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Consumo, hábitos alimentarios y estado nutricional de la población de Reus (X): evolución de la ingestión alimentaria y de la contribución de los macronutrientes al aporte energético (1983–1999), según edad y sexo
Abstract
Background
To study the evolution of the diet and the nutritional intake between 1983 and 1999, by age and sex.
Subjects and methods
We performed a series of analysis of the food intake on a representative sample of the population of Reus (aged 10-69 years). Dietary intake was estimated using the 24-hours recall method. In 1999 the sample size was 839 individuals, 41% of them having taken part in the studies since 1983. Results are shown as mean (standard deviation).
Results
In 1999, the energy intake was 2524 (582) kcal in men aged 35-44 years (n = 57), and 1827 (490) kcal in women (n = 95) (p < 0.001 between sexes). The energy intake decreases with age (significant trend [p < 0.001] between 15-69 years) and it is higher in men than in women in all the age groups studied. When comparing similar age groups, we observe that this energy intake has not changed significantly since 1983. Between 1983 and 1999 the contribution of the macro-nutrients to the total energy intake has become more similar between ages and sexes. In 1999, in men aged 35-44 years a 15.6% of the energy came from proteins, 42% from fat and 42.5% from carbohydrates; in women of the same age: a 17.3% of the energy came from proteins, 42.4% from fat and 40.3% from carbohydrates). During this period we observed, however, remarkable changes in the diet which imply the increasing participation of the dairy products, vegetables and meat in the energy intake, or the significant decrease of the role of tubers, eggs and visible fat.
Conclusions
Our population maintains an energy intake without significant changes, and it presents a trend towards a progressive uniformity of the nutritional balance between the different ages and sexes, although there are significant changes in some components of the diet.
... Yoghurt and similar fermented dairy products are among the food groups that have undergone the greatest increase in consumption over recent decades in our population 3,4,6 . For this reason we sought to analyse to what extent a low or high consumption of these products could be related to nutritional intake. ...
... In these cases, the dietary pattern resulted in changes in the energy and macronutrient intakes. It should be borne in mind that fermented dairy product desserts alone represent a relatively minor component of the diet 3 . The difference observed between sexes regarding macronutrient balance led us to analyse the ED and food intake of the subgroup of high consumers of low-fat dairy products, both in men and women. ...
... We appear to have found an example of a dietary attitude that is the result of the impact of a cultural change (the popularity of low-calorie foods) which, particularly in women, leads to a tendency to consume low-fat yoghurt within the framework of a wider change in the diet. This change varies nutritional parameters that have, otherwise, remained stable in the general population in the past decades 3 . ...
This study aims to analyse the differences, with regard to socio-cultural characteristics and dietary habits, between low and high consumers of yoghurt and other fermented dairy product desserts, and the nutritional significance of these differences.
We analysed the diet of a healthy population (4-65 years), using the 24-hour recall method, on three non-consecutive days. The participants were grouped by age and sex and were also divided into tertiles on the basis of yoghurt consumption. We compared energy and nutrient intakes, educational level and socio-economic status in the low consumption (LC) group and the high consumption (HC) group.
In general there were no significant differences in energy intake or nutritional profile between LC and HC groups. The only significant difference was in the percentage of energy provided by lipids, which was significantly lower in HC women, possibly due to the high number of women in this group who consumed low-fat yoghurt. There were significant differences in the distribution of HC and LC subjects according to the three educational levels but not according to socio-economic status.
The fact of being a high consumer of fermented dairy products took place in the framework of other dietary changes that compensated for this high consumption, resulting in the absence of significant differences in energy intake and nutritional profile between HC and LC subjects. The only exception was found in women who consumed low-fat dairy products. There was a relationship between high consumption of fermented dairy products and educational level.
... H ay una relación directa entre los hábitos alimentarios y la morbimortalidad en la población de los países industrializados [1][2][3][4][5] . Según el estudio DRECE, el 42% de las muertes se produce por enfermedades cardiovasculares relacionadas con factores de riesgo que, a su vez, están ligados al tipo de alimentación (hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus tipo 2, dislipemia, hiperuricemia, intolerancia a los hidratos de carbono) [6][7][8] . ...
... El consumo insuficiente de hidratos de carbono coincide con todos los trabajos revisados 1,2,22 y va en detrimento del exceso de otros grupos alimentarios, como la carne roja 1,2 . Entre los trabajos que analizan el consumo de grasas según sean saturadas, monoinsaturadas o poliinsaturadas, todos coinciden en detectar un incremento de las grasas saturadas 4,18,23 , que es mayor en la ingesta de grasas animales (carnes y derivados lácteos) que vegetales. El consumo adecuado de huevos, pescado y carne blanca en los < 65 años coinciden con los datos de otros estudios 18,21 . ...
Objective
To discover people's nutritional habits and their distance from the Mediterranean diet.
Design
Cross-sectional, descriptive study.
Setting
Gavà 2 Health District, Barcelona, Spain.
Participants
614 obtained at random from patients attending the centre. Stratified in 3 age groups (15-35, 36-64, and over 64).
Main measurements
Validated questionnaire of the consumption by groups of food over the previous week. Then figures were compared with the standard values of the Mediterranean diet.
Results
Outstanding results were: 60% insufficiency in consumption of carbohydrates; 70.7% insufficiency in green vegetables, fruit and root vegetables; 75% of optimum consumption of pulses; 64% deficient consumption of milk products; 66% optimum consumption of fish; 73.8% optimum consumption of eggs; 71.2% proper intake of white meat; 64.2% excessive consumption of red meat and processed meats, which reached 86.6% among 15-35 year olds. There was a BMI over 25 in 59% of women and 63% of men, with obesity being most common among women and people over 64 years old.
Conclusions
The population studied consumed an excessive amount of food with high contents of saturated fat, especially young people. There is a deficit in the intake of slowly absorbed carbohydrates and a less than ideal consumption of fruit, green vegetables and root vegetables, which was more marked among the young. The consumption of milk products was below the recommended amount. Pulses, fish and white meat were close to the right levels. This pattern is far from ideal and leads to higher risk of prevalent chronic illnesses.
... In the 2006 and 2008 surveys, we used the data on food consumption of Serra-Majem et al. (2003), together with other recently published data. However, in the 2000 survey, food consumption information was obtained from Cucó et al. (2001) and Capdevila et al. (2000). Total daily food intake reported by these authors (Capdevila et al., 2000) was slightly higher than that of Serra-Majem et al. (2003). ...
... However, in the 2000 survey, food consumption information was obtained from Cucó et al. (2001) and Capdevila et al. (2000). Total daily food intake reported by these authors (Capdevila et al., 2000) was slightly higher than that of Serra-Majem et al. (2003). ...
The concentrations of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were determined in various foodstuffs randomly purchased in Catalonia (Spain) during November and December of 2008. Dietary intake of PAH was subsequently estimated according to age and sex for the general population of Catalonia. The current results were compared with those of previous studies performed in 2000 and 2006. The highest PAH levels corresponded to phenanthrene (18.18 microg/kg), naphthalene (13.31 microg/kg), and pyrene (8.46 microg/kg), whereas the lowest concentrations were those of dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (0.89 microg/kg), indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene (0.94 microg/kg), and benzo[k]fluoranthene (1.00 microg/kg). With respect to the contribution of total carcinogenic PAH, benzo[a]pyrene contributed 47.77% or 48.22%, depending on the TEF value used. By food groups, the current highest levels of total PAH were detected in meat and meat products (38.99 microg/kg), followed by oils and fats (18.75 microg/kg), and dairy products (7.57 microg/kg). The highest contribution to PAH dietary intake corresponded to the group of meat and meat products (4.75 microg/day). The estimated mean dietary intake for a standard male adult (70-kg body weight) was 6.72 microg/day, a lower value than those found in our 2000 (8.42 microg/day), and 2006 surveys (12.04 microg/day). With regard to the results of other recent studies, the current PAH concentrations were comparatively lower.
... H ay una relación directa entre los hábitos alimentarios y la morbimortalidad en la población de los países industrializados [1][2][3][4][5] . Según el estudio DRECE, el 42% de las muertes se produce por enfermedades cardiovasculares relacionadas con factores de riesgo que, a su vez, están ligados al tipo de alimentación (hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus tipo 2, dislipemia, hiperuricemia, intolerancia a los hidratos de carbono) [6][7][8] . ...
... El consumo insuficiente de hidratos de carbono coincide con todos los trabajos revisados 1,2,22 y va en detrimento del exceso de otros grupos alimentarios, como la carne roja 1,2 . Entre los trabajos que analizan el consumo de grasas según sean saturadas, monoinsaturadas o poliinsaturadas, todos coinciden en detectar un incremento de las grasas saturadas 4,18,23 , que es mayor en la ingesta de grasas animales (carnes y derivados lácteos) que vegetales. El consumo adecuado de huevos, pescado y carne blanca en los < 65 años coinciden con los datos de otros estudios 18,21 . ...
