Effect of stocking density on survival, growth and production of Thai climbing Perch (Anabas testudineus) under fed ponds.

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Sains Malaysiana 41(10)(2012): 1205–1210
Effects of Stocking Density on Survival, Growth and Production of Thai Climbing
Perch (Anabas testudineus) under Fed Ponds
(Kesan Ketumpatan Penstokan kepada Kemandirian, Pertumbuhan dan Penghasilan Ikan Puyu
Thailand (Anabas testudineus) di Bawah Kolam Ternakan)
MOST. KHATUNE-JANNAT, MOHAMMAD MUSTAFIZUR RAHMAN
*
, MD. ABUL BASHAR, MD. NAHID HASAN,
FERDOUS AHAMED & MD. YEAMIN HOSSAIN
ABSTRACT
An experiment was carried out in 6 earthen ponds to investigate the effects of stocking density on growth, survival and
production of Thai climbing perch (Anabas testudineus). Three stocking densities (treatments) were compared: ponds with
350, 400 and 550 individuals per decimal (0.01 acre). All treatments were randomly assigned and in duplicate. Articial
feed containing 34% crude protein was applied initially 20% of total sh weight per day. Gradually the feeding rate
was reduced to 15, 12, 10, 8 and 5% of total sh weight per day. Feeding rates per pond were adjusted fortnightly after
weighing minimum 20% of the sh stocked. The duration of the experiment was 90 days. Results showed that all growth
parameters were higher in ponds with lower stocking density than the ponds with higher stocking density, while total
sh yield was higher in ponds with higher stocking density than in the ponds with lower stocking density. Cost-benet
analysis revealed that all three systems were economically protable. However, the ponds with a stocking density of
550 individuals per decimal were the most protable system. More research is still needed to further optimize stocking
density of Thai climbing perch in aquaculture ponds. Until then, stocking 550 individuals of Thai climbing perch per
decimal will yield a good production to sh farmers in the South and South-East Asian regions.
Keywords: Aquaculture; articial feed; specic growth rate; survival
ABSTRAK
Satu uji kaji telah dijalankan dalam kolam bertanah untuk menentukan kesan ketumpatan penstokan ke atas pertumbuhan,
kemandirian dan penghasilan ikan puyu Thailand (Anabas testudineus). Tiga ketumpatan penstokan (rawatan) telah
dibandingkan: kolam dengan 350, 400 dan 550 individu per perpuluhan (0.01 ekar). Semua rawatan dibuat secara
rawak dengan duplikasi. Makanan tiruan yang mengandungi 34% protein kasar sebanyak 20% berat ikan diberikan
pada peringkat awal setiap hari. Kadar pemberian makanan dikurang beransur-ansur kepada 15, 12, 10, 8 dan 5%
berat ikan setiap hari. Kadar pemberian makanan bagi setiap kolam diselaraskan setiap dua minggu selepas pencatatan
berat minimum 20% stok ikan. Jangka masa uji kaji adalah 90 hari. Hasil menunjukkan bahawa semua parameter
pertumbuhan lebih tinggi dalam kolam yang mempunyai ketumpatan penstokan yang rendah berbanding dengan kolam
yang mempunyai ketumpatan penstokan yang tinggi. Sebaliknya, hasil ikan adalah lebih tinggi dalam kolam yang
mempunyai ketumpatan penstokan yang tinggi daripada kolam yang mempunyai ketumpatan penstokan yang rendah.
Analisis kos-manfaat menunjukkan bahawa ketiga-tiga sistem menunjukkan keuntungan secara ekonomi. Namun, kolam
yang mempunyai ketumpatan penstokan 550 individu per perpuluhan adalah sistem yang paling menguntungkan. Kajian
lanjutan diperlukan untuk mengoptimumkan ketumpatan penstokan ikan puyu Thailand dalam kolam akuakultur. Sehingga
itu, penstokan 550 individu ikan puyu Thailand per perpuluhan didapati memberikan hasil yang baik kepada penternak
ikan di kawasan Asia Selatan dan Asia Tenggara.
