The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review
Abstract
Abstract The first half of the Review focuses on the impacts and risks arising from uncontrolled climate change, and on the costs and opportunities associated with action to tackle it. A sound understanding of the economics of risk is critical here. The Review ...
... Climate change solutions involve responses to the impact of climate change on humans and their environment and how the influences of a shifting climate can be mitigated as much as possible (Burton et al., 2005). A detailed economic analysis by Stern et al. (2006) revealed how climate change influences the world through detrimental environmental, social, and economic impacts. The study also highlighted some impacts of climate change, such as a reduction in Global Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by 20%, melting glaciers, flooding, droughts, and threatened wildlife, sea-level rise and global warming for at least 100 years, and irreversible climate conditions (Stern et al., 2006). ...
... A detailed economic analysis by Stern et al. (2006) revealed how climate change influences the world through detrimental environmental, social, and economic impacts. The study also highlighted some impacts of climate change, such as a reduction in Global Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by 20%, melting glaciers, flooding, droughts, and threatened wildlife, sea-level rise and global warming for at least 100 years, and irreversible climate conditions (Stern et al., 2006). ...
The current climate change emergency has triggered a global strive for reducing carbon emissions and relevant sustainable planning for low-carbon cities. The adaptive reuse of existing buildings can be adopted to facilitate climate change mitigation progressively. This study explores the applicability of the adaptive reuse concept as a sustainable tool for climate change mitigation.
Data was gathered using the systematic literature review (SLR) approach embedded in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) protocol and key informant interviews with Subject Matter Experts (SMEs).
From the SLR results, 29 benefits and 16 challenges of the adaptive reuse of existing buildings were identified under four main categories each (i.e., for benefits: economic, social, cultural and historical, and environmental; and for challenges: building regulatory requirements and governance, financial, management, and complexities and uncertainties). The interview findings revealed the influence of the identified benefits and challenges, with strategies which were examined to propose a conceptual framework. The framework aims to guide relevant stakeholders on how the adaptive reuse of existing buildings could be used as a practical, sustainable measure to achieve climate change mitigation in the built environment.
... There are many utility functions that could be used; this analysis uses the isoelastic utility function most notably used in the Stern Review (Stern 2007) to calculate the social cost of carbon. While the Stern Review weighted the utility of impacts on nations' economies, the utility function can be scaled down to an individual level. ...
... While the Stern Review weighted the utility of impacts on nations' economies, the utility function can be scaled down to an individual level. In an isoelastic utility function, the function representing the concept of individual utility, U is represented as a function of income (Stern 2007): ...
Climate change disproportionately impacts socially and economically marginalized populations. To rectify this imbalance, adaptation plans can explicitly include projects that not only lower the threat for these populations but also may provide co-benefits that improve the quality of their lives. One method to evaluate these co-benefits or any additional costs to these populations in the analysis of adaptation options is to monetize them. Monetization will convert these generally non-market impacts into monetary units and allow them to compared with each other as well as other market impacts in benefit–cost analyses. The monetized values can also be weighted by the utility of these benefits and costs to the different socio-economic groups in a population. Using illustrative case studies in two areas of Boston USA with different socio-economic conditions but similar population sizes and flood threats, this evaluation approach is tested when using nature-based solutions (NBS) to lower flood threats. The non-market benefits and costs included are improved air quality, availability of public transportation, recreational space, rent escalation due to gentrification, and prevented loss of wages due to reduction in mental stress. Utility is an inverse function of annual income. The case studies illustrate that by quantifying the non-market impacts the value of including adaptation actions that promote climate justice co-benefits can be shown.
... The International Monetary Fund (IMF) defines it as "the increasing integration of economies around the world, particularly through trade and financial flows" (International Monetary Fund, 2000). The International Sociological Association (ISA) describes it as "the expansion, penetration, and intensification of social, economic, political, and cultural linkages and influences worldwide" (Sklair, L., 2002). Economist Joseph Stiglitz defines globalization as "the increasing integration of economies and societies around the world, particularly through trade, investment, and technology" (Stiglitz, J., 2002). ...
This article analyzes the transformation of traditional Vietnamese culture under the influence of globalization. The author highlights changes in critical aspects such as customs, arts, language, and lifestyle of the Vietnamese people. Economic, social, and technological factors from the globalization process have created extensive impacts on traditional Vietnamese culture. The rapid development of information and communication technologies has facilitated easy access to foreign cultures, while simultaneously posing the risk of diluting native cultural values. The author points out that, in addition to technological impacts, changes in economic and social structures such as urbanization, migration, and changes in living environments also significantly affect the lifestyle and traditional culture of the Vietnamese people. Specifically, customs, which are an integral part of Vietnamese cultural life, are gradually being eroded or altered to fit modern lifestyles and international integration. Traditional arts like ca tru, cheo, tuong, etc., are also struggling to maintain their appeal as modern art forms from the West flood in. The Vietnamese language is influenced by the influx of foreign words, changing the structure and usage of daily language. Based on an analysis of the current situation and the impact of globalization, the article proposes specific solutions to preserve and promote traditional cultural values in the context of international integration. These solutions include strengthening education and propaganda about traditional cultural values to raise community awareness, developing and implementing policies to support cultural preservation, and encouraging creativity in maintaining and promoting these cultural values. Particularly, the active participation of both the community and the state is a key factor in ensuring that traditional culture is not forgotten in the process of integration and development.
... Según el informe Stern [12]: Economía del Cambio Climático, disminuir las emisiones de los GEI mediante la reducción de la deforestación tendría un costo promedio de entre uno y dos dólares por tonelada de CO 2; estimación aparentemente barata en comparación con otras opciones de mitigación. El informe de Stern introduce por primera vez los conceptos de eficacia, eficiencia y equidad conocidos como los criterios 3E. ...
El cambio climático como problema global requiere una respuesta urgente global. No respeta fronteras y evidencia problemas sociales, económicos, culturales y políticos, amplía las brechas de desigualdad, conflictos e inestabilidad entre los países. Una de sus causas es la deforestación, problema acuciante de Ecuador, con raíces socioeconómicas profundas vinculadas con la pobreza que requiere de una política pública de largo plazo con la participación de múltiples actores. El financiamiento climático es la piedra angular para la materialización de los acuerdos, compromisos y el cumplimiento de las metas climáticas. La investigación analiza la eficiencia de los mecanismos de financiamiento climático enfocados a REDD+ Ecuador bajo la CMNUCC. Para evaluar el impacto del financiamiento climático se realizó un análisis integral multicriterio a través del método Kipu, considerando las fases del mecanismo REDD+, criterios de eficacia, eficiencia y equidad, a través de la tasa de la deforestación, la participación de actores REDD+ y la tenencia de la tierra. Según la investigación REDD+ muestra un resultado global calificado como bueno, lo cual deja abierto las posibilidades de mejora.
... Industrial development, including the promotion of manufacturing sectors, leads to increased employment, higher exports, and reduced dependence on imports (Rodrik, 2006).Natural resource management and environmental protection are integral for longterm economic development (Dasgupta, 2007). Sustainable practices ensure the availability of resources for future generations.Financial inclusion, by increasing access to banking services for underserved populations, stimulates business formation, job creation, and overall economic expansion (Beck et al., 2007).Technological advancements contribute to increased output, efficiency, and competitiveness in various industries, driving economic growth (Romer, 1990). ...
