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CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, ANTIMICROBIAL AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITIES OF ESSENTIAL OIL AND LIPOIDAL MATTER OF THE FLOWERS AND PODS OF TIPUANA TIPU GROWING IN EGYPT
Abstract
Hydrodistillation of the flowers of Tipuana tipu yielded 0.5% v/w of oil. Eighteen components were identified by
GC/MS analysis and Perhydro-farnesyl (32.17%) was the major constituent. Qualitative a and quantitative analysis of
fatty acids and unsaponifiable matter using GC/MS revealed the presence of fifteen fatty acids in leaves and fourteen in
pods. Decosane was the major identified hydrocarbon representing (17.6%) in leaves and (12.72%) in pods. .The leaf extract and
volatile oil of flowers showed a broad spectrum antimicrobial effect, while pods extract showed obvious activity on
Escherichia coli (gram –ve bacterium) and yeast. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the methanolic and chloroformic
extracts of leaves and pods were ranged from 0.2-0.6 mg/ml while volatile oil of flowers was 0.05. Leaf extract was found to
be stable at 37ºC for 25 h and the remaining activity was 72% to 86%. The activity against all tested microorganisms was
completely lost after incubation at 50ºC for 15 h. Storage at room temperature (25ºC) for three months in air tight glass bottle
retains the activity. The exposure of the isolated fractions to different pH (2 to 12) for 15 min incubation period showed that
fractions retain about 52% to 74% of the activity at pH 2 and 45% to 65% at pH 8 and a complete loss in activity was observed
at pH 12. The methanolic extract showed an obvious cytotoxic activity against breast and colon carcinoma cell lines,
while the chloroformic extract showed cytotoxic activity against breast and cervix carcinoma cell lines. The volatile oil
showed significant cytotoxic activity against the three examined cell lines.
... Moreover, Ixora peptide I, chemical constituents Identified from I. coccinea showed cytotoxicity against the Hep3B liver tumor cell line [28]. (10), [29,30], ntetradecanoic acid (43) [31], n-hexadecane (54), ntridecane (51), n-eicosane (57) [32], were reported to have anticancer activity. Methyl octadecanoate (65), methyl hexadecanoate (67), and methyl tetracosanoate (71), exhibited potential anticancer activities against MCF-7 cancer cell line [33]. ...
The current study examined the cytotoxic activity of chloroform flowers extracts of five Ixora species Linn. (Rubiaceae). An in-vitro growth inhibition and cytotoxic effect were demonstrated against three different human cancer cell lines named as, uterine cervical (HeLa), lung (NCI H-460) and breast (MCF-7) cancer cell lines. Among different colored flowers extracts of Ixora species the yellow colored flowers of I. coccinea was more potent against aforementioned human cancer cell lines (GI50: ~15 ± 3.8 μg/ml with LC50: 230 ± 3.9μg/ml). GC-MS technique was used for the identification of chemical constituents present in the extract, which may be responsible for their anticancer effect.
... GC-MS analysis showed that Di-n-propyl ether was the major component, with the highest relative content of 10 The terpenoids and the relative content of β-Bourbonene in green leaves was significantly higher than in leaf litter. This might be due to the different phenological stage, the composition and concentration of all kinds of chemicals which vary significantly, Kansoh et al. (17), found that the chemical composition was greatly influenced by plant developmental stage. Zhu et al. (40) reported that soil microbial communities have the potential to decompose and mineralize chemicals in root exudates by E. adenophorum. ...
The aqueous extract of invasive Solidago canadensis L leaf has significant allelopathic effect on the coexisting native plants. To test whether S. canadensis leaf litter also had similar effects, a pot experiment was done to study the allelopathic effects of S. Canadensis (green leaves and leaf litter) on the seedling growth of recipient specie Lactuca sativa. Gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify the differences in the allelochemicals present in green leaf and leaf litter. In leaf litter and green leaves of S. Canadensis 27 and 34 compounds were identified, respectively. The chemical compounds and their relative contents were higher in green leaves of S. canadensis than in leaf litter. The seedling growth of L. sativa was significantly inhibited by leaf litter and green leaves, however the green leaves extract was more inhibitory than leaf litter. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content and peroxidase (POD) activity of L. sativa increased with the increase in extract concentrations of green leaf and leaf litter, while catalase (CAT) activity decreased at 0.2g/g soil. This suggests that the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may damage the membrane lipids, which consequently inhibited the growth of L. sativa. © 2017, International Allelopathy Foundation. All rights reserved.