Kata kunci: Akuakultur; kadar pertumbuhan spesik; kemandirian; makanan tiruan
INTRODUCTION
In 2008, Bangladesh was the ninth largest aquaculture
producing country in the world, supplying 12% of global
aquaculture production excluding China (FAO 2010). The
aquaculture species mainly includes large carp namely rohu
Labeo rohita (Hamilton 1822), mrigal Cirrhinus mrigala
(Bloch 1795), catla Catla catla (Hamilton 1822), grass
carp Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes 1844), silver
carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes 1844)
(Hossain et al. 2008; Rahman et al. 2008a; Rahman et al.
2008b). However, aquaculture of small indigenous species
(SIS) is increasing rapidly in Bangladesh (DoF 2002). SIS
is generally considered to be those shes which grow to a
maximum length of about 25 cm (Felts et al. 1996; Hossain
& Afroze 1991). In terms of nutritional value, SIS has higher
protein, vitamins and minerals than other shes. Previously
SIS was not considered as aquaculture species. Fisherman
used to collect SIS from different inland water bodies like

1206
ponds, natural depressions, rivers and canals. However,
this situation was changing rapidly with declining capture
production and increasing consumer demand. A decade
ago, SIS was cultured in the pond as an additional crop
while various large carp species were cultured as cash
crop. Nevertheless, production systems are continuously
changing (Rahman et al. 2006; 2008c). Nowadays, sh
farmers culture SIS as a main cash crop.
In Bangladesh, a wide variety of SIS is available.
Among these climbing perch Anabas testudineus (Bloch
1792), Taki Channa punctata (Bloch 1793), Veda
Nandus nandus (Hamilton 1822), Pabda Ompok pabda
(Hamilton 1822), Tengra Mystus vittatus (Bloch 1794),
Mola Amblypharyngodon mola (Hamilton 1822), Puti
(Puntius sophore), Shing Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch
1794), Magur Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus 1758), Chapila
Gudusia Chapra (Hamilton 1822), Chela Salmophasia
bacaila (Hamilton 1822), Chanda Chanda nama (Hamilton
1822) are important. Nowadays, among SIS climbing perch
is the most popular aquaculture species and its aquaculture
production is increasing very rapidly (Belton et al. 2011).
There are two types of climbing perch, local and Thai
types. The local type has no body spots whereas Thai
type has body spots on the body surface (Biswas & Shah
2009). However, hatchery technology of local strain is
not developed yet. Fry collection of local climbing perch
strain is difcult, therefore farmer stock Thai climbing
perch strain in their aquaculture ponds. Farmers also
prefer to stock Thai climbing perch because it enjoys a
higher consumer preference and market value. In addition,
farmers prefer to stock Thai climbing perch because (1) it
grows very fast (marketable size: within 3-4 months), (2)
culture technology is very easy, (3) it can be cultured both
in deep or shallow water, (4) it can survive in low oxygen
concentrated water, (5) it is very resistant against disease,
and (6) it can be marketed in live condition (Mahmood
et al. 2004). Unfortunately, aquaculture technology of
Thai climbing perch is not well developed yet. Study on
aquaculture of climbing perch is very limited.
Mondal et al. (2010) compared the aquaculture
of Thai climbing perch between cage and pond under
three management systems in Bangladesh. Phuong et al.
(2006) studied integrated cage-cum-pond culture systems
with climbing perch in cages suspended in Nile tilapia
Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus 1758) ponds in Vietnam.
However, study for optimization of climbing perch density
in pond aquaculture is lacking. Such information is
necessary for maximum utilization of resource (aquaculture
ponds). Considering the above issue, the present study was
conducted to understand the production performance of
Thai climbing perch in ponds under different stocking
densities. The objective of this study was to understand the
effects of different stocking density of Thai climbing perch
on its growth, survival and production under articially fed
ponds.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
STUDY AREA AND EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
A 90-day experiment was carried out from 1 June to 30
August, 2009 in six earthen ponds at a private farm in
Tarakanda upazila, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. All ponds
were rectangular in shape with a maximum depth of 1.2
m. The sizes of the ponds were 60, 60, 35, 60, 50 and 50
decimals. All ponds had well organized inlet and outlet
systems. They were also fully exposed to prevailing
sunlight. Three stocking densities were compared in the
present study: 350 (treatment T
1
), 400 (T
2
) and 550 (T
3
)
individuals per decimal (Table 1). Two replicates of each
treatment were assigned randomly to the ponds.