This research provides a detailed examination of Nepal's economic growth, emphasizing the transition from agricultural to non-agricultural businesses, the adoption of policies to boost capital formation, and the macroeconomic challenges encountered. It identifies critical variables like the currency rate and technical advancements. The study aims to investigate the relationship between rising per capita GDP and the variables that impact it to uncover useful information about the forces that drive economic progress. Infrastructure development, human capital investment, political stability, macroeconomic stability, trade and investment, agricultural productivity, industrial development, natural resource management, financial inclusion, technological advancements, institutional quality, and global economic conditions are all important factors influencing Nepal's economic development. Their interdependent links have a considerable impact on the nation's economic trajectory, necessitating regular monitoring and evaluation. To ensure long-term and equitable economic development, policymakers must develop effective policies that include these complexities. Conducting a rigorous empirical inquiry is critical for understanding Nepal's unique situation and delivering policy recommendations. This study used an ex post facto research methodology to investigate the relationship between per capita GDP growth and numerous contributing factors.
... Climate change provides an excellent example since choosing the social time discount rate to calculate the cost-benefit analysis of investing in mitigation is critical for preventing dangerous human interference in the climate system (Santos et al. 2022). The low value advocated in the Stern Review (Stern et al. 2006) favors a rapid energy transition that addresses intra and intergenerational concerns. Nordhaus favors a higher rate, because it ensures more robust economic growth in the short term (Goulder and Williams 2012;Nordhaus 2017). ...
Greater global awareness and action to implement sustainable development are underway. However, global progress towards sustainability has been slow. Advancing towards some form of sustainability requires greater attention and analysis of the role played by the human inner world. While the scientific analytic tools have focused on external aspects, we present a scientific methodology to identify human critical determinants (HCDs) acquired during the human biological and cultural evolution, which, although crucial for survival, well-being, and economic prosperity, may also currently act as human sustainability boundaries (HSDs). These boundaries can be softened by personal transformations with the capability of spurring resonant institutional and governance transformations. This commentary examines how a definable set of interacting and interdependent HCD provides a complete and coherent explanation of why reaching sustainability is currently an elusive objective.
... The crops need water, as most of their water gets lost in the processes of transpiration and evaporation. Therefore, the crop water need is also called vapor-transpiration in the mountain areas and very important for policy implementation (Viviroli et al. 2011;Stern et al. 2006; Imran Ullah 2017). The variation of the rainfall and temperature affect the yield and productivity but vary from region to region in the world (Droogers and Aerts, 2005). ...
The purpose of this study is to analyze the socio-environmental impacts of climate change on the green economy and its consequences in the Swat Valley-the Switzerland of Pakistan from 1981-2015. The current investigation also identifies the climatic impact on the green economy and infrastructural development. It also explores the failure of green sector progress that can be attributed to the poor water supply systems, rough topography, weak drainage networks, unsustainable management practices, lack of traditional knowledge and modern technologies, overpopulation, and lack of community participation. The statistical analysis was applied to indicate the effects of climate on agriculture, tribal conflicts, and its distribution. The results revealed that rainfall and temperature have an insignificant association with green economic growth. The analysis shows that snow, water bodies, natural forest, agricultural land, and settlements presented less variation between 2005 and 2010. While snow, agriculture, and forest cover area show the highest percentage in the year 2005. The agriculture, and forest cover was lowest in 2015 as compared to the water body which shows the highest percentage in 2015 and the lowest was in 2000. The forest covers decreased by16.3% in the first five years and 5.5% in the last five years. Tribal conflict events prove that it was due to relocation, displacement, and residential shifting due to human activities directly affecting the climate of the area. The local community of Swat was also being directly affected by this tribal conflict and overpopulation. It can be concluded that the Government compulsory to design specific sustainable development goals (SDGs) within the framework of sustainable development goals that would indicate the priority objectives and plan implementation, which can include measures like the expansion of green investment at the local level, Institutional development at the regional and local level.
... Climate change provides a good example of TD acting as a HSB because the choice of the social time discount rate to make the cost-benefit analysis of investing in mitigation is critical to preventing dangerous human interference in the climate system [48]. The Stern review [49] attributes a relatively low value to the social time discount rate. This choice is an incentive for a rapid energy transition, which is a good outcome for present and future social generations. ...
Significant advances have been achieved in multilateral negotiations regarding human development and environmental safeguarding since the 1972 UN Stockholm Conference. There is much greater global awareness and action towards sustainability. However, sustainability has persistently been sidelined, leading to the identification and definition of a transgressed “safe and just space for humanity”. Here we develop a new evolutionary approach and methodology to explain the reasons why sustainability continues to be a difficult challenge for contemporary societies to adopt. We argue that these originate in six major biological, social, psychological, political, and cultural critical determinants that resulted from human biologic and cultural evolution. Although they are essential for human prosperity and wellbeing, these characteristics may also act as human sustainability boundaries. It is possible to reduce the inhibiting power of each critical determinant in the pathways to sustainability, a vital process that we term softening. Identifying, knowing, and softening these impediments is a necessary first step to achieving sustainability through greater self-knowledge and transformational processes. The application of the present methodology is restricted here to the climate change challenge. We examine the ways in which each human sustainability boundary is capable of obstructing climate action and offer possible ways to soften its hardness.
... In this study, the annual patterns of rainfall and temperature have been irregular. The rising air temperature and the rising tendency in the intensity and frequency of extreme events characterize the temperature variability in South Asia (Sivakumar et al., 2010). Rainfall has been erratic, falling substantially during the monsoon season and less so during the dry season (Mirza, 2011). ...
Being the most populous region, South Asia is home to one-fourth of the population in the world. Along with the aforementioned feature, South Asia is becoming one of the most climatic-hazard-prone regions on the planet. Hence, this study attempts to analyse empirically how economic performance and climate change affect employment in the agriculture sector. The study includes seven South Asian countries’ data, excluding the Maldives, from 1992 to 2021 by applying the most widely used Panel ARDL, which involved pooled mean group (PMG) estimation. In the short run, the effect of past-year employment and temperature is positive, whereas GDP per capita is negatively related to agricultural employment and rainfall is insignificant. However, in the long run, the error correction coefficient is significant, and overall data has been able to establish a long-run relationship. The study concludes that, with the long-run impact for each country, agricultural employment is negatively affected by GDP per capita and temperature. Lastly, the effect of temperature in the long run reveals that climate change has long-term impacts on agriculture employment. We believe that the findings of the study have important implications for policymakers in the future.
... Emissions of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), are rising at an alarming rate and causing many serious environmental issues, such as global warming and climate change. Rising temperatures have led to glacial meltwater, which in turn has led to rising sea levels (Dasgupta, 2007). Anthropogenic fossil energy consumption and industrial and agricultural production activities are the main causes of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (Raupach et al., 2007). ...