... Certain Machaerium species were reported to have antimicrobial (Waage et al., 1984), antigiardial (ElSohly et al., 1999) and antitumor activities (Seo et al., 2001). Little phytochemical studies were carried out on Tipuana tipu including those of Braga De Oliveira et al. (1971) who reported the isolation of formononetin, β-sitosterol and stearic acid, while Kansoh et al. (2009) studied the volatile oil content of the flowers. The present research was conducted to isolate the chemical constituents of Tipuana tipu growing in Egypt and evaluate its potential use in pharmacy and medicine. ...
Six compounds were isolated from methanolic extracts of the leaves and the bark of Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Lillo growing in Egypt. The isolated compounds were identified as 1-nonadecanol (1), β-sitosterol (2), alpinumisoflavone (3), β-sitosterol glucoside (4), protocatechualdehyde (5) and protocatechuic acid (6), based on different spectroscopic data and mass analysis. This is the first report to indicate the isolation of compounds 1 & 3-6 from Tipuana tipu. Compound 1 is isolated for the first time from family Fabaceae. Compounds 2 and 3 showed a promising anticancer activity, while compound 5 displayed a remarkable in vivo anti-inflammatory activity compared to indomethacin.
... Certain species were reported to have antigiardial (Elsohly et al. 1999) and antitumour activities (Seo et al. 2001). T. tipu was reported in a previous work of the authors to have antimicrobial activity as well as cytotoxic activity against breast, colon and cervix carcinoma cell lines (Kansoh et al. 2009). In continuation of the study on the leaves of T. tipu, this work reports the investigation of the flavonoid contents and preliminary biological evaluations. ...
The new acetylated kaempferol tetraglycoside, kaempferol-3-O-[2″(4-acetylrhamnopyranosyl)-3″-galactopyranosyl] robinobioside (1), was isolated from the aqueous methanolic leaf extract of Tipuana tipu Benth. The known kaempferol 3-[2″-(4-acetyl-rhamnosyl)] robinobioside (2), kaempferol 3-O-2″-rhamnopyranosylrutinoside (3), rutin (4), kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside (5), kaempferol 3-O-glucopyranoside (6), kaempferol 3-O-galactopyranoside (7), quarcetin 3-O-glucopyranoside (8), kaempferol (9) and quercetin (10) together with the chlorogenic acid (11) were also isolated and characterised. Structures were established on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic analysis including (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, 2D NMR and ESI-MS. The methanol extract exhibited moderate antioxidant activity, IC50 28.96 μg/mL, compared with ascorbic acid (1.83 μg/mL) and tertiary-butylhydroquinone (1.92 μg/mL). The methanol and chloroform extracts exhibited potent cytotoxic activity; the former was found to be active against larynx and liver cell lines, while the latter being active against intestine and liver cell lines.
... The volatile oil of the Kassem et al. 1191 flowers showed a broad-spectrum antimicrobial effect and significant cytotoxic activity against breast, colon and cervix carcinoma cell lines. Pods extract was active against Escherichia coli and yeast (Kansoh et al., 2009). EXPERIMENTAL Plant materials Fresh leaves, flowers, barks, roots and pods of both B. purpurea L. and Tipuana speciosa Benth. ...
In an attempt to explore, the hepatoprotective, nephroprotective and anti-malarial effects of some plants growing in Egypt, different parts of Bauhinia purpurae and Tipuana speciosa family Fabaceae were selected for the current study. Liver and kidney injury were induced in Wistar albino rats using paracetamol. The biochemical parameters such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and total bilirubin were estimated as reflections of the liver condition. Measured kidney parameters were; serum creatinine, serum urea, sodium and potassium level. Liver and kidney samples of rats treated with extracts showed marked improvement in the biochemical parameters were subjected to histopathological study. All the results were compared with the reference drug silymarin. The anti-malarial activity was evaluated in vivo using Plasmodium berghei Infected mice and chloroquine phosphate as positive control. The tested extracts were used in three dose levels and activity was expressed as reduction in blood parasitemia and increase in the mouse survival time. The ethanol extract of B. purpurea flowers (BPFE) was effective in the three used assays. T. speciosa leaves extract (TSLE) showed good nephroprotective and anti-malarial activities.
... Tetracosane has been identified as a component in many volatile oils from plants, however to-date there are no reports on the pharmacological activity of tetracosane itself. Although a variety of pharmacological activities, including cytotoxicity, have been reported for volatile oils containing tetracosane (Al Ashaal et al., 2010;Kansoh et al., 2009) this study is the first report on the cytotoxicity of tetracosane itself. Patriscabratine (7) showed significant cytotoxicity against gastric (AGS) (IC 50 133.6 ...
Context:
Acrostichum aureumL. (Pteridaceae), a mangrove fern, has been used as a Bangladeshi traditional medicine for a variety of diseases including peptic ulcer.
Objective:
Isolation and structural elucidation of cytotoxic secondary metabolites from the methanol extract of the aerial parts of A. aureum.