POND PREPARATION, FISH STOCKING AND MANAGEMENT
Prior to the experiment, ponds were drained, renovated,
aquatic vegetation was removed and all fishes and
macrofauna were eradicated. All ponds were treated with
agricultural lime (CaCO
3
) at a rate of 0.5 kg decimal
-1
and lled with water 7 days prior to sh stocking. The
ponds were individually supplied by ground water with
an adjacent shallow tube-well.
Thai climbing perch fries were collected from a
nearby nursery called Matsha Projonon Kendra located at
Tarakanda Upazila of Mymensingh district, Bangladesh.
All fries were resealed in the experimental ponds in the
afternoon. Afternoon was chosen to release fries in the
ponds as the water temperature is more stable and the
oxygen concentration in the pond water is generally higher
in the afternoon than any other time of the day. Individual
stocking weight of Thai climbing perch fry per pond
TABLE 1. Replication, pond size and stocking density of Thai climbing perch in treatment with 350 individuals per
decimal, treatment with 400 individuals per decimal and treatment with 550 individuals per decimal
Treatment Replication Pond size (dec) Stocking density (dec) Total no. of sh stocked
350 ind. dec
-1
(T
1
) 1
2
60
60
350
350
21, 000
21, 000
400 ind. dec
-1
(T
2
) 1
2
35
60
400
400
14,000
24, 000
550 ind. dec
-1
(T
3
)
1
2
50
50
550
550
27,500
27,500
ind, individuals; dec, decimal

1207
ranged between 4.8 and 5.2 g. The diet containing 34%
protein, 12.5% lipid, 21% carbohydrate and 15% ash was
applied initially 20% of total sh weight per day. Gradually
the feeding rate was reduced to 15, 12, 10, 8 and 5% of
total sh weight per day. Feeding rates per pond were
adjusted fortnightly after weighing minimum 20% of the
sh stocked. The articial feed was collected from Saudi
Bangla feed company, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.
FISH HARVESTING
At the end of the experiment, the ponds were drained and
all sh were harvested and weighed. Specic growth rate
(% body weight day
-1
) was calculated using the formula
of Day and Fleming (1992), SGR = [ln WT
f
– ln WT
i
] ×
100/T, where WT
f
is the average nal sh weight (g), WT
i
is the average initial sh weight (g) and T is the duration
of the experiment (days).
DATA ANALYSIS
All data were analyzed statistically using SPSS (Version
12.5) statistical software (SPSS. Inc., Chicago, USA)
after they were checked for normal distribution and
homogeneity of variance. Only percent data had to be
arcsine transformed before analysis; however, non-
transformed data are presented in tables. A one-way ANOVA
was used to examine treatment effects (stocking density)
on weight gain, survival, growth and production. If the
effects were signicant, difference between the means was
analyzed by a post-hoc (Tukey test) for unplanned multiple
comparison of mean (p<0.05 level of signicance).
RESULTS
FISH YIELD PARAMETERS
The mean individual harvesting weight and length, weight
and length gain, survival, specic growth rate of Thai
climbing perch in different treatments are presented in
Table 2. Stocking density (treatment) had signicant effects
(p<0.01) on all growth parameters, which were higher in
ponds with lower stocking density than the ponds with
higher stocking density. Harvesting weight and length,
weight and length gain, survival, specic growth rate of
Thai climbing perch decreased with increasing stocking
density. Changes of average individual weight and length
over time showed almost similar trend (i.e., T
1
was higher
than T
2
, followed by T
3
) (Figure 1). However, the effects
of stocking density was opposite on the average total yield
of Thai climbing perch (i.e. average total yield was higher
in T
3
than T
2
, followed by T
1
) (Figure 2). The average total
yield in T
3
was 4,037 kg acre
-1
, which was 1.4 and 1.3
times higher than the T
1
(2,872 kg acre
-1
) and T
2
(3,132
kg acre
-1
), respectively.
COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS
The cost-benet analysis of Thai climbing perch culture
under different treatments is given in Table 3. The analysis
revealed that both total cost and total income were higher
in T
3
than T
2
, followed by T
1
. When compared net prot
with total cost, the net prot was 22.4% of the total cost in
the T
1
, 24.4% in T
2
and 35.3% in the T
3
. When compared
the net prot among three treatments, the net prot
was highest in the T
3
(152,865.00 BDT acre
-1
90 days
-1
),
which was 2 and 1.7 times higher than the net prot of T
1
(76,230.00 BDT acre
-1
90 days
-1
) and T
2
(89,140.00 BDT
acre
-1
90 days
-1
), respectively.
DISCUSSION
In intensive aquaculture, stocking density is an important
indicator that determines the economic viability of the
production system. Although a positive effect of stocking
density on growth is reported in some species, it is well
accepted that the stocking density is critical factor for many
aquatic animal for their growth and survival (Rahman &
Verdegem 2010; Weatherley 1976). Stocking density is
related to the volume of water or surface area per sh.
Increase in stocking density results in increasing stress,
TABLE 2. Effects of treatment on harvesting weight, weight gain, survival, specic growth rate, harvesting length and
length gain of Thai climbing perch in treatment with 350 individuals per decimal, treatment with 400 individuals per
decimal and treatment with 550 individuals per decimal based on one-way ANOVA
Parameters
Signicance
(p value)
Treatment mean ± standard deviation
350 ind. dec
-1
400 ind. dec
-1
550 ind. dec
-1
Harvesting weight (g) ** 90.03±0.04
a
87.73±0.95
b
84.15±0.49
c
Weight gain (g) ** 85.03±0.04
a
82.73±0.95
b
79.15±0.49
c
Survival (%) ** 96.57±0.03
a
94.75±0.07
b
92.72±0.49
c
SGR (%/day) ** 3.21±0.001
a
3.18±0.01
ab
3.14±0.01
b
Harvesting length (cm) ** 14.95±0.07
a
14.30±0.28
ab
13.55±0.07
b
Length gain (cm) ** 11.14±0.07
a
10.49±0.28
ab
9.74±0.07
b
** p<0.01; NS, not signicant; ind. dec
-1
, indivuduals per decimal; SGR, Specic growth rate
Mean values in the same row with no superscript in common differ signicantly (p<0.05)

1208
which leads to higher energy requirements, causing a
reduction in growth rate and food utilization. It is directly
related with the competition for food and space (Rahman
et al. 2008d, 2010; Rahman & Verdegem 2010). Generally,
sh needs to compete less for food and space in lower
stocking density than the higher stocking density. The
present study provides an empirical evidence on the effects
of Thai climbing perch stocking density on its growth and
survival, where they (growth and survival) were higher
in ponds with lower stocking density than the ponds with
higher stocking density. There are no previous studies
comparing the effects of Thai climbing perch density on
its growth and survival in aquaculture ponds. However,
Suresh & Lin (1992) reported decreasing growth of tilapia
Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus 1758) with increasing
stocking density. Similar effects of stocking density on
survival and growth observed in a wide variety of sh
species (Huang & Chiu 1997; Imsland et al. 2003; Irwin
et al. 1999; Rahman 2006; Rahman & Verdegem 2007;
Rahman et al. 2008a).
In the present study, the average individual sh weights
were from 84 to 90 g after a three months culture period.
This result was much better than the result of Mandal
et al. (2010), who observed that the average individual
harvesting weight of Thai climbing perch 27 ± 0.3 g in
tilapia ponds after a 120 days culture period supplying
with 35% protein content diet. The most plausible reason
of lower average individual harvesting weight in their study
might be high stocking density (2000 Thai climbing perch
plus 2000 tilapia per decimal) and mix-culture with tilapia
(a sh of same family). However, both stocking density and
mix-culture might increase competition for food and space,
which resulted in lower growth and harvesting weight
of sh (Rahman et al. 2007;2008b;2010). However, the
survival rate of Thai climbing perch in our study concurs
with the results of Mandal et al. (2010), who also observed
a high survival (96%) rate of Thai climbing perch.
