The Regional World
... Knowledge is cumulative as current knowledge depends on the previous accumulated knowledge, defining future developments regarding the direction of innovative enterprises and path dependencies from which territories can hardly escape (McCann and Van Oort, 2009). More precisely, in the view of Storper (1997), relationships that emerge within a given territory define the technological trajectories that may be more or less favourable to innovation. ...
... This situation created a growing emphasis on networks as a fundamental strategy for competitiveness. In the words of Storper (1997), if mass production was the recommended strategy three decades ago, currently the best strategy is the participation in networks. Networks in the context of knowledge economy imply the need for two key elements: cooperation and intentionality (Visser, 2009). ...
The methodological approach presented in this chapter allowed achieving the main objectives of the work, providing a careful and detailed picture of the main Portuguese regional firm’s innovation trends. More specifically, the methodological approach was able to analyze the main dynamics of innovation in the Portuguese regions and to assess the current situation of NACE activities. It was proved that the methodological approach was able to identify regional spatial patterns, being a relevant tool for policy analysis and for policy evaluation.
... Since Marshall's (1920) seminal discussion of Britain's highly localized industrial districts, scholars have developed a variety of perspectives to explain the basis for the geographical clustering of firms from similar industries (see Storper, 1997, for a review). Earlier treatments of the subject focused largely on pecuniary externalities (e.g., labor and supplier pooling) and knowledge spillovers that incidentally accrue to clustered firms. ...
... As already mentioned, the explanation that the knowledge-based theory of clusters offers for enhanced knowledge creation within clusters rests on the positive influence that geographic proximity has on the effectiveness of knowledge-based interfirm interactions and, consequently, on firm-level knowledge creation efforts (Brown & Duguid, 1991;Storper, 1997;Von Hippel, 1994). This explanation offers a theoretical reason as to why clusters may be venues of enhanced knowledge creation, but it fails to specify how locating in a cluster enhances firms' knowledge creation efforts. ...
... A number of scholars argue today that a rescaling of the spatialities of state is taking place and it is increasingly the international markets and regional political responses to global capitalism that generate regionalism and accentuate the significance of regions (Brenner, 1999;Keating, 1998Keating, , 2001Le Galés and Lequesne, 1998;MacLeod, 2001; Scott, 1998;Storper, 1998). Even if their institutional arrangements vary, the EU, NAFTA and APEC, for example, may be regarded as 'regions' and examples of a state-led networked regionalism. ...
... Even if many scholars have, particularly since the 1990s, suggested that region and the city are crucial for understanding the spatialities of social and economic life (Scott, 1998;Storper, 1998), surprisingly scant attention has been paid to such theoretically challenging questions as what a region is, what regional boundaries means, how to conceptualize these elements and how to study them in practice (Jones and MacLeod, 2004;Paasi, 2002a). ...
... It is a process by which public, business and nongovernmental sector partners work collectively to 1 . The difference of LED with local competitiveness definition is mainly that LED entails the collective work of locals, while local competitiveness on its various definitions highlight that competitiveness refers basically to increments on the quality of life/wellbeing (Camagni, 2002, Storper, 1997, Porter, 1999 and/or productivity of firms (Porter, 1990, Krugman, 1994, Storper, 1997, without focusing on the source of the actions that lead towards those goals. ...
... It is a process by which public, business and nongovernmental sector partners work collectively to 1 . The difference of LED with local competitiveness definition is mainly that LED entails the collective work of locals, while local competitiveness on its various definitions highlight that competitiveness refers basically to increments on the quality of life/wellbeing (Camagni, 2002, Storper, 1997, Porter, 1999 and/or productivity of firms (Porter, 1990, Krugman, 1994, Storper, 1997, without focusing on the source of the actions that lead towards those goals. ...
In recent years the implementation of bottom-up instead of top-down policies have been widely recommended by international organisms such as OECD and CEPAL to Latin American countries in order to increase their economic development and mitigate their regional disparities. The present work depicts the institutional changes and policies implemented in two Mexican cities: Mexicali and Hermosillo. Both cities have achieved economic growth above the national average as well as the development of high-technology industries. The research is based on interviews and analyses of statistical data and documents. It was found that mixed strategies have been followed, in the case of Mexicali most of them are in line with bottom-up approach, while mostly top-down policies were found in Hermosillo. Better planning, as well as the coordination and proactive policies from private and public sectors seemed to be the key for both case studies. Given that Hermosillo has been more successful in economic growth, this casts doubts on the validity of the recommendations.
... In an attempt to "decompose" territorial capital and give an answer to the question about what it consists of, there are mainly two groups of dimensions: "hard" and "soft" ones. Storper (1997) includes a city's geostrategic position, climate, size, natu-S o c i o l o g i j a i p r o s t o r ral resources, economic structure of infrastructure, labor, technology, environment, monumental heritage and cultural legacy, "human capital", quality of life, quality of the environment, technical infrastructure development into the "hard" dimensions (the so-called "objective factors"). The "soft" dimensions, also called "subjective", represent cognitive, cultural and institutional capital of an area. ...
... Therefore, a critical approach to branding also discusses an issue of "invented traditions" (Hobbsbawm and Ranger, 1983), i.e. a phenomenon of a city's image presentations being increasingly separated from reality (Anholt, 2007). The critics also refer to the fact that city (re)branding implies a decontextualization of traditional culture as well as removing all potentially negative elements of the iconography of a city (crime, ugly architecture, unemployment, etc.), while the city's historical legacy and the re-creation of historical narrative have been economically valorized through tourism (Horlings, 2012;Storper, 1997;Petrović, 2014:72;Petrović, 2009:90, 92, 96;Zukin, 1995;Miles and Miles, 2004:5;Anholt, 2007). ...
The aim of this paper was to explore the brand potential of certain “soft” factors of territorial capital in the medium-sized cities in Serbia. The concept of territorial capital refers to the total city development potential that combines objective, “hard” and subjective, “soft” factors of an area, in order to attract investment and generate local development. As city branding has become an imperative of local development strategies, this paper aims at connecting these concepts in order to emphasize a possible brand potential of some “soft” dimensions of territorial capital. The paper is based on the data obtained from the research conducted from 2013 to 2015 by the Institute for Sociological Research of University of Belgrade on a representative sample of population aged 18-65 in eight medium-sized cities in Serbia. The first part of the paper presents the concept of territorial capital and clarifies its connection with the city branding. The second part of the paper is dedicated to the analysis related to Serbia. It begins by summarizing the key features of its socio-spatial transformation in the post-socialist period and points to the discordance between the state of territorial capital and the city branding process. Then the method of research which focuses on the citizens’ perception (a neglected soft dimension of territorial capital) is presented. The obtained questionnaire results are analysed through the lens of the city branding approach and the application of somewhat modified dimensions (presence, pulse and people) of the City Brand Index (CBI). The concluding part briefly recaps how and why the observed soft dimensions of the territorial capital might be recognized as a relevant potential in the process of (re) branding of the researched cities.