Reducing carbon emissions and increasing carbon sinks are key strategies to effectively remove greenhouse gases
from the atmosphere. Assessing the current carbon emission status and predicting future carbon emission scenarios could help formulate effective regional carbon emission reduction targets. However, it is necessary to
enhance the carbon sink capacity of terrestrial ecosystems and improve forest management methods to promote
greenhouse gas absorption. In this study, the spatiotemporal characteristics and dynamic evolution of fossil fuel
CO2 (FFCO2) emissions in China from 2000 to 2019 were analyzed using the standard deviation ellipse, kernel
density of emissions, and Theil index. A backpropagation (BP) neural network optimized with a genetic algorithm (GA) was used to predict FFCO2 emission during 2020–2030. The biomass increment methodology was
used to predict the potential carbon sinks generated by Chinese Certified Emission Reduction (CCER) carbon-sink
forestry projects during 2020–2030. The results showed that China’s FFCO2 emissions exhibited a gradual
increasing trend during 2000–2019, with an average annual growth rate of 6.29%. China’s FFCO2 emissions
show a greater distribution on the southeastern coast than in the northwestern interior. The GA-BP prediction
shows that China’s FFCO2 emissions will continue to fluctuate and increase between 2020 and 2030. The potential of carbon sinks will be 0.69 × 108 Mg C generated by the CCER carbon-sink forestry projects during
2020–2030, which could offset 0.56% of FFCO2 emissions. In the future, imbalances in regional development
should be considered when formulating carbon-reduction strategies. Moreover, using carbon-sink of forestry
projects of CCER to balance economic development including poverty eradication and environmental conservation should be considered. Specifically, establishing a methodology of projects for the management of natural
forests’ carbon-sink will be an important future strategy.
... When people argue that we must care for what the future will look like because these are our children and our children's children and so on, these are relational claims that are founded on empathy of the human for the other. A different, but related, argument is reflected in literature that talks about situations when discount rates should tend toward zero (e.g., Stern, 2006;Broome, 2008). ...
People are not autonomous individuals but connected beings. Curae ergo sum – we care, therefore we are. Relationality – which refers to the ethic and manner by which relational considerations govern decisions and institutional arrangements can take advantage of the power of connection – uncovers how social connection, across divides, moves people to act for the other. Drawing from research on empathy, social networks, and determinants of pro-social behavior, Caring, Empathy, and the Commons builds on Ostrom's Governing the Commons. It offers a different mechanism by which collective action is induced, arguing that, sometimes, the individual thinks not in terms of individual gain but in terms of the other. Developing this concept of relationality, this book explores various strands of literature and examines how this idea might be used to foster collective action around climate, species protection, fair trade, and other dilemmas of the commons.
... When people argue that we must care for what the future will look like because these are our children and our children's children and so on, these are relational claims that are founded on empathy of the human for the other. A different, but related, argument is reflected in literature that talks about situations when discount rates should tend toward zero (e.g., Stern, 2006;Broome, 2008). ...
People are not autonomous individuals but connected beings. Curae ergo sum – we care, therefore we are. Relationality – which refers to the ethic and manner by which relational considerations govern decisions and institutional arrangements can take advantage of the power of connection – uncovers how social connection, across divides, moves people to act for the other. Drawing from research on empathy, social networks, and determinants of pro-social behavior, Caring, Empathy, and the Commons builds on Ostrom's Governing the Commons. It offers a different mechanism by which collective action is induced, arguing that, sometimes, the individual thinks not in terms of individual gain but in terms of the other. Developing this concept of relationality, this book explores various strands of literature and examines how this idea might be used to foster collective action around climate, species protection, fair trade, and other dilemmas of the commons.
... Pumps and solar panels are assumed to be refurbished and replaced every 20 years (Water Services Association of Australia, 2011) and 25 years (Prasad et al., 2005), respectively. Present value analysis (PVA) has been conducted for operating costs, as well as pump and solar PV replacement costs, with a social discount rate of 1.4% used (Stern et al., 2006). ...
Water distribution systems (WDSs) are essential components of both agricultural and urban infrastructure systems. In recent years, there have been an increase in energy consumption and associated costs and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for water supply and distribution. This has led water utilities to optimise their systems not only for economic benefits but also to reduce environmental impact. Real-world WDSs are topologically and dimensionally complex systems with many interconnected components including pipes, pumps and storages. These systems are often associated with a large search space in the optimisation process. Therefore, the question arises as to whether the search space can be reduced, and yet effective optimisation still be achieved. In this study, a hydraulic-power-based search space reduction method (power-based SSR method) has been used to reduce the optimisation search space by grouping pipes with similar hydraulic power capacity. The impact of search space discretisation on the optimisation performance has been investigated using a real-world WDS with 432 pipes. A multi-objective optimisation (MOO) problem has been formulated. The objectives considered include the minimisation of both the total life cycle cost and total life cycle greenhouse (GHG) emissions over the system design life. Pipe diameters are the decision variables. Various problem formulations with decision variable numbers ranging from 5 to 432 have been compared against two performance indicators: (1) the number of evaluations needed to achieve convergence, where large values indicate lower optimisation efficiency; and (2) the Hypervolume Indicator (HI), where larger HI values indicate better optimisation convergence. Results show that first, trade-offs between the two objective function values with clear Pareto fronts have been observed. With the increase in the number of decision variables, better convergence and smaller minimum objective function values can be achieved. Second, for the two performance indicators, an increase in the number of decision variables in general leads to an increase in both the number of evaluations needed for convergence (i.e., reduced optimisation efficiency) and the Hypervolume Indicator (HI) value of the final optimal solutions (i.e., improved convergence). In addition, as shown in Figure 1, there are also trade-offs observed between the speed of convergence and associated performance. Better convergence requires more optimisation effort, with an increased degree of search space discretisation.
... Así, los efectos de este fenómeno son lo que ya se conoce como emergencia climática, pues cada vez con mayor frecuencia y fuerza se producen los eventos hidrometeorológicos en el planeta. En este sentido, varios trabajos coinciden en que aparecen cambios en los ciclos naturales del clima y en la variabilidad climática típica en periodos de tiempos inéditos o inesperados, lo cual condiciona que los eventos de origen hidrometeorológico tengan un mayor impacto y sean más frecuentes (Stern, 2006;Olcina, 2008;Rockström et al., 2009;picc, 2012y 2014Rusticucci, 2013;ciifen, 2017). ...
El propósito del presente proyecto editorial se enfoca en la profundización teórica y la aplicación práctica de lo urbano-metropolitano, visualizando a este espacio 'sui generis' desde la óptica de múltiples investigaciones científicas, originales e inéditas, las cuales lo explican no sólo desde las diferentes orientaciones disciplinares aplicadas en el 'locus typicus' de cada copartícipe; sino también a partir de la utilización de variadas metodologías operativas, vinculadas a la línea de investigación de cada autor. Dicho sea de paso, todos los capítulos incluidos están firmados por académicos-investigadores de carrera, los cuales cuentan con una amplia y probada experiencia en su línea disciplinar de investigación. Para el propósito inicialmente declarado, se evidencia que todos los capítulos contenidos en este libro están concebidos por científicos expertos, quienes cuentan con sendas certificaciones, entre ellas, la del Sistema Nacional de Investigadores del CONAHCYT, México. El cuerpo de autores es el siguiente: Dr. Eduardo Sousa González, Dr. Jorge Gasca Salas, Dr. Carlos E. Flores Rodríguez, Dr. Raymundo Ramos Delgado, Dr. Mario Alberto Jurado Montelongo, Dra. Rebeca Moreno Zúñiga, Dr. Carlos Montero Pantoja, Dra. Yesenia Hernández García, Dra. Ana Cristina García Luna Romero, Dra. Elfide Mariela Rivas Gómez y el Dr. Carlos Estuardo Aparicio Moreno. Finalmente, se tiene la certeza de que no solamente el investigador vinculado a la temática de la ciudad o la metrópoli encontrará una diversidad de posiciones teóricas y de estudio de caso; seguramente, otros lectores descubrirán también un tópico de interés con una visión original, interdisciplinar y sobre todo de actualidad sobre estas concentraciones humanas.