In the present study, higher yield was observed at
higher sh density while higher growth was observed
at lower sh density. However, the relation between sh
growth and sh yield was not linear. The plausible reason
might be the average individual growth difference between
treatments was very small compared to the difference of
stocking density between treatments. The similar non-
linear relation between sh growth and sh yield was
FIGURE 1. (a) Changes of average individual weight and (b)
length in treatment with 350 individuals per decimal, treatment
with 400 individuals per decimal and treatment with 550
individuals per decimal
TABLE 3. Cost-benets analysis (BDT/acre/90 days) of Thai climbing perch in treatment with 350 individuals per decimal,
treatment with 400 individuals per decimal and treatment with 550 individuals per decimal
Item 350 ind. dec
-1
400 ind. dec
-1
550 ind. dec
-1
Expenditure
Pond preparation (Lime, labour, embankment repair)
Price of fry
Feed cost
Manpower
Others (including leasing cost)
Gross cost (total)
20,000.00
87,500.00
183,000.00
30,000.00
20,000.00
340,500.00
20,000.00
10,0000.00
195,000.00
30,000.00
20,000.00
36,5000.00
20,000.00
137,500.00
225,000.00
30,000.00
20,000.00
432,500.00
Income
Gross income (total) 416,730.00 454,140.00 585,365.00
Net prot 76,230.00 89,140.00 152,865.00
BDT, Bangladesh Taka; ind. dec
-1
, indivuduals per decimal.
Selling price of sh: 145.00 BDT/kg sh (1 USD = 70.00 BDT)
(a)
(b)

1209
also observed by Al-Harbi and Siddiqui (2000) in tilapia
cultured in berglass tanks. The yield of Thai climbing
perch in the present study was high (2900- 4,000 kg acre
-1
90 days
-1
), which was greater than the yield obtained by
Thakur & Das (1986). They reported that the average yield
of Thai climbing perch as 1800 kg ha
-1
after a 5-6 months
culture period. The higher production in the present study
might be due to supply of sufcient (5-20% of sh body
weight) protein rich (34% crude protein) articial feed.
This resulted in low food competition between individuals,
high survival and high sh growth.
Thai climbing perch has accessory respiratory
organs. They could be farmed at high stocking density.
More research is still needed to elucidate the effects of
higher stocking density than 550 individuals per decimal
on growth, survival and yield of Thai climbing perch in
aquaculture ponds.
According to the cost-benet analysis, all three
systems in the present study were economically
protable. However, ponds with the stocking density
of 550 individuals per decimal were the most protable
system. In the cost-benet analysis, all input costs were
strictly considered despite the fact that, in reality, most
of the small-scale sh farmers use their own resources
like lands and labors etc. In this case, cash input costs
would be lower, and net prot would be higher than the
present analysis.
In conclusion, the ponds with a stocking density of
550 individuals per decimal were the most protable
system. More research is still needed to further optimize
stocking density of this sh in aquaculture ponds. Until
then, stocking 550 individuals of Thai climbing perch per
decimal will yield a good production to sh farmers in the
South and South-East Asian regions.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express our gratitude to the farm Owner (Tarakanda,
Mymensingh, Bangladesh) for providing necessary
facilities during this research.
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Most. Khatune-Jannat & Md Yeamin Hossain
Department of Fisheries
University of Rajshahi
Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
Md. Abul Bashar & Md. Nahid Hasan
Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute
Shrimp Research Station
Bagerhat 9300 Bangladesh
Ferdous Ahamed & Md. Yeamin Hossain
Faculty of Fisheries
Kagoshima Universty
4-50-20 Shimoarata
Kagoshima 890-0056
Japan
*Corresponding author; email: mustaz@iium.edu.my
Received: 9 September 2011
Accepted: 21 May 2012
Mohammad Mustazur Rahman*
Institute of Oceanography and Maritime Studies
Kulliyyah of Science
International Islamic University Malaysia
Jalan Istana, Bandar Indera Mahkota
25200 Kuantan, Pahang
Malaysia