... Informal institutions are also often place-specific. They refer to shared norms, values, attitudes among individuals and/or among organizations located in the same region or country (Storper, 1997;Gertler, 2010), but they can also, under certain circumstances, evolve through interaction in spatially distributed communities. The frameworks consisting of formal and informal institutions play a crucial role in national and regional development in general and organization of innovation activities in particular (Storper, 1997;Gertler, 2004;Rodriguez-Pose and Cataldo, 2015). ...
... They refer to shared norms, values, attitudes among individuals and/or among organizations located in the same region or country (Storper, 1997;Gertler, 2010), but they can also, under certain circumstances, evolve through interaction in spatially distributed communities. The frameworks consisting of formal and informal institutions play a crucial role in national and regional development in general and organization of innovation activities in particular (Storper, 1997;Gertler, 2004;Rodriguez-Pose and Cataldo, 2015). In addition to geographical boundaries, institutions might be delineated by organizational fields such as formal and informal rules guiding behavior of actors in the fields of academia, health-care, private sector and others (Scott, 2008;Cartaxo and Godinho, 2017). ...
In recent years, we have witnessed an intensive scholarly discussion about the limitations of traditional inward looking regional innovation strategies. New policy approaches put more emphasis on promoting the external connectedness of regions. However, the institutional preconditions for collaboration across borders have received little attention so far. The aim of this paper is to investigate both conceptually and empirically how policy network organizations can target the institutional underpinnings and challenges of cross-border integration processes and knowledge flows. The empirical part of the paper consists of an analysis of activities performed by four cross-border policy network organizations in the Öresund region (made up of Zealand in Denmark and Scania in Sweden) and how they relate to the creation of institutional preconditions and the removal of institutional barriers. Our findings suggest that cross-border policy network organizations have limited power to change or facilitate the adaptation of formal institutions directly. They mainly rely on mobilizing actors at other territorial levels for improving the formal institutional conditions for knowledge flows. Informal institutions, on the other hand, can be targeted by an array of different tools available to policy network organizations. We conclude that institutional preconditions in cross-border regions are influenced by collective activities of multiple actors on different territorial levels, and that regional actors mainly adapt to the existing institutional framework rather than change it. For innovation policy, this implies that possibilities for institutional change and adaptation need to be considered in regional innovation policy strategies.
... The ability to compete in such an environment is at least partly contingent on being embedded in an innovative milieu which enables the exchange of 'tacit' knowledge; experience and knowhow that cannot easily be codified. Traded and untraded interdependencies constitute the conduits that facilitate processes of localized learning and innovation (Bathelt et al., 2004;Boschma, 2005;Gertler, 2003Gertler, , 2008Hutton, 2016;Kloosterman, 2010a;Maskell et al., 2006;Storper, 1997;Storper and Venables, 2004). Traded interdependencies refer to monetised input-output relations between suppliers, clients and business partners. ...
... Untraded interdependencies are non-monetised relationships which are first and foremost social in nature. These can also have important economic returns as they can involve the exchange of information on opportunities or know-how (Storper, 1997). Cognitive-cultural firms, then, tend to be part of larger networks, partly based on spatial proximity, partly on relational proximity with partners and clients elsewhere (Maskell et al., 2006). ...
Most existing research on advanced economic activities focuses on either inner-city milieus or suburban industrial parks. We contend, however, that residential neighbourhoods constitute a milieu for economic activities which require the input of high-skilled labour or, to follow Allen Scott, cognitive-cultural activities which are characteristic for contemporary urban economies. Based on a longitudinal data set of company-level data, we show that a significant share of economic activities in urban residential neighbourhoods can indeed be classified as cognitive-cultural and that this share has been growing over the period 1999-2008. We present an analysis of the spatiality of the embeddedness of these activities. In particular, we focus on their traded and untraded interdependencies. For this part of the analysis we use survey-data of 370 businesses based in Dutch residential neighbourhoods. Overall, cognitive-cultural activities maintain many untraded interdependencies on a local level, whereas they maintain most traded interdependencies on a supra-local level. They appear to be making frequent use of both local buzz as well as of supralocal ‘pipelines’, and are thus embedded on various spatial scales. Residential neighbourhoods, then, have to be taken more seriously not just as places of consumption but also as milieus of production for more advanced economic activities.
... The role of the region is now to incubate "the embeddedness" of social and economic processes (Granovetter 1985), also known as "untraded interdependencies" (Storper, 1997) or "social capital" (Putnam, 2000). This means developing the networks of people and firms that are molded together by market exchanges, user-producer relations, and everyday interactions which are critical to the continual development of new information, knowledge, and learning that provides a region with a competitive advantage (Lundvall, 1990;von Hippel, 1987). ...
This discussion paper lays out a future research agenda on the role of anchor institutions within clusters for Ontario’s mid-sizes cities. This research is intended to accomplish three interrelated goals: (1) discuss
the considerations of economic geography research literature as it applies to Ontario cities; (2) uncover the economic specializations of Ontario’s mid-sized cities by identifying which clusters in which cities should be targeted for further investment and expansion; and (3) identify major anchor firms and anchor institutions in each city that could be partner firms in such an investment strategy. The foundations of this research have been laid by previous research about knowledge economies and clusters in the Canadian context (Spencer et al. 2012; Spencer, 2013; Florida et. al, 2016). However, the contribution of this upcoming research is to (1) update the findings with forthcoming 2016 Census data and (2) advance the methodology by placing greater emphasis on the role of anchors in midsized cities.
... However, theories of globalization tend to exaggerate the importance of global processes in regional development and underestimate the role of regions and institutions in global economic restructuring (Sayer 2004;Storper 1997;Scott 1998). The GPN perspective falls short in explaining how regions actually translate ties with global markets into local development outcomes (Murphy and Schindler 2011); and inserting the GPN is a pathway of development known as the East Asian model, not necessary for a big country like China with strong state power and a large domestic market (Wei 2011;Wei and others 2011). ...
... E a segunda é a da ciência regional, na qual seu foco consiste em explicar o ambiente socioinstitucional em que a inovação emerge. De um ponto de vista regional, a inovação é localizada e embutida localmente, não é um lugar, mas sim um processo (Storper, 1997;Malmberg & Maskell, 1997). ...
O grau heterogêneo do desenvolvimento de Países ou Regiões é definido por um conjunto de determinantes. Entre esses, tem se destacado os sistemas de inovação relacionados. Dessa forma, o presente estudo tem o objetivo de analisar comparativamente a relação entre os incentivos para inovação e os desempenhos, inovativo e econômico, entre os Estados e Regiões do Brasil. Em termos metodológicos, trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, baseados em dados secundários para os sete indicadores de insumos para inovação, oito de desempenho inovativo e três de desempenho econômico, de todos os 26 Estados Brasileiros e mais o Distrito Federal. A análise desses dados foi efetuada por técnicas estatísticas, descritivas e associativas. Esta análise dos resultados possibilita inferir que os incentivos federais para inovação distribuídos pelos Estados e Regiões do País estão fortemente direcionados pela participação desses no PIB do País. De outro lado, esses incentivos estão fortemente ligados aos desempenhos inovativos e econômicos desses Estados e Regiões, com a exceção da minoria dos indicadores que não apresentaram significância. Portanto, políticas públicas de incentivos à inovação devem ser alavancadas uma vez que produzem resultados positivos no desempenho inovativo e, ao final, no desempenho econômico do País e regiões.