... 27 In recent years, the work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has indicated that the effects of climate change are increasing the destructive impact of floods caused by extreme rainfall and rising sea and river levels (IPCC, 2018). In the mid-2000s, Ho Chi Minh City was identified as one of the world's 10 most vulnerable cities to the effects of climate change (Stern et al., 2006;Hanson et al., 2011). This vulnerability is all the greater as the risk of extreme flooding could increase by 5 to 10 times by 2050 (Woetzel et al., 2020). ...
... One serious problem is the huge environment pollution closely related with climate change. Some scholars point out that the environmental costs associated with climate change is equivalent to 5% of GDP at the global level (Press, 2007). With the release of the sixth assessment report of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), countries around the world have begun to focus on the chain effects of greenhouse gases, prompting them to find ways to reduce carbon emission. ...
Economic agglomeration has played a key function in China’s economic transformation. Meanwhile, structural adjustment and external pressure to reduce carbon emission necessitate a deeper investigation into its relationship with carbon productivity. This paper measures economic agglomeration and carbon productivity of 281 cities in China in 2003–2017. With the purpose of exploring the spatial effect of economic agglomeration on carbon productivity, a spatial Durbin model is constructed. In addition, the mediation effect model is also adopted for examining the transmission mechanism of economic scale and technological progress on economic agglomeration as well as carbon productivity. A heterogeneity test is also carried out to uncover the varying effects of economic agglomeration on carbon productivity. The empirical results suggest that economic agglomeration raises carbon productivity not only in the local cities but also in the neighbouring ones. The impact of economic agglomeration on carbon productivity becomes more potent as the level of economic agglomeration increases. For cities with low level of economic agglomeration, the effect is mainly achieved through the expansion of economic scale, but for cities with high level of economic agglomeration, the effect is mainly achieved through technological progress. Therefore, we suggest encouraging carbon productivity improvement through technology effect in cities with high economic agglomeration level, while enhancing carbon productivity through scale effect in cities with low economic agglomeration level.
... Therefore, the next 10 years will be fundamental for Colombia to define its position towards a threat of climatic variability and climate change, given that the adaptation costs from now until 2030 at a global level could increase between 5% and 20% for global GDP (Stern et al., 2007). ...
Bioenergy has emerged as a potentially sustainable alternative to the use of fossil fuels for transport and industrial uses. Developing nations, such as Colombia, can seize the advantages of modernizing rural areas by using cleaner energy and having more economic opportunities with bioenergy initiatives, provided the trade-offs between fiber, food, feed and fuel can be managed. This Thesis examines the bioenergy program now under way in Colombia, where comparative advantages (shared with other tropical countries) in production of sugar cane and palm oil are being built on. While the technologies associated with use of these feedstocks are well known, nevertheless their scaling up in a country like Colombia poses considerable environmenral, social, economic and business challenges.
... Recently, Vietnam has experienced many extreme weather events, such as floods, storms, and droughts, that harm the agricultural sector and the nation's food security (Do et al., 2021). The negative impact of climate change and disasters on the agricultural sector could lead to a 0.7% -2.4% contraction of Vietnam's GDP by 2050 (Stern et al., 2006;Trinh et al., 2021). ...
Vietnam is an important contributor to the world’s food industry as a major exporter of rice, seafood, and coffee. Climate change poses a serious threat to Vietnam’s agricultural sector since it adversely affects food security in Vietnam and globally. This study investigates the short- and long-term effects of climate change on Vietnam’s agriculture, both in terms of production and values at the macro level. Using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag
(ARDL) model and the Toda-Yamamoto (1995) Granger causality test with annual data from 1990 to 2019, we confirm the detrimental impacts of global warming on Vietnam’s agricultural performance in both the short and long term. We also reveal the favorable effects of CO2 emissions, land, and fertilizer on Vietnam’s agricultural production and economics. Other factors, including rainfall and labor, however, adversely affect Vietnam’s
agricultural output and economic performance. Based on the study’s results, we provide policy recommendations to assist the government limit the negative effects of climate change on the national economy, thereby promoting poverty alleviation and sustainable development in Vietnam.
... Recently, Vietnam has experienced many extreme weather events, such as floods, storms, and droughts, that harm the agricultural sector and the nation's food security (Do et al., 2021). The negative impact of climate change and disasters on the agricultural sector could lead to a 0.7% -2.4% contraction of Vietnam's GDP by 2050 (Stern et al., 2006;Trinh et al., 2021). ...
Vietnam is an important contributor to the world's food industry as a major exporter of rice, seafood, and coffee. Climate change poses a serious threat to Vietnam's agricultural sector since it adversely affects food security in Vietnam and globally. This study investigates the short-and long-term effects of climate change on Vietnam's agriculture, both in terms of production and values at the macro level. Using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model and the Toda-Yamamoto (1995) Granger causality test with annual data from 1990 to 2019, we confirm the detrimental impacts of global warming on Vietnam's agricultural performance in both the short and long term. We also reveal the favorable effects of CO2 emissions, land, and fertilizer on Vietnam's agricultural production and economics. Other factors, including rainfall and labor, however, adversely affect Vietnam's agricultural output and economic performance. Based on the study's results, we provide policy recommendations to assist the government limit the negative effects of climate change on the national economy, thereby promoting poverty alleviation and sustainable development in Vietnam.
... Every year, 60,000 people, mostly living in developing countries, lose their lives due to the disasters related to climate change, and millions of people are forced to migrate (WHO, 2018). It is expected that 200 million people will have migrated due to climate change by 2050 (Stern et al., 2006). The geologists refer to this period in which humans' in uence on the Earth is highest as the Anthropocene, which means "The Human Age" (Crutzen & Stoermer, 2000). ...
During the seventeenth century, the Western world witnessed a momentous shift in its perception of the natural world. While earlier societies conceived Earth as a living being, after the scientific revolution, the mechanistic view of nature became a dominant paradigm in science. This shift in our perception of nature promoted anthropocentrism as an ultimate value system, and since then, our planet has been positioned as a reservoir of resources for humanity. This managerial view of the world has also affected environmental education (EE) and education for sustainability (EfS); the role of these disciplines has been increasingly defined to equip students with scientific and technological knowledge to solve problems stemming from the exploitation of resources. This chapter advocates that education with this “resourcist” view of the world is too narrow to solve the ecological crisis we are facing today. We, as humanity, need another momentous shift to live in harmony with all life forms and within the limits of our planet. To support this shift, as a first step, we can try to take off our anthropocentric glasses by empathizing with all beings in nature. In this chapter, we examine different schools of thought that have influenced the human-nature relationship and how these concepts have affected the EE and EfS programs, and then we provide two activities for educators to build and develop empathy with nature.
... While fire management can be costly, the emissions from combustion of vegetation and soil 53 organic matter also generate large economic damages by contributing to climate change. The Social Cost 54 of Carbon (SCC) is typically used to quantify such damages (Nordhaus 1993, Stern et al. 2006 Page 2 of 28 AUTHOR SUBMITTED MANUSCRIPT -ERL-113740. R1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 To date, the role of boreal fire management as a potentially cost-effective tool to limit future 64 carbon emissions has barely been explored. ...
