-improvement ( de Hooge et al., 2010 ;Gausel and Leach, 2011 ;Sznycer et al., 2016 ). ...
... More specifically, shame arousals predict message compliance in only collectivist, not individualist, orientations; but guilt arousals predict message compliance in both orientations. This is consistent with previous predictions that guilt is more favorable for behavioral responses than shame ( Abe, 2004 ;Ghorbani et al., 2013 ;Lindsay-Hartz, 1984 ). For individualists, when deciding on the level of compliance with the health message, shame was not a determinant of the amount, while on the contrary, guilt was a significant predictor of the level of message compliance. ...
Article
This study examines the moderating effects of self-construal and personal cultural orientation on the relationships between guilt and shame appeals and health message compliance. Binge drinking is chosen as the health issue for this study and a between-subjects experiment (n = 301) was conducted to test the model. The study makes several contributions to the literature of communications using guilt and shame appeals by exploring conditions under which such appeals are more effective. The main effect of self-construal on guilt/shame arousals was found, but no interactive effect with referencing or sources of evaluation. The effect of personal cultural orientation, which has been under-researched in the guilt and shame emotions, on message compliance supported an interactive effect with emotion type. Novelly, the methodological value of this research is in the study of response/emotional arousal from the stimulus, not the stimulus/appeal itself.
... In this study, participants are confronted with tasks that might invoke shame. Therefore, the level of obedience might be related to the personal sense of shame, which is influenced by the five personality traits extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness [23]- [25]. ...
... Extraversion and shame correlate negatively [23], [24], whereas neuroticism and shame correlate positively [23]- [25]. Opposite results were found for agreeableness: In [24] authors found a negative correlation with shame, but a positive correlation was found in [23] and [25]. ...
... Extraversion and shame correlate negatively [23], [24], whereas neuroticism and shame correlate positively [23]- [25]. Opposite results were found for agreeableness: In [24] authors found a negative correlation with shame, but a positive correlation was found in [23] and [25]. ...
... If, as a result of such an evaluation, an individual feels that his or her global self (i.e., what they are) or behavior (i.e., what they do) does not conform (or conforms) with the standards, then the prevalent negatively (or positively) valenced emotions of shame and guilt (or hubristic and authentic pride) will arise. Research considering self-conscious emotions in the global domain has related shame and guilt to neuroticism (positively) and extraversion (negatively) (Abe, 2004;Muris, Meesters, & van Asseldonk, 2018). Despite the evidence being quite limited, authentic pride experienced in the global domain appears to be negatively related to neuroticism while positively related to extraversion and consciousness; these relationships being less clearly defined in the case of hubristic pride (Tracy & Robins, 2007). ...
... Despite the evidence being quite limited, authentic pride experienced in the global domain appears to be negatively related to neuroticism while positively related to extraversion and consciousness; these relationships being less clearly defined in the case of hubristic pride (Tracy & Robins, 2007). In contrast, relationships between openness and agreeableness with globally experienced self-conscious emotions have proven weak and inconsistent (Abe, 2004;Tracy & Robins, 2007). ...
... Based on previous studies conducted both in global (Abe, 2004;Muris et al., 2018;Tracy & Robins, 2007) and specific body domains (Allen & Celestino, 2017;Allen & Walter, 2016;Frederick et al., 2016;MacNeill et al., 2017), and after controlling for the effects of sex (Alcaraz-Ibáñez & Sicilia, 2018;Pila et al., 2016), age, and weight discrepancy (Castonguay et al., 2012), the following hypotheses were formulated: ...
Article
This study examined the relationships between the Big Five personality traits and body‐related self‐conscious emotions in a sex‐balanced sample of Spanish undergraduates (N = 748). After controlling for sex, age, and weight discrepancy, neuroticism (positive for shame and guilt), extraversion (negative for shame and positive for pride), conscientiousness (negative for shame and positive for pride), and openness (negative for shame and guilt) emerged as significant cross‐sectional predictors of body‐related self‐conscious emotions. No moderation effect by sex was observed. The explained variance ranged from 10% (hubristic pride) to 26% (shame). Young adults possessing greater than ideally assumed body weight, high levels of neuroticism, and low levels of extraversion, conscientiousness, and openness may be especially vulnerable to body‐image disturbances.
... In this study, participants are confronted with tasks that might invoke shame. Therefore, the level of obedience might be related to the personal sense of shame, which is influenced by the five personality traits extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness [23]- [25]. ...
... Extraversion and shame correlate negatively [23], [24], whereas neuroticism and shame correlate positively [23]- [25]. Opposite results were found for agreeableness: In [24] authors found a negative correlation with shame, but a positive correlation was found in [23] and [25]. ...
... Extraversion and shame correlate negatively [23], [24], whereas neuroticism and shame correlate positively [23]- [25]. Opposite results were found for agreeableness: In [24] authors found a negative correlation with shame, but a positive correlation was found in [23] and [25]. ...
Conference Paper
Virtual agents play an important role when we interact with machines. They are in the role of assistants or companions with less or more human-like appearance. Such agents influence our behavior. With an increasing and broader distribution, their influence might become stronger, and at some point, they might even adopt roles with a degree of authority. This paper presents the results of a study that examines the obedience of human users towards a) an embodied virtual agent in the role of an instructor and b) a human in the role of an instructor. Under a cover-story of a creativity test, participants should fulfill stressful and shameful tasks. Our results indicate that the embodied virtual agent has the same authority as the human instructor. The agent is also able to elicit the same level of the negative feelings stress and shame.
... The relationship between personality and shame-proneness has recently been explored by a handful of researchers using the NEO Personality Inventory to assess personality dimensions according to the Five-Factor Model (Abe 2004;Einstein and Lanning 1998). The dimensions are commonly known as the "The Big Five": neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness. ...
... The likelihood to feel shame had been found to correlate positively with neuroticism (Abe 2004;Einstein and Lanning 1998) and agreeableness (Einstein and Lanning 1998). It was also correlated negatively with openness (Einstein and Lanning 1998) and extraversion (Abe 2004). ...
... The likelihood to feel shame had been found to correlate positively with neuroticism (Abe 2004;Einstein and Lanning 1998) and agreeableness (Einstein and Lanning 1998). It was also correlated negatively with openness (Einstein and Lanning 1998) and extraversion (Abe 2004). As such, certain personality traits have been found to correlate with one's likelihood to feel shame. ...
Article
Online shaming is a phenomenon where citizens engage in social policing by shaming transgressions via the Internet. It has been argued that the proliferation of new communication networks and digital recording devices could bring about a new paradigm for ensuring conformity to social norms through the self-regulation of society. Incorporating literature from criminology, law, psychology, sociology, and surveillance studies, this two-part exploratory empirical study conducted in Singapore aims to give an account of why people engage in online shaming (Study 1) as well as who is likely to be deterred and who is likely to contribute content in relation to personality traits, adherence to Asian values and social responsibility (Study 2). The in-depth interviews revealed that people engage in online shaming mainly to raise awareness about the lack of civic-mindedness in society. Furthermore, a survey of 321 Singaporeans suggest that people who are more likely to be deterred by the threat of online shaming are those who more socially responsible, more agreeable, more neurotic and adhere more strongly to Asian values. Furthermore, our findings suggest that individuals who are more likely to contribute to online shaming websites tend to be more socially responsible and open to new experiences. The theoretical, technological and policy implications of the findings are discussed.
... Given these striking differences in test format, and the prevalence of conflicting empirical findings, some have suggested that, in the case of guilt, scenario and checklist measures assess fundamentally distinct traits (Averill, Diefenbach, Stanley, Breckenridge, & Lusby, 2002;Gangemi & Mancini, 2011;. Empirical evidence supports this assertion: Scenario-assessed and checklist-assessed guilt share few common correlates , and the two are only weakly associated with one another; Abe (2004) reported a correlation of just .31 between guilt assessed via the TOSCA and guilt assessed via the Differential Emotions Scale (DES-IV; Izard, Libero, Putnam, & Haynes, 1993). Similarly, Kugler and Jones (1992) reported a correlation of .26 between TOSCA-assessed guilt and guilt assessed via the Guilt Inventory (TGI; Kulger & Jones, 1992) (but see Ferguson & Crowley, 1997). ...
... Although patterns of correlates for checklist-assessed shame and scenario-assessed shame are rarely identical (Abe, 2004), such differences are less marked than those observed for guilt (Ferguson & Crowley, 1997). Currently, most researchers agree that checklist and scenario measures of shame assess the same construct . ...
... Scenario measures may predict pro-social orientation better than checklist measures, but both types of measures might represent the same underlying construct. Still, this explanation is unlikely, as factor-analytic studies have demonstrated the two test formats' uniqueness (Abe, 2004;; but see Ferguson & Crowley, 1997;Wolf et al., 2010). Furthermore, authors' theoretical perspectives on guilt differ along test format lines; Harder (1995), in comparing his definitions of guilt to those of Tangney (1995), questioned whether the TOSCA assesses the same guilt construct that clinicians routinely treat in therapy. ...
Article
Objective: Despite decades of empirical research, conclusions regarding the adaptiveness of dispositional guilt and shame are mixed. We use meta-analysis to summarize the empirical literature and clarify these ambiguities. Specifically, we evaluate how guilt and shame are uniquely related to prosocial orientation and, in doing so, highlight the substantial yet under-acknowledged impact of researchers' methodological choices. Method: A series of meta-analyses were conducted investigating the relationship between dispositional guilt (or shame) and prosocial orientation. Two main methodological moderators of interest were tested: test format (scenario vs. checklist) and statistical analysis (semi-partial vs. zero-order correlations). Results: Among studies employing zero-order correlations, dispositional guilt was positively correlated with prosocial orientation, k = 63, Mr = .13, p < .001, while dispositional shame was negatively correlated, k = 47, Mr = -.05, p = .07. Test format was a significant moderator for guilt studies only, with scenario measures producing significantly stronger effects. Semi-partial correlations resulted in significantly stronger effects among guilt and shame studies. Conclusions: Although dispositional guilt and shame are differentially related to prosocial orientation, such relationships depend largely on the methodological choices of the researcher, particularly in the case of guilt. Implications for the study of these traits are discussed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
... Goulart et al. [13] measured children's emotions using thermography and an emotional self-assessment scale. Moreover, people's tendency to feel shame differs according to their personalities [14]. For instance, Abe [14] found that in adults, the tendency to feel shame was negatively correlated with extraversion. ...
... Moreover, people's tendency to feel shame differs according to their personalities [14]. For instance, Abe [14] found that in adults, the tendency to feel shame was negatively correlated with extraversion. Therefore, in addition to using thermography, we recorded participants' behaviors, asked participants to report their emotions subjectively, and assessed participants' personalities. ...