... Although many scholars have argued for the continuing importance of localized interactions for knowledge diffusion (e.g. Storper 1997), a contemporary model would need to accommodate manymore contingencies related with 'network-type' organizations and looser organizational forms associated with knowledge transfer. Moreover, not all knowledge is so sticky that it can only be processed in the city, as many forms of specialized knowledge are shared in virtual communities. ...
Urban systems research utilizes the language of systems theory to grasp the complexity of the urban and the city. This contribution explains the basic principles of urban systems theory and outlines some important pitfalls. Depending on research focus and priority, urban systems have been bracketed geographically and conceptually in different ways in different time periods. In the past, defining the city as a bounded entity was uncontroversial and the difference between inter-urban and intra-urban processes seemed self-evident. As urbanization intensifies urban boundaries blur, prompting to continuously scrutinize the scales of urban systems. The usefulness of urban systems thinking is illustrated through an appreciation of the historical urban systems models of American geographer Allan Pred from the 1960s and 1970s. The work of Pred is contextualized in the present by briefly comparing it in terms of continuity and change with world city analysis, an important contemporary application of urban systems analysis.
... Krugman (2003) argues that success for a regional economy, then, would mean providing sufficiently attractive wages and/or employment prospects and return on capital to draw in labour and capital from other regions (Krugman, 2003;Martin, 2015). Other arguments on regional competitiveness focus on the holders of the creative capital, the type of human capital, location decisions of the people (Florida, 2000), or 'the ability of a regional economy to attract and maintain firms with stable or rising market shares in an activity while maintaining or increasing standards of living for those who participate in it' (Storper, 1997). On basis of Krugman (1994), Nevima and Melecky (2011) also warned that even the macroeconomic concept of national competitiveness cannot be fully applied at the regional level because the regional competitiveness is much less clear defined and they argue that definitions given by scientists for regional competitiveness are key points in starting their analyses and in defining their tools and indicators. ...
The paper analyses the aspect of regional competitiveness in case of the Center region of Romania, which contains six NUTS3 regions. The study refers to the 2000-2013 period, and it deals with regional competitiveness influencing factors and areas known from the literature, such as: Economic development, Infrastructure, Health, Education, Labor market, Urbanisation, Business sophistication and Innovation. A regional panel database was set up for the indicators, and their influence on the GDP per capita was tested using cross-section fixed, period fixed and period random effects models, as well as the Arellano-Bond dynamic panel-data estimation. The results indicate that in the region 48 the Business sophistication and the Labor market areas have to be considered priority areas in the regional economic development planning.
... Se trata de un ámbito multidimensional donde tienen lugar los intercambios de recursos e información entre los individuos, entre las organizaciones sociales e institucionales que ellos crean, y entre todos ellos con el sistema natural, en tanto soporte material del territorio (CAC, 2010;Bravo y Payares, 2012). Es también un proceso de dinámica local-global, donde los lugares y localidades contribuyen cada vez más a la innovación y a la alta tecnología propias de la globalización económica (Garofoli, 1995;Storper, 1997;Vázquez-Barquero, 2005. ...
... En este sentido, el surgi-124 CONSTRUYENDO LA GEOGRAFÍA HUMANA miento de «nuevos espacios industriales» principalmente fue explicado por los cambios organizacionales de las estructuras productivas y por las relaciones insumo-producto (interdependencias comerciales). Por medio del concepto de interdependencias no comercializables, Storper (1997) resalta el carácter intangible del intercambio de información, favores o relaciones que contribuyen al el funcionamiento económico de los territorios. ...
... This reflects the evolution of economy, polity and society, the demands for better quality of life and improved infrastructure and services from residents and workforces, and the continued search for means of mitigating the negative economic, social and environmental consequences of urbanisation (Ahrend, Farchy, Kaplanis, & Lembcke, 2014). These ongoing processes strengthen the argument for defining large metropolitan geographies as chaotic and even 'uncontrollable' places (Lefèbvre, 1970), given the depth, range and scale of market dynamics, state regulatory regimes and public, private and civic society actors interacting with and within global cities and city-regions at any one time (Scott, 1998;Storper, 1997). There is often multiple overlapping and disparate local governments, each responsible for different functions (Wood, 1961), and each having to respond to the various interests and preferences of local constituencies (Storper, 2014). ...
The governance of infrastructure funding and financing at the city-region scale is a critical aspect of the continued search for mechanisms to channel investment into the urban landscape. In the context of the global financial crisis, austerity and uneven growth, national, sub-national and local state actors are being compelled to adopt the increasingly speculative activities of urban entrepreneurialism to attract new capital, develop ‘innovative’ financial instruments and models, and establish new or reform existing institutional arrangements for urban infrastructure governance. Amidst concerns about the claimed ‘ungovernability’ of ‘global’ cities and city-regions, governing urban infrastructure funding and financing has become an acute issue. Infrastructure renewal and development are interpreted as integral to urban growth, especially to underpin the size and scale of large cities and their significant contributions within national economies. Yet, overcoming fragmented local jurisdictions to improve the governance and economic, social and environmental development of major metropolitan areas remains a challenge. The complex, and sometimes conflicting and contested inter-relationships at stake raise important questions about the role of the state in wrestling with entrepreneurial and managerialist governance imperatives. City and government actors are simultaneously engaging with financial actors, the financialisation of the built environment, the enduring and integral position of the state in infrastructure given its particular characteristics, the transformation of infrastructure from a public good into an asset class through the agency of private and state interests, and what relationships, if any, exist between ‘effective’ urban governance systems and improved economic performance. Contributing to theoretical debates about the apparent ‘ungovernability’ of global cities and city-regions, this paper presents analysis and findings from new research examining the financialisation and governance of transport infrastructure in the London global city-region. The continued rise in London's population is placing significant demands upon existing infrastructure assets and systems and provoking debates about the extent and nature of growth in the UK's capital, the development of and relationship between urban and sub-urban built environments, and the ability of national, sub-national and local actors to plan infrastructure renewal and investment both within London's formal administrative boundary and wider city-region. Combining aspects of urban entrepreneurialism and managerialism amidst the challenges of governing a global city-region, the search for new infrastructure investment by state actors is leading to the revival of specific funding and financing mechanisms and practices. The mixing of existing and new funding and financing techniques as well as governance arrangements in distinct and, at times, hybrid ways, is amplifying the novel challenges facing actors and institutions responsible for London's governance.