Climate change is intensifying fire regimes across boreal regions, and thus both burned area and carbon emissions from combustion are expected to increase significantly over the next several decades. Fire management through initial suppression of fires is effective at reducing burned area, but limited work has addressed the role that fire management can play in reducing wildfire carbon emissions and their impacts on climate change. In this work, we draw on historical data covering fire and fire management in Alaska to project burned area and management outcomes to 2100. We allow management to both respond to and impact variations in annual burned area and carbon emissions, while keeping decadal-average burned area at or above historical levels. The total cost of a fire is calculated as the combination of management expenditures and the social cost of carbon emissions during combustion, using the Social Cost of Carbon framework. Incorporating the tradeoff between management expenditures and burned area, we project that by 2100, increasing management effort by 5-10 times relative to current expenditures would minimize combined management and emissions costs. This is driven by the finding that the social costs of carbon emissions greatly exceed management costs unless burned area is constrained to near the average historical level. Our analysis does not include the many health, economic, and non-CO2 climate impacts from fires, so we likely underestimate the benefits of increased fire suppression and thus the optimal management level. As fire regimes continue to intensify, our work suggests increased management expenditures will be necessary to counteract increasing carbon combustion and lower overall climate impact.
... Méral (2012 distingue trois temps dans l'évolution du concept : l'émergence , la médiatisation (fin 1990), et la mise en oeuvre politique (2000), après le Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA, 2005b) en particulier, lequel contribua grandement à leur diffusion. Peu de temps après, le TEEB (2008) se proposait de mesurer, à la manière du rapport Stern pour le changement climatique (Stern et al., 2006), le coût de l'inaction contre l'appauvrissement biotique, estimé en « services » perdus ; et au début de la décennie suivante, les services écosystémiques se constituaient en programme de recherche, et en revue scientifique . De Groot, Wilson et Boumans (2002) avaient proposé de ranger les fonctions écologiques -appelées « fonctions environnementales » chez De Groot (1987) -en quatre catégories primaires : ...
Le problème de la crise écologique est d’une difficulté redoutable pour la rationalité économique s’il y a tout lieu de craindre qu’elle contraigne sensiblement l'utilité des agents, l’écologie scientifique n’apparaît pas à même, du fait de la complexité de son objet, de fournir à l’économie des appuis simples pour une intégration rationnelle univoque. Les entités écologiques ne sont pas des « biens environnementaux » : elles ne sont ni stables, ni discrètes, ni homogènes, mais s'entremêlent dans le temps et l’espace, à la fois lourdes d’une histoire singulière et perméables aux influences de leur environnement. Intégrer de tels objets dans un schéma instrumental général exige, dès lors, d'aller au-delà de l'application de simples jeux d'équivalences : les structures réelles requièrent d’être suivies de près, en assurant ici le maintien de régularités, là leur modification lente. Face à ces difficultés, une nouvelle nécessité apparaît qui conditionne le succès de l'intégration : la « malignité » de la rationalité instrumentale elle-même, la détermination des agents à opérer l'intégration. Or cette condition, avec l'extension du champ de la raison instrumentale, apparaît de plus en plus compromise. Il faut compter, en effet, avec le débordement du domaine des moyens, qui tend à produire, dans la modernité tardive, une érosion de la souveraineté subjective, une « décomposition du sujet », selon l 'expression de T W. Adorno. Est faite ici la supposition que le problème écologique est un problème double, en réalité : qu'il interroge la possibilité d'une rationalisation des entités écologiques, mais aussi, plus indirectement, la robustesse des finalités de l'agent.
... Given the large number of contribution patterns leading to the efficient threshold equilibrium, other selection criteria are needed to predict more precisely which contribution patterns are likely to be observed. Fairness principles are useful indicators to identify contribution patterns that serve as focal points and facilitate coordination (Schelling 1960). Considering the notions of equality and equity, three salient burden-sharing rules can be identified in the experimental setting at hand. ...
Agents in global climate negotiations differ with respect to their vulnerability to the negative consequences of climate change, but also their ability to contribute to its prevention. Due to this multidimensional heterogeneity, agents disagree about how the costs of emission reduction ought to be shared and, as a consequence, efficiency is low. This experiment varies the two dimensions separately in a controlled setting. The results show that in groups that succeed in reaching a predefined threshold, the rich and the more vulnerable, ceteris paribus, tend to carry a larger share of the burden. Surprisingly, groups are most likely to master the challenge when poverty coincides with high vulnerability. In this case the rich and less vulnerable abstain from interpreting fair burden sharing in a self-serving manner. Instead, they seem to acknowledge the double-disadvantaged position of the poor and more vulnerable and voluntarily carry a larger share of the burden.
... Global warming is among the current major challenges worldwide, which has reshaped the Earth's climate [1]. This situation has led to prolonged drought periods, wildfires, desertification, river flooding, water erosion, etc. [2][3][4] influencing food security [5][6][7], ecosystem biodiversity [8], energy systems [9], and economics [10], among others [11]. In particular, climate change has altered precipitation rate and intermittency, shifted precipitation from snow to rain, and enhanced the occurrence of unprecedented massive flood events in some regions [12][13][14][15]. ...
Iran has a longstanding challenge in supplying water during prolonged drought periods. This has drawn considerable attention towards the dam industry over the past four decades, leading to the study, construction and operation of several large dams. These dams played a critical role in controlling the massive floods of 2019 and 2020, among others. Nevertheless, due to the increased intensity and frequency of extreme events because of climate change, the downstream regions of these large storage dams still face significant damages. This is mainly attributed to the insufficient dredging of rivers and tributaries, lack of rule curve and operation guideline for some storage dams, inaccurate prediction of flood volume, violation of land-use and water management action plans, promotion of industries with high water need, and floodplain encroachment. In this study, we aim to evaluate the performance of several large dams in the Karkheh and Karoon river basin, located in southwestern Iran, in managing the floods took place in the aforementioned periods. We also discuss the challenges and the lessons learned, with suggestions for improving the flood management in the country.
The emergence of cascaded risks we face at the Anthropocene raises new problems and demands for action. Climate change can be seen as the most critical world risk: it reflects the effect of human actions that promote several risks, it potentiates disasters and catastrophes caused by natural phenomena, and it can, ultimately, threaten human survival on the planet. Risks in the Anthropocene are a matter of governance and local actions. A reflexive analysis, in the context of the so-called risk societies, and of resilient local communities to cope with the impact of risks of climate change is carried out. A Resilience Integrated Model of Climate and Economy (RIMCE) is proposed. The model is based on the idea of a social economic view, which involves nation-states that focus on local communities, citizen responsibility, rights, and behavior, materialized through networks of social capital and solidarity. This local cooperation to cope with climate crises, is the motivation for a new tax, the resilience social tax. With this reflection, we hope to contribute to the understanding of the economic ties attached to anthropogenic risks, proposing criteria to change behaviors, and advocating public participation in defining local actions to restore the optimal operating conditions of the Earth System.
Climate change poses significant challenges to human societies and natural ecosystems, necessitating comprehensive vulnerability assessments to develop appropriate adaptation stratigies. This study focuses on Central India and employs a multidimensional approach to evaluate the composite vulnerability at the district level. By integrating environmental (8 indicators) and socio-economic (5 indicators) factors, this study offers a nuanced understanding of vulnerability patterns in the region. The methodology involves the selection of indicators based on past literature and preliminary investigation, followed by secondary data collection from environmental and socio-economic factors. The data is analysed using an indicator-based approach, normalisation, weighting, and developing vulnerability indexes. This analysis is structured in three phases: Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI), Socio-economic Vulnerability Index (SVI), and Composite Vulnerability Index (CVI). The results of CVI revealed that districts with a lower CVI (0.321–0.378), such as Gwalior, Jabalpur, and Bhopal, exhibited decreased vulnerability because of a lower level of climatic extremes affected areas, reduced percentage of socially deprived population and a higher value of HDI. Districts with medium CVI (0.381–0.407), such as Damoh, Indore, and Shahdol, exhibited moderate resilience. On the other hand, districts with high (0.409–0.402) and very high CVI (0.448–0.540), such as Narsimhapur, Betul, Balaghat, Chhindwara, Alirajpur, and Barwani, encountered notable susceptibility because of factors such as dependence on agriculture, a substantial proportion of socially deprived population, occurrences of droughts and floods. Hierarchical cluster analysis validated vulnerability classifications, enhancing the credibility of assessments. The research underscores the importance of considering climate change vulnerability assessments for effective policy formulation and adaptive strategies.