Article
Full-text available
Shame can be defined as the emotional response to one’s violations of rules being exposed to others. However, it is difficult to objectively measure this concept. This study examined the psychophysiological indicators of shame in young children using behavioral methods and thermography, which measures facial temperatures that reflect blood flow changes related to emotions. Four- to six-year-old children participated in an “animal guessing game,” in which they lied about having violated a rule. They were assigned to either the exposure or the non-exposure group. In the exposure group, participants’ lies were exposed by the experimenter, whereas in the non-exposure group, their lies were not. Results showed that at the behavioral level, participants in the exposure group expressed characteristic behaviors of shame (e.g., embarrassed smiles) more often than those in the non-exposure group. Moreover, the nasal temperatures of participants in the exposure group were higher than those of participants in the other group after the lie was exposed. These results suggest that participants’ lies being exposed induced psychophysiological responses and consequently raised their nasal temperature. This finding indicates that psychophysiological responses can enable us to objectively measure higher-order emotions in young children.
... As such, individuals high in shame proneness would be expected to report more shame following a failure than individuals low in shame proneness scores, and the same reasoning could be made for guilt proneness. These two traits appear to be associated to several distinct personality traits with shame proneness being globally seen as more maladaptative than guilt proneness (Abe, 2004). For example, shame proneness was found to negatively predict self-compassion and self-esteem (Cohen et al., 2011). ...
... For example, shame proneness was found to negatively predict self-compassion and self-esteem (Cohen et al., 2011). Moreover, whereas guilt proneness does not appear to be related to neuroticism, shame proneness tends to correlate with measures of neuroticism (Abe, 2004;Cohen et al., 2011;Muris et al., 2018;Paulus et al., 2016). ...
Article
Failure increases the motivation to escape self-awareness. To date, however, the role of self-conscious emotions (shame and guilt) in triggering escape responses after failure has not been sufficiently addressed. In this pre-registered study (N = 156 undergraduates), we adapted a classic paradigm (avoidance of one’s image in a mirror) to a modern eye-tracking technology to test the hypothesis that shame proneness moderates the effect of failure on self-awareness avoidance. Individual differences in guilt and shame proneness were assessed before priming thoughts of failure or success. Then, an eye-tracking paradigm was used to monitor gaze avoidance of one’s screen-reflected face during a neutral, unrelated task. Unexpectedly, results showed that guilt but not shame proneness exacerbated self-avoidance after failure. The present findings challenge the dominant view that shame fosters avoidance more so than guilt.
... At interpersonal level, shame, defined differently by different researchers as "sleeper in psychopathology" (Lewis, 1987) and "bedrock of much psychopathology" (Miller, 1996), is believed to be linked to maladaptive patterns in interpersonal relationships while guilt is related to more adaptive patterns (Abe, 2004). It is stated that shame is more hurting, because both to themselves and others, shame-prone individuals mostly approach in a blaming attitude, the anger and hostility that they express are mostly hurtful. ...
... Kişilerarası ilişkilerde utanç uyumsuz örüntülerle ilişkili görülürken suçluluk daha uyumlu örüntülerle ilişkili olarak değerlendirilmektedir (Abe, 2004 ...
Thesis
Full-text available
The current study, comprised of two parts. The aim of the first part was to examine the relationships between maternal and paternal parental attitudes, guilt, shame, and -if any- their effects on self-compassion. 348 participants were included in the study. The paths between parental attitudes, guilt-shame, and self-compassion were analyzed through the employment of multiple mediation analyses. Both relationships of maternal and paternal acceptance/involvement with self-compassion were mediated by guilt, and the relationship between maternal strict control/supervision and self-compassion was mediated by shame. The aim of the second part was to differentiate reactions and expectations of individuals according to their guilt and shame levels. For this purpose, 2 vignettes were presented to the participants. Participants were group into four according to their guilt-shame levels. The obtained inquiry was analyzed qualitatively with Thematic Analysis. Accordingly, the emotional and behavioral reaction profiles and an overview of their expectations from others (in this thesis the focus was on the therapists) are provided. Results of both first and the second parts were discussed in the light of the literature. Moreover, strengths, implications, limitations, and suggestions for future studies were also mentioned. Keywords: Parental Attitudes; Guilt; Shame; Self-Compassion; Thematic Analysis
... and .40 for shame-proneness and guilt-proneness, respectively. Similarly, many other studies in the field feature the correlation coefficient as an indicator of agreement between two quantitative measures (Abe, 2004;Einstein & Lanning, 1998;Izrad, Libero, Putnam, & Haynes, 1993;Kugler & Jones, 1992). This approach can be inappropriate. ...
... Differences regarding shame might not be as prominent as in the case of guilt, but we should not ignore them while focusing on different conceptualizations of guilt that underlie various measures of shame and guilt. Moreover, the use of correlation coefficients as an indicator of agreement could be more misleading in the case of shame, as the correlations between guilt subscales are generally low (Abe, 2004;Einstein & Lanning, 1998;Izrad, Libero, Putnam, & Haynes, 1993;Kugler & Jones, 1992), and the differences for shame are less marked than those observed for guilt (Ferguson & Crowley, 1997;Tignor & Colvin, 2017). In our study, the correlation coefficient between guilt subscales was only .06 in the first measurement, but .42 on the retest, which obscures the significant incongruence between guilt domains that became evident after conducting the Bland-Altman analysis. ...
Article
This study sought to assess the agreement between commonly used measures of shame- and guilt-proneness, the Test of Self-Conscious Affect–3 (TOSCA–3), representing scenario measures, and the Personal Feelings Questionnaire–2 (PFQ–2), representing checklist measures. To overcome the limitations of the widely used correlation analysis, the 2 measures were compared by the Bland–Altman method. We administered both measures at once to the same sample of 138 graduate students (67.39% were female; median age = 27 years). A randomly selected sample of 46 students repeated the procedure 8 weeks later. We tested how well our data fit the hypothesized measurement models, analyzed internal consistency of measures, evaluated their repeatability, and analyzed the agreement between them. To account for the different ranges, both measures’ scores were expressed as the percentages of their maxima. The observed data fit the proposed models well. Both measures showed good internal consistency and repeatability. In the shame domain, TOSCA–3 exceeded PFQ–2 scores by 22.32% on average (49.81, –5.13%; 95% limits of agreement), and even more in the guilt domain, by 38.4% (67.75, 8.20%). Our results question the often-assumed congruence of the shame domains assessed by scenario and checklist measures.
... That is, because shame is often associated with negative feelings about the self and submissive behavior in social situations, it is not surprising that studies found that this self-conscious emotion is positively related to neuroticism but inversely associated with extraversion [14,[37][38][39]. In contrast, guilt being associated with empathy and prosocial behavior is shown to be linked with the more positive personality trait of agreeableness [37,38,40]. Note however that most studies on the links between self-conscious emotions and personality traits have been conducted in adults. ...
... Correlations between guilt and Big Five traits were dependent on the measure used to assess this self-conscious emotion. When employing the BSGQ-C the expected positive link with agreeableness was found [37,38,40] as well as positive relations with conscientiousness and openness/intellect). This fits with the idea that guilt is associated with prosocial behavior and empathy thereby facilitating interpersonal contact [55,56], but also seems to indicate that this self-conscious emotion more often occurs in individuals with an in general more positive personality profile. ...
Article
Full-text available
This study explored the relations between self-conscious emotions, personality traits, and anxiety disorders symptoms in non-clinical youths. One-hundred-and-eighteen adolescents aged 12–15 years completed the brief shame and guilt questionnaire for children (BSGQ-C) and items of the youth self-report (YSR) to measure shame and guilt, the big five personality questionnaire for children, and the youth anxiety measure for DSM-5. Results for shame indicated that this self-conscious emotion—either measured by the BSGQ-C or the YSR—was uniquely and positively associated with a broad range of anxiety disorders symptoms, and correlated positively with neuroticism and negatively with extraversion. Guilt did not show significant associations with anxiety disorders symptoms once controlling for the influence of shame, and links with personality traits varied dependent on the assessment instrument that was used (BSGQ-C or YSR). Finally, when controlling for neuroticism and extraversion, shame consistently remained a significant correlate of anxiety disorders symptoms. Altogether, these results add to the growing body of evidence indicating that high levels of shame are clearly associated with anxiety pathology.
... In contrast , the authors of the PFQ conceptualize dispositional guilt as dysphoric and maladaptive, a trait that warrants clinical treatment (Harder et al., 1992 ). Thus, it is likely that the marked differences in item content between the two measures are a manifestation of conflicting theory regarding the nature of guilt. Although patterns of correlates for checklist-assessed shame and scenario-assessed shame are rarely identical (Abe, 2004), such differences are less marked than those observed for guilt (Ferguson & Crowley, 1997). Currently, most researchers agree that checklist and scenario measures of shame assess the same construct (). ...
... Scenario measures may predict pro-social orientation better than checklist measures, but both types of measures might represent the same underlying construct . Still, this explanation is unlikely, as factor-analytic studies have demonstrated the two test formats' uniqueness (Abe, 2004; Kugler & Jones, 1992; but see Ferguson & Crowley, 1997; Wolf et al., 2010 ). Furthermore, authors' theoretical perspectives on guilt differ along test format lines; Harder (1995), in comparing his definitions of guilt to those of Tangney (1995), questioned whether the TOSCA assesses the same guilt construct that clinicians routinely treat in therapy. ...
... Of the 19 players classified into the psychologically triggered yips group in this study, most (16 players) were aware that the symptoms of yips were initially triggered by throwing errors or anxiety about throwing. Moreover, previous studies reported a positive correlation between agreeableness scores and sense of guilt (Einstein and Lanning, 1998;Abe, 2004). These findings suggest that the higher the agreeableness score, the more likely the player is to feel guilty when the team loses or for causing trouble for other players due to their throwing errors. ...
Book
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Although sport as an activity has been practiced for much of modern history, sports sciences were not considered a discipline of academic tradition until the 20th century (Fernández and García, 2018). The purpose and function of sport sciences are to investigate questions about motor behavior and performance, which must be solved on a scientific basis. According to data from PubMed, scientific research on sport sciences has increased in the last 10 years. Specifically, it is possible to affirm that more scientific studies were published in the 2010–2020 decade than in the entire previous period (1945–2009) (Maneiro, 2021). This brings us closer to the idea that this area of knowledge is in full expansion and apogee, in which sports scientists have a fundamental role. Analyzing more specifically the different fields of study, it is possible to affirm that some fields have more robust growth, while in others their growth is more moderate. Specifically, areas such as rehabilitation, exercise, or biomechanics show very notable growth, while others such as sports injuries, motor behavior analysis, performance analysis, or strength training show less notable growth (González et al., 2018). This special Research Topic entitled “Advances in Sport Science: Latest Findings and New Scientific Proposals” began with a double objective: on the one hand, to offer a space where scientists can continue to delve into the most consolidated scientific disciplines; and on the other hand, to open a path where those areas that still need more research could have a place. As a result, the great impact it has had on the community is noteworthy, to the extent that 27 articles have been published by 130 authors, and with a total global impact of almost 61,000 visits from multiple different countries, which has increased and improved knowledge on the following topics: performance analysis in individual and team sports (15 articles), the impact of COVID-19 on performance (3 articles), executive functions and physical fitness at an early age (3 articles), physical activity in older people (1 article), and psychological profiles in performance athletes (6 articles).