To discover people's nutritional habits and their distance from the Mediterranean diet.
Cross-sectional, descriptive study.
Gavà 2 Health District, Barcelona, Spain.
614 obtained at random from patients attending the centre. Stratified in 3 age groups (15-35, 36-64, and over 64).
Validated questionnaire of the consumption by groups of food over the previous week. Then figures were compared with the standard values of the Mediterranean diet.
Outstanding results were: 60% insufficiency in consumption of carbohydrates; 70.7% insufficiency in green vegetables, fruit and root vegetables; 75% of optimum consumption of pulses; 64% deficient consumption of milk products; 66% optimum consumption of fish; 73.8% optimum consumption of eggs; 71.2% proper intake of white meat; 64.2% excessive consumption of red meat and processed meats, which reached 86.6% among 15-35 year olds. There was a BMI over 25 in 59% of women and 63% of men, with obesity being most common among women and people over 64 years old.
The population studied consumed an excessive amount of food with high contents of saturated fat, especially young people. There is a deficit in the intake of slowly absorbed carbohydrates and a less than ideal consumption of fruit, green vegetables and root vegetables, which was more marked among the young. The consumption of milk products was below the recommended amount. Pulses, fish and white meat were close to the right levels. This pattern is far from ideal and leads to higher risk of prevalent chronic illnesses.
... The consumption of polluted biota can be a potential risk to human health, as humans are at the top of the food chain (Aksu et al., 2011). Moreover, on shore of the area of study, in Catalonia, total fish consumption is 6% of the daily food intake of food; about 79-92 g of fish foodstuff per day per adult (Capdevila et al., 2000). For this reason, it is very important to state the level of pollution of the marine organisms in a specific area to determine any potential risks from the consumption of foodstuffs and to take preventive measures. ...
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were quantified in muscle tissue of European hake, an ecologically and commercially important species. Samples were collected from the Western Mediterranean, in seven different stations at different depths and a batch was bought in a local market. PCBs are the dominant pollutants, but the overall concentrations do not show significant differences between the different specimens analyzed from various locations, with the exception of the concentration of PCBs at a shallow station close to the River Besòs mouth. This probably suggests that generally the pollutants in hake from the Western Mediterranean derive from historical and non-point sources. The occurrence of pollutants is widespread in the samples but their concentration is below recommended legal limits for fish or other foodstuffs.
Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
... Energy intake was higher in boys than in girls; this situation has also been found in other studies 31,32 , and is consistent with higher energy requirement in boys 13 . Energy intake adequacy was higher in girls in comparison with boys, but both around the 100% of energy requirement. ...
Abstract
Introduction: Inadequate fluid intake may contribute to lower cognitive and exercise performance in children.
Objective: To evaluate the adequacy of water intake and dietary sources in schoolchildren from the Community of
Madrid by physical activity level. Methods: 564 schoolchildren (258 boys and 306 girls) aged between 9 and 12 were studied. Dietary data was obtained by applying a food intake record (3 days) and the weighing method. Water intake was compared with the adequate intake established by the EFSA. Physical activity
level was obtained by applying a questionnaire and criteria established by IOM. All calculations were made using SPSS (v19.0) and statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.
Results: Three point five percent of schoolchildren had a sedentary level (S), 77.7% had a low active level (LA) and 18.8% had an active level (A). Mean total water intake was 1,504.6 ± 329.35 mL/day (S: 1,526.3 ± 386.05 mL/day, LA: 1,504.8 ± 326.17 s and A: 1,499.3 ± 334.27 mL/day; p > 0.05). Ninety-one percent of the studied children did not meet the adequate intake for total water intake (S: 90%, LA: 91.1% and A: 90.6%; p > 0.05). The major dietary sources were beverages (S: 48.92%, LA: 40.05%, A: 38.63%), dairy products (S: 22.45%, LA: 27.06%, A: 28.268%), fruits (S: 7.98%, LA: 10.69%, A: 10.93%) and vegetables (S: 8.74%, LA: 9.38%, A: 9.34%).
Conclusions: Most of the studied children had an inadequate water intake, independently of physical activity level.
Main water food sources were beverages (not including milk or dairy drinks), dairy products, fruits and vegetables. It would be advisable to increase the intake of water through beverages and water-rich foods.
... Diversas investigaciones realizadas en Cataluña, Canarias y Granada también encontraron menor frecuencia de consumo de verduras y frutas en niños de posición socioeconómica baja [10][11][12] . Estudios realizados en Finlandia, Dinamarca y Canadá observaron que los niños cuya madre tenía nivel de estudios bajo mostraban un consumo elevado de snacks y un consumo inferior al deseado de vegetales y frutas 7,8,21 . ...
Objetivo: Investigar la posible asociación de patrones alimentarios relacionados con la obesidad y la posición socioeconómica en la población infantil y adolescente española.
Diseño: Estudio descriptivo transversal.
Participantes: Los datos proceden de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de 2007, realizada a una muestra representativa española de 0 a 15 años. En este estudio se han analizado 6.143 sujetos de 5 a 15 años.
Mediciones principales: Se ha estimado la prevalencia de omisión de desayuno, la prevalencia de bajo consumo de fruta y verdura y la prevalencia de alto consumo de comida rápida, snacks y bebidas azucaradas. Los indicadores de posición socioeconómica han sido el nivel de estudios y la clase social de la persona que aportaba más ingresos económicos al hogar. En cada consumo de alimentos se han estimado las diferencias socioeconómicas mediante la razón de prevalencia, tomando como referencia la categoría socioeconómica más alta.
Resultados: Tanto en la infancia como en la adolescencia la magnitud de la razón de prevalencia muestra un gradiente socioeconómico inverso en todos los consumos de alimentos investigados: la menor y la mayor razón de prevalencia se observa en los sujetos de familias de posición socioeconómica más alta y más baja, respectivamente.
Conclusión: En la población infantil y adolescente española la alimentación no saludable relacionada con la obesidad muestra un patrón socioeconómico claro.
... Valores superiores de energía en los varones están de acuerdo con la mayor actividad física desarrollada por estos y coinciden con datos obtenidos en Madrid, Galicia y Reus 21,22 , y son algo inferiores a los obtenido en la población de Hong Kong 23 . Además, el hecho de que los niños ingieran más energía está en concordan- cia con las recomendaciones actuales, más elevadas para los varones 24 . ...
To perform a balanced diet adapted to the needs of the different life stages is important for a correct peopleís physical and psychological growth, preventing disease, and obtaining an optimal health status. The industrialized society is characterized by unbalanced energy balance due to an increase of energy intake through foods and decreased energy waste with increased SFA consumption.
To assess average dietary intake and how certain demographical and socio-economic factors have an influence on dietary habits of a sample of schoolchildren from Granada city.
The study population comprises 3,190 children and adolescents schooled at Granada city, with ages comprised between 8 and 15 years. A previously validated specific questionnaire was created including lifestyle habits, dietary habits, 24-hour recall, and frequency of foods consumption.
The average caloric ingestion in this population is higher than the predicted average waste recommended by WHO, with higher energy values being found in males. The caloric profile found in our sample is clearly unbalanced. The main protein sources were meats and dairy products. There were high intakes of SFA, PUFA, and cholesterol, markedly surpassing the recommended values. Vitamin E intake did not reach the daily recommended values. With regards to dietary habits, the study population spends less than 30 minutes for breakfast and about half an hour for lunch and dinner, those spending more time for meals having the highest energy and proteins intake.
... Inhalation exposure was calculated by assuming that individuals were exposed to polluted air 24 h/ by the population of the area corresponding to 1998 were taken from Domingo et al. (1999a,b), whereas those corresponding to 2000 were obtained from Llobet et al. (2003). For all groups of analyzed samples, the quantity of each food was estimated according to the dietary habits of the population living in the area under assessment (Arija et al., 1996; Capdevila et al., 2000). ...
From 1975 to 2004, a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) was operating in Montcada (Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain). Because of the potential health risks derived from emission of pollutants by the facility, especially polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs), a long-term monitoring program focused on measuring the environmental levels of PCDD/Fs near the facility, and to assess the health risks for the population living in the neighborhood, was established between 1996 and 2002. A total number of 111 soil and 121 herbage samples were analyzed for PCDD/Fs during this period. Human health risks for the individuals living near the MSWI (500 and 1,000 m) were also assessed before (1998) and after modernization (2000) of the facility. It included PCDD/F inhalation, dermal contact, soil and dust ingestion, and food intake. All these data are here summarized. The environmental levels of PCDD/Fs showed that the MSWI was not the main responsible of the atmospheric pollution by these compounds. In turn, human health risks for the population living in the vicinity of the facility after introduction of a modern technology were negligible in comparison with the dietary PCDD/F exposure.
