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Ute på dagis: hur använder barn daghemsgården?: utformningen av daghemsgården och dess betydelse för lek, motorik och koncentrationsförmåga.
Abstract
Outdoors at day nurseries. Layout of playgrounds and its effect on play, motor function and power of concentration
... Interaktionen mellan barnet och den fysiska miljön är synnerligen aktiv. Miljön är en påtagligt och intensivt upplevd del av det sammanhang som barnet lever i (Gitz-Johanssen et al., 2001;Grahn, 1997). Barns aktiviteter kan både hindras och stimuleras i olika typer av rum. ...
... I en naturlig miljö sammanfaller människans önskemål och behov med det som miljön då erbjuder och kräver. Grahn (1997) anser att det är lättare för människan att känna en helhet mellan själva miljön och de önskemål hon har i en naturlig miljö. Miljön är liksom mer följsam om den är utformad på det sättet. ...
... Ängård (2009) Enligt Laike (1995) leker barn bättre i en miljö med hög grad av enhetlighet och hög grad av komplexitet. Grahn (1997) säger att barn leker bättre i en miljö som de lättare kan omforma efter sina behov. En naturlig miljö kan man analysera som en miljö med hög grad av enhetlighet och samtidigt en hög grad av komplexitet. ...
Avhandling i pedagogik. Om möjligheter och begränsningar i förskolans fysiska miljö.
... Miljön bör präglas av en balans mellan mångfald, oordning och ordning skriver Skantze (1998) där barnet kan uppleva med kropp, känslor och sinnen. Miljöpsykologin (Grahn 1997) menar att det finns ett samband mellan miljöns utformning och människans agerande. Vi skapar ett sammanhang i tillvaron i samspel med miljön runtomkring oss. ...
... Vi skapar ett sammanhang i tillvaron i samspel med miljön runtomkring oss. Utemiljön kan uppfattas som en trygg ram där spontana aktiviteter kan ske, den kan vara utformad så att den underlättar det sociala samspelet mellan barnen och inspirerar dem till att upptäcka sin omgivning skriver Grahn (1997). Med mycket naturmaterial och ett rikt utbud av platser främjas leken och det sociala samspelet ökar. ...
... Med mycket naturmaterial och ett rikt utbud av platser främjas leken och det sociala samspelet ökar. Barn behöver platser för aktivitet men också undanskymda platser där de kan dra sig undan för att vila och hämta kraft skriver Grahn (1997). ...
... Genom utomhuspedagogiken skapas en mer rörelseintensiv lärandeform i förskoleklass och skola vilket uppmärksammats av flera vetenskapliga studier som fokuserar våra relationer till den fysiska miljön (t.ex. Grahn, et al., 1997). En allt mindre rörelseintensiv livsmiljö där människan kan få utlopp för sitt evolutionära behov av naturlig rörelse, är sannolikt en av flera orsaker till samhällets höga ohälsotal. Lusten att lära är rimligen avhängig av förnimmelsen av hälsa och välbefinnande . Bakgrunden till läroplanstilläggen inom dessa områden är ett ökat antal ...
... Det visar sig också att förskolegårdar med en stor yta och en större biologisk mångfald stimulerar till utökad tid utomhus. Den goda platsen för yngre barn är " sandlådan " , men också rumsbildande gröna miljöer som skapar " personal space " , utmaningar, spänning och fascination samt möjlighet till vila och reflektion (Grahn, et al., 1997 ). Bland ytterligare studier som bekräftar dessa effekter av utevistelsens positiva betydelse för vår hälsa, motoriska utveckling, koncentrationsförmåga och lärande kan nämnas (Fjørtoft, 2000, Ericsson, 2003 och Nilsson, 2003). ...
... An All Party Parliamentary Committee (2015) in England recommends the use of natural materials as part of good design of play areas for children. Diverse natural places have been identified as more inspiring and imaginative for children, compared with well-organized playgrounds that show children what to do (Grahn, 1997;Gundersen, Frivold, Myking, & Øyen, 2006;Rydberg, 1998). ...
Based on a nationwide Norwegian survey among 3160 parents of children aged 6–12 years, this article identifies and discusses barriers for children’s engagement with nearby nature. A set of social factors related to time pressure are evaluated as more significant barriers than environmental factors such as accessibility, safety and landscape quality. Children’s free play in nearby nature does not seem to be an alternative to a target-orientated and time-scheduled everyday life. Instead, parents give themselves, other adults and public institutions more responsibility to stimulate increased nature contact. Despite strong traditions in outdoor life and good accessibility to nearby nature, social and cultural trends seem to influence children’s engagement with nature in the same way in ‘Green Norway’ as it does in many other European countries. Implications of the findings are discussed in terms of policy and promotion according to nature management and adults’ roles.