... However, unlike guilt proneness, which affects behavior by enhanced care for others, conscientiousness is associated with a personal desire for achievement (Schaumberg et al., 2018), and is linked to higher, rather than lower competitiveness (Perry et al., 2010;Ross et al., 2003). As a result, studies typically observe low correlations between conscientiousness and guilt proneness (Abe, 2004;Fayard et al., 2012;, 2017Tignor & Colvin, 2019). Therefore, although conscientiousness, like guilt proneness, is generally associated with hard work and commitment, these two traits are psychologically distinct, and the present research focuses on guilt proneness exclusively. ...
Article
Full-text available
Objective: Guilt proneness is associated with both high motivation to succeed and enhanced concern for others. However, in competition, achieving success requires harming others' interests, which demotivates guilt-prone individuals. Given the prevalence of competition in social and professional life, we examine the relation between guilt proneness, general motivation, and competitive motivation. Method: Two experiments and two laboratory studies (N = 1735) measured guilt proneness, general motivation, and competitive motivation, and their effects on competitive preferences and choices. Study settings included students' choice of playing a game individually vs. competitively (Study 1), physicians' likelihood to seek residency in medical fields characterized by high competitiveness (Study 2), amateur athletes' preferences between inclusive and win-oriented team strategies (Study 3), and online workers' evaluations of a hypothetical scenario (Study 4). Results: Guilt proneness was related positively to general motivation, but negatively to competitive motivation. Guilt proneness, indirectly through lower competitive motivation, predicted a lower likelihood of pursuing competitive paths and preference for non-competitive strategies. Emphasizing prosocial aspects of competitiveness attenuated these effects. Conclusions: Guilt proneness is related to high general motivation but to a lower desire to win. Guilt-prone individuals strive for excellence, but through non-competitive paths, whereas people with lower guilt proneness prefer competing.
... Alanyazındaki değerlendirmeler, pişmanlığın da suçlulukla ilişkili olduğunu ortaya koyarken bireyin omuzlarındaki büyük bir yük hissi ile metaforlandığını ifade edilebilir (Abe, 2004). ...
Article
Covid-19 salgını ağır klinik seyir ve hızlı yayılım gösteren, insanlığın iki yıla yakın bir süredir baş edemediği bir sağlık sorundur. Hem hastalar hem de hasta yakınları için zor olan bu süreç, bireyleri baş etme yöntemi geliştirme çabası içerisinde çeşitli zorluklara sürüklemektedir. Aşırı stres, kaygı gibi duyguların yanı sıra fiziksel, ruhsal ve ekonomik sorunların yaşanması, aile ve toplumun psikososyal olarak etkilenmesine neden olurken, aşırı önlemler alan ya da hiç önlem almayacak kadar sessiz ve duyarsız kalan iki uçlu bir ölçeğin kendiliğinden oluşmasına neden olmuştur. Pozitif tanısı alan birey ve yakınları, yaşanan stres ve kaygıya bağlı çaresiz ve umutsuzlukla baş etmek zorunda kalmaktadır. Salgının ölüm tehdidinin azaldığı, bireylerinse hastalığı kabullenmeye başladığı ikinci aşama denilebilecek şu günlerde ise psikososyal sorunların dahagözlemlenir hale gelmesi beklenmektedir. İşlevsel olmayan davranışlar olarak değerlendirilebilecek sosyal sorunlardaki artışa bağlı davranışlar üzerinde değerlendirme yapmayı amaçlayan bu makale, kültürel dünya görüşü, benlik saygısı, kültürel uyum ve ölüm kaygısıyla birlikte değerlendirilerek COVID-19 tanılı birey ve yakınlarının yaşayabileceği olası psikososyal sorunlardan ve bu sorunlarla baş etmeye yardımcı olabilecek birtakım sorunları psikolojik danışmanlık bakış açısıyla ele almayı hedeflemiştir. Bu çalışma, psikolojik danışmanlık bakış açısının gerek okul psikolojik danışmanlığı gerek klinik psikolojik danışmanlık gerekse de toplum ruh sağlığı hizmeti verebilecek her alanda değerlendirilmesi gerekliliğinin anlaşılmasını vurgulamak üzere yapılmış bir literatür derlemesidir.
... There is some evidence that guilt leads to more favorable and constructive responses, whereas shame is likely to lead to negative and destructive reactions [1,30,87,102,105,136]. Tangney et al. [137] expand this view, in terms of: ...
... Of the 19 players classified into the psychologically triggered yips group in this study, most (16 players) were aware that the symptoms of yips were initially triggered by throwing errors or anxiety about throwing. Moreover, previous studies reported a positive correlation between agreeableness scores and sense of guilt (Einstein and Lanning, 1998;Abe, 2004). These findings suggest that the higher the agreeableness score, the more likely the player is to feel guilty when the team loses or for causing trouble for other players due to their throwing errors. ...
Article
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The triggers of initial onset of yips symptoms can be broadly divided into psychological and non-psychological factors; however, a trigger-based classification of yips has not been established. This study aims to obtain insight into the prevention of yips by clarifying whether there are differences in symptoms and personality traits according to a trigger-based classification of yips in baseball players. A total of 107 college baseball players responded to a questionnaire assessing the presence or absence of yips and its symptoms. They were classified into the psychologically triggered yips group, the non-psychologically triggered yips group, and the non-yips group based on the presence or absence of yips and the triggers of its initial onset. Additionally, we compared whether personality traits examined by the NEO Five-Factor Inventory differed across these three groups. The psychologically triggered yips group had significantly higher agreeableness scores compared with the non-yips group, whereas the non-psychologically triggered yips group had significantly higher neuroticism scores compared with the psychologically triggered yips group. In the non-psychologically triggered yips group, there was a significantly higher frequency of throwing errors than in the psychologically triggered yips group, with a tendency to develop yips symptoms gradually. Since the trigger-based classification of yips is closely related to the strength of the yips symptoms and the players' personality traits, the results of this study contribute to a better understanding of the symptoms of yips and establishment of the prevention of yips. Large prospective studies are necessary to determine the causal relationship between a trigger-based classification of yips and the personality traits and symptoms of athletes with yips.
... p<0.05) This is collaborated by previous studies done by Einstein and Lanning (1998) and by Abe (2004). Einstein and Lanning (1998) found that both Neuroticism (N) and Agreeableness (A) were related to aspects of shame and guilt but in a different way. ...
... Research also suggests that women experience higher self-conscious moral emotions such as guilt and shame compared to men (Else-Quest et al., 2012). In addition, moral emotions are liked with personality with shame and guilt proneness correlate with neuroticism, agreeableness and extraversion (Abe, 2004;Einstein and Lanning, 1998;Harder and Greenwald, 1999). Finally, although the development of moral reasoning is often linked to intelligence, moral emotions do not rely on logic and analytical skills (Malti et al., 2013;Malti and Buchmann, 2010). ...
Article
Moral emotions are thought to influence moral behaviour by providing a driving force to do good and to avoid doing bad. In this study we examined moral emotions; specifically, guilt, shame, annoyance and feeling “bad” from two different perspectives in a moral scenario; the agent and the victim whilst manipulating the intentionality of the harm; intentional and unintentional. Two hundred participants completed a moral emotions task, which utilised cartoons to depict everyday moral scenarios. As expected, we found that self-blaming emotions such as shame and guilt were much more frequent when taking on the perspective of the agent whilst annoyance was more frequent from the victim perspective. Feeling bad, however, was not agency-specific. Notably, when the harm was intentional, we observed significantly greater shame ratings from the perspective of the agent compared to when the harm was unintentional. In addition, we also found clear gender differences and further observed correlations between moral emotions and personality variables such as psychoticism and neuroticism.
... A common interpretation is that persons who are more organized and more planful are believed to make fewer 'mistakes' and therefore have fewer occasions about which they may feel guilty (Fayard et al. 2012). Extraversion is also negatively related to guilt in previous studies and is often explained in terms of the greater cognitive focus of introvert persons on the self (Abe 2004). We find a number of behavioral and situational factors that are also affecting guilt. ...
Chapter
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Guilt is believed to be a common emotion in personal relationships. Few studies, however, have examined if guilt plays a role in the divorce process. The present chapter uses unique nationally representative survey data which included questions on the extent to which parents have feelings of guilt toward their (young or adult) children (N = 3,203). By comparing married and divorced parents while controlling for an elaborate set of control variables, we describe the effect of divorce on guilt. By testing a series of variables that may moderate the divorce effect, we subsequently try to explain why divorce affects guilt. Our findings show that there are significant effects of divorce on the feelings of guilt that parents have toward their children. These effects are stronger when parents have more traditional attitudes toward family issues, in line with moral explanations of guilt. The effects are also stronger when the relationship between the child and parent is stronger, in line with explanations of guilt in terms of altruism.
... (O) showed a positive correlation only to guilt, whereas (N) showed no correlation to neither shame nor guilt emotion. This finding was inconsistent with the results of the studies of Abe (2004) and Wright et al. (1989) that showed (N) has a positive correlation to both shame and guilt emotions. This current study will explore the correlation between the personality traits in the five-factor model, and the moral emotions of shame and guilt emotions among the young Javanese generation. ...
... More elaborate studies of guilt in intergenerational relations may be fruitful. I have demonstrated a link with ambivalence and aspects of support exchange, but it is important to look for a broader set of determinants that also includes more psychological variables (Abe, 2004;Fayard, Roberts, Robins, & Watson, 2012). The topic of guilt is also important in more specific settings. ...
Article
Objectives: The concept of guilt is often mentioned in studies on intergenerational ambivalence but its theoretical status in that literature is not clear and the concept is rarely measured. The current study examines how feelings of guilt that adult children have toward their ageing mothers are related to intergenerational ambivalence and support. Method: Using representative survey data from the Netherlands (N = 2,450), adult children (average age 43) were asked to evaluate the relationship with their mother (average age 71). Principal component analysis was used to examine which underlying dimensions exist and regression models were estimated to examine the effects of ambivalence and support exchange on guilt. Results: About one-fifth of adult children report feelings of guilt. Guilt constitutes a unique concept in the two-dimensional structure of children's emotions about the mother-child relationship. There is a significant effect of the co-occurrence of positive and negative emotions on guilt, confirming the hypothesis that ambivalence leads to guilt in intergenerational relationships. Received support, infrequent contact, and filial obligations are also associated with feelings of guilt. Discussion: Intergenerational ambivalence can be problematic for children because it may increase feelings of guilt. Feelings of guilt are also determined by a lack of reciprocity and by norms about intergenerational support.