... • resource-technological -emphasizes the need for a combination of resources, accumulation of additional knowledge, joint acquisition of competences by tourism cluster participants as a prerequisite for the additional value creation -a high-quality tourist product (Penrose, 1959 • geographic -focuses on the basic premise of cluster formation -the territorial attribute -the geographical community, which defines the type of cluster, the peculiarities of its functioning, its activity specificity (Nueno et al., 1988;Amin, 1999;Storper, 1997;Amosha et al., 2005). ...
Development of cluster structures is a priority for the knowledge and information economy development and an important prerequisite for effective strategic partnership of logistically and geographically related entities of the economic system. The practice of tourism business shows that it is in the conditions of the development of enterprises cluster systems that will be able to form unique competencies, optimally use the resource potential and strategic opportunities, and obtain synergistic and multiplicative economic benefits. Given the situation, tourism clusters development is considered one of the most promising formats of strategic partnership and predetermines the theoretical field of modern scientific research. The need for a constructive rethinking of the mechanisms of economic actors’ convergence based on cauterization; definition of preconditions, stages, and processes of formation and development of tourism clusters is an unsolved theoretical and applied problem. The article is devoted to the procedures identification and interpreting the formation of tourism clusters; systematizing the conditions and factors influencing the clasterization in Ukraine. The work developed recommendations for the successful development of tourism clusters, in particular, the author’s vision of identifying structural and functional components of the tourism cluster; establishing interrelations and relationships between participants; definition of tourist attractiveness of the destination for the development of cluster initiatives; algorithmization of the participant’s entry to the cluster; developing scenarios for the development of tourism clusters in Ukraine. The results of determining the participants’ interaction intensity in the tourism cluster are presented, and the effectiveness of the cluster system development based on a set of economic, social and environmental criteria is evaluated.
... In recent years innovative activity of agglomeration economies has been mainly analyzed at regional level. Thus, many studies have underlined the important role of regional innovation system as interactions between knowledgeable agents to increase the learning capabilities of a region (Autio 1998;Doloreux 2002) and several essential determinants of economic performance are dominant (Storper 1997;Porter 2003;Uyarra 2010). Grilliches (1979Grilliches ( , 1990 in his seminal work analyzed the role of expenditures in Research and Development (R&D) as basic input of innovation and new knowledge creation while Romer (1986Romer ( , 1990 emphasized the substantial role of human capital in knowledge diffusion. ...
The main aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of patent applications, development level, employment level and degree of technological diversity on innovation efficiency. Innovation efficiency is derived by relating innovation inputs and innovation outputs. Expenditures in Research and Development and Human Capital stand for innovation inputs. Technological knowledge diffusion that comes from spatial and technological neighborhood stands for innovation output. We derive innovation efficiency using Data Envelopment Analysis for 192 European regions for a 12-year period (1995-2006). We also examine the impact of patents production, development and employment level and the level of technological diversity on innovation efficiency using Structural Equation Modeling. This paper contributes a method of innovation efficiency estimation in terms of regional knowledge spillovers and causal relationship of efficiency measurement criteria. The study reveals that the regions presenting high innovation activities through patents production have higher innovation efficiency. Additionally, our findings show that the regions characterized by high levels of employment achieve innovation sources exploitation efficiently. Moreover, we find that the level of regional development has both a direct and indirect effect on innovation efficiency. More accurately, transition and less developed regions in terms of per capita GDP present high levels of efficiency if they innovate in specific and limited technological fields. On the other hand, the more developed regions can achieve high innovation efficiency if they follow a more decentralized innovation policy.
... However, the notion of competitiveness at a macro level spread very quickly in the academic community, especially among "New Regionalists" (Storper, 1997;Maskell, P., Malmberg, 1999;Malecki, 2002;Huggins, 2003). In parallel with the development of the concept of regional competitiveness, a huge amount of literature on urban competitiveness appeared (Lever, 1993;Cheshire and Gordon, 1995;Kresl, 1995;Ciampi, 1996;Budd, 1998;Begg, 1999Begg, , 2002Gordon, 1999). ...
With the beginning of the development of spatial strategies in Russian cities, discussions on the choice of the future trajectory broke out with renewed vigor. We build our reasoning on the example of Yekaterinburg, a large Russian industrial center with a rich history. Many specialists from various fields and just the citizens took part in the public discussions of the Yekaterinburg spatial strategy. In addition, much of the discussion was concentrated on existing or prospective buildings, roads, highways. Therefore, the discussion deviated to some extent from the key point-'How do you see the city of the future?' The strategic models of industrial city or logistics center are still very popular in Russia. In our opinion, the achievement of the goals of the 21st century requires fundamentally new approaches based on the knowledge generation and development of human capital. Therefore, the future of Ekaterinburg is seen as a global knowledge city, which is based on the concepts of global city and knowledge city. The latter, in turn, is an integral part of the broader theoretical frameworks of the knowledge economy and knowledge-based society. This research area is rapidly developing causing sharp discussions. At the same time, Russian cities face very serious challenges. The federal subordination of higher education institutions and scientific organizations turns them into "foreign bodies" in the regional and municipal environment; the wave of optimization of regional universities and branches of the Russian Academy of Sciences threatens to kill regional scientific identity, local scientific schools. Science concentrated in the capital cities simply cannot meet the needs of such a huge country like Russia. The aim of our work is not the development of a final model of prospective urban development, but only defining of a certain theoretical and methodological foundation that will be used in future research. This research should answer the main question-'How can we create regional science-driven cities with a high level and accessibility of culture and science?'
... Una de las características más relevantes de la industria de máquina-herramienta, es que el hecho de poner en marcha al sector de fabricantes de máquina-herramienta o que existan previamente en una región, signifi ca un aspecto estratégico de desarrollo económico regional, ya que mejora la mano de obra y la industria local. No obstante, las probabilidades de que una región desarrolle una industria de máquina-herramienta desde cero son muy escasas(Peck y Theodore, 2010;Storper, 2007).En el caso del Perú, la industria de máquina-herramienta es prácticamente inexistente. Casi la totalidad de la maquinaria que se utiliza es importada (promovida por el 0 % de arancel a la importación de estos bienes de capital). ...
This article analyzes the evolution of the manufacturing industry in
Peru and some emerging and developed countries. The economic growth model adopted by our country is still based on mining exports, agribusiness and nontraditional manufacturing products which are apparently not sustainable at all in the new century. Challenges and changes that society may demand in the future require us to rethink these issues. It is necessary to build a strong knowledgebased economy. In this context, knowledge transfer is essential; this is the reason why identifying the economic sectors that “push up” the rest of the economy is key, as the international empirical evidence has demonstrated through the strengthening of the machine-tool industry
... Beroemd werd het begrip door studies van Michael Porter, gekop peld aan clusters (Porter 1990(Porter , 1995(Porter , 1998. Vervolgens is het in een groter licht geplaatst (Storper 1997), bekritiseerd (Krugman 1996, Bristow 2005) en weer afgestoft in Europees regionaal verband (Gardiner e.a. 2004). ...