Accumulation by adaptation names the phenomenon by which political and economic elites profit from climate adaptation efforts. As with the notion of 'accumulation by dispossession' from which it derives, the term speaks to the injustice of capital accumulation-in this case, accumulation associated with configuring some groups' vulnerability to climate change as business opportunities. However, unlike accumulation by dispossession, the mechanisms by which accumulation by adaptation proceeds have not been adequately conceptualized. This review synthesizes critiques of Marx's formulation of primitive accumulation, recent scholarship on colonial racial capitalism, and critical adaptation studies to locate how capital circulates through and reproduces the violence of climate change. K E Y W O R D S accumulation, adaptation, climate vulnerability, colonialism, racial capitalism
To meet increasing energy demands, reduce environmental impacts, and increase economic benefits, many water utilities have installed on-site renewable energy generation and storage facilities. These are commonly referred to as behind-the-meter (BTM) energy systems. This paper proposes a systematic optimization approach to the design and evaluation of water distribution systems (WDS) with BTM solar energy. The trade-offs between economic and environmental costs and the benefits these systems can have throughout their design life are demonstrated using a real-world pressurized irrigation system. Due to the large number of decision variables required during the optimization process and the associated high-computational cost, a hydraulic-power-based search-space reduction method has been developed. This method identifies common features of the pipes across a network based on the potential maximum flow and residual pressure head at the outlet of each pipe, so that pipes having similar hydraulic power capacity and thus similar diameters can be grouped together as a single decision variable. This effectively reduces the search space size and significantly increases the optimization efficiency for complex WDS optimization problems such as the optimal pipe design of WDS incorporating BTM solar energy in this study. In this paper, trade-offs between two objective function values [the total life-cycle cost and total life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions] are investigated. A reduction in GHG emissions leads to an increase in the total cost and vice versa. It has also been found that the incorporation of BTM solar energy can significantly improve both objective function values. However, the optimal diameters of pipes and therefore the capital costs and GHG emissions are not sensitive to the increase in solar photovoltaic sizes.
The study discusses adaptation practices and the resilience of smallholder farmers to agriculture productivity. The study sampled 248 women smallholder farmers in the study communities. Purposive sampling techniques were used to gather data from women smallholder farmers. The findings indicate that drought, pest and disease infestation, reduced rainfall, and flooding were climate change occurrences that affect crop yields as farmers record low productive output. The findings also indicate that mixed cropping, mixed farming, integrated soil fertility management and forecasting were adaptation practices. Findings further show that livelihood diversification, climate-smart agriculture (CSA), dry season gardening and improved variety were also the major resilience strategies among women smallholder farmers. The study recommends that the Ministry of Food and Agriculture should prioritize a dry season gardening support scheme for women smallholder farmers to sustain their adaptative capacity to climate change; the Nabdam District Assembly should create an enabling environment for women smallholder farmers to effectively maximum livelihood diversification; and International Non- Governmental Organization (INGO) including Action Aid Ghana (AAG) should scale-up support to women smallholder farmers in their intervention programs focusing on dry season gardening.
Keywords: Smallholder Farmer, Adaptation, Resilience, Climate Change, Climate-Smart Agriculture, Livelihood Diversification, Agriculture Productivity and Drought.
Man-made climate change affects nations like Papua New Guinea (PNG) in very harsh terms. People in PNG often do not really know and understand what caused it and how they can contribute to mitigate the actual cause of such all-encompassing change caused primarily by industrial nations from abroad. Instead, PNG did very well on climate change for over 47,000 years but was already used as a ‘pawn’ in the carbon sequestration game while global warming and CO2 release increases essentially unabated. All relevant agreements and COPs have achieved little on that matter; CO2 and such Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) are not much curbed whatsoever but rising. A ‘Carbon Cult,’ e.g. carbon sequestration programs like REDD and REDD+, have not been effective in changing these problems, essentially made it worse and thus failed on what they were to deliver in earnest. The ancient old-growth forests pay that price; all relevant metrics show that clearly. In the meantime, PNG and its islands feel the full impacts of sea level rise, ocean acidification, coral reef death and coastal erosion. Many cultures start to get moved, beyond ‘just’ the Carteret Islands and the Torres Strait region with vast risk planning scenarios on the rise affecting millions of people, villages and cultures.KeywordsPapua New Guinea (PNG)Carbon sequestrationCarbon stock exchangeREDD+ Climate changeClimate justice
The wheel was the first form of transportation developed by early people. Increasing population, longer distances, and shorter travel times need more cheap, faster modes of transportation. Environmental issues were never taken into account when choosing the most cost-effective mode of public transportation. Consequently, in the face of global pollution and warming restrictions, all stakeholders choose modes of transportation with little environmental impact. This has led to the development of sustainable transportation infrastructure, particularly in a country as rapidly developing as India. This paper examines the present situation, legislation, and grading systems for sustainable transportation in India and other developing nations. Furthermore, comparisons of India with developing nations of various continents in different aspects are also present. The difference in cost between a private car and a public vehicle indicates which form of transportation should be chosen. The challenges linked with urban and rural Indian roadways are explored, as well as their respective solutions. In order to accomplish sustainable transportation, traffic density and driver conduct are also considered. This study emphasises that sustainability is not just achieved through the use of cleaner fuel or the modification of road materials, although these are vital. Road design, regulatory changes, psychological behaviour, and transit safety are also crucial.
Bioenergy in general, and biofuels in particular, have come up to the renewable energy stage with some peculiar strength, overall in terms of alternatives for transportation. Some of the drivers behind this option are shared on a global scale, such as the reduction of GHG’s emissions, and enhancement of energy security conditions. Some others have a more local nature, like a diversification of markets for agricultural commodities, dynamization of rural areas, improvement of micro and macro-economic indicators (for instance, income of the rural poor and national balance of payment), among others.
Based on an international sample, this study examines the association between corporate carbon assurance and carbon disclosure. We find that companies that adopt carbon assurance tend to have better carbon disclosure quality than their unassured peers. Cross‐sectional analyses demonstrate that the positive relationship is stronger in stakeholder‐oriented countries. We also document that carbon assurance plays a substitutive role for country‐level carbon regulation and social trust. Further analyses suggest that carbon assurance has differential impacts on specific types of carbon disclosure and the quality of carbon disclosure increases with the percentage of reported emissions assured and the level of carbon assurance.
As climate changes increase in rate and intensity so will the number of people displaced from their homelands by climate events. This will in inevitably lead to the question of whether European countries should allow this group to apply for asylum. This will matter significantly for their chances of being granted a temporary or permanent stay. Despite sometimes being referred to as ‘climate refugees’ then people who are displaced by weather events are not protected under UN rules about asylum. Therefore, it would require public support to change policies towards this group. Using Denmark as a case for this I show that there is no support for giving climate migrants the right to apply for asylum. I also show that the resistance towards this is biggest among Danes with climate sceptic values, who vote for more right-leaning parties, and who worry about the number of climate migrants.