... However, when the comparison was made according to the respective average body weight of each group, children (boys: 0.51 ng/kg/day, and , 2000). Average body weight: 24 kg (Capdevila et al., 2000). girls: 0.34 ng/kg/day) was the age group showing the highest PBDE intake. ...
The intake of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated diphenylethers (PCDEs), hexachlorobenzene, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons through fish and seafood consumption by children of Catalonia, Spain, was assessed. In 2005, samples of the 14 most consumed marine species in Catalonia were randomly acquired in various cities of the country. Analysis of the above chemical contaminants were determined according to the appropriate analytical techniques and the daily intakes were estimated. For most pollutants, intake was higher in boys than in girls. Average exposure of children to contaminants through fish and seafood consumption did not exceed the respective tolerable daily intake of those pollutants for which it has been already established (metals, PCDD/Fs plus dioxin-like PCBs, HCB, and PAHs). In relation to body weight, intake by children of most contaminants was higher than that found for other age groups of the general population of Catalonia.
In Spanish society, social inequalities continue in connection with diet; however, no data examines whether these inequalities altered during the period of economic crisis. This article aims to analyze trends in inequalities related to adherence to government guidelines concerning healthy diet during the period of economic crisis based on the data obtained from the National Health Surveys conducted by the National Statistics Institute. The approach involves studying first the data from the 2006 survey, shortly before the crisis, and then comparing these with the data from the 2011–2012 survey. Applying models of logistic regression shows that certain social inequalities were accentuated by the crisis. However, the general and widespread pattern of eating habits does not disappear in times of crisis. Inequalities are more commonly seen when socioeconomic factors affect foods that the guidelines indicate should be eaten daily. However, with respect to more expensive products, socioeconomic factors did not have so much negative effect on how far a healthy diet was followed because it is recommended that consumption of these foods should be limited. The results suggest that food policy should have specific focuses during times of economic recession.
Las percepciones alimentarias en la población representan un importante elemento
a considerar para efectuar valoraciones acertadas sobre los desórdenes
alimentarios. Las discusiones grupales con madres, padres tutores de los alumnos
contribuyó al acercamiento a esta complejidad que, por sus características requiere
un enfoque multidisciplinario. El objetivo del trabajo se centra en la identificación de
las percepciones objetivas y subjetivas que posee la familia sobre los trastornos
alimentarios con énfasis en la obesidad. Se efectuaron 2 debates grupales con los
miembros de las familias de los estudiantes para identificar dentro de las
percepciones a las prácticas, los hábitos, las costumbres y otras asociaciones socioeconómicas
que repercuten en la misma. Entre las manifestaciones más
representativas se observó que existe poco conocimiento sobre la alimentación
saludable, principalmente en una de las escuelas que, coincidentemente se
encuentra en uno de los municipios menos desarrollados. Se evidenció la poca
percepción de riesgo de algunas familias sobre las consecuencias de la obesidad.
La familia manifiesta bajo consumo de frutas y vegetales así como elevada ingesta
de alimentos fritos, dulces y otros que aportan calorías vacías. Se puede concluir
que las acciones educativas sobre alimentación-nutrición desde una mirada multidisciplinaria contribuirían a disminuir los trastornos alimentarios, entre los que
se destaca la obesidad fundamentalmente. Los niños(as) emplean mucho tiempo en
juegos pasivos en el que no se compromete el gasto energético.
Background and objective
Diet variety is claimed for ensuring a healthy eating. Our objective was to analyze the relationship between the variety and diversity of the diet and its nutritional quality among Spanish children.
Subjects and method
Cross-sectional study where information on food and nutrition was obtained through a food frequency questionnaire. The sample included 1,112 children aged 6-7 years from 4 cities. Children were selected by random cluster-sampling in schools and stratified by sex and socioeconomic level. We calculated a diet variety index (DVI)—count of food items—and a diet diversity index (DDI)—count of food groups. To measure the overall diet quality, the Healthy Eating Index (HEI-f) was used.
Results
The percentage of children eating less than one daily food serving varied between 0% for the grain and 11.3% for the fruit groups. Diet variety and diversity were positively associated with the intake of fiber, vitamines B6 and E and folic acid, and the percentage of caloric intake resulting from polyinsaturated fatty acids and carbohydrates. In contrast, intakes of lipis and saturated fatty acids, vitamine C, sodium and calcium were all negatively associated with diet variety and diversity. Although both DVI and DDI were possitively associated with the HEI-f, the results from a regression model showed that it was only DDI that contributed significantly to the model fitting (p < 0.001).
Conclusions
These results support the goodness of a varied diet that includes ingredients from different food groups and, at the same time, maintains the energy energy within recomendedlevels.
Introducció i objectius: La pràctica regular d'activitat física ha esdevingut un dels objectius principals dels plans de salut pública a causa de la seva relació amb la prevenció de nombroses malalties cròniques. La infància i l'adolescència són moments claus per iniciar l'hàbit de l'exercici físic. L'objectiu d'aquest treball és fer una anàlisis descriptiva de la pràctica d'activitat física en el temps de lleure i els factors socioeconòmics que hi incideixen en una mostra representativa de la població infantil i juvenil espanyola. Mètodes: Es van estudiar 3.185 individus de 2 a 24 anys, als quals es va administrar un qüestionari sobre activitat física i variables socioeconòmiques. Resultats: Al voltant del 70% dels nens i adolescents espanyols no fan activitat física regular durant el seu temps de lleure, especialment les noies. Amb l'edat, es produeix un augment de l'activitat física fins als 10-13 anys, moment a partir del qual la pràctica minva. El nivell socioeconòmic i el nivell d'estudis de la mare tenen una influència positiva en el grau d'activitat física de la població. Conclusions: L'exercici físic en el temps de lleure no és un hàbit en la majoria de la població infantil i juvenil espanyola. Les campanyes de salut adreçades a promoure-la han de tenir en compte les variables socioeconòmiques que incideixen en aquesta pràctica i millorar la disponibilitat d'instal·lacions esportives o recreatives, a fi que tota la població hi tingui accés.
Introducción y objetivos: La práctica regular de actividad física se ha convertido en uno de los objetivos principales de los planes de salud pública debido a su relación con la prevención de numerosas enfermedades crónicas. La infancia y la adolescencia son momentos clave para iniciar el hábito del ejercicio físico. El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar un análisis descriptivo de la práctica de actividad física en el tiempo libre y los factores socioeconómicos que influyen en ella en una muestra representativa de la población infantil y juvenil española. Métodos: Se estudiaron 3.185 individuos de 2 a 24 años a los que se administró un cuestionario sobre actividad física y variables socioeconómicas. Resultados: Alrededor del 70% de los niños y adolescentes españoles no realizan actividad física regular en su tiempo libre, especialmente las chicas. Con la edad, se produce un aumento de la actividad física hasta los 10-13 años, a partir de entonces disminuye su práctica. El nivel socioeconómico y el nivel de estudios de la madre influyen positivamente en el grado de actividad física de la población. Conclusiones: El ejercicio físico en el tiempo libre no es un hábito en la mayoría de la población infantil y juvenil española. Las campañas de salud dirigidas a su promoción deben tener en cuenta las variables socioeconómicas que influyen en su práctica y mejorar la disponibilidad de instalaciones deportivas o recreativas de manera que toda la población tenga acceso a ellas.
Objective: To assess the nutritional status in a young adults by means of dietary parameters and body composition. Methodology: The sample comprises 49 young men (35 women and 14 men) with a mean age of 21.9 ± 2.9 ages, at Alfonso X el Sabio University of Madrid. Body composition was analyzed through anthropometrical parameters. By means of validated questionnaires, physical activity performed within a week was assessed, as well as energy and nutrients intake. The later was estimated through a registry of all foods and beverages consumed for the last 14 days performed by each one of the participants (previously instructed) and estimating the amounts by weight or home or standard servings. The resting energy waste was determined by indirect calorimetry and through the Harris-Benedict predictive formula. Results: Body mass index was similar in both men and women (p = 0.10) (23.5 ± 1.9 and 22.0 ± 2.8 kg/m2). The percentage of fat obtained through anthropometrics was 16.4 ± 3.5% and 27.1 ± 3.8% (p < 0.05) in men and women, respectively. The physical activity was light-moderate. Daily energy intake was appropriate for the total needs when the later were determined by indirect calorimetry. The caloric intake for macronutrients was unbalanced: high in lipids, and very low in carbohydrates. With regards to micronutrients, the assessed diets were in general appropriate but for folic acid, calcium, magnesium for both genders and vitamin A in men, with levels below the recommended ones. Conclusions and recommendations. In some aspects, the diet from this group deviates from current dietary standards. It would be advisable to increase the physical activity that would allow a higher food intake in order to cover for the insufficient intake of some nutrients without energetically unbalancing the diet. The assessment of resting energetic waste by indirect calorimetry seems to better predict the energetic needs.