... The scarce available research has linked authentic pride to socially desirable and generally adaptive Big-Five traits (especially extraversion and emotional stability), whereas hubristic pride has been negatively related to the two prosocial traits of agreeableness and conscientiousness (Tracy & Robins, 2007). The only consistent finding concerning guilt and shame has been that both correlate negatively with emotional stability (Abe, 2004;Einstein & Lanning, 1998;Harder & Greenwald, 1999). ...
Article
This study used variable- and person-oriented approaches to examine the importance of Big-Five personality in predicting aspects of the self-concept (i.e., self-control, self-esteem, and self-feelings). The Mini-IPIP scales (IPIP-BFM-20), Self-Control Scale (SCS), Rosenberg's Self Esteem Scale (SES), and Test of Self-Conscious Affect (TOSCA-3) were administered to 357 Polish students (59% female). The variable-centered approach, based on multiple regression analysis, revealed that the personality traits explained 5 to 45% of the variance in the self-variables, with the largest effect found on self-control. Two-step cluster analysis yielded three personality types, which corresponded to the previously described Resilient, Overcontrolled, and Undercontrolled types, and were meaningfully distinguished on self-variables of interest. However, this type approach showed weaker predictions than continuous and even dichotomized Big-Five traits.
... Big Five personality traits. The 45-item Big Five Inventory (John & Srivastava, 1999) was used to measure the personality traits openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism; Big Five personality traits have been found related to interpersonal differences in anger and shame in North America, East Asia, and Belgium (Abe, 2004;Einstein & Lanning, 1998;Kuppens, 2005;Spielberger & Sydeman, 1994;Tong et al., 2006). Across samples and trait scales, Cronbach's alphas ranged from .63 (agreeableness in Japan) to .86 (extraversion in Belgium), and were on average M = .80 ...
Article
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The current research offers an alternative to essentialism for studying cultural variation in emotional experience. Rather than assuming that individuals always experience an emotion in the same way, our starting point was that the experience of an emotion like anger or shame may vary from one instance to another. We expected to find different anger and shame experience types, that is, groups of people who differ in the instances of anger and shame that they experience. We proposed that studying cultural differences in emotional experience means studying differences in the distribution of these types across cultural contexts: There should be systematic differences in the types that are most common in each culture. Students from the United States, Japan, and Belgium (N = 928) indicated their emotional experiences in terms of appraisals and action tendencies in response to 15 hypothetical anger or shame situations. Using an inductive clustering approach, we identified anger and shame types who were characterized by different patterns of anger and shame experience. As expected, we found that the distribution of these types differed across the three cultural contexts: Of the two anger types, one was common in Japan and one in the U.S. / Belgium; the three shame types were each most prevalent in a different cultural context. Participants' anger and shame type was primarily predicted by their culture of origin (with an accuracy of 72.3% for anger and 74.0% for shame), and not, or much less, by their ethnic origin, SES, gender, self-construal, or personality.
... Čini se da je istraživanja posvećenim specifičnim relacijama osobina ličnosti i socijalne anksioznosti manje. Jedna studija je pokazala da je koncept stida, važne komponente socijalne anksioznosti, negativno povezan sa Ekstraverzijom upitnika NEO PI-R (Abe, 2004), a pokazalo se da je povezan i pozitivno sa Neuroticizmom i Introverzijom Ajzenkovog EPQ instrumenta (Zhong et al., 2008). ...
Article
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span>Predmet ovog istraživanja se odnosi na ispitivanje odnosa osobina ličnosti i asertivnosti sa samopoštovanjem i socijalnom anksioznošću. Uzorak ispitanika je činilo 240 osoba sa teritorije Srbije, kojima je data baterija testova na popunjavanje. Sadržala je upitnike Velikih pet plus dva za merenje osobina ličnosti (VP+2), upitnik za merenje socijalne anksioznosti (SA skala), upitnik za merenje asertivnosti (A skala) i upitnik za merenje samopoštovanja (RSS skala). Podaci su analizirani faktorskom analizom, Pearsonovom korelacijom, regresionom analizom i hijerarhijskom regresionom analizom. Rezultati ovog istraživanja pokazuju da je asertivnost u visokoj značajnoj vezi sa samopoštovanjem i socijalnom anksioznošću, kao i da su osobine ličnosti i asertivnost statistički značajni prediktori samopoštovanja i socijalne anksioznosti. Osnovni značaj ove studije ogleda se u pružanju smernica za rad stručnjacima za mentalno zdravlje koji se bave problematikama koje u sebi sadrže nisko samopoštovanje i visoku socijalnu anksioznost, poput depresije, poremećaja ishrane, problema u interpersonalnom funkcionisanju, da u svoju praksu implementiraju praksu razvijanja veština asertivnosti.</span
... Shame following real or perceived personal failure has been linked to psychopathology (Abe, 2004). However, resolution of shame is intimately linked to self forgiveness and wellbeing and mediated by empathy and internal acceptance of selves (Hall & Fincham, 2005;Ranggandahan & Todorov, 2010;Tangney, Boone & Dearing, 2005). ...
Article
There is little research into the ‘lived’ experience of individuals exposed to war, genocide or humanitarian emergencies. Similarly, little is known about the positive and negative psychological processes following such complex psychosocial events for reconstructing lives. Using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), this thesis sought to offer subjective insights into the unique experiential world of aid personnel, military veterans and their wives from both a primary and vicarious perspective. IPA is a detailed examination of an individual’s lived experience of a particular event. It seeks the insider’s perspective through a process of iterative interpretative activity. Data from semi-structured interviews revealed both negative and positive interpretations. Negative aspects included trauma betrayal, shame, narcissistic self harm, rageful anger and moral doubt. The positive domains of empathy, love, humility and gratitude, aspects of posttraumatic growth that are not captured by existing standardised psychometric tools of growth, assisted meaning making for redefining lives over time. This thesis critiques: first, the predilection for positivist research paradigms rather than phenomenological understanding to inform psychological practice and research; second, the commodification of traumatic phenomena as emotional capital; and third, my personal experience using IPA. In summary, theories of growth to date posit social support as a necessary condition for growth following adversity. However, when social support is absent or even antagonistic I propose that a unique dispositional profile that incorporates a strong altruistic identity can stimulate meaning making and posttraumatic growth. A strong altruistic identity is committed to assisting those in need despite the risk of personal threat or cost. It also has the reciprocal benefit of developing personal and social wellbeing in the giver. For the participants of this thesis, the growthful domains of love, empathy, gratitude and humility, all aspects of an altruistic identity, appeared to generate renewed moral integrity and self reparation for psychological growth.
... O instrumento supracitado, ao longo do desenvolvimento das suas várias versões, foi utilizado em variados estudos (e.g. Izard et al., 2003;Abe, 2004;Fuenzalida, 1981;Youngstrom & Green, 2003). ...
Thesis
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This quantitative work aimed at understanding the importance of personality and trait emotions in the components of feelings of insecurity namely the fear of crime, perceptions of victimization risk and behavioral reactions to crime (avoidance, protection and self-defence). For this purpose, we applied a survey to a sample of 205 subjects from the city of Porto, measuring sociodemographic and victimization variables, the dimensions of the feelings of insecurity, personality (through the revised and short version of Eysenck Personality Questionnaire) and trait emotions using the IV version of the Differential Emotions Scale. Women reported higher levels of fear of crime in relation to men and adopt more behavior for security reasons. We did not find sex differences on risk perception. Although age is not predictor of fear of crime, older individuals report higher levels of risk of victimization and adopt more behaviors for security reasons. On the other hand, individuals with less years of education report higher levels in all the dimensions of feelings of insecurity. Regarding victimization, we found that this variable is independent of fear of crime. However, the interaction between victimization in the last twelve months and trait emotion seems to enhance the levels of fear of crime. Regarding the importance of personality in the feelings of insecurity, neuroticism correlates positively only with fear of crime. Also men with higher levels of psychoticism report lower levels of perception of risk victimization and behaviors for security reasons. Additionally, we found that there is a positive correlation between social desirability (liescale) and the components of feelings of insecurity and a positive correlation between fear of crime and trait emotion, but only for women. Finally, we will discuss the results and try to suggest explanations for them. Also, we will present some critics or aspects which we believe that could be improved. On the other hand, we will propose a final model of the feelings of insecurity, advancing with some implications of this study and some recommendations for research into domain of feelings of insecurity, focusing specially on fear of crime.
... Shame following real or perceived personal failure has been linked to psychopathology (Abe, 2004). However, resolution of shame is intimately linked to self forgiveness and wellbeing and mediated by empathy and internal acceptance of selves (Hall & Fincham, 2005;Ranggandahan & Todorov, 2010;Tangney, Boone & Dearing, 2005). ...
... Brennan and Binney (2010), in their qualitative research, point out that negative emotional appeals have to be deployed with caution because unintended motivational and behavioral responses may occur if the messages are not designed carefully. While guilt tends to induce more favorable behavioral responses, shame is more likely to trigger negative behaviors (Abe 2004). ...
Article
This study investigates the effectiveness of guilt-arousing communication in promoting prosocial behavior. By analyzing the distinct effects of anticipatory versus reactive guilt appeals, we contribute to the discussion of guilt appeals as drivers of prosocial behavior, especially blood donation. Research on persuasive communication provides the theoretical basis of our study and we validate our hypotheses by means of two 2 × 2 factorial between-subjects designs. We find that anticipatory rather than reactive guilt appeals are more effective in generating prosocial action tendencies. Compared to noninformational reference group influences, messages endorsed by members of informational reference groups yielded more favorable attitudinal responses. Besides their significant main effect, two-sided messages reinforce the favorable impact of anticipatory guilt appeals. The study concludes with practical implications for nonprofit organizations and public blood donor services as well as avenues for future research.
... 이러한 수치심은 폭력 및 학대 경험에 의해 발생되며[38], 대인행동 즉 공격적 반 응, 비난, 타인에 대한 공감 능력 결핍과 같은 부정적인 대인 행동과 상관이 있음을 보고했다[58]. 또한 수치심 경향이 높은 사람은 우울해하고 부정적 평가를 두려워하 며 사회적 불안이 높을 뿐만 아니라[40], 자신에 대한 부 정적 평가 및 타인에 대한 분노가 생성되어 타인에게 공 격적으로 반응하거나, 수치심을 경험하지 않기 위한 회 피반응이 유발될 뿐만 아니라 대인간 접촉을 제한하거나 철수하게 된다[19]. 또한 성취욕구(desire of accomplishment)는 어떤 목적을 위한 행위를 좀 더 적극 적이고 도전, 의욕적으로 실천하려는 욕구 내지 의욕과 그것을 추진하게 하는 하나의 자극으로서[27], 특정한 성 취대상 및 상황에서 자신의 능력을 발달시키거나 획득하 고 이를 증명해 보이고자 하는 욕구를 의미한다. ...