Materials and methods:
Compounds were isolated using HPLC. The compound structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR, MS and other spectroscopic methods using published data. The compounds were tested for their cytotoxic activity against healthy and cancer cells using the MTT assay. Active compounds were further evaluated for apoptosis-and necrosis-inducing potential against gastric cancer cells (AGS) using the FITC Annexin V apoptosis assay.
Results and discussion:
Seven known compounds, patriscabratine, tetracosane and 5 flavonoids (quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucosyl-(6→1)-α-l-rhamnoside, quercetin-3-O-α-l-rhamnoside, quercetin-3-O-α-l-rhamnosyl-7-O-β-d-glucoside and kaempferol) were isolated. Patriscabratine was found moderately cytotoxic against AGS, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells with IC(50) values ranging from 69.8 to 197.3 μM. Tetracosane showed some cytotoxic activity against AGS, MDA-MB-231, HT-29 and NIH 3T3 cells with IC(50) values ranging from 128.7 to >250 μM. Patriscabratine and tetracosane displayed an apoptotic effect (10%) on AGS cells within 24 h which was increased (20%) after 48 h, and was comparable to, if not greater, than the positive control, cycloheximide.
Conclusion:
Except for quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucoside and kaempferol; compounds were isolated for the first time from this plant and evaluated for their cytotoxic activity. The results highlight the potential of this plant as a source of bioactive compounds and provide a rationale for its traditional use in peptic ulcer treatment.
Conradina canescens (Lamiaceae) is an endemic evergreen shrub native to Florida, Mississippi and Alabama, with no phytochemical or biological studies registered in the literature. Thus, a phytochemical study and a toxicity analysis of the chloroform extract obtained from the leaves of C. canescens were performed for the first time. In our preliminary screening, the crude extract and its fractions were subjected to cytotoxicity, antimicrobial and antileishmanial bioassays. The crude extract showed substantial cytotoxic, antimicrobial and antileishmanial activities. A total of six compounds, namely ursolic acid (62.4%), betulin (8.4%), β-amyrin (4.6%), myrtenic acid (2.9%), n-tetracosane (1.4%), and oleanolic acid (1.1%), were isolated. The structures of the isolated compounds were established by spectroscopic studies using NMR and IR spectroscopy.
Ethereal, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extracts from aerial parts of Senna corymbosa Lam. and Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Kuntze (Fabaceae/Leguminosae) were analyzed for in vitro antimicrobial activity by broth microdilution assay against bacterial organisms like Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Listeria monocytogenes CLIP 74910, Escherichia coli ATCC 35218 and Pseudomonas aerugi-nosa ATCC 27853 at the concentrations of 8000 to 125 g/ml. Ethyl acetate and dichloromethane extracts of both species inhibited growth of Staphylococcus and Listeria with MIC values from 250-500 g/ml. The MIC values of ethereal extract of T. tipu was 2000 g/ml and 1000 g/ml against S. aureus and L. monocytogenes respectively, while the ethereal extract of S. corymbosa only showed activity against Listeria (MIC= 4000 g/ml). The ethyl acetate extracts of both plants inhibited E. coli (MIC= 4000 µg/ml). These results suggest that both species could be considered as new source of natural antibacterial principles.
Enhancements of D-region electron densities caused by solar flares are determined from observations of VLF subionospheric amplitude changes and these enhancements are then related to the magnitudes of the X-ray fluxes measured by the GOES satellites. The electron densities are characterised by the two traditional parameters, H' and P (being measures of the ionospheric height and the rate of increase of electron density with height, respectively), which are found by VLF radio modelling of the observed amplitudes using the NOSC Earth-ionosphere waveguide programs (LWPC and Modefinder) mainly on two paths, one short and one long. The short path measurements were made near Cambridge, UK, on the 18.3 kHz signals from the French transmitter 617 km to the south while the long path measurements were made near Dunedin, NZ, on the 24.8 kHz signals from NLK in Seattle, USA, 12.3 Nlm across the Pacific Ocean. The observations include flares up to a magnitude of about M5 (5 x 10(-5) W m(-2) at 0.1-0.8 nm) which gave VLF amplitude enhancements up to about 8 dB; these corresponded, under near solar maximum conditions (1992), to a reduction in H' from about 71 km down to about 63 km and an increase in beta from 0.43 km(-1) up to about 0.49 km(-1). The increased values of P during a flare are caused by the solar X-rays dominating all sources of ionisation during the flare in contrast with the normal unperturbed daytime values of P which are significantly lower than for a single solar UV or X-ray source due to the extra electrons from the normal galactic cosmic ray ionisation in the lowest parts of the D-region. This steady, normal (unperturbed) cosmic ray influence on fl, and hence unperturbed VLF attenuation, is more marked at times of reduced solar Lyman-alpha flux in the D-region such as at solar minimum, high latitudes or early or late in the day, thus explaining the normal (unperturbed) higher VLF attenuation rates previously reported in these conditions.