Este artículo expone la necesidad de definir una Meta Global de Adaptación (MGA) cuantificable y un marco referencial sobre gobernanza climática en América Latina, acorde con las agendas nacionales y la arquitectura internacional, como la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC) y el Acuerdo de París. Esta investigación documental plantea la definición, marco conceptual y posible gobernanza de la MGA. La meta no debe ser utilizada para realizar comparaciones entre países, aunque su métrica debe ser medible, agregable y determinada en función de las capacidades nacionales. Se propone que la meta sea la agregación del financiamiento que necesita cada país en desarrollo para reducir su riesgo climático presente y futuro, de tal manera que su capacidad adaptativa incremente de manera gradual frente a un nivel de referencia actualizado cada cinco años. Pese a los esfuerzos de adaptación y la planificación que existe al respecto, persiste la duda sobre quién debe financiar las medidas de adaptación.
Climate change, especially in Africa’s central Sahel region, is occurring in the context of exponential population rise with countries like Chad and Niger still in the “early expanding phase” of demographic growth. While many experts predict a mid-century climate and demographic ‘mega crisis’ for the region; our paper looks at the effect of the rising temperature, through the medium of increased temperature and precipitation variability upon fertility and hence demographic trends as we advance into the 21st century. The paper uses climate data and DHS (Demographic and Health Survey) data from Chad, which has demonstrated significant warming since the late 1960’s. We create a weather shock variable that is defined as a t>2 departure from the post-1960 mean of temperature and precipitation by month, year, and GIS location. We regress the following years’ human fertility outcomes by month and GIS location upon these shocks when occurring in the growing months of June, July, and August. We find that the effect is highly negatively significant with a one-year lag. Then we go on to look for the mechanism behind this significance; the literature suggesting that climate effects fertility through biological or food security related channels. We then regress the male/female sex ratio on the same weather shocks to see if there is a rise in miscarriages among male fetuses due to either the direct effect of heat or as an effect of increased female malnutrition. By running both these models with weather shocks from Chad’s dry season months of December, January, and February, we discern whether the significance is driven by pure temperature or by some sort of food security/household income channel. Though we see some dry season effect, most of the significance is driven by the shocks in the growing season and with the significant effect of these shocks on the sex ratio, we can assume that increased female malnutrition is a key driver of both the rise in miscarriages and the drop-in fertility. We then run these models within each of the three Chadian climate zones: the Sahara, the Sahel, and the Sudan. Seeing that the Sahel zone is the major driver for the significance of our models, we discuss if this can have implications for the wider African Sahel.
There is a growing body of literature calling for work on the emerging role of smart cities as information hubs and knowledge repositories. This article reviews the existing smart city literature and integrates knowledge management perspectives to provide an overview of future research directions. By demonstrating the multi-stakeholder relationships involved in smart city development, it takes a crucial step towards looking into the role of knowledge management in future smart city research. Eighty-two peer-reviewed publications were analyzed covering smart city studies in various research domains. The systematic review identifies five different themes: strategy and vision, frameworks, enablers and inhibitors, citizen participation, and benefits. These themes form the basis for developing a future research agenda focused on knowledge sharing and co-learning among cities via three research directions: socio-technical approaches, knowledge sharing perspectives and organizational learning capabilities. The paper also proposes a series of knowledge-driven policy recommendations to contribute towards the UN Sustainable Development Goals.
In a world of growing environmental risks and ecological scarcities, ensuring a safe Anthropocene for humankind is essential. Managing an increasingly "fragile" planet requires new thinking on markets, institutions and governance built on five principles: ending the underpricing of nature, fostering collective action, accepting absolute limits, attaining sustainability, and promoting inclusivity. Rethinking economics and policies in this way can help to overcome the global challenges posed by climate change, biodiversity loss, freshwater scarcity, and deteriorating marine and coastal habitats. It requires decoupling wealth creation from environmental degradation through business, policy and financial actions aimed at better stewardship of the biosphere. In this book, renowned environmental economist Edward Barbier offers a blueprint for a greener and more inclusive economy, and outlines the steps we must take now to build a post-COVID world that limits environmental threats while sustaining per capita welfare.
This chapter intends to analyze and develop the concept of the entrepreneurial university and social innovation ecosystem from multiple viewpoints, including HEI regional knowledge spillover and social innovation ecosystem theoretical approaches, as well as policy and research views. The emerging perspectives of the entrepreneurial universities in the knowledge economy are considered as an instrument for “innovation and development” that acts as an elixir for the social innovation paradigm. Due to its vital position in the horizon EU strategy, respectively entrepreneurial universities and the social innovation ecosystem are gaining increasing importance in the EU’s regional knowledge-based economic growth policy discourse. Since then, they’ve been used by policymakers around the world as building blocks for executing various innovation policies, including research and innovation, smart inclusive regional knowledge growth, social innovation, industrial development, and regional development policies. The responsiveness of entrepreneurial universities and the social innovation ecosystem is envisioned in this chapter as a “facilitator” for increasing knowledge-based economic development and innovation-driven regional growth.
In the European Union, SMEs represent as much as 99% of businesses, but only 3 out of 10 companies have some international involvement. EU policy makers perceive SMEs internationalization as a desired path for global growth; thus, they have put forward certain tools which aim to boost the pace and scope of internationalization, i.e., by creating and facilitating access to support activities, sharing information, promoting cluster and networking initiatives, making support schemes consistent throughout the EU, etc. (Della Corte, Handbook of research on startegic Management in Small and Medium Enterprises. IGI Global, 2014). However, a vital point in creating a successful internationalization framework requires understanding that SMEs internationalization models may and do differ from those of multinational enterprises (MNEs). SMEs have a different structure, and they act differently, since their aims vary from those of MNEs (Knight and Liesch, Journal of World Business 51(1): 93–102, 2016; Buckley, Journal of World Business, 51(1): 74–82, 2016).
Former studies of European SMEs indicate that there are specific traits of company characteristics that determine their internationalization process. Amongst the distinguished factors, size, activities performed, age, and experience counted as the most significant determinants of the expansion. However, these findings refer to occurrences dating back at least 5 years. In the era of rapid digitalization and—still—ongoing globalization, the impact of these factors might have diminished, making place for others. Therefore, the rising importance of digitalization calls for the need to identify new barriers and opportunities for SMEs to become international.
The aim of this chapter is to see whether and how digitalization has influenced the internationalization models of Polish SMEs. We do not provide quantitative analysis that would allow us to statistically verify hypotheses on that matter; however, given the recent developments of the business world and internationalization trends, we assume that digitalization has had an impact on how companies expand abroad nowadays. The study has a screening aim and should allow us to determine whether, in the case of the Polish context, the matter requires further pursuit. The remainder of this chapter is structured as follows: first, we discuss the internationalization models which commonly referred to the international expansion of SMEs. Secondly, we discuss how digitalization can influence the process and its determinants. Finally, we present our research results based on quasi-focus group discussion with Polish SMEs. The study concerned the impact the digitalization has on the internationalization experience of those companies.
The chapter sketches the past, present, and potential future of the dynamic capabilities framework. This essay is more by way of a personal reflection on the progress that has been made to date and the work remaining to be done. The dynamic capabilities framework has proved fertile ground for research and there is no evidence its momentum is slowing. In addition, I see the framework having numerous potential applications, several of which I have addressed in my own writing: (1) dynamic capabilities can serve as an overarching paradigm for teaching in business schools; (2) dynamic capabilities can potentially be built into a theory of the firm; and (3) dynamic capabilities is a policy tool for industrializing economies to help them understand the difference between accumulation and assimilation. Finally, innovation, including digital transformation, corporate entrepreneurship, and organizational behavior also contribute to the theoretical soundness of the dynamic capabilities framework.