Article
The present paper attempts to account for temptation of quit excercise of dance sports participant. purpose of this study is to find out the relationship among the Partner Violence experiences of dance sports participant, their temptation of quit excercise, their embarrassment and desire of accomplishment. The results of this study are as follows; First, there are differences in temptation of quit exercise according to personal characteristics. Second, after the analysis of the original structural model proposed in order to explain temptation of quit exercise of dan sports participants, it was found out that the modified model eliminating inappropriate factors, such as results which is a measurement variable of temptation of quit exercise. Third, in the following order, these factors had more relative influences on temptation of quit exercise of dance sports participants. Based on the above explanation, it was found out that partner violence experiences, embarrassment, and desire of accomplishment had direct causality with the temptation of quit exercise. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent and react appropriately to the possible violence of partner in order to lower the temptation of quit exercise of dance sports participants. Also, it is required for coaches and administers to make active and consistent efforts ro improve positive desire of accomplishment.
... Since shame and shame regulation are considered to be possible key factors in personality pathology (Abe, 2004;Nathanson, 1992;Schoenleber & Berenbaum, 2012), and in turn, personality disorders are largely reported in the literature as tightly linked to violent outcomes (McMurran & Howard, 2009;Yu, Geddes, & Fazel, 2012), it seems useful to review studies focused on the role of shame in aggressive patients with personality disorders, especially Antisocial, Borderline and Narcissistic. Indeed, a recent review (Schoenleber & Berenbaum, 2012) showed how aggression toward others is a maladaptive way to regulate shame in antisocial and narcissistic syndromes, consistent with the depiction of Antisocial Personality Disorder by Bateman et al. (2013). ...
... Last, the emotional component of Hall and Fincham's (2005) model consists of two main emotions that have been associated with psychopathology: shame and guilt (Abe, 2004). Lewis (1971) and Tangney (1995) suggested that the difference between these two emotions lies in the way people attribute the negative events to themselves and how this affects future interactions. ...
Article
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It has been suggested that self-forgiveness plays an important role in the process of recovery from addiction, especially for women, but this issue has been largely overlooked in the research. This study explored self-forgiveness from the perspective of 25 recovering drug-addicted mothers associated with the same therapeutic community, either as current residents in the course of recovery or as past residents who maintained recovery. The participants were interviewed in a dual-research design (35 interviews) that enabled comparative-longitudinal examination of the self-forgiveness process. Qualitative methods were used to identify the emotional, cognitive, and offense-related factors associated with self-forgiveness regarding mothering patterns during addiction. The results indicated that self-forgiveness involves cognitive flexibility by using the disease model, creating new constructions of motherhood, and changing mothering patterns. Furthermore, self-forgiveness is accompanied by diminishment of guilt and enables construction of a new shame-free identity. The findings may inform self-forgiveness interventions in the addiction field.
... Shame following real or perceived personal failure has been linked to psychopathology (Abe, 2004). However, resolution of shame is intimately linked to self-forgiveness and well-being and mediated by empathy and internal acceptance of selves (Hall & Fincham, 2005;Rangganadhan & Todorov, 2010;Tangney, Boone, & Dearing, 2005). ...
... Shame following real or perceived personal failure has been linked to psychopathology (Abe, 2004). However, resolution of shame is intimately linked to self-forgiveness and well-being and mediated by empathy and internal acceptance of selves (Hall & Fincham, 2005;Rangganadhan & Todorov, 2010;Tangney, Boone, & Dearing, 2005). ...
Data
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There is a paucity of research into the subjective experiences of humanitarian aid personnel exposed to modern global conflicts and disasters in the course of their work. In particular, little is known about how they make sense of any dual threat: (1) witnessing catastrophic and traumatic events perpetrated on those they seek to serve and (2) experiencing personal threat to self. This phenomenological study explores the idiographic interpretation of aid personnel working in complex humanitarian settings including exposure to genocide, and the impact of such exposure on reintegration processes postmission. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, and data were analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). One theme: Complex humanitarian distress and growth overarched five subordinate themes. Four of the subordinate themes highlighted long term psychological distress including shame, moral doubt, betrayal, and narcissistic coping. The fifth theme, Reparation with ‘self’, describes a redefining of self-worth and altruistic identity over time despite earlier perceived moral failure and sense of rejection from organization and important others. Reparation with self, as a positive outcome from traumatic distress and lack of validating support from important others, is discussed in light of current posttraumatic growth literature. Implications for therapists and recruiting organizations are also discussed.
... These factors are usually measured using the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO PI-R; Costa & McCrae, 1992). The NEO PI-R is designed for self-evaluation, but it has also been used successfully for evaluating another person's personality (Abe, 2004;Kenny, 1994). Among the five factors, Conscientiousness and Extraversion are particularly relevant for assessing the effects of the presence or absence of offenders' felt guilt on perceptions of their personality. ...
Article
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Some people experience a feeling of guilt after transgressing a social norm, while others do not. Perceiving this emotion in others therefore yields important information about their personality. Two experimental studies assessed the effects of the victims’ perceptions of the offenders’ feelings of guilt on the victims’ judgments of the offenders’ personality. Study 1 showed that offenders perceived as experiencing guilt are viewed as being more extraverted (sociable) and more conscientious (competent) than those who are not. These results were replicated in Study 2, which further showed that the effects of perception of guilt on personality judgments are distinct from those of apologies. These effects are mediated by the victims’ perception of justice and their anger. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)
... Dispositional self-forgiveness refers to an individual's general propensity to forgive the self for failures and transgressions that cause harm to others (Hall & Fincham, 2005). For example, high levels of shame and guilt have been strongly linked to psychopathology (Abe, 2004), and excessive levels of these emotions would be expected to compound the difficulties associated with a lack of self-forgiveness. ...
Article
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The focus of this paper is on the somewhat neglected component of the forgiveness construct, self-forgiveness, and its relationship to shame, guilt, empathy, and conciliatory behavior. A section of a theoretical model of selfforgiveness, proposed by Hall and Fincham (2005), was compared with a new model, to ascertain the role these emotional and behavioral factors played in influencing self-forgiveness. Participants were 91 first-year undergraduate psychology students and a community sample of 59 who completed self-report measures of each variable. Structural equation modeling revealed that the Hall and Fincham model did not provide an adequate fit to the empirical data until the covariance between shame and guilt was incorporated into the model. Unlike their findings, shame-proneness and personal distress empathy, rather than guilt and other-oriented empathy, emerged as the key personality traits involved in inhibiting self-forgiveness. A new model emphasizing these findings is presented and implications for future research are discussed.
Article
The aim of the current study was to distinguish the reactions and expectations of individuals according to their guilt- and shame-proneness. For this purpose, 2 vignettes and related questions were presented to the 348 participants. Participants were grouped into four according to their guilt-shame scores (high shame-low guilt, high guilt-low shame, high guilt-high shame, low guilt-low shame). The obtained inquiry was analyzed qualitatively with Thematic Analysis. Accordingly, the emotional and behavioral reaction profiles of each group and an overview of their expectations from others are obtained. Results show that there are some specific features of each group that can be observed during interactions. For therapists, some tips are given to detect the groups of individuals easily and suggestions are provided to develop a better rapport with the clients. In addition, in the literature, always the negative effects of shame on guilt are paid attention to; however, the results of the present study provide evidence that also guilt can have a positive effect on shame. In relation to this, the combination of high guilt and high shame may not be counterproductive, and these findings may lead to new studies in the field.
Article
Understanding how time restriction impacts consumers has been an important long-term topic for both scholars and practitioners. Applying a Construal Level Theory framework, two experiments were designed to propose a new theoretical perspective regarding the mechanism of time restriction. Testing moderators of advertising appeals and message quality, the study aimed to identify the conditions under which time restriction is more effective in influencing consumers’ response. In study 1, a factorial 2 × 2 design (time restriction: yes vs. no x advertising appeal: collectivistic vs. individualistic) between subjects was employed using a student sample and a high-involvement product. In study 2, another factorial 2 × 2 design (time restriction: yes vs. no x advertising appeal: guilt vs. shame) between subjects was employed using a general population and a low-involvement product. The findings of the two studies confirmed the mediating role of construal level in explaining consumers’ purchase intention and the moderating role of message quality. Specifically, the effects found for study 1 appeared to be more pronounced for subjects exposed to the collectivistic appeal. Theoretical and managerial implications were discussed for researchers and practitioners.
Article
The experience of guilt is one of our most private emotional states. Guilt is defined as a self‐conscious internal state that reflects our self‐evaluation, and is highly influenced by our morals and social norms. The purpose of this entry is to discuss the development of guilt across the lifespan, give a general understanding of the associations between guilt and various personality models, such as the Five Factor Model and the Dark Triad, define different types of interpersonal guilt, and finally highlight the differences between guilt and highly similar term called shame.
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The experience of guilt is one of our most private emotional states. Guilt is defined as a self‐conscious internal state that reflects our self‐evaluation, and is highly influenced by our morals and social norms. The purpose of this entry is to discuss the development of guilt across the lifespan, give a general understanding of the associations between guilt and various personality models, such as the Five Factor Model and the Dark Triad, define different types of interpersonal guilt, and finally highlight the differences between guilt and highly similar term called shame.
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This chapter explores the previously unstudied negative emotions that very wealthy customers experience when they consume luxury goods and services. An interpretative qualitative study with 29 in-depth interviews conducted in China and Brazil, shows how religion and culture impact emotions felt by very affluent consumers. Primary emotions of anger, fear, and sadness are distinguished from secondary emotions such as guilt and shame. Results show that Chinese consumers, belonging to a collectivist culture, tend to express negative emotions such as shame when buying very expensive luxury goods. They need to “gain face” to increase their prestige in the social group. On the contrary, Brazilians who belong to an individualistic culture, express more guilt and no shame. For them “having a cradle” is a source of pride.
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This study examined whether personality variables would account for political preferences during the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election using a demographically diverse sample of participants (N = 897). Study A revealed participants’ ratings of their own personality and emotions were weakly associated with political preferences, but their ratings of candidates’ personality showed robust associations, and were far more predictive of voting intention than all of the demographic variables, political affiliation, and racial attitudes combined. In Study B, linguistic analysis of narratives revealed words reflective of liberal values were correlated with positive evaluations of Clinton's personality, whereas words reflective of conservative values and “populist” sentiment were correlated with positive evaluations of Trump's personality, suggesting appraisals of candidates may be associated with values.