Deze publicatie staat in het teken van de concurrentiekracht van Nederlandse steden en stedelijke regio's. De positie van de steden - in het bijzonder Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Den Haag, Utrecht, Eindhoven en Groningen-Assen - in internationale, nationale en regionale netwerken van handel, kennis en buitenlandse investeringen wordt hierin uitgelicht. Vastgesteld wordt met welke Europese regio's de steden concurreren en welke locatiefactoren van belang zijn voor groei in de steden.
In vergelijking met hun concurrenten scoren Nederlandse steden minder goed op agglomeratiekracht. Nagegaan is of agglomeratiekracht vervangen kan worden door een goede positie in (inter)nationale en regionale netwerken. Uit het onderzoek blijkt dat het polycentrische karakter van de Nederlandse stedelijke regio's volop mogelijkheden biedt om te komen tot borrowed size. Netwerkkracht vervangt daardoor agglomeratiekracht en is de sleutel tot een verbeterde concurrentiepositie. In hoeverre steden van netwerkinbedding weten te profiteren verschilt echter sterk per stad.
... Large corporates, through technological superiority, were more productive, pushing out less technologically advanced firms in the competitive game. Under cognitive capitalism, the organizational capacity to continuously innovate has only become more paramount for profitability (Storper, 1997). However, as efforts at producing innovations are economically risky, and knowledge is readily copied, the isolated secretive Research and Development (R&D) labs of yesteryear are increasingly inefficient to drive innovation. ...
The rise of financial technology (FinTech) engenders novel business models through integrating financial services and information and communication technologies (ICT). Digital currencies and payments, data mining, and other FinTech applications threaten to radically overhaul the financial sector. This article argues that, while we are becoming aware of how technology giants such as Apple Inc. are making inroads into financial services, we need to become more sensitive to how financial incumbents mimick ICT firms while aiming to neutralize the FinTech challenge. Practices from Silicon Valley are spilling over into ‘traditional’ finance through a process we dub Appleization. We illustrate how incumbents aim to remain indispensable amidst rapid digitization. Mimicking tech strategies, financial incumbents resort to transforming legacy ICT systems into integrated platforms, cultivating entrepreneurial ecosystems where startups are ‘free’ to compete whilst effectively being locked into the incumbent's orbit. We illustrate this by comparing Apple’s business features (locking-in developers, customers and state into a hybrid business model based on a synergy between hardware, software and data-driven platform components) with emerging practices in the financial industry. Our analogy suggests that the Appleization of finance might radically transform, yet not undercut the oligopolistic position of financial incumbents.
... Cooke explains regional innovation system as a combination of regional innovation policies, innovation environment, innovation potential, and innovative network (Cooke 1992). The regions with an institutional framework that facilitates learning and knowledge exchange as well as provides a common framework for a variety of interactions become more successful in global competition (Asheim 2000;Storper 1997, quoted after Zakauskaite 2013: 16). ...
... They occur in formal or informal relations. Storper (1995Storper ( , 1997 refers to the latter categories as traded and untraded relations, suggesting that untraded relations account for the spatial concentration of innovative firms and people. The former categories go back to the milieu approach (e.g. ...
... Invariably, events enveloped inside the transnational field include a whole range of political, economic and social projects extending from informal import-export ventures to the upsurge of a group of binational professionals, to the canvasing of votes by home country politicians among their expatriates. For instance, many highly skilled immigrants with their portable skills are part of the global elite migrants who flock to innovative places where their specific talents can be used best (Storper, 1997). ...
The dynamic development in the field of Diaspora and Transnational entrepreneurship reveals a wide range of challenges and perspectives. These intensely tense up 'conventional wisdom', stretch knowledge frontiers, and simultaneously expose fundamental paradoxes in the characterization of ethnic minorities' diaspora and transnational groups in the context of their entrepreneurship. Prior efforts at researching and advancing knowledge in this sphere have been hugely complicated, not less by the problematic of nomenclature but by researchers' application of terms. Against this background, this chapter aims to expand current understandings on the dialectic, dilemma, and paradoxical signals emitted by the events of diaspora and transnational entrepreneurship's economic activities both theoretically and practically. The significance resides in its capacity to enlarge our understanding of the dynamic process of individual agency in cross-border entrepreneurial relations.
... While many studies in economic geography were later directed at investigating the institutional aspects of economic development, the research following Amin and Thrift's work has until now only led to a limited theoretical advancement of the original concept. Scholarly work has often settled for a short mention of institutional thickness when discussing or analyzing institutions in economic geography (Storper 1997;MacKinnon et al. 2009;Farole, Rodríguez-Pose, and Storper 2011;Beer and Lester 2015). Moreover, many of these studies have primarily focused on successful regions in developed economies (particularly in the European Union). ...
Over the last two decades, the notion of institutional thickness has become a key reference for a large body of work that has sought to provide profound insights into the link between institutions and regional development. However, only few attempts have been made to reassess the concept, to improve its methodology, and to reflect on its empirical application. The aim of this article is to revise the original concept of institutional thickness. We draw on and seek to contribute to current work in economic geography and related disciplines on the role of organizations and institutions in regional development. We identify some crucial limitations and provide suggestions for how they can be addressed. It is argued that much can be gained by (1) explicitly elaborating on the relation between the organizational and institutional dimensions of thickness, (2) moving beyond overly static views on thickness, (3) developing a multiscalar approach to thickness, and (4) identifying features for assessing thickness in absolute and relative terms.
... A questão da imbricação do comércio eletrônico com o ambiente econômico onde ele se localiza, largamente ausente no imaginário de ubiquidade suscitado pela popularização da Internet enquanto mídia de mainstream, leva a crer que a abordagem institucionalista (AMIN, 2002;STORPER, 1997) pode também jogar luz sobre a presença deste tipo de firma. ...
O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a distribuição espacial da Internet na escala nacional, na dimensão da oferta de conteúdo. Para tanto, foi utilizado o registro de domínios como proxy da localização onde as informações são produzidas. Partiu-se da hipótese de que a espacialidade dos domínios, a despeito de sua imaterialidade, não prescinde de uma ancoragem espacial precisa, relacionando-se com processos materiais da sociedade. Isto é verificado pela comparação dos padrões espaciais dos domínios com a demografia e a distribuição das atividades econômicas em geral no território. Conclui-se que a geografia dos domínios é extremamente concentrada, contrariando o viés antigeográfico suscitado pela disseminação da Internet. Os resultados são consistentes com a abordagem institucionalista, pela qual as empresas que operam online tendem a se aglomerar nas metrópoles, integrando-se com o ambiente econômico prévio.