The concentrations of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were measured in samples of foodstuffs widely consumed by the population of Catalonia, Spain. Food samples were randomly acquired in 12 cities of Catalonia between March and June of 2006. HCB levels were determined by high-resolution gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. The dietary intake of HCB was subsequently estimated for the population of Catalonia, and the results were compared with those of a survey performed in 2000. The highest HCB concentrations were found in oils and fats, fish and seafood, and dairy products, with mean levels of 0.481, 0.330, and 0.284 ng/g of fresh weight, respectively. HCB intake was estimated for four population groups: children, adolescents, adults, and seniors (aged >65 years). The highest and lowest HCB intake corresponded to children and seniors, respectively. Similar results were found in our 2000 survey. For a standard male adult of 70-kg body weight, in the 2000 study, total dietary intake of HCB was 166.2 ng/day (2.4 ng/kg of body weight per day), whereas in the current survey the intake was 71.6 ng/day (1.0 ng/kg of body weight per day). On a body-weight basis, it means a decrease of 57%, which was mainly due to the important reductions in the contribution of dairy products (mainly cheese), as well as those of meat and meat products and fish and seafood. All the intakes are considerably lower than the World Health Organization tolerable daily intake, which is 0.17 microg/kg/day for noncancer effects and 0.16 microg/kg/day for neoplastic effects in humans.
Emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) by municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerators cause concern to the populations living in the vicinity of these facilities. In this study, the health risks of PCDD/F exposure were assessed for adults and children living 500 and 1,000 m from the MSW incinerator. A comparative analysis was performed before (1998) and after (2000) pronounced decreases in PCDD/F air emissions from the stack were noted as a consequence of technical improvements in the facility. At 500 m, total environmental exposure to PCDD/Fs diminished from 5.102 x 10(-5) to 1.271 x 10(-5) ng I-TEQ/kg/day for adults, and from 8.131 x 10(-5) to 2.656 x 10(-5) ng I-TEQ/kg/day for children, which means a reduction of 75.1% for adults and 67.3% for children between 1998 and 2000. At 1,000 m, total environmental PCDD/F exposure diminished from 4.087 x 10(-5) ng I-TEQ/kg/day in 1998 to 0.995 x 10(-5) ng I-TEQ/kg/day in 2000 and from 6.294 x 10(-5) ng I-TEQ/kg/day in 1998 to 1.983 x 10(-5) ng I-TEQ/kg/day in 2000 for adults and children, respectively. However, these reductions are almost imperceptible compared with the contribution of dietary intake of PCDD/F to total exposure to these contaminants. The present results corroborate that for MSW incinerators with modern technologies, human PCDD/F exposure is mainly due to background contamination.
The main objectives of this study were to estimate the dietary intake of dioxins by the population of Catalonia, Spain, to determine which food groups showed the greatest contribution to this intake, and to assess the health risks potentially associated with the dietary dioxin intake. From June to August 2000, food samples were randomly acquired in seven cities of Catalonia. Dioxin concentrations were determined in 108 samples belonging to the following groups: vegetables, fruits, pulses, cereals, fish and shellfish, meats and meat products, eggs, milk and dairy products, and oils and fats. Estimates of average daily food consumption were obtained from recent studies. Total dietary intake of dioxins for the general population of Catalonia was estimated to be 95.4 pg WHO-TEQ/day (78.4 pg I-TEQ/day), with fish and shellfish (31%), diary products (25%), cereals (14%) and meat (13%) showing the greatest percentages of contribution to dioxin intake. The contribution of all the rest of food groups to the total dietary intake was under 20%. The non-carcinogenic risk index of dioxin intake through the diet was in the range 0.34-1.36, while the carcinogenic risk level was 1,360 excess cancer over a lifetime of 70 years. Our results corroborate the decreasing tendency in dietary intake of dioxins found in recent studies (2000-2001) from various countries.
Diet variety is claimed for ensuring a healthy eating. Our objective was to analyze the relationship between the variety and diversity of the diet and its nutritional quality among Spanish children.
Cross-sectional study where information on food and nutrition was obtained through a food frequency questionnaire. The sample included 1,112 children aged 6-7 years from 4 cities. Children were selected by random cluster-sampling in schools and stratified by sex and socioeconomic level. We calculated a diet variety index (DVI)--count of food items--and a diet diversity index (DDI)--count of food groups. To measure the overall diet quality, the Healthy Eating Index (HEI-f) was used.
The percentage of children eating less than one daily food serving varied between 0% for the grain and 11.3% for the fruit groups. Diet variety and diversity were positively associated with the intake of fiber, vitamines B6 and E and folic acid, and the percentage of caloric intake resulting from polyinsaturated fatty acids and carbohydrates. In contrast, intakes of lipis and saturated fatty acids, vitamine C, sodium and calcium were all negatively associated with diet variety and diversity. Although both DVI and DDI were possitively associated with the HEI-f, the results from a regression model showed that it was only DDI that contributed significantly to the model fitting (p < 0.001).
These results support the goodness of a varied diet that includes ingredients from different food groups and, at the same time, maintains the energy energy within recomended levels.
The dietary intake of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene, and indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene) by the general population of Catalonia, Spain, was calculated. Concentrations of PAHs in food samples randomly acquired in seven cities of Catalonia from June to August 2000 were measured. Eleven food groups were included in the study. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to analyze PAHs. The dietary intakes of total and carcinogenic PAHs was calculated for five population groups: children, adolescents, male adults, female adults, and seniors. Among the analyzed PAHs, there was a predominance of phenanthrene (16.7 microg/kg) and pyrene (10.7 microg/kg). By food group, the highest levels of total PAHs were detected in cereals (14.5 microg/kg) and in meat and meat products (13.4 microg/kg). The mean estimated dietary intake of the sum of the 16 PAHs was as follows: male adults, 8.4 microg/day; adolescents, 8.2 microg/day; children, 7.4 microg/day; seniors, 6.3 microg/day; female adults, 6.3 microg/day. The calculated daily intake of PAHs would be associated with a 5/106 increase in the risk for the development of cancer in a male adult with a body weight of 70 kg.
From June to August 2000, food samples were randomly acquired in seven cities in Catalonia, Spain. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations were determined for 108 samples of vegetables, fruits, pulses, cereals, fish and shellfish, meats and meat products, eggs, milk and dairy products, and oils and fats. Levels of 11 PCB congeners (IUPAC 28, 52, 77, 101, 105, 118, 126, 138, 153, 169, and 180) were determined by high-resolution gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. For toxic equivalent (TEQ) calculations, World Health Organization (WHO) toxicity equivalent factors (WHO-TEFs) were used. The highest levels of most congeners were found in fish and shellfish (11,864.18 ng/kg [wet weight]), and the next highest levels, which were substantially lower, were found in milk and dairy products (674.50 ng/kg [wet weight]). For the general population of Catalonia, the total dietary intake of PCBs was found to be 150.13 pg WHO-TEQ/day. The largest contribution to this intake came from fish and shellfish (82.87 pg WHO-TEQ/day) and dairy products (29.38 pg WHO-TEQ per day). A relatively large contribution was also noted for cereals (11.36 pg WHO-TEQ/day). Among the PCB congeners determined in this study, PCB 126 showed the largest contribution to total TEQ intake (50.56%). The data obtained in this study should be useful in risk assessment with regard to human PCB exposure through food in Catalonia.
To assess the nutritional status in a young adults by means of dietary parameters and body composition.
The sample comprises 49 young men (35 women and 14 men) with a mean age of 21.9 +/- 2.9 ages, at Alfonso X el Sabio University of Madrid. Body composition was analyzed through anthropometrical parameters. By means of validated questionnaires, physical activity performed within a week was assessed, as well as energy and nutrients intake. The later was estimated through a registry of all foods and beverages consumed for the last 14 days performed by each one of the participants (previously instructed) and estimating the amounts by weight or home or standard servings. The resting energy waste was determined by indirect calorimetry and through the Harris-Benedict predictive formula.
Body mass index was similar in both men and women (p = 0.10) (23.5 +/- 1.9 and 22.0 +/- 2.8 kg/m2). The percentage of fat obtained through anthropometrics was 16.4 +/- 3.5% and 27.1 +/- 3.8% (p < 0.05) in men and women, respectively. The physical activity was light-moderate. Daily energy intake was appropriate for the total needs when the later were determined by indirect calorimetry. The caloric intake for macronutrients was unbalanced: high in lipids, and very low in carbohydrates. With regards to micronutrients, the assessed diets were in general appropriate but for folic acid, calcium, magnesium for both genders and vitamin A in men, with levels below the recommended ones.
In some aspects, the diet from this group deviates from current dietary standards. It would be advisable to increase the physical activity that would allow a higher food intake in order to cover for the insufficient intake of some nutrients without energetically unbalancing the diet. The assessment of resting energetic waste by indirect calorimetry seems to better predict the energetic needs.