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Abstract: Sustainability of energy has become an important issue; world and its economy across the length and breadth is largely dependent on the fate of energy sustainability- issues and challenges. There are various challenges in achieving this prime goal. Some of the apparent challenges being faced are in: technological sector, research and development, finance and technical expertise. But there is a bigger undiscovered challenge which baits on the future of energy sustainability for the human race. ‘Strategic Communication’ stands tall in the way of achieving energy sustainability across the world. People around the world are still lesser known and familiar about the idea of Energy Sustainability and Security. Strategic Communications for energy sustainability is targeted to firstly- develop understanding and empathy about the subject and secondly to accord a favorable behavioral change amongst all the stake holders. This chapter suggests communicative map in which the dream of energy for all by 2030 can be realized through effectively communicating the present scenario across the diverse and unaware world. Key Words: Communication, Awareness, Norm, Strategic, Schemas and Audience.
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Problem Statement Feelings of shame and guilt as negative social emotions have a deep and continuous impact throughout our lives, particularly on our behaviors in both intrapersonal and interpersonal relationships. It was widely accepted that these feelings originate from a person's early period of life's interpersonal experiences in the family and other key relationships. According to literature, shame and guilt are also related to personality traits; however, research findings were not consistent with each other. At this point, owing to the possible effect of the culture on shame and guilt, it can be considered that the relationship between these emotions and personality needs to be investigated in the cultural context. Purpose of the Study. The aim of the present study is to investigate the predictive power of the Big Five Model's personality traits on shame and guilt in Turkish culture. Methods: The study was designed according to the Relational Survey Model. The sample of the study consisted of 360 (F= 183, M=177) students who studied in several faculties and departments of a city university located in the western part of Turkey. The participants' age ranged between 17-30 years (M=21.35, SD= 1.64). The Shame-Guilt Scale and Five-Factor Personality Inventory (NEO FFI) were used as measurements. Findings and Results: Results showed that shame and guilt were predicted by personality traits. In terms of shame, it was found that neuroticism had the largest effect on both genders. The greater the scores were for neuroticism, the greater was shame. Shame was also predicted byopenness to experience for both genders, negatively. Moreover, the results revealed that shame was predicted by conscientiousness and agreeableness among only women. We also determined that guilt was predicted by agreeableness for both genders, but was predicted by conscientiousness among only men. Conclusions and Recommendations: In conclusion, personality traits play a key role in the formation of individuals' shame and guilt. However, the predictive power of personality traits were differentiated in terms of gender, and the findings should be discussed in a cultural context. The findings of the study give clear evidence that besides personality traits based on biological origins, cultural context also has an impact on the development of these feelings. Therefore, the cultural meanings and construction of both these feelings and personality traits should be clearly defined by conducting quantitative research besides qualitative research for further studies.
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In The Face of Emotions, which was Carroll Izard’s first major attempt at elaborating his differential emotions theory (DET), he stated that the book “presents a theoretical framework for the study of emotions and their role in personality and interpersonal processes.” Yet, over the years, his contribution to personality theory has generally been overshadowed by the attention focused on his views on facial expressions and the structure of emotions. This article will begin with a brief overview of the DET perspective on personality development. Then, it will examine how the DET framework can be used to organize recent findings from three lines of research on adult personality. It will conclude with suggestions for future research as well as some personal recollections.
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ContextShame and guilt are subjective emotional responses that occur in response to negative events such as the making of mistakes or an experience of mistreatment, and have been studied extensively in the field of psychology. Despite their potentially damaging effects and ubiquitous presence in everyday life, very little has been written about the impact of shame and guilt in medical education.Methods The authors reference the psychology literature to define shame and guilt and then focus on one area in medical education in which they manifest: the response of the learner and teacher to medical errors. Evidence is provided from the psychology literature to show associations between shame and negative coping mechanisms, decreased empathy and impaired self-forgiveness following a transgression. The authors link this evidence to existing findings in the medical literature that may be related to unrecognised shame and guilt, and propose novel ways of thinking about a learner's ability to cope, remain empathetic and forgive him or herself following an error.ResultsThe authors combine the discussion of shame, guilt and learner error with findings from the medical education literature and outline three specific ways in which teachers might lead learners to a shame-free response to errors: by acknowledging the presence of shame and guilt in the learner; by avoiding humiliation, and by leveraging effective feedback.Conclusions The authors conclude with recommendations for research on shame and guilt and their influence on the experience of the medical learner. This critical research plus enhanced recognition of shame and guilt will allow teachers and institutions to further cultivate the engaged, empathetic and shame-resilient learners they strive to create.
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This article reports about the development and validation of a measurement instrument assessing elementary school students' achievement emotions (Achievement Emotions Questionnaire-Elementary School, AEQ-ES). Specifically, the instrument assesses students' enjoyment, anxiety, and boredom pertaining to three types of academic settings (i.e., attending class, doing homework, and taking tests and exams). Scale construction was based on Pekrun's (2006) control-value theory of achievement emotions. The instrument was tested using samples from German and American elementary school classrooms. The results of Study 1 (German sample) corroborate the reliability and structural validity of the new emotion measure. Moreover, they show that students' achievement emotions were linked with their control and value appraisals as well as their academic performance, thus supporting the external validity of the measure as well as propositions of Pekrun's (2006) control-value theory of achievement emotions. Study 2 (American sample) corroborated the cross-cultural equivalence of the measure and the generalizability of findings across the German and American samples. Implications for research on achievement emotions and educational practice are discussed.
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Self- and other-ratings on the Big Five and a comprehensive inventory of trait affect were obtained from 74 married couples, 136 dating couples, and 279 friendship dyads. With the exception of Surprise, all scales showed significant self–other agreement in all 3 samples, thereby establishing their convergent validity. Consistent with the trait visibility effect, however, the Big Five consistently yielded higher agreement correlations than did the affectivity scales. Conversely, the affective traits consistently showed stronger evidence of assumed similarity (i.e., the tendency for judges to rate others as similar to themselves) than did the Big Five. Cross-sample comparisons indicated that agreement was significantly higher in the married sample than in the other 2 groups; however, analyses of 3 potential moderators in the dating and friendship samples failed to identify the source of this acquaintanceship effect.
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The relation of shame and guilt to anger and aggression has been the focus of considerable theoretical discussion, but empirical findings have been inconsistent. Two recently developed measures of affective style were used to examine whether shame-proneness and guilt-proneness are differentially related to anger, hostility, and aggression. In 2 studies, 243 and 252 undergraduates completed the Self-Conscious Affect and Attribution Inventory, the Symptom Checklist 90, and the Spielberger Trait Anger Scale. Study 2 also included the Test of Self-Conscious Affect and the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory. Shame-proneness was consistently correlated with anger arousal, suspiciousness, resentment, irritability, a tendency to blame others for negative events, and indirect (but not direct) expressions of hostility. Proneness to “shame-free” guilt was inversely related to externalization of blame and some indices of anger, hostility, and resentment.
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Several models of the dimensionality of emotional expressivity were examined in a multitraitmultimethod study. Targets and peer raters completed measures of the target's emotional expressivity (Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire, BEQ; J. J. Gross & O. P. John, 1995; and a measure of emotion-specific expression) and the Big 5 personality dimensions. The results of structural equation modeling and analysis of variance revealed that an emotion-specific model was superior to models of valence-specific or unidimensional expressivity. The distinct emotions differed in their relations with the dimensions of the 5-factor model. These results were corroborated by self- and other reports. Finally, the degree of convergence between self- and other ratings differed between emotions, demonstrating the multidimensional character of emotional expressivity.
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Behavioral acts constitute the building blocks of interpersonal perception and the basis for inferences about personality traits. How reliably can observers code the acts individuals perform in a specific situation? How valid are retrospective self-reports of these acts? Participants interacted in a group discussion task and then reported their act frequencies, which were later coded by observers from videotapes. For each act, observer-observer agreement, self-observer agreement, and self-enhancement bias were examined. Findings show that (a) agreement varied greatly across acts; (b) much of this variation was predictable from properties of the acts (observability, base rate, desirability, Big Five domain); (c) on average, self-reports were positively distorted; and (d) this was particularly true for narcissistic individuals. Discussion focuses on implications for research on acts, traits, social perception, and the act frequency approach.
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Recent research has focused on the positive consequences of guilt as opposed to shame. The present studies investigated the relationship between interpersonal guilt related to the fear of harming others, shame, and various measures of psychological distress and symptoms. The Interpersonal Guilt Questionnaire, The Guilt Inventory, the Test of Self-Conscious Affect, the Brief Symptom Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory were administered to samples of college students. These results suggest that interpersonal guilt, when elevated and linked to pathogenic beliefs, may also be associated with psychological problems and indicate that there may be a down side to guilt.