... Det är ingen tvekan om att fysisk aktivitet och rörelse är faktorer som gör oss friskare. Tillgång till en omväxlande utomhusmiljö med mycket träd och växter gör barnen friskare och mer koncentrerade (Grahn, Mårtensson, Lindblad, Nilsson & Ekman, 1997). Samtidigt gör en omväxlande utomhusmiljö att man tar fler steg i minuten än barn som inte har den miljön, vilket betyder att man alltså rör sig mer än andra barn. ...
El presente trabajo muestra una propuesta de investigación en el campo de la educación ambiental, que tiene como propósito establecer y comparar el grado de concentración y autocontrol de niños y niñas educados tanto en escuelas “al aire libre” y/o en ambientes rurales como en escuelas tradicionales y/o urbanas. La investigación se realizará implementando entrevistas y aplicando pruebas especializadas reportadas en la literatura que posibilitarán hacer un análisis comparativo e interpretativo de tipo cuantitativo. Vale señalar, que cada vez son más los estudios que señalan al aire libre, la naturaleza y en general las zonas verdes como los ambientes más propicios para un mejor aprendizaje en los niños y niñas, teniendo en cuenta que, en los contextos urbanos los desordenes por déficit de naturaleza van en alza, se ve pertinente realizar estrategias orientadas a la aplicación del modelo “escuela al aire libre” en Hispanoamérica, fortaleciendo este tipo de educación como un modelo eficaz a la hora de superar problemáticas propias de las ciudades y aumentar el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes
The design and location of green outdoor areas close to people’s home affect their health. Above all, having some sort of outdoor area has a noticeable effect. Those who live in blocks of flats without balconies experience considerably more stress and tiredness. If one has a balcony, the values for stress and tiredness experienced are significantly lower, reduced by 27% and 28% respectively. Those who have access to allotments or gardens are best off. Those who have gardens of more than 600 square metres experience the discomfort of stress only half as often as those who live in blocks of flats without balconies. The differences regarding tiredness are even greater. Those who have their own gardens suffer from tiredness only 42% as often as those who live in blocks of flats without balconies. These values are statistically verified. The group of people living in blocks of flats without balconies does not include people who have holiday cottages or who rent allotments, who are significantly healthier. Whether one lives in the centre or on the periphery of a town has an effect, regardless of type of dwelling. The incidence of tiredness, irritation, and headaches increases significantly the nearer one lives to the centre. An interesting question is if there is any significance to being able to see parks and green areas from the windows of one's workplace. The answers in this investigation show that the effects are in fact noticeable. Comparisons have been made between people who have similar jobs and who do not spend any of their work time out of doors. If parks and green areas can be seen from the window during the working day, people at the workplace are much fitter. For example, these people experience painful irritation only 25% as often as those without a view from a window, and experience uncomfortable stress only 40% as often. These figures are statistically verified.
The ethological command in art is a review of certain aspects of form perception that may be influenced by biological evolution. The information from recent ethological studies, which examines the similarities between animal and human behavior, should interest the artist and augment his intuitive capacity to create aesthetic form. Many factors are involved in the evolutionary changes of most animal species. One factor that has guided the development of animal and human behavior is called selection pressure. An example of selection pressure is the need for social communication for sexual reproduction and group protection. Another category of selection pressure resides in the various dangerous animals and predators that impinge on the survival of particular animal groups. So intense is predator selection pressure that some animal species appear to have evolved unlearned recognition and avoidance of predators. The visual cues for both social signals and predator recognition are termed 'releasers' because they evoke a somewhat stereotyped reaction when viewed by certain animals. Man was certainly exposed to specific selection pressures during his long evolutionary history, and, as a result, he uses intricate social signals, such as facial expressions and body postures, for communicating emotional states during interpersonal contact. The spontaneous fear exhibited by man to snakes, scorpions and other insects with many legs suggests that these avoidance responses represent emotional by-products for survival purposes-residual from an earlier evolutionary period. If the artist desires to create an exciting piece of art, he might consider using various releasers and selected social signals to enhance the visual impact of his work. Some of the visual releasers that will be discussed comprise paired concentric circles, serrated contours and linear bands that exhibit high conspicuousness. The artist can attempt to control the viewer's arousal by selecting visual releasers that will evoke the desired response. /// Dans le domaine de l'Art, l'orientation éthologique consiste à reconsidérer certains aspects de perception des formes qui peuvent être influencés par l'évolution biologique. De récentes comparaisons