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame retardants in a variety of materials, including synthetic polymers and textiles. Although these chemicals have been detected in environmental samples and human tissues, there is little information about human exposure to PBDEs through the diet. In the present study, we determined the concentrations of PBDEs in a number of food samples acquired in Catalonia (Spain) during 2000. The dietary intake of PBDEs was estimated for the general population living in this Spanish region. The highest PBDE concentrations were found in oils and fats, fish and shellfish, meat and meat products, and eggs, while the lowest levels corresponded to fruits, vegetables, and tubers. The dietary intake of PBDEs for an adult male was 97.3 ng/day (assuming not detected (ND) = (1)/(2) limit of detection (LOD)) or 81.9 ng/day (assuming ND = 0) The greatest contribution to these values corresponded to fish and shellfish, with approximately one-third of the total intake. TetraBDEs and pentaBDEs were the homologues showing the highest percentages of contribution to the sum of total PBDEs. The comparison of the current dietary intake with the suggested lowest observed adverse effect level value of 1 mg/kg/day for the most sensitive endpoints for toxic effects of PBDEs results in a safety factor over 5 orders of magnitude in relation to PBDE exposure from food.
In this study, the concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in milk from women living in the vicinity of a new hazardous waste incinerator (HWI) in Catalonia, Spain, were determined. The study was performed after 4 years of regular operations in the facility and the present PCB levels were compared with baseline concentrations obtained in a pre-operational program. PCBs and PBDEs levels were determined by HRGC/HRMS in 15 samples. In the present study planar PCBs ranged from 1.3 to 6.3 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat with a mean value of 3.8 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat. After adding dioxin-like mono-ortho-PCBs the total PCB-TEQ concentrations ranged from 3.8 to 13.3 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat (mean value: 8.7 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat). A comparison of the current data with those obtained in the baseline study showed significant decreases for both planar and total WHO-TEQ of PCBs: 47.9% and 44.6%, respectively. PCB concentrations in milk of women living in urban zones were higher than those living near industrial areas (10.1 and 7.4 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat, respectively). Mean PBDE concentrations were 2.2 and 2.5 ng/g fat for women living in urban and industrial zones, respectively. Dietary intake of PCBs and PBDEs for a standard adult woman samples were 898 and 843 ng/day for PCBs, and 72 and 63 ng/day for PBDEs, for residents in urban and industrials areas, respectively. This study suggests that dietary intake is more relevant for human exposure to PCBs and PBDEs than living near the HWI.
The mean concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (sum tetra- to octaBDEs) were determined in samples of foodstuffs widely consumed by the population of Catalonia, Northeast Spain. The following six tetra-through heptabrominated congeners were also individually analyzed: PBDEs 47, 99, 100, 153, 154 and 183. Food samples were randomly acquired in 12 cities of Catalonia between March and June of 2006. The dietary intake of PBDEs was estimated for the population of this region. In order to determine the temporal trend on the exposure to PBDEs through the diet, the results were compared with those of a previous survey performed during 2000. The highest concentration of total PBDEs was found in fish and shellfish (563.9 ng/kg of wet weight), followed by oils and fats (359.3 ng/kg ww), and bakery products (98.8 ng/kg ww). Among six individually analyzed congeners, for most food groups BDE-47 and BDE-99 showed the highest levels. The dietary intake of PBDEs for a standard male adult of 70 kg body weight was 75.4 ng/day (or 1.1 ng/kg body weight/day, assuming ND=LOD/2). On a body weight basis, it means a decrease of 23% with respect to the daily intake of the 2000 survey (97.3 ng/day or 1.4 ng/kg/body weight/day). Finally, the current PBDE intake is compared with the results of recent studies on the dietary intake of PBDEs performed in various European, North American, and Asian countries.
Although dietary variety has been associated with a better nutritional profile, its possible role in obesity raises doubts about its overall health benefits. In this study, we examined the association between dietary variety and anthropometric variables, food intake and various food intake biomarkers in Spanish children.
This was a cross-sectional study of 1112 children aged 6-7 years from Cadiz, Murcia, Orense and Madrid, who were selected by means of the random cluster-sampling of schools. Information concerning food and nutrient intake was obtained using a food frequency questionnaire, and a dietary variety index (DVI) was calculated on the basis of the number of different foods consumed more than once a month. The anthropometric variables (weight and height), and plasma lipid and vitamin levels were determined using standardised methods. Our results show that the body mass index (BMI) did not vary substantially as a function of DVI: it was 16.9 in the lowest DVI tertile and 17.2 in the highest (p=0.20). Unlike BMI, the DVI positively correlated (p<0.05) with the plasma levels of alpha and beta-carotene, lycopene, retinol, alpha-tocopherol and vitamin E, with energy intake, and with most of the foods, particularly vegetables, fruit and sausages (respective correlation coefficients of 0.43, 0.26 and 0.23).
Dietary variety is associated with a better food and nutritional profile in Spanish children. Nevertheless, the presence of a positive association between the DVI and energy intake, and the consumption of sausages and pre-cooked products calls for the recommendation of a varied diet of healthy foods, such as cereals (especially whole grains), fruits and vegetables.
Interest in the antioxidant vitamin E as a possible protective nutrient against coronary disease has intensified with the recognition that oxidized low-density lipoprotein may be involved in atherogenesis.
In 1980, 87,245 female nurses 34 to 59 years of age who were free of diagnosed cardiovascular disease and cancer completed dietary questionnaires that assessed their consumption of a wide range of nutrients, including vitamin E. During follow-up of up to eight years (679,485 person-years) that was 97 percent complete, we documented 552 cases of major coronary disease (437 nonfatal myocardial infarctions and 115 deaths due to coronary disease).
As compared with women in the lowest fifth of the cohort with respect to vitamin E intake, those in the top fifth had a relative risk of major coronary disease of 0.66 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.50 to 0.87) after adjustment for age and smoking. Further adjustment for a variety of other coronary risk factors and nutrients, including other antioxidants, had little effect on the results. Most of the variability in intake and reduction in risk was attributable to vitamin E consumed as supplements. Women who took vitamin E supplements for short periods had little apparent benefit, but those who took them for more than two years had a relative risk of major coronary disease of 0.59 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.38 to 0.91) after adjustment for age, smoking status, risk factors for coronary disease, and use of other antioxidant nutrients (including multi-vitamins).
Although these prospective data do not prove a cause-and-effect relation, they suggest that among middle-aged women the use of vitamin E supplements is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease. Randomized trials of vitamin E in the primary and secondary prevention of coronary disease are being conducted; public policy recommendations about the widespread use of vitamin E should await the results of these trials.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the cholesterol-lowering effects of reducing fat and increasing or not increasing dietary fiber in subjects consuming a mixed Mediterranean-Western diet. Thirty-one free-living, mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects were randomly allocated to two groups. Subjects in both groups first shifted for 4 wk to a low-fat, low-fiber diet (LFLFD). For an additional 4-wk period, subjects in group 1 continued consuming the LFLFD whereas subjects in group 2 consumed a low-fat, high-fiber diet (LFHFD). Most dietary fatty acids were monounsaturated (38-41%) and fibers, when provided (up to 35 g/d), came from unrefined cereals, legumes, and soluble-fiber-enriched ready-to-eat cereals. After period 1 of the LFLFD, mean serum and low-density-lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol concentrations of subjects in groups 1 (-12.5% and -15.5%, respectively) and 2 (-10.5% and -15.5%, respectively) decreased significantly from baseline (P < 0.05). After period 2, mean serum and LDL-cholesterol concentrations of subjects consuming the LFLFD (group 1) were still lower (by 8.8% and 9.2%, respectively, from baseline) whereas in subjects consuming the LFHFD (group 2) these values decreased further to significantly lower values (14.2% and 17.6% from baseline, respectively). Fasting high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, apolipoprotein A-I, glycemia, and insulinemia did not change significantly. In seven men, postprandial lipemia transiently increased more after a breakfast test meal at the completion of the LFHFD period than after the LFLFD period. In conclusion, an LFHFD more comparable with the traditional Mediterranean diet may improve the dietary management of moderate hypercholesterolemia.
To describe the prevalence of, and trends in, overweight and obesity in the US population using standardized international definitions.
Successive cross-sectional nationally representative surveys, including the National Health Examination Survey (NHES I; 1960-62) and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES I: 1971-1974; NHANES II: 1976-1980; NHANES III: 1988-94). Body mass index (BMI:kg/m2) was calculated from measured weight and height. Overweight and obesity were defined as follows: Overweight (BMI > or = 25.0); pre-obese (BMI 25.0-29.9), class I obesity (BMI 30.0-34.9), class II obesity (BMI 35.0-39.9), and class III obesity (BMI > or = 40.0).