... • Supply chain (Giannocaro, 2015;Kim et al., 2015;Grosvold et al., 2014;D'Ignazio and Giovannetti, 2014;Yusuf et al., 2014;Zhang and Huang, 2012;Kirytopoulos et al., 2010), Caniato et al., 2009Sha et al., 2008;Bozarth et al., 2007;Adebanjo et al., 2006;Wasti et al., 2006;Jin, 2004;Ryder and Fearne, 2003;Batenburg and Rutten, 2003;Carbonara et al., 2002;Perry and Sohal, 2001); Martin and Sunley (2003) 84 Storper (1997) 79 Storper and Venables (2004) 71 Gertler (2003) 70 74 Malmberg and Maskell (2002) 51 Maskell and Malmberg (1999) 52 Cohen and Levinthal (1990) 58 B Porter (1990) 114 Saxenian (1994) 88 Nelson and Winter (1982) 73 Markusen (1996) 80 Storper (1995) 52 Granovetter (1985) 54 Storper and Walker (1989) 49 C Jaffe et al. (1993) 70 Audretsch and Feldman (1996) 78 Marshall (1920b) 78 Glaeser et al. (1992) 88 Krugman (1991a) 94 Jacobs (1969) 77 Marshall (1890) 54 ...
Purpose
This paper offers an approach for outlining the main dimensions surrounding clusters in three areas of knowledge: economic geography, strategic management and operations management, the first being considered its natural field of knowledge.
Design/methodology/approach
The work was developed using the citation analysis technique as applied to a database of 627 articles and 22,980 citations, taken from 15 important journals in the areas selected.
Findings
The results proved that the theoretical and conceptual bases are unique to each of the areas studied and that they have few topics in common between them. They are complementary, however, and this facilitates their reconciliation.
Research limitations/implications
The sample base, despite considering fairly influential periodicals in the areas of knowledge selected, can be considered to be a limitation.
Originality/value
Common themes and different areas of knowledge surrounding the cluster concept were identified; despite being considered “common”, a more detailed examination of their content reveals very different, but certainly complementary emphases, which makes it possible to reconcile the areas of knowledge.
... Thus, the innovation "territorialization" is justified by the importance of localized knowledge of tacit type, which can be defined as knowledge originating from practical experience, dependent on socio-territorial contexts. The proximity between different players within the territory can be seen from the relations of inter-dependence that fundamentally reflect on the conditions of creation and diffusion of knowledge (Storper, 1997). ...
This study aimed to identify and analyze the interrelations between companies, research centers, universities, government and other relevant players in the micro region of São José dos Campos, focusing on the creation and diffusion of innovations as a strategy for regional development. To this end, we made an interview with 12 regional players Involved in this process. It is hoped the results expand the knowledge of regional development in technologyoriented areas, as well as the dynamics of territorial development in the micro region studied. It is an academic contribution in developing strategies for expanding competitive regions throughincentives for innovation and technology transfer.
... Työelämän kehittäminen ja uusien työpaikkojen luonti tulevat olemaan keskeisiä tekijöitä lähitulevaisuuden tietoyhteiskunnassa. Aiemmin esitettyjen teorioiden mukaisesti Michael Storper (1997) tiivistää, että tekninen kehitys ja nyky-yhteiskunnan kehityskulku tulevat johtamaan erkaantuneihin työmarkkinoihin. Korkeaa osaamista ja tietotaitoa vaativat tehtävät yleistyvät samanaikaisesti kun matalapalkkaiset työtehtävät lisääntyvät erityisesti palvelu-ja jälleenmyyntialoilla. Massatuotantoon perustuvilla toimialoilla työpaikkojen määrät todennäköisesti vähenevät automatisoinnin tai toiminnan uudelleen sijoittamisen myötä. ...
TIETOYHTEISKUNTA 2004: Sitä saa, mitä tilaa-mutta voisiko teoriasta olla kerran opiksikin? Suomalaisen tietoyhteiskunnan rakentaminen nivoutuu osaksi laajempaa yhteiskuntamuutosta. Haasteet kehitystyölle ovat mittavat, kuten viimeiset vuodet ovat osoittaneet. Yhteiskunnan toimintamallit muuttuvat teknologian mahdollistamia uusia ratkaisuja hitaammin. Käynnissä oleva yhteiskunnallinen murros ei ole ensimmäinen, joten sitä on mielenkiintoista peilata suhteessa yhteiskuntateorioihin. Mitä voimme oppia tietoyhteiskunnan rakentamisesta tutkijoiden ja teoreetikkojen silmälasein? Raportti nostaa mielenkiintoisella tavalla esiin erilaisia näkökulmia tieto-ja viestintäteknologioiden käytöstä ja yhteiskunnallisista vaikutuksista. Raportissa tarkastellaan muun muassa kansalaisosallistumista ja alueellista kehittämistä omina erityiskysymyksinään. Teos on osa laajempaa hanketta, jossa on tavoitteena selvittää suomalaisen tietoyhteiskunnan alueittaista nykytilaa. Hankkeessa korostetaan myös uusien palvelumallien toimivuutta ja saavutettavuutta. Hankkeen taustalla on vuoden 2001 alussa käynnistynyt Sitran rahoittama Oppivat Seutukunnat-tietoyhteiskunnan kehittämisohjelma.
... Since the end of the 70s, many scholars have focused on the emerging of metropolitan regions as dominant economic units in global society (Storper, 1997;Sassen, 2001;Scott, 2001) and as a key level supplanting national/regional/local governments as the place of decision-making (Altshuler et al., 1999;Katz, 2000). Some of them have linked the rise of these entities to the shift from government to governance (March & Olsen, 1995), within which network forms are transforming, supplanting, or supplementing historical structures such as markets and hierarchies (Castells, 1996). ...
... Zweitens wurde gezeigt, dass Wissens-Spillovers, die im Innovationsprozess eine zentrale Rolle spielen, häufig räumlich gebunden sind (Anselin et al. 1997, Audretsch und Feldman 1996Bottazzi und Peri 2003). Drittens wird auf die anhaltende Bedeutung von stillschweigendem Wissen verwiesen (Polanyi 1966, Howells 2002, Gertler 2003, dessen Austausch durch intensive, vertrauensbasierte persönliche Kontakte und räumliche Nähe begünstigt wird (Morgan 2004, Storper 1997. Viertens sind Politikkompetenzen und Institutionen zum Teil an subnationale Territorien gebunden (Cooke et al. 2000). ...
... The thick local institutions make it difficult for outsiders to embed themselves, a typical limitation of closed networks or redundant ties (Ettlinger 2003). Such strong local networks or placespecific relational assets (Storper 1997), coupled with the lack of R&D and foreign direct investment (FDI), are sources of potential regional lock-in. ...