éthologiques sur l'évolution du comportement animal et humain devraient être de nature à intéresser l'artiste et à augmenter sa capacité intuitive au moment de créer une forme esthétique. De nombreux facteurs agissent sur l'évolution de la plupart des espèces animales. Un premier élément, ayant guidé le développement du comportement animal et humain, est la pression sélective. Un exemple de pression sélective est le besoin de communication sociale visant à la reproduction sexuelle et à la protection du groupe. Une autre catégorie de pression sélective est illustrée par les bêtes féroces, qui réduisent le temps de survie de certaines espèces animales. La pression sélective de la bête féroce est si intense, que certaines espèces animales ont un flair inné provoquant une réaction de défense vis-à-vis des bêtes féroces. Les indices visuels des gestes de communication sociale et de détection des bêtes féroces sont appelés signes stimulants car ils évoquent une sorte de réaction type chez les animaux se trouvant en contact avec ces bêtes féroces. L'homme fut certainement exposé à des pressions sélectives précises au cours de sa longue évolution, d'où l'utilisation de gestes de communication compliqués, tels qu'expressions faciales et attitudes corporelles évoquant les états émotionnels dans les rapports humains. La peur spontanée ressentie par l'homme devant un serpent, un scorpion ou devant tout autre insecte multipattes montre que ces réactions de fuite sont des dérivés émotionnels de l'instinct de conservation, remontant à une époque antérieure de son évolution. Si l'artiste désire créer une œuvre d'art extraordinaire, il devra tenir compte de divers signes stimulants et gestes de communication pour rehausser l'impact visuel de son œuvre. Certains signes stimulants visuels, parmi ceux dont il est question, comprennent des cercles concentriques jumelés, des contours dentelés et des bandes linéaires aux formes très marquées. L'artiste peut essayer de contrôler le degré d'excitation chez l'observateur en sélectionnant des signes stimulants visuels qui évoqueront la réaction souhaitée.
In the endeavour to achieve a more sustainable society, the shaping of environmental attitudes and behaviour among youth must be considered of utmost importance. Therefore this article outlines a research project studying outdoor-oriented organizations in Sweden during the 20th century. The conceptual framework of "ecostrategies" is used for discussing views and practices with regard to the utilization of nature (i.e., domination of nature vs. active and passive adaptation to nature). The Nordic tradition of friluftsliv (open-air life) and allemansrätt (everyone's right of access to the countryside within certain restrictions) is an important framework, both when discussing outdoor life organizations of external origin and when discussing future prospects of outdoor life. So far a brief study of the Swedish Scout and Guide Association (and its predecessors) has been carried out which indicates that the Scouts have been lagging behind the public environmental debate. Reasons for this lack of manifest causality between outdoor life and environmental engagement are discussed, and further studies outlined.
Older people must be understood in terms of changes that occur both in themselves and in the world around them. The transactions between older people and their environments are discussed in terms of the support-autonomy dialectic and specific behaviors involving environmental reactivity and proactivity. Three examples of research are discussed to illustrate how autonomy is maintained on one level while necessary support is accepted on another level (environmental multiplexity): shared housing, intrainstitutional relocation, and the household environment of impaired people.
The aims of the study were to assess the effects of light on the production of stress hormones, classroom performance, body growth, and sick leave, of school children. About 90 children were investigated in their school environment for a duration of one school year. The children were situated in four classrooms differing in respect to the access to natural daylight and artificial fluorescent light. The results indicated the existence of a systematic seasonal variation with more stress hormones in summer than in winter. The children situated in the one classroom lacking both natural daylight and fluorescent daylight tubes demonstrated a marked deviation from this pattern. High levels of morning cortisol were associated with sociability, while moderate or low levels seemed to promote individual concentration. Annual body growth was smallest for the children with the highest levels of morning cortisol. Possibly, the production of cortisol had some influence on sick leave. It may be concluded, that windowless classrooms should be avoided for permanent use.
Children's short-term memory was studied under 2 experimental conditions: 1 in which recall was expected to be facilitated due to the provision of a study period and 1 in which a distracting task was imposed that was expected to interfere with recall. 40 subjects at each of 2 age levels, 7 and 11 years, were tested in a serial-position recall task in a control as well as in 1 of the experimental conditions. Overall, recall was higher at the older than at the younger age level. In the facilitation condition, recall improved for the older children only, especially at the primacy positions. In the distraction condition, recall declined and performance for the older age level did not differ from that of the younger. The results were discussed in relation to the development of rehearsal strategies.