Using the regenerative fuel hydrogen in a vehicle's internal combustion engine application requires not only a custom engineered combustion concept, but also optimized operation strategies. That enables the availability of high power output as well as the abolition of critical exhaust gas emissions in combination with high efficiencies. The direct injection hydrogen internal combustion engine offers the potential to achieve higher performance and dynamic characteristics than a conventional gasoline fuelled engine. A specially designed single cylinder test engine equipped with external and internal mixture formation systems was used to investigate the potentials of a combined operation of Dl (direct-injection) and PFI (port fuel injection) and the effects of various injection pressures. With direct injection high load operation at stoichiometric mixtures was possible. Maximum engine power output could be increased by more than 20 % above a conventional gasoline engine in combination with an indicated efficiency of more than 33 %. At low engine loads lean operation using external mixture formation was investigated. With this strategy indicated fuel efficiencies of more than 40 % were achieved. For the entire operating range of the engine, an operation strategy is proposed which enables high power-density, high engine efficiencies as well as lowest environmental impact due to a virtually CO 2 - and NO x -free operation. Visualization methods were successfully used for enhancing the engines combustion concept layout and to compare with the simulation models used. Simulation tools such as pressure curve analysis, 1-dimensional flow simulation and an engine loss analysis were developed and successfully deployed in designing the current test engines.
The hydrogen fueled engine with direct injection and spark ignition system, which had normal combustion for a wide range of air/fuel equivalence ratio, was developed by using hydrogen gas injection valve with Teflon insert on its valve seat and determining optimum injection hole configuration and injection timing. Performance characteristics of the hydrogen fueled engine with respect to several variables such as spark timing, air/fuel equivalence ratio, and engine speed were analyzed and compared with those of gasoline engine. It was found that qualitative trend of the engine performance of engines was similar while quantitative characteristics as to spark timing, torque, and cyclic variation of hydrogen fueled engine were different from those of gasoline engine.
Focus is pointed on the highly favorable physical properties of hydrogen (H2) with regard to its combustion characteristics in internal combustion engines. Thereby it will be shown in how far the performance of next generation hydrogen engines can be improved by implementing a direct fuel injection system instead of the conventional port injection approach. Results from numerical as well as from experimental investigations will be used to clearly give a vision of the overall future potential of hydrogen for combustion engines in comparison to fuel cell systems.
In late 1997 Ford Motor Company Scientific Research Laboratory started the project to design and develop a practical, low-cost hydrogen fueled internal combustion engine (H2ICE) vehicle. This type of vehicle could serve as an interim step to drive the development of the hydrogen infrastructure before the widespread use of fuel cell vehicles. This paper will discuss the design and development approach and results for a dedicated engine optimized for operation on hydrogen, the unique and custom instrumentation necessary when working with hydrogen, the engine dynamometer development program, the unique triple-redundant vehicle safety system, and the final implementation into the Ford P2000 experimental vehicle.
As part of the P2000 hydrogen fueled internal combustion engine (H2ICE) vehicle program, an engine dynamometer research project was conducted in order to systematically investigate the unique hydrogen related combustion characteristics cited in the literature. These characteristics include pre-ignition, NOx emissions formation and control, volumetric efficiency of gaseous fuel injection and related power density, thermal efficiency, and combustion control. To undertake this study, several dedicated, hydrogen-fueled spark ignition engines (compression ratios: 10, 12.5, 14.5 and 15.3:1) were designed and built. Engine dynamometer development testing was conducted at the Ford Research Laboratory and the University of California at Riverside. This engine dynamometer work also provided the mapping data and control strategy needed to develop the engine in the P2000 vehicle. Three strategies of operation for the hydrogen engine are discussed: constant fuel-air ratio, un-throttled induction and a combination of the two.
Results of the detection of 2004 Leonid meteor shower over Kolkata (22°34′ N, 88°30′ E), India is presented in this paper, by using a VLF amplifier tuned at one of the transmission frequencies of Indian Navy Traffic stations at Vijayananarayanam (8°25′59.88″ N, 77°48′ E) at 16.3 kHz. The shower was predicted to exhibit a peak activity on 19 Nov. 2004. In spite of low ZHR predicted, the peak activity had been observed earlier than the predicted times, which confirms the nongravitational 'A2 effect' on meteoroid trails. The observation also suggests that electromagnetic detection of meteor shower is better than the visual observation, as any time of the day and night its effect on VLF transmission can be recorded.