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This chapter discusses the place of the psychology of the self in the person-situation debate from the point of view of Robert Hogan's socioanalytic theory of self-presentation and moral behavior. We argue from this socioanalytic perspective that individual differences in personality characteristics such as social anxiety and self-esteem will determine whether people habitually choose to project self-enhancing or self-deprecating images. We introduce self-interpretation, which involves an attempt to communicate one's enduring self-image, as a necessary counterbalance to self-presentation, which implies an attempt to create an impression that is situationally appropriate as defined by immediate external pressures. Next, we describe results supporting our view that self-awareness and social communication skill moderate the degree of congruence between a person's self-image and the view of that person held by other people. We elaborate the position of socioanalytic theory that the self-images and self-interpretational styles developed in childhood and adolescence shape vocational choice in adulthood, and that there is a clear self-interpretational component to a person's vocational choice and associated life style. Finally, we report research findings on guilt and shame in relation to personal and social aspects of identity to illustrate our point that making moral judgments is one kind of self-interpretational activity. We conclude that the self-concept plays a key role in both the prediction and the explanation of social action. Online Abstract for Cheek, J.M., & Hogan, R. (1983). Self-concepts, self-presentations, and moral judgments. In J. Suls & A.G. Greenwald (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on the self (Vol. 2, 249-273). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
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report the results of 2 studies / in the 1st study, we developed structural descriptions of shame and guilt, using a phenomenological methodology / in the 2nd study, we tested the validity of the resulting descriptions with a different sample of Ss / Ss matched different parts of the resulting descriptions with their own narrative descriptions of experiences of guilt and shame / discuss the structures of guilt and shame, with a focus on their role in the motivation of psychological and social activity [study 1] research participants included 19 persons (10 males and 9 females) between the ages of 18 and 65 / 13 persons (8 females and 5 males) between the ages of 18 and 36 participated [in study 2] (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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The psychological construct of guilt and its measurement were investigated in a series of studies ( N = 1,041). Data collection and analyses involved 3 broad issues: (1) the further development and validation of the Guilt Inventory, designed to measure trait guilt, state guilt, and moral standards; (2) comparisons involving extant measures of guilt, shame, moral standards, and other emotions for the purpose of exploring the distinctions between trait guilt and state guilt, affective guilt and moral standards, and guilt and other emotions including both shame and the full range of emotional traits; and (3) an exploration of the factor structure of the trait guilt scales. Results supported the validity and reliability of the Guilt Inventory and the validity of most of the other guilt measures. However, results also raised questions regarding commonly articulated distinctions between trait and state guilt, guilt and shame, and for some measures, affective guilt and moral standards. Discussion focuses on issues of measurement and conceptualization. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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review the theoretical literature, showing that many psychologists have failed to distinguish between shame and guilt when discussing the role of these emotions in psychological disorders / focus on depression . . . to argue that proneness to shame—not guilt—is a potent and potentially maladaptive affective style with negative implications for psychological adjustment / review the relevant empirical literature to demonstrate that when shame and guilt are measured in a theoretically appropriate manner, shame-proneness is associated with depression and other psychological symptoms, whereas a tendency to experience "shamefree" guilt is essentially unrelated to maladjustment / highlight results from a recent study considering 2 different methods for assessing a dispositional tendency toward shame and guilt / speculate about the nature of "pathological" guilt . . . suggesting that guilt experiences become maladaptive largely when they become fused with shame (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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To satisfy the need in personality research for factorially univocal measures of each of the 5 domains that subsume most English-language terms for personality traits, new sets of Big-Five factor markers were investigated. In studies of adjective-anchored bipolar rating scales, a transparent format was found to produce factor markers that were more univocal than the same scales administered in the traditional format. Nonetheless, even the transparent bipolar scales proved less robust as factor markers than did parallel sets of adjectives administered in unipolar format. A set of 100 unipolar terms proved to be highly robust across quite diverse samples of self and peer descriptions. These new markers were compared with previously developed ones based on far larger sets of trait adjectives, as well as with the scales from the NEO and Hogan personality inventories. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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Three converging, multimethod studies examined personality and emotional processes. Study 1 ( N = 321) examined links among sex, personality, and expectations for emotional events. In Study 2, participants ( N = 468) described contents of emotionally evocative slides to a partner (either a friend or a stranger). Participants reported their emotional experience, efforts to control emotion, and the anticipated reactions of their partners. Structural modeling of self-report data and analyses of observational data indicated that Agreeableness and sex were significant predictors of emotional experience and of efforts to control emotion. Study 3 ( N = 68) replicated and extended the two previous studies using psychophysiological methods to examine responses to positively and negatively charged emotional materials. Outcomes are discussed in terms of processes underlying the five-factor structural dimension of Agreeableness and links to emotional self-regulation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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The links between shame and guilt and psychopathology were examined. In 2 studies, 245 and 234 undergraduates completed the Self-Conscious Affect and Attribution Inventory, the Symptom Checklist 90, the Beck Depression Inventory, the State-Trait Anxiety Scale, and the Attributional Style Questionnaire. Results failed to support Lewis's (1971) notion that shame and guilt are differentially related to unique symptom clusters. Shame-proneness was strongly related to psychological maladjustment in general. Guilt-proneness was only moderately related to psychopathology; correlations were ascribable entirely to the shared variance between shame and guilt. Although clearly related to a depressogenic attributional style, shame accounted for substantial variance in depression, above and beyond attributional style.
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We propose that people with negative self-views are rejected because they gravitate to partners who view them unfavorably. In relation to nondepressed college students (n = 28), depressives (n = 13) preferred interaction partners who evaluated them unfavorably (Study 1). Similarly, in relation to nondepressives (n = 106), depressives (n = 10) preferred friends or dating partners who evaluated them unfavorably (Study 2). Dysphorics (n = 6) were more inclined to seek unfavorable feedback from their roommates than were nondepressives (n = 16); feedback-seeking activities of dysphorics were also associated with later rejection (Study 3). Finally, people with negative self-views (n = 37) preferentially solicited unfavorable feedback, although receiving such feedback made them unhappy, in comparison with people with positive self-views (n = 42; Study 4). It seems a desire for self-verification compels people with negative self-views to seek unfavorable appraisals.
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The relations among 3 moral affective personality characteristics--shame-proneness, guilt-proneness, and empathic responsiveness--were examined in 4 independent studies of undergraduates. Results indicate that shame and guilt are distinct affective experiences that have important and quite different implications in the interpersonal realm. There was a substantial positive correlation between shame-proneness and guilt-proneness. Nonetheless, as predicted, other-oriented empathic responsiveness was negatively related to proneness to shame but positively correlated with proneness to guilt. In contrast, an index of more self-oriented personal distress was positively linked to shame-proneness. Taken together, these results add a new dimension to the ugliness of shame but suggest that guilt may not be that bad after all, at least in the interpersonal domain.
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Accuracy and bias in self-perceptions of performance were studied in a managerial group-discussion task. Ss ranked their own performance and were ranked by the 5 other group members and by 11 assessment staff members. Although the self-perceptions showed convergent validity with the staff criterion, Ss were less accurate when judging themselves than when judging their peers. On average, Ss evaluated their performance slightly more positively than their performance was evaluated by either the peers or the staff; however, this general self-enhancement effect was dwarfed by substantial individual differences, which ranged from self-enhancements to self-diminishment bias and were strongly related to four measures of narcissism. Discussion focuses on issues in assessing the accuracy of self-perceptions and the implications of the findings for individual differences in self-perception bias and the role of narcissism.
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We examined several determinants of interjudge agreement on personality traits. The findings, which were cross-validated in two samples, suggest that agreement is a function of four factors: which Big Five content domain the trait represents, how observable relevant behaviors are, how evaluative the trait is, and whether the self is one of the judges. Agreement was highest for traits related to Extraversion and lowest for traits related to Agreeableness. More observable and less evaluative traits elicited higher interjudge agreement. On average, self-peer agreement was lower than peer-peer agreement. However, this effect was limited to evaluative traits; for neutral traits, self-peer agreement was as high as peer-peer agreement. These findings suggest that self- and peer perception proceed through similar processes for neutral traits but not for highly evaluative traits, raising the possibility that self-perceptions become distorted when the trait is affectively charged.
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"Judgability" discriminates people who are open and knowable from those who are closed and enigmatic. The current study investigated this individual difference characteristic and its personality and behavioral correlates. Subjects (N = 164) were videotaped interacting with a partner of the opposite sex. They completed several personality measures, and each subject was described by 2 friends. Three indices--subject-peer agreement, peer-peer agreement, and peer-behavior agreement--formed a reliable composite index of judgability. The correlates of judgability included extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and, more generally, psychological adjustment.
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The article presents a theoretical framework for studying emotion-personality relations and an empirical study of the stability of 88 normal middle-class mothers' emotion experiences and their relations to personality during the 3 years after childbirth. Ss completed the Differential Emotions Scale (DES), Eysenck's Personality Questionnaire, Jackson's Personality Research Form, and Zuckerman's Sensation Seeking Scale. The DES demonstrated stability over 3 years. There was individual stability despite changes in group means during the postpartum period. Positive emotionality, as well as the discrete emotions of interest, enjoyment, and shyness, predicted Extraversion. Negative emotionality and the discrete negative emotions were significant predictors of Neuroticism. Positive emotionality was inversely related to Neuroticism. There were expectable correlations among specific emotions and primary traits of personality.
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Two converging, multimethod studies probed the hypothesis that individual differences in Agreeableness are related to patterns of interpersonal conflict. In Study 1, participants (N = 263) evaluated the efficacy of 11 modes of conflict resolution within the context of 5 different interpersonal relationships. Across all relationships, high- and low-agreeable participants rated negotiation and disengagement tactics as better choices that power assertion tactics. However, low-agreeable participants rated power assertion as a better choice than did high-agreeable participants. In Study 2, participants (N = 124) were assigned partners and were asked to resolve jointly 2 social conflict problems. Partners were videotaped, and observers coded behaviors. Participants also completed ratings of perceived conflict, partner perception, and liking of their partner. Agreeableness differences, sex of participant, and type of dyad partner were related to patterns of interpersonal conflict. Results were discussed in terms of personality and social influences during interpersonal conflict.
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One of the most commonly reported emotions in people seeking psychotherapy is shame, and this emotion has become the subject of intense research and theory over the last 20 years. In Shame: Interpersonal Behavior, Psychopathology, and Culture, Paul Gilbert and Bernice Andrews, together with some of the most eminent figures in the field, examine the effect of shame on social behaviour, social values, and mental states. The text utilizes a multidisciplinary approach, including perspectives from evolutionary and clinical psychology, neurobiology, sociology, and anthropology. In Part I, the authors cover some of the core issues and current controversies concerning shame. Part II explores the role of shame on the development of the infant brain, its evolution, and the relationship between shame as a personal and interpersonal construct and stigma. Part III examines the connection between shame and psychopathology. Here, authors are concerned with outlining how shame can significantly influence the formation, manifestation, and treatment of psychopathology. Finally, Part IV discusses the notion that shame is not only related to internal experiences but also conveys socially shared information about one's status and standing in the community. Shame will be essential reading for clinicians, clinical researchers, and social psychologists. With a focus on shame in the context of social behaviour, the book will also appeal to a wide range of researchers in the fields of sociology, anthropology, and evolutionary psychology.
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Both guilt and empathic perspective taking have been linked to prosocial, relationship-enhancing effects. Study 1 found that shame was linked to personal distress, whereas guilt was linked to perspective taking. In Studies 2 and 3, subjects were asked to describe a recent experience of interpersonal conflict, once from their own perspective, and once from the perspective of the other person. Guilt-prone people and guilt-dominated stories were linked to better perspective taking (measured by changes between the two versions of the story) than others. Shame had no effect. Guilt improved relationship outcomes but shame harmed them. Path analysis suggested that trait guilt-proneness leads to perspective taking, which leads to actual guilt feelings, which produces beneficial relationship outcomes. Guilt feelings may mediate the relationship-enhancing effects of empathy.
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In this article we compare the accuracy of personality judgments by the self and by knowledgeable others. Self- and acquaintance judgments of general personality attributes were used to predict general, videotaped behavioral criteria. Results slightly favored the predictive validity of personality judgments made by single acquaintances over self-judgments, and significantly favored the aggregated personality judgments of two acquaintances over self-judgments. These findings imply that the most valid source for personality judgments that are relevant to patterns of overt behavior may not be self-reports but the consensus of the judgment of the community of one's peers.