This paper aims to predict customer engagement behaviour (CEB), i.e. likes, shares, comments, and emoji reactions, on company posts on Facebook. A sample of 1109 brand posts from Facebook pages in Lithuania was used. The Random Forest method was used to train models to predict customer engagement behaviour based on features including time frame, content, and media types of brand posts. The data was used for training nine binary classification models using the Random Forest method, which can predict the popularity of a company’s posts. In terms of social score, accuracy of likes, comments, and shares varied from 68.4% (likes on a post) to 84.0% (comments on a post). For emotional responses, accuracy varied from 65.6% (‘wow’ on a post) to 82.5% (‘ha ha’ on a post). The data was collected from one single media platform and country, and encompassed emotional expressions at an early stage on Facebook. The findings of Random Forest prediction models can help organisations to make more efficient solutions for brand posts on Facebook to increase customer engagement. This paper outlines the first steps in creating a predictive engagement score towards diverse types of brand posts on Facebook. The same approach to features of brand posts might be applied to other social media platforms such as Instagram and LinkedIn.
Eye-tracking application in social sciences including entrepreneurship education has increased significantly in the recent years. This technology has been used to investigate the learning process and how to foster it through instructions delivered, material used and the learning environment created. Traditional research with eye-tracking application mainly concentrates on visual aspects in the learning process including but not limited to text comprehension. A growing area of eye-tracking technologies is focused on entrepreneurship education including teacher education because schools are considered as an important stage for developing entrepreneurial competences.
In general, the area of the application of eye tracking has become extremely wide in different sciences which also positively contributes to research in education. Transdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches are helpful to ensure multiple perspective as well as to ensure the validity of research data and results.
This chapter is an attempt to critically reflect on how eye-tracking methodology is applied for research on entrepreneurship education and what are growing methodological challenges in it. At the end some implications for further studies in the field of entrepreneurship education are discussed as well as limitations of eye-tracking-based studies are highlighted.
Digitalization of business is one of the driving forces in today’s environment and seems to be an irreversible trend. At present we can observe not only a digital transformation of firms but also the emergence of firms that are digital from inception. The born digital firms have characteristics that allow them to quickly expand on international markets and stay competitive for sustained periods of time. The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of born digital firms that lead to sustainable competitive advantage and to develop a conceptual model that will serve as a basis for future research. Various sources of born digitals’ competitive advantage are revealed, such as innovativeness, creativity, responsiveness, digital technology, and digital skills of their employees. One of the key findings is highlighting the role creativity plays in how responsive born digital firms can be in times of change, a characteristic that supports their sustainable competitiveness. The newly defined born digitals’ characteristics and sources of competitive advantage should embrace the approach to their competitive advantage across different markets as a complex dynamic construct that is presented, which includes technology advantage, human capital advantage, but also differentiation advantage.
This chapter analyzes the configuration of global value chains in the digital entrepreneurship age by clarifying past contributions, examining work resulting from the Covid-19 pandemic, and outlining suggestions for future research. First, we provide a conceptual framework to understand how digitalization has driven its transformation. Specifically, we discuss the main changes in the slicing of value chain activities, the control and location decisions of these activities, and the paradoxical role played by digital technologies in shaping the way entrepreneurs organize them. In doing this, we highlight the location paradox, which rests on the idea that digital technologies help firms expand their geographical scope and reduce co-ordination costs in large and dispersed networks (which favors offshoring), while reducing the importance of the location of activities and shortening supply chains (which favors reshoring). Second, we critically review the research on value chain configurations that has appeared because of the Covid-19 pandemic. Lastly, we discuss some promising areas of research that could yield insights that will advance our understanding of value chain configurations in the digital entrepreneurship age.
Recent changes in education due to COVID-19 required a shift from classroom to online delivery. This chapter illustrates how a highly complex training program, Ideas to Innovation (i2i), responded to this challenge. i2i is based on experiential learning including a variety of activities carried out both in large and small groups with the intention to raise delegates’ entrepreneurial self-efficacy. In this case study, we illustrate the process by which the program was delivered online for the first time since its existence and how the online delivery of an entrepreneurial program contributed to participants raised level of entrepreneurial intent. We took a qualitative approach by conducting structured (written) and semi-structured interviews with participants. We triangulated the data with insights and reflections of the facilitators engaged in the online delivery. The findings indicate that even when i2i is delivered online, it raised participants’ level of entrepreneurial intent. We also found that digital interaction and collaboration among participants and facilitators on various platforms promoted the development of an entrepreneurial mindset. By highlighting this change in delivery and design, we contribute to the ongoing debate of digitally supported education for entrepreneurship and provide insights to redesign entrepreneurial training programs.
There is substantial knowledge about the peculiarities of founding entrepreneurial ventures in general. However, comparatively little is known so far about the characteristics of establishing sustainable ventures aiming at solving ecological or social problems in society. It is particularly uncertain how sustainable entrepreneurs could attain a successful upscaling of their venture ideas to expand their impact from a local niche at origin towards reaching broader society-wide impact. At this junction between local niche and the wider societal regime or landscape level, entrepreneurial ecosystems may play a key role in providing instrumental support for sustainable ventures. Entrepreneurial ecosystems offer initial support in the formation of new sustainable ventures but, also later, helping sustainable entrepreneurs in the upscaling of their sustainable venture ideas. In this chapter, we explore how entrepreneurial ecosystems could support the expansion of sustainable ventures and help overcome the barriers and dilemmas for successful sustainability upscaling.
The conceptual chapter discusses selected issues in the upscaling of sustainable ventures in the ecosystem context alongside typical barriers and dilemmas in sustainability upscaling. The contribution attempted in this chapter is to build a bridge between the literature strand on upscaling within sustainable innovation and the discussion of supportive ecosystems in the field of entrepreneurship. For example, we address the composition of ecosystem stakeholders and the importance of keeping a shared sustainability orientation in the ecosystem while integrating diverse stakeholders who provide resources for the upscaling process. The discussion in this chapter is based on reviewing recent literature on the upscaling phenomenon in sustainable innovation as well as on entrepreneurial ecosystems and sustainable entrepreneurship. In particular, we suggest that upscaling in entrepreneurial ecosystems may be understood as an open-ended evolutionary process, with ecosystem networks and stakeholder collaboration providing stable spaces for reflexive discourse and learning.
This edited collection explores the past, present, and future of artificiality and sustainability in entrepreneurship, the unforeseen consequences, and how to head forward to a sustainable future. First, we integrate the concepts of entrepreneurship and artificiality. We propose that entrepreneurs produce artefacts of entrepreneurship—new ventures, entrepreneurial firms, etc.—that have functions and goals set to respond to the conditions of the diverse environments in which they operate. Second, we contend that the prevailing technological environment can be perceived as an artefact that significantly impacts entrepreneurs, new ventures, and entrepreneurial firms. Digital technologies effectuated new forms of ventures such as born-digital and transformed incumbents to adopt them. Digital technologies come with virtualising our everyday environments and induce behavioral and cognitive changes, which call for new capabilities, e.g., dynamic capabilities. Finally, we conclude with further research questions to be addressed by the entrepreneurship, technology management and sustainability scholars.
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