The Wenzhou Municipality in Zhejiang Province is spearheading China’s marketization and development of private enterprises. Its successful development trajectory, centered on family-owned small businesses embedded in thick local institutions, resembles Marshallian industrial districts (MIDs). However, with China’s changing institutional environment and intensifying competition, Wenzhou has been facing challenges. Since the late 1980s, Wenzhou has gone through two major rounds of restructuring (from family enterprises to shareholding cooperatives to shareholding enterprises), that have included four major types of strategic response: institutional change, technological upgrading, industrial diversification, and spatial restructuring. Firms in Wenzhou have gone through localization and delocalization, and locational choices reflect the dual destinations of globalizing cities and interior cities. The formation of new firms and clusters has been accompanied by mergers, acquisitions, and the emergence of multiregional enterprises (MREs), some of which have relocated their headquarters and specialized functions to metropolitan areas, especially Shanghai and Hangzhou. More recently, Wenzhou’s growth has slowed, leading some to question the sustainability of the Wenzhou model. We argue that Wenzhou’s development is in danger of regional lock-ins - relational, intergenerational, and structural. Wenzhou’s experience challenges the orthodox concept of MIDs and calls for “scaling up” regional development.
... Other factors like historical experiences are likely to determine opportunities for competitive and sustainable future development in a more efficient way. In particular, a specific kind of local dependency in form of 'untraded dependencies' will occur the more urban or regional development is driven by corresponding networks or enterprises which are well embedded into urban-regional structures (Storper, 1997, p.80, according to Boddy, 1999. Therefore the development of a city is strongly influenced by its ability to handle strong economic structural changes over time. ...
... While early and late followers might equally invest in R&D and develop technological capabilities, the pioneering region will retain a key competitive advantage due to cumulative and territorially embedded knowledge spillovers in the innovation systems and industrial districts forming around new industries (Moulaert and Sekia, 2003;Storper, 1997). This effect may decrease only in the transitional and standardized phases, when tacit knowledge exchange in clusters loses its central importance (Audretsch and Feldman, 1996). ...
New industries develop in increasingly globalized networks, whose dynamics are not well understood by academia and policy making. Solar photovoltaics (PV) are a case in point for an industry that experienced several shifts in its spatial organization over a short period of time. A lively debate has recently emerged on whether the spatial dynamics in new cleantech sectors are in line with existing industry lifecycle models or whether globalization created new lifecycle patterns that are not fully explained in the literature. This paper addresses this question based on an extensive analysis of quantitative data in the solar PV sector. Comprehensive global databases containing 86,000 patents as well as manufacturing and sales records are used to analyze geographic shifts in the PV sector’s innovation, manufacturing and market deployment activities between 1990 and 2012. The analysis reveals spatial lifecycle patterns with lower-than-expected first mover advantages in manufacturing and market activities and an earlier entry of firms from emerging economies in manufacturing and knowledge creation. We discuss implications of these findings for the competitive positions of companies in developed and emerging economies, derive new stylized hypotheses for industry lifecycle theories, and sketch policy approaches that are reflexive of global interdependencies in emerging cleantech industries.
... Assim, a territorialização da inovação justifica-se pela relevância do conhecimento localizado de tipo tácito, que pode ser definido como conhecimento com origem na experiência prática, dependente de contextos socioterritoriais. A proximidade entre diferentes atores no âmbito do território pode ser analisada a partir das relações de interdependência que se refletem, fundamentalmente, sobre as condições de criação e difusão de conhecimentos (STORPER, 1997). ...
This study aims to identify and analyze links between companies, research
centers, universities, government and other relevant actors of São José dos
Campos, focusing on the generation and diffusion of innovations as a
strategy for regional development. To this end, interviews were made with 13
regional actors involved in this process. We hope that the results will extend
the knowledge of regional development in technological base territories, as
well as the dynamics of territorial development in the region under study. It is
an academic contribution in developing strategies for expanding competitive
regions through incentives to innovation and technology transfer.
This paper seeks to explain the variable outcomes from university entrepreneurial ecosystems by observing their structural and spatial configurations in relation to spinoff company development. Four UK university entrepreneurial ecosystems are examined with data collected through interviews with the core actors of university entrepreneurial ecosystems: technology transfer officers, academic founders, external entrepreneurs, investors, and business incubators. It is found that university entrepreneurial ecosystem outcomes are dependent on the processes of connectedness and filtration, underpinned by geography. The effectiveness of these processes is dependent on university entrepreneurial ecosystem calibration, leading to different outcomes in terms of spinoff company formation and survival across the spectrum of universities. Successful university entrepreneurial ecosystems are characterised by strong connectedness and effective filtration, having a strong local and interregional character.
Researchers in regional science generally describe their work as policy oriented. This paper examines articles in the Review for 1990-2002 to determine the extent to which they address policy, at three levels. A context for examining policy orientation is developed, and articles are judged within this context. Less than half of the articles focused on or mentioned policy. Of those that did, questions are raised about the usefulness of the policy recommendations or conclusions.
This article argues that the theoretical invisibility of non‐privatized land tenures constitutes a failure of the urban imaginary, which restricts the ability to forge less commodified urban futures. The article explicates two attributes of non‐privatized land—fungibility and combinatoriality—that produce an urban land nexus capable of fostering pro‐poor agglomeration economies and generating socialities that exceed the model of the separative self that is hegemonic in more propertied settings. Fungibility, it shows, externalizes supportive economies of production and reproduction into surrounding neighborhoods by shifting the boundaries and terms of usufruct without cadastral oversight or regulation. Combinatoriality—a hybrid formulation of combined territories and combined territorialities—describes overlapping forms of access to land or demarcations of legitimate land use, either competitive or reciprocal. Together, these two attributes of non‐privatized land systems produce a propinquity requirement for economic production, or a social density and liveliness more limited in privatized land markets. Through a diagnostic analogy with the simple reproduction squeeze characteristic of subsistence agrarian settings, it charts how an urban spatial reproduction squeeze—felt globally in dense, rising‐rent environments across the global North and South—generates subsistence needs that mixed‐tenure environments are uniquely capable of fulfilling and that can provide inspiration for radical housing struggles elsewhere.
Agriculture was an important component of economic geography through the 1950s. Until that time, research on agriculture and industry within economic geography shared an empirical and descriptive approach strongly influenced by notions of environmental determinism (see Barnes, this volume). But with the rise of model‐building and quantitative methods in the 1960s (see Plummer, this volume), the focus of economic geography shifted to studies of industry while studies of farming were shunted into the subfield of agricultural geography. Ironically, this was true even though agriculture provided an early foundation for the new methods of industrial analysis: indeed, two important sources of location theory in the mid‐twentieth century ‐ von Thünen's land‐use model and Christaller's central place theory ‐ were strongly based upon the study of German farming landscapes.
Labor is at the same time “the most fundamental and the most inherently problematic of all economic categories”. Contemporary economic geography now takes it as axiomatic that work and workplace restructuring are inherently social processes, that labor markets are structured by power relations and institutional forces, and that above all these are social‐spatial phenomena. But it was not always so. Neoclassical economics maintained that labor, which after all is bought and sold on labor “markets,” should be regarded like any other commodity. Along with capital and raw materials it is simply another “factor input” to the production process, whose price (wages) will fall when supply exceeds demand and rise when there is a shortage of workers, and so forth. When economic geography was in thrall to neoclassical economics, back in the 1960s and 1970s, this was how labor was conceived. As just another economic variable, labor represented little more than an accounting line in the calculus of industrial location, its price and availability routinely quantified and mapped. In these ostensibly apolitical accounts, labor was rendered an unproblematic category. Workers did not seem to strike, raise children, or make creative inputs into the production process. And while the economic geographers of the time might study journey‐to‐work patterns, they rarely delved into what the workers were doing, either at home or at work.