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[outlines] a theory of the interpersonal aspects of guilt / our argument may be summarized briefly as follows / we regard guilt as an interpersonal phenomenon based in close relationships, especially in certain interactions with intimate partners / to some extent, this is merely a shift in emphasis—a shift toward considering self-judgment the derivative phenomenon and interpersonal dynamics the main foundation / reject the strongest assertions of intrapsychic theories / [contends] that guilt serves to protect and strengthen interpersonal relationships [discuss] 3 main specific functions of guilt / 1st is that guilt directly contributes to good relationships by promoting behaviors that benefit relationships and by serving as a symbolic affirmation of the relationship / 2nd function of guilt is as an influence technique / 3rd function of guilt is to redistribute emotional distress [the research we conducted (Baumeister et al, in press)] used autobiographical-narrative methodology / [Study 1 with college students explored] the factors related to feeling guilty over a transgression / [Study 2] asked [adults of all ages] to describe incidents in which they caused someone to feel guilty or in which someone made them feel guilty (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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presents two studies that assessed the reliability and validity of several measures of shame and guilt and investigated the role of shame in depression discuss some of the differences and the similarities between shame and guilt, review the literature on the possible role of shame in depression, and examine the psychometric properties of existing measures of shame and guilt (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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the Christoph Haizmann story: a case example / Freud the self in shame and guilt: phenomenology / registration of the self / localization of experience / boundaries of the self / shame and laughter / clinical accuracy (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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begin with a discussion of previous research and theorizing on guilt, with a particular emphasis on the various ways in which guilt has been conceptualized and measured / [discuss] our own program of research on guilt, beginning with a brief review of the development of a new measure called the Guilt Inventory / present available evidence regarding the association between indices of guilt and variables assessing the quality and quantity of interpersonal ties, as well as exploratory data concerning the kinds of transgressions associated with guilt / [discuss] the implications of the relational aspects of guilt in light of existing theory and research (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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there is converging theoretical and empirical evidence that shame and guilt have important and very different implications for subsequent motivation and interpersonal functioning / focuses on this . . . set of interpersonal issues related to shame and guilt / provide an overview of the nature of shame and guilt experiences, highlighting key similarities and key differences between these 2 frequently confused emotions / review recent phenomenological and personality studies, which indicate that shame and guilt are differentially related to a range of motivational and interpersonal features / these include a tendency toward reparative behavior vs avoidance, interpersonal empathy, and people's characteristic anger management strategies in everyday contexts (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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Explores some of the components of shame, with a special focus on shame emotions and cognitions, and shame proneness. The chapter attempts to draw attention to overlapping areas of psychological theory and research; for example, the complexity of the cognition–emotion interface. It is suggested that shame researchers and theorists may be in danger of creating yet another subdivision within psychology with its own key concepts and literature, and with a risk of becoming detached from closely related fields. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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examine whether the self-reflective emotions shame and guilt differ with respect to subjective experience [and] test for cultural differences in the experience of shame and guilt / after some theoretical approaches attempting to differentiate between these 2 self-conscious emotions are presented, and possible cultural influence factors on the experience of emotion are discussed, data from a cross-national questionnaire study of 2,921 Ss from 37 countries are presented / analyze shame–guilt differences with respect to the evaluation of emotion-eliciting situations, causality attributions, reported physiological symptoms, and expressive reactions, and a number of other characteristics of subjective emotional experience / analyze the influence of the predominance of certain values in cultures on shame and guilt experiences (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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do other people view you the same way you view yourself / most people find this to be an interesting question, for 2 basic reasons / 1st, the self that a person presents to others, and the way that self is perceived by others, importantly influences how those others treat him or her and how the person views him or herself / whether one is viewed positively or negatively, it is probably strategically useful to have an accurate idea of how one is regarded by the others in one's social world / 2nd, the opinions of others are a useful source of information about what a person might really be like the question of self-other agreement / analyses of absolute (mean) agreement (self-enhancement biases, the actor–observer effect, internal vs external traits) / correlational analyses of agreement (methodological issues: "L. J. Cronbach's complaint," substantive issues) / conceptual issues (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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provide more attention to the development of guilt and shame in the 5- to 12-yr-old age range / [summarize] how adults perceive the states of guilt and shame / discuss developmental contributors to children's understanding of the 2 emotions / summarize what little is known about children's actual understanding of the 2 emotions / discuss guilt and shame as emotion states and traits, and summarize evidence concerning possible socialization antecedents of the 2 emotions (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Article
There is ongoing discussion in the literature regarding the validity of various checklist and scenario-based measures of guilt- and shame-proneness. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to perform multitrait-multimethod assessments of trait, method, and error components in the top 3 contending instruments in this area. 282 college students completed the Test of Self-Conscious Affect- Modified (TOSCA-M), Personal Feelings Questionnaire-2 (PFQ-2), and the Guilt Inventory. A model in which shame and guilt each represented a separate latent trait construct provided a good fit to the data. Scores for shame from both the TOSCA-M and PFQ-2 loaded highly on the latent shame factor. With the exception of scores for nonruminative guilt derived from the TOSCA-M, all remaining scores for guilt had substantial loadings on the latent trait construct of guilt. Discussion focuses on the need to pay serious attention to methods effects in this area, provides explanations for why 2 qualitatively distinct forms of guilt can be expected using these methods, and urges specialists in this area to refrain from using single measurement instruments to assess multiple construct. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Article
Both guilt and empathic perspective taking have been linked to prosocial, relationship-enhancing effects. Study 1 found that shame was linked to personal distress, whereas guilt was linked to perspective taking. In Studies 2 and 3, subjects were asked to describe a recent experience of interpersonal conflict, once from their own perspective, and once from the perspective of the other person. Guilt-prone people and guilt-dominated stories were linked to better perspective taking (measured by changes between the two versions of the story) than others. Shame had no effect. Guilt improved relationship outcomes but shame harmed them. Path analysis suggested that trait guilt-proneness leads to perspective taking, which leads to actual guilt feelings, which produces beneficial relationship outcomes. Guilt feelings may mediate the relationship-enhancing effects of empathy.
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What Are Self-conscious Emotions?Some General Development ConsiderationsSelf-conscious Emotions Are Interpersonal, TooShame and GuiltEmbarrassmentPrideReferences
Article
ABSTRACT We examined several determinants of interjudge agreement on personality traits. The findings, which were cross-validated in two samples, suggest that agreement is a function of four factors: which Big Five content domain the trait represents, how observable relevant behaviors are, how evaluative the trait is, and whether the self is one of the judges. Agreement was highest for traits related to Extraversion and lowest for traits related to Agreeableness. More observable and less evaluative traits elicited higher interjudge agreement. On average, self-peer agreement was lower than peer-peer agreement. However, this effect was limited to evaluative traits; for neutral traits, self-peer agreement was as high as peer-peer agreement. These findings suggest that self- and peer perception proceed through similar processes for neutral traits but not for highly evaluative traits, raising the possibility that self-perceptions become distorted when the trait is affectively charged.
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This study compares the relative accuracy of targets’ self-reports and other-reports of personality in predicting two criteria: (a) emotional experience in daily life and (b) behavior in the laboratory. Ratings of the targets’ extraversion and neuroticism were obtained from two knowledgeable informants and the targets themselves. Target participants wore an electronic signaling device (‘beeper’) for eight days and rated positive and negative emotions at four randomly selected times each day. The participants also interacted with an opposite-sex stranger in a laboratory context and their behavior was coded from videotapes. Targets’ self-reports of personality were consistently more accurate than other-reports in predicting daily emotional experience. Self- reports also outperformed other-reports in predicting extraversion-related laboratory behaviors, but not neuroticism-related behaviors. The relative accuracy of self- and other-reports of personality would seem to depend on the criterion employed; self-reports are clearly better for the prediction of emotional experience, while for behavior the picture is mixed.
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The purpose of this research was to see if naive raters could distinguish between guilt and shame in ways consistent with the descriptions of emotion theorists. In two studies, 152 participants recalled occasions on which they had experienced guilt or shame and rated these experiences on a large number of scales that represented either basic dimensions of emotion or attributes previously postulated to differentiate between these two emotions. Shame and guilt situations differed on a number of attributes, including felt powerfulness, self-control, self-consciousness and exposure, activity, inferiority, surprise, alienation from others, facial sensation, self-attribution of justice, and expectation of punishment. Many commonalities in the meaning of the two concepts were also suggested, most importantly in terms of basic attributes such as pain, tension, and arousal. Results were consistent with several previous accounts of the essential differences between guilt and shame, but not with all such descriptions.
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The relationship between measures of shame, guilt, and psychopathology was examined in a heterogeneous inpatient sample (n=82) using the Test of Self-Conscious Affect (TOSCA) and the Personal Feelings Questionnaire-2 (PFQ-2). It was predicted that both shame scales would correlate positively with measures of psychopathology. This hypothesis was supported in bivariate analyses, however, when partialed for each respective guilt scale, only the TOSCA maintained significant associations with measures of psychopathology. It was predicted that only the PFQ-2 guilt scale would correlate positively with measures of psychopathology, and this hypothesis was supported in both bivariate analyses and partial correlations, controlling for shame scores. These findings support previous work, suggesting that the TOSCA and PFQ-2 guilt scales assess different constructs of guilt. Methodological issues of shame and guilt assessment with psychiatric patients also are discussed.
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Two studies are reported. First, we tested the previously validated Personal Feelings Questionnaire-2 (PFQ2; Harder & Zalma, 1990) shame and guilt measure and the Adapted Shame and Guilt Scale (ASGS; Hoblitzelle, 1982) Shame subscale against the newly introduced Self-Conscious Affect and Attribution Inventory (SCAAI; Tangney, 1990) for shame and guilt dispositions. Fifty-nine college undergraduates completed randomly ordered personality inventories reflecting constructs theoretically relevant to the presence of shame and guilt proneness. Correlations between the affect measures and personality variables showed evidence of validity for all shame scales. The PFQ2 Guilt subscale also demonstrated construct validity when partialled for shame, but the SCAAI did not. Second, we tested hypotheses regarding the relative importance of shame and guilt to various symptom types (Symptom Checklist-90-Revised; Derogatis, 1983) using 71 college undergraduates. Both emotions were approximately equally related to all major symptom clusters, but there was some evidence for differential patterns of relative importance for shame and guilt to different symptoms.
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The relation of shame and guilt to anger and aggression has been the focus of considerable theoretical discussion, but empirical findings have been inconsistent. Two recently developed measures of affective style were used to examine whether shame-proneness and guilt-proneness are differentially related to anger, hostility, and aggression. In 2 studies, 243 and 252 undergraduates completed the Self-Conscious Affect and Attribution Inventory, the Symptom Checklist 90, and the Spielberger Trait Anger Scale. Study 2 also included the Test of Self-Conscious Affect and the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory. Shame-proneness was consistently correlated with anger arousal, suspiciousness, resentment, irritability, a tendency to blame others for negative events, and indirect (but not direct) expressions of hostility. Proneness to "shame-free" guilt was inversely related to externalization of blame and some indices of anger, hostility, and resentment.