For men and women aged 20-74 y, the age-adjusted prevalence of BMI 25.0-29.9 showed little or no increase over time (NHES I: 30.5%, NHANES I: 32.0%, NHANES II: 31.5% and NHANES III: 32.0%) but the prevalence of obesity (BMI > or = 30.0) showed a large increase between NHANES II and NHANES III (NHES I: 12.8%; NHANES I, 14.1%; NHANES II, 14.5% and NHANES III, 22.5%). Trends were generally similar for all age, gender and race-ethnic groups. The crude prevalence of overweight and obesity (BMI > 25.0) for age > or = 20 y was 59.4% for men, 50.7% for women and 54.9% overall. The prevalence of class III obesity (BMI > or = 40.0) exceeded 10% for non-Hispanic black women aged 40-59 y.
Between 1976-80 and 1988-94, the prevalence of obesity (BMI > or= 30.0) increased markedly in the US. These findings are in agreement with trends seen elsewhere in the world. Use of standardized definitions facilitates international comparisons.
The current epidemic of obesity is caused largely by an environment that promotes excessive food intake and discourages physical
activity. Although humans have evolved excellent physiological mechanisms to defend against body weight loss, they have only
weak physiological mechanisms to defend against body weight gain when food is abundant. Control of portion size, consumption
of a diet low in fat and energy density, and regular physical activity are behaviors that protect against obesity, but it
is becoming difficult to adopt and maintain these behaviors in the current environment. Because obesity is difficult to treat,
public health efforts need to be directed toward prevention.
Evidence on dietary risk factors for ovarian cancer is inconsistent, but some studies have suggested positive associations with dietary fat, lactose, and cholesterol and negative associations with green and yellow vegetable intake. By using information from the Iowa Women's Health Study, the authors investigated the association of epithelial ovarian cancer with dietary factors in a prospective study of 29,083 postmenopausal women. Dietary information was ascertained via a food frequency questionnaire mailed to participants in 1986. During 10 years of follow-up (1986-1995), 139 of the women developed incident epithelial ovarian cancer. Incidence of the disease was not associated with dietary fat intake. Lactose and cholesterol showed moderately elevated risks. Multivariable-adjusted relative risks for the lowest to highest quartiles of lactose intake were 1.00, 1.38, 1.25, and 1.60 (p for trend = 0.12). For cholesterol, the corresponding values were 1.00, 1.34, 1.86, and 1.55 (p for trend = 0.06). Consumption of eggs was also associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer. Multivariable-adjusted relative risks for increasing frequency of egg consumption were 1.00 (<1/week), 1.12 (1/week), 2.04 (2-4/week), and 1.81 (>4/week) (p for trend = 0.04). Total vegetable intake was modestly and inversely associated with the risk of ovarian cancer (p for trend = 0.21). Green leafy vegetable intake was more strongly associated with a decreased risk: multivariable-adjusted relative risks for the lowest to highest intake levels were 1.00, 0.80, 0.87, and 0.44 (p = 0.01). These findings are generally in agreement with the results from previous, mostly case-control studies of diet and epithelial ovarian cancer.
The ratio of the total energy intake (TEI) reported by men and women in the same dietary survey varies considerably among dietary surveys. The purpose of our study was to investigate the potential value of the sex ratio of TEI as a measure of misreporting dietary intake by comparing it with the sex ratio of biomarkers such as the 24 h urinary excretion of sodium, potassium and total nitrogen.
The sex ratio (m/f) of TEI in adults was calculated from 81 dietary surveys performed in 28 countries. The surveys were conducted in healthy and free-living populations, using the same methodology in both sexes.
A mean sex ratio of 1.35 (s.d., 0.13) and 1.33 (s.d., 0.10) was obtained at the individual survey level and at the country level, respectively. The sex ratio of 1.40 in the younger age class (< or = 60/64 y) was significantly higher than the sex ratio of 1.27 in the older age class (> 60/64y) (P < 0.0001). The dietary assessment methodology also influenced the sex ratio (P = 0.03). Compared with the INTERSALT study, the sex ratio of TEI was higher than the sex ratios of the 24 h urinary sodium (1.23), potassium (1.20) and total nitrogen (1.25), biomarkers of dietary sodium, potassium and protein intake. Therefore the dietary survey data indicate a mean TEI of 10 476 kJ/d for men and 7784 kJ/d for women, which gives a mean sex difference of 2692 kJ/d. However if the biomarker sex ratio of 1.23, mean sex ratio of the 24 h urinary sodium, potassium and total nitrogen, is correct and the TEI of men is correctly assessed at 10476kJ/d, the TEI of women should be 8517kJ/d, a difference of only 1959 kJ/d.
Calculated from dietary surveys, the mean sex ratio of TEI is 1.35. This sex ratio decreases with age and depends on the dietary assessment methods used. In many dietary surveys, the sex ratio of TEI is likely overestimated.
The relationship between diet and alcohol and lung cancer was evaluated among participants of the New York State Cohort (United
States),comprising 27,544 men (395 cases) and 20,456 women (130 cases) who completed a brief mailed questionnaire in 1980.
Participants were followed up through1987 with the assistance of the New York State Department of Health's Vital Statistics
Section and Cancer Registry. Among men, inverse relationships with vitamin C, folate, and carotenoids, and positive associations
with total fat, monounsaturated and saturated fat were observed after adjusting for age, education, cigarettes/day, years
smoking, and total energy intake. The relationships observed with folate and saturated fat were stronger for heavy smokers.
Also, the effect of folate, total fat, and monounsaturated fat seemed to be limited to squamous cell carcinomas. We found
no indication that cholesterol or polyunsaturated fat was associated with lung cancer. Diet did not appear to exert a major
role on lung cancer risk among women. Although diet modification should never be considered a substitute for smoking cessation,
its role as an additional strategy in lung cancer prevention deserves attention.
Diet is linked to the etiology of about 50% of all cancers, acting as a promoter, in the multi-step pathogenesis of cancer. Research indicates that a high-fat and low-fiber diet increases the risk for some cancers. The aim is to have people eat a low-fat diet of 25% or less of total daily calories and a high-fiber diet of 20-30 gm/daily. Research also indicates that a lack of host resistance increases the risk for cancer, acting as a promoter. Vitamins A, B6, C & E and the minerals selenium and zinc have proved to be safe and since they have shown some evidence of being able to restore or maintain immunocompetence they are recommended as dietary supplements. Exercise, a low-fat and high-fiber diet and avoiding obesity are not only important in reducing cancer incidence and thereby increasing longevity but they are also important in reducing the incidence of cardiovascular disease, i.e., strokes and coronary heart disease. Total cholesterol levels less than 200 mg/dl are desirable, those between 200-239 mg/dl place patients at borderline risk and those 240 mg/dl or higher place them at high risk. Of equal, or even greater importance are the levels of the "bad cholesterol" LDL that produces arteriosclerosis. Levels less than 130 mg/dl are desirable, those between 130-159 place patients at borderline risk and those over 160 mg/dl place them at high risk. The higher the levels are for the "good cholesterol' HDL, then the lower is the risk, with the norms being 30-75 mg/dl.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The effects of aging on energy requirements and energy expenditure were investigated in 35 healthy young men (mean +/- SE age, 22.7 +/- 0.6 y) and elderly men (68.0 +/- 1.5 y). Over a 10-d metabolic balance study, measurements were made of metabolizable energy intake for weight maintenance, total energy expenditure, resting energy expenditure, and thermic effect of feeding. Values for both metabolizable energy intake and total energy expenditure were significantly higher than the current recommended dietary allowance for energy in both age groups (P < 0.01). Total energy expenditures were 14.48 +/- 0.65 and 11.26 +/- 5.40 MJ/d in young and elderly men, respectively. The difference in total energy expenditure between the groups was accounted for by a significant decrease in all the major components of expenditure. These results suggest that the current recommended dietary allowances for energy may underestimate the usual energy needs of healthy adult men.
The prevalence of clinical obesity in Britain has doubled in the past decade. The Health of the Nation initiative has set ambitious targets for reversing the trend in recognition of the serious health burden which will accrue, but efforts to develop prevention and treatment strategies are handicapped by uncertainty as to the aetiology of the problem. It is generally assumed that ready access to highly palatable foods induces excess consumption and that obesity is caused by simple gluttony. There is evidence that a high fat diet does override normal satiety mechanisms. However, average recorded energy intake in Britain has declined substantially as obesity rates have escalated. The implication is that levels of physical activity, and hence energy needs, have declined even faster. Evidence suggests that modern inactive lifestyles are at least as important as diet in the aetiology of obesity and possibly represent the dominant factor.
To investigate trends in body mass index (BMI) and prevalence of obesity in different areas and educational groups in Finland.
Cardiovascular risk factor surveys carried out at five-year intervals among men and women aged 30 to 59 years from 1972 to 1992.
Body mass index and educational level have been measured in each survey.
BMI increased in men over 40 years of age until 1987 and then levelled off. BMI decreased in women in all age groups until 1982 and then levelled off. Even though all men have become heavier, the change has been smallest in the highest educated group. This difference is even more pronounced in women. The prevalence of obesity (BMI over 30 kg2) was 19% in men and 18% in women in 1992. The prevalence of overweight (BMI over 25 kg/m2) was 63% in men and 49% in women. The prevalence of obesity among men with the lowest educational level was 27% and in women 26%.