In this new age of globalization, regions attempt to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) in order to achieve regionally balanced development. We revisit existing theories of regional development and FDI by analyzing recent data sets on FDI, employment, and trade in China, Southeast Asia, and South Asia. Using Chinese provincial data in 2004, 2008, and 2013 and applying panel estimations, our econometric results demonstrate that FDI remarkably influenced the concentration of employment in manufacturing, financial, and business services industries within the three Chinese macro‐regions. We also find that FDI is ever transient, always moving away from high‐cost to low‐cost production bases across different regions. This transient nature of FDI is spatially selective and biased, and not able to generate the trickle‐down effects to other neighboring regions. That is why FDI recently moved from China to Southeast and South Asia rather than from its coastal to inland regions. Furthermore, we show that this nature of FDI generally leads to polarization development for regions. As a synthesis or extension of the existing theories, we propose a leapfrog polarization pattern and strategy for vast developing countries in considering their regional development strategies.
A diversidade de perspectivas teórico-metodológicas à disposição da análise geográfica na atualidade tem encorajado a disciplina a explorar novas temáticas de pesquisa, bem como colocar as questões e problemas teóricos mais convencionais sob nova ótica. Partindo de um diálogo entre os subcampos da Geografia Política e da Geografia Econômica, o presente artigo explora as potencialidades e os limites de um enfoque institucionalista para a pesquisa geográfica. Após revisão teórico-conceitual das contribuições das teorias institucionalistas em diferentes campos das ciências sociais, o artigo ressalta a pertinência do enfoque institucional para abordar duas problemáticas caras à análise do território: as políticas de ordenamento territorial e as políticas de desenvolvimento regional. Como conclusão principal, ressalta-se que a atenção dedicada pela perspectiva institucionalista aos contextos de (inter)ação e à heterogeneidade de possíveis arranjos e ambientes institucionais nas diferentes escalas geográficas permite colocar sob outra luz a questão da diversidade territorial e, assim, enriquecer as análises sobre o território.
Palavras-chave: Instituições; Território; Ordenamento territorial; Desenvolvimento Regional.
Institutional environment and territorial diversity: reflections for a research agenda
Abstract: The plurality of methodological perspectives currently at hand to geographical analysis has encouraged the discipline to explore new research subjects, as well as to see longstanding theoretical issues and problems under a different angle. Proposing a dialogue between the sub-fields of Political and Economic Geography, this article explores the potential and limits of an institutionalist approach to geographical research. After a theoretical review of the key contributions of institutional theories in different areas of the social sciences, the article underscores the usefulness of the institutional perspective to tackle two relevant issues in territorial analysis: territorial governance policies and regional development policies. The paper’s key conclusion is that the attention given by the institutionalists to the contexts of (inter)action and to the heterogeneity of possible institutional arrangements and environments at different geographical scales puts in a different light the issue of territorial diversity, and improves territorial analysis.
Keywords: Institutions; Territory; Territorial Governance; Regional Development.
Ambiente institucional y diversidad territorial: consideraciones hacia una agenda de investigación
Resumen: La diversidad en las perspectivas teórico-metodológicas a disposición del análisis geográfico en la actualidad han alentado la disciplina para explorar nuevas temáticas de investigación, así como plantear las cuestiones y problemas teóricos mas convencionales bajo uma nueva óptica. A partir de um dialogo entre los subcampos de la Geografía Política y de la Geografía Económica, el presente articulo explora el potencial y los limites de un enfoque institucionalista para la investigación geográfica. Después de la revisión teórico-conceptual de las contribuciones de las teorias institucionalistas en diferentes campos des las ciencias sociales, el articulo resalta la pertinencia del enfoque institucional para abordar dos problemáticas importantes para analizar el território: las políticas de ordenamiento territorial y las políticas de desarrollo regional. Como conclusión principal, resalta que la atención dedicada de la perspectiva institucionalista a los contextos de la (inter)acción y a la heterogeneidad de posibles arreglos y ambientes institucionales en las diferentes escalas geográficas que permite poner bajo otra luz la cuestión de la diversidad territorial y así enriquecer los análises sobre territorio.
Palabras clave: Instituciones; territorio; Ordenación territorial; Desarrollo Regional.
The new area of strategic management use is creating a competitive advantage for cities that concentrate on identifying long-term development trends of im-provement in economic, social and spatial area. The paper analyzes the strategic management in three cities focused on creating competi-tive advantage. The case studies present best practices for long-term planning that can become the inspiration for the efficient operation in the unit of local government.
This symposium focuses on understanding key territorial-level innovation trends and processes by country, region and technology. It questions various widely accepted assumptions, offers fresh perspectives, both conceptually and methodologically, and challenges a paradigm shift in the field of innovation and spatial dynamics. It consists of three articles analysing at different scales (urban, regional and national) the territorial dynamics of innovation and their determinants. The innovation process, with local symbiosis and spatial spillovers at its core, is analysed within the conceptual framework of national and regional innovation systems and regional economic development. Based on a discussion of spatial spillovers and the way they shape the evolutionary and symbiotic relationships between local agents and actors, including university, industry and local development agencies, the symposium highlights the relevance of this framework for a better understanding of the transformation of local economic development processes. It investigates the differences in the geography of innovation regarding different institutional settings, different systems of innovation, and different national innovation strategies. While addressing mainly the EU, the US, and emerging countries such as China and India, the contributions also highlight the critical role of current innovation policies from a general perspective. In so doing, the symposium recognizes a contrarian perspective that argues that contemporary information and communication technologies (ICTs) provide a way to leapfrog the dominant role of proximity in innovation processes, creating a complimentary rather than a substitution effect for more remote and peripheral places. That said, this symposium focuses primarily on an urban network view of the innovation process and proximal effects in this context.
For a generation governments, non-governmental organizations, and publics around the world have viewed United States as a laggard in contributing to global sustainable development agenda. For many, the US has failed to take a stance or provide any reasonable leadership on issues of sustainable development; indeed it has taken a negative stance rather than even staying neutral in global policy debates. In recent years, this has begun to change, albeit indirectly. Moreover, the actions taken by the US government, firms, and urban developers cannot claim to be “sustainable” in terms of the famous Brundtland tripartite. Rather, the US’s efforts can be seen as “economic greening”. In this chapter, I explore three key “greening” themes that have gained traction in the US in recent years. Each of these efforts, urban regeneration, national policies and investments for promoting the green economy, and clean tech clusters, represent the diverse and often contradictory culture of American politics.
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