The differences in BMI between educational groups have become wider in both genders during 1972-1992.
Mediterranean diet (a greater intake of olive oil, cereals, legumes, fruits and vegetables), is related to a lower prevalence of some associated diseases. The aim of the study was to observe in a Spanish population the evolution of dietary intake, whether there could be changes in the contribution of different kinds of food in energy intake, and the importance of socioeconomic and cultural factors which could influence this phenomenon.
Dietary intake was evaluated using the 24 hours recall method in a representative sample (n = 941, age range = 10-69) of a Reus population (Spain). This longitudinal study consisted of 70% of the sample studied in 1983 using identical methodology.
From 1983 to 1993, we observed a significant increment of lactic derivatives (50.0%), vegetables (12.5%) and fruit intake (10.6%), and a significant decrease in tubercles (-56%), eggs (-15.6%), sugars (-13.0%), milk (-9.2%), and cereal (-7.6%) intake. Meat, fish, and visible fat intake remained unchanged. The intake of the 9 groups of food was different for men and women along this time period. We observed an increment in animal sources to our diet, primarily because of an increment in lactic derivative intake and a decrease in tubercles intake. Differences observed in 1983 between social classes related to different kinds of nutrients had nearly disappeared in 1993. Medium and high social classes followed very similar diets. However, the group of population with lowest socioeconomic status had a lower intake of energy and nutrients.
Our diet consisted of the main characteristics of the typical mediterranean diet, although we observed a decrease in cereal intake and an increase in food of animal origin. Differences observed in 1983 related to dietary habits and nutritional profile between medium and high social classes, disappeared in 1993. However, there exists a small group of people of low social class which had a lower intake of energy and other nutrients.
Not enough information is available regarding Spanish alimentation from the Civil War up to the present. Furthermore, there are some evidence that the Spaniards are leaving behind their traditional, healthy Mediterranean diet. The aim of this study was therefore to describe the food and nutrient intake trends of the Spanish population from 1940-1988 and establish to what extent the pattern of the Mediterranean diet has been maintained.
New food balance sheets for the Spanish population have been elaborated using all the information available and consistently applying the methodology of the European Union over the period from 1940-1988.
Total caloric intake and that of all the macronutrients increased over the study period although this increase was greater after 1960. The contribution of lipids to total caloric intake has increased (30% in 1960-1968 and 42% from 1980-1988), protein contribution has remained the same (13% 1960-1968 and 13% 1980-1988) and carbohydrate intake has decreased (58% from 1960-1968 to 45% from 1980-1988). These changes are the result of an important increase in the consumption of meat, eggs, milk and derivatives. Nonetheless the high intake of fruit and vegetables, fish and olive and seed oils has been maintained. Thus, from 1980-1988 the ingestion of monounsaturated/saturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids was 1.3 and 0.5, respectively.
The first systematic reconstruction of the alimentary and nutritional history of the Spanish population over the last fifty years has been carried out. The Spanish diet has undergone typical changes associated with economic development but continues to be consistent with the pattern of the Mediterranean diet. These changes in diet are, however, of worry because of their deviation from optimum nutritional patterns.
Collection of data relating to nutrition, nutrient supply and nutritional status, and to certain risk factors of diet-related diseases in a group of Hungarian population.
Collection of data on diets three times 24h dietary recall, anthropometric measurements to obtain information about the nutritional status, laboratory tests measurements of biochemical markers.
Examination of 2559 volunteer adult persons, selected in a quasi random way in Budapest and seven other counties.
The diets of the persons examined contained more than necessary protein 14.6 en%, considerably more fat 38.0 en%, mainly fat of animal origin with low PUFA and including high cholesterol, little total carbohydrate 45.1 en%, in that much added sugar 15.4 en%. Vitamin supply was generally satisfactory, borderline deficiency may be observed in the case of tocopherol equivalent and in some age-groups, first of all in women, in the case of thiamine, riboflavin and pyridoxine. Out of the macro- and microelements, sodium intake is three to four times the acceptable level, potassium and calcium intakes in both genders, iron and zinc intakes in women show deficiency. The mean value for relative body mass, the distribution of BMI values prove a high incidence of overweight 34.3% and obesity 21.1%. Means for biochemical markers appear to indicate that nutrient supply was in the normal range of laboratory tests. The averages of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol 5.6 and 3.6 mmol/L, respectively unequivocally suggested the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
The nutrition of the Hungarian population presents several risk factors of diet-related diseases: P/S ratio of 0.27-0.29, Na/K ratio of 2.6 g/g, intake of some micronutrients (vitamins, macro- and microelements) was low in certain groups of investigated persons.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 1-year diet intervention, exercise intervention and both combined on blood pressure (BP) in normotensives and mild hypertensives. Two hundred and nineteen sedentary middle aged men and women with slightly deranged coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors were randomised to a control, a diet, an exercise and a diet + exercise group. Based on baseline diastolic BP, participants were divided into tertiles, giving baseline average BP of 141.4/96.7 in tertile 1, 130.7/87.6 in tertile 2 and 121.9/79.0 in tertile 3. The 1-year net-difference in BP between the intervention groups and the control group decreased across the tertiles; in tertile 1 being -11.2/-6.7 (p < 0.05), -11.3/-6.7 (p < 0.05 for systolic BP only) and -7.0/-5.1 (NS) in the combined, diet and exercise group respectively. Triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, and insulin variables were significantly and favourably changed, the changes being most marked in the combined group. The results show that diet and diet + exercise are about equally effective in reducing BP, and the effects may be dependent on the baseline level. Within the upper tertile of baseline BP, the decline in BP in the combined intervention and the diet group are almost comparable to those obtained with drug treatment. In addition, other important CHD risk factors were all changed in a beneficial direction.
To explore the different characteristics of high and low fat consumers, in particular their macronutrient intake and body mass index.
Reanalysis of data from the Dietary and Nutritional Survey of British Adults. Comparisons were made between groups defined as high and low fat consumers on the basis of 7-day weighed food records considered to be valid for energy intake. Individuals were classified in two ways according to the percentage energy from fat (FAT%) and the absolute amount of fat consumed (FATg). The criteria for classification of the high FAT% being > 45% (high fat) and < or = 35% (low fat). For the FATg group the threshold for the high fat group was > 138 g/day (men) and > 102 g/day (women), and for the low fat group < 85 g/day (men) and < 70 g/day (women).
Dietary data was collected from private households in Great Britain between 1986 and 1987.
From the total population of 2197, individuals who were slimming, ill or had an EI: BMR of < 1.2 were excluded in order to use data which was most likely to represent habitual energy intakes. From the remaining 1240 subjects, 10.8% of this sample (6.1% of the total population) were classified as low fat consumers (76 men and 58 women) and 15.4% high fat (8.7% of the total population, 93 men and 98 women).
Macronutrient consumption and body mass index (BMI).
30% of the subjects changed fat group classification when the criteria of defining high and low fat groups altered from FAT% to FATg. Nutrient intakes differed according to definition of the groups. The high fat FATg group ate significantly more of all nutrients than the low fat FATg group. However, this was not seen for the FAT% analysis, with the high fat group eating more fat and less carbohydrate. The average BMI tended to be higher in the high fat than the low fat groups, particularly in the FATg analysis. However, the high fat group contained a wide range of BMIs. Further exploration of BMI in the high fat groups, showed that age (an 11-year difference) was the only variable to distinguish individuals in the top and bottom quartiles of BMI.
High and low fat consumers differ according to a number of variables, and this is affected by how these groups are defined (FAT% or FATg). High fat consumers tend to have a higher BMI than low fat consumers, but not all high fat consumers are overweight or obese.
Nutritional characteristics of the mediterranean diet, with a high intake of complex carbohydrates, fibre, monounsatured fatty acids and vegetables, are related to a lower prevalence of some nutritional associated diseases. The aim of our study was to perform a longitudinal analysis of the evolution of food intake in a mediterranean population in order to observe its influence on the energy and nutritional intake and their balance. The latter could have some effects on health status.
Dietary intake was evaluated using the 24 hours recall method in a representative sample (n = 941, age range = 10-69) of a Reus population. This longitudinal study consisted of 70% of the samples studied in 1983 using identical methodology.
During this decade (1983-1993), energy intake decreased significantly 180 kcal/day for men and 158 kcal/day for women, carbohydrates being the main cause for this drop (132 and 84 kcal/day less for men and women, respectively). Protein intake decreased significantly in both sexes, 5.6% for men and 8.0% for women. However, the evolution of fat intake was different for men (no changes) and for women (a significant decrease of 5.7%). Saturated and monounsatured fatty acids did not show significant changes in this decade. Cholesterol intake decreased significantly in both sexes. Energy percents obtained from lipids, saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids significantly increased. However, in absolute values very little changes in fat intake in both sexes were observed.
The dietary pattern evolved to a lower energy intake with an increment of the percentage of dietary lipids, but this feature was did not reflect a greater fat intake in absolute values. Moreover, the main characteristics of the typical mediterranean diet (which is basically different to the usual diet of other non mediterranean european countries mainly due to its richness in monounsaturated fatty acids) did not change in the period analyzed.
It is known that obesity, sodium intake, and alcohol consumption factors influence blood pressure. In this clinical trial, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, we assessed the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure.
We enrolled 459 adults with systolic blood pressures of less than 160 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressures of 80 to 95 mm Hg. For three weeks, the subjects were fed a control diet that was low in fruits, vegetables, and dairy products, with a fat content typical of the average diet in the United States. They were then randomly assigned to receive for eight weeks the control diet, a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, or a "combination" diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products and with reduced saturated and total fat. Sodium intake and body weight were maintained at constant levels.
At base line, the mean (+/-SD) systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 131.3+/-10.8 mm Hg and 84.7+/-4.7 mm Hg, respectively. The combination diet reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure by 5.5 and 3.0 mm Hg more, respectively, than the control diet (P<0.001 for each); the fruits-and-vegetables diet reduced systolic blood pressure by 2.8 mm Hg more (P<0.001) and diastolic blood pressure by 1.1 mm Hg more than the control diet (P=0.07). Among the 133 subjects with hypertension (systolic pressure, > or =140 mm Hg; diastolic pressure, > or =90 mm Hg; or both), the combination diet reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure by 11.4 and 5.5 mm Hg more, respectively, than the control diet (P<0.001 for each); among the 326 subjects without hypertension, the corresponding reductions were 3.5 mm Hg (P<0.001) and 2.1 mm Hg (P=0.003).
A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy foods and with reduced saturated and total fat can substantially lower blood pressure. This diet offers an additional nutritional approach to preventing and treating hypertension.
The average prevalence of obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2) among European centers participating in the WHO-MONICA study between 1983 and 1986 was about 15% in men and 22% in women Prevalence figures ranged in men from 7% in Gothenburg and 22% in Lithuania and in women from 9% to 45% in the same places. Some monitoring projects or repeated surveys suggest that the prevalence of obesity has been increasing during the past 15 years in some European countries. A closer look at data from The Netherlands suggest that average weight increase in the order of about 1 kilo can be responsible for quite dramatic increases in the prevalence of obesity. This suggest that only small changes in the daily caloric balance may be sufficient to increase the number of obese subjects in populations. In The Netherlands a decrease in energy intake and fat consumption was observed between 1987 and 1993 and smoking rates remained relatively stable. This could imply that reductions in energy expenditure are the main factors responsible for the increase in the prevalence of obesity. Since the increase in the prevalence of obesity seems to occur particularly in younger age-groups, the consequences of the increase in the prevalence of obesity only become apparent many years later. Especially chronic conditions such as arthritis or conditions related to obesity but occurring later in life such as cerebrovascular accidents, chronic heart failure or breast cancer in women. The rising prevalence of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus may be one of the first signs of the increasing problem of obesity in European countries.
To assess the adequacy of the dietary intake in general, and that of vitamin B6 intake especially.
Dietary intake based on 3 d diet-records was assessed among a random sample of the adult Dutch population (the reference group, n = 300) aged 20-79 y, stratified for age and gender and among a group with a low vitamin B6 intake, selected by means of a food frequency questionnaire.
Among the reference group, absolute vitamin B6 intake on average amply met the RDA in all age-gender categories, whereas the adequate level of 20 microg vitamin B6 per gram protein, was on average met by men only. The prevalences of a vitamin B6 intake below the minimum requirement (absolute) of 1 mg/d was 1-11% and below the average minimum requirement of 15 microg/g protein was 5-12% for the various age-sex reference groups. Average intake of folate among women of childbearing age did not meet the recommendation of 400 microg/d for those who want to become pregnant. Average intake of iron and iodine was also below recommended levels among women aged 20-49 y. Both absolute vitamin B6 intake and the vitamin B6/protein ratio calculated with the diet records was lower among the low vitamin B6 groups than among the reference groups, indicating that the preselection of groups with low vitamin B6 intakes on the basis of a food frequency questionnaire was successful. Intake of energy and macro- and micronutrients, as well as a nutrient density of the diet were lower among low vitamin B6 groups than among reference groups.
It is concluded that a low vitamin B6 intake is the result of both the quantity (energy) and quality (nutrient density) of the food consumed. The effects of this are not restricted to vitamin B6 and therefore, the low vitamin B6 groups have a combination of relatively low intakes.
Most studies of diet and colorectal cancer have considered nutrients and micronutrients, but the role of foods or food groups remains open to debate. To elucidate the issue, we examined data from a case-control study conducted between 1992 and 1997 in the Swiss canton of Vaud. Cases were 223 patients (142 men, 81 women) with incident, histologically confirmed colon (n= 119) or rectal (n= 104) cancer (median age 63 years), linked with the Cancer Registry of the Swiss Canton of Vaud, and controls were 491 subjects (211 men, 280 women, median age 58 years) admitted to the same university hospital for a wide spectrum of acute non-neoplastic conditions unrelated to long-term modifications of diet. Odds ratios (OR) were obtained after allowance for age, sex, education, smoking, alcohol, body mass index, physical activity and total energy intake. Significant associations were observed for refined grain (OR = 1.32 for an increase of one serving per day), and red meat (OR = 1.54), pork and processed meat (OR = 1.27), alcohol (OR = 1.28), and significant protections for whole grain (OR = 0.85), raw (OR = 0.85) and cooked vegetables (OR = 0.69), citrus (OR = 0.86) and other fruits (OR = 0.85), and for coffee (OR = 0.73). Garlic was also protective (OR = 0.32 for the highest tertile of intake). These findings in a central European population support the hypothesis that a diet rich in refined grains and red meat increases the risk of colorectal cancer; they, therefore, support the recommendation to substitute whole grains for refined grain, to limit meat intake, and to increase fruit and vegetable consumption.
To elucidate the role of dietary habits, a study was carried out in 1992-1997 in the province of Pordenone in Northeastern Italy, and those of Rome and Latina in central Italy. Cases were 512 men and 86 women with cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx (lip, salivary glands and nasopharynx excluded) and controls were 1008 men and 483 women who had been admitted to local hospitals for a broad range of acute non-neoplastic conditions. The validated dietary section of the questionnaire included 78 foods or recipes and ten questions on fat intake patterns. After allowance for education, smoking, alcohol and total energy intake, significant trends of increasing risk with increasing intake emerged for soups, eggs, processed meats, cakes and desserts, and butter. Risk was approximately halved in the highest compared to the lowest intake quintile for coffee and tea, white bread, poultry, fish, raw and cooked vegetables, citrus fruit, and olive oil. The inverse association with oils, especially olive oil, was only slightly attenuated by allowance for vegetable intake. Thus, frequent consumption of vegetables, citrus fruit, fish and vegetable oils were the major features of a low-risk diet for cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx.
Encuesta de nutrición en la Comunidad Autó-noma Vasca. Tendencias de consumo alimen-tario
- J Aranceta
- C Pérez
- I Marzana
- I Eguileor
- González
- L Galdeano
- Sáenz
- Buruaga
Aranceta J, Pérez C, Marzana I, Eguileor I, González de Galdeano L, Sáenz de Buruaga J. Encuesta de nutrición en la Comunidad Autó-noma Vasca. Tendencias de consumo alimen-tario, indicadores bioquímicos y estado nutri-cional de la población adulta de la Comunidad Autónoma Vasca. EINUT-I. Vitoria: Gobierno Vasco, 1995.
Dirección General de Prevención y Pro-moción de la Salud
- Madrid
Madrid: Dirección General de Prevención y Pro-moción de la Salud, Comunidad de Madrid, 1994.
En-cuesta alimentaria de la ciudad de Alicante
- J Aranceta
- J Mataix
- C Pérez
- Medrano
Aranceta J, Mataix J, Pérez C, Medrano J. En-cuesta alimentaria de la ciudad de Alicante 1991. En: Medrano J, editor. Dieta mediterránea y Alicante. Alicante: Universidad de Alicante, 1995.
El consumo de alimentos y nutrientes en España en el perío-do 1940-1988. Análisis de su consistencia con la dieta mediterránea
- Rodríguez-Artalejo F Jr
- Ma R Graciani
Rodríguez-Artalejo F, Banegas JR, Graciani MA, Hernández-Vecino R, Rey-Calero J. El consumo de alimentos y nutrientes en España en el perío-do 1940-1988. Análisis de su consistencia con la dieta mediterránea. Med Clin (Barc) 1996; 106: 161-168. MEDICINA CLÍNICA. VOL. 115. NÚM. 1. 2000