Article

Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005 (FRA 2005)

Authors:
To read the full-text of this research, you can request a copy directly from the author.

No full-text available

Request Full-text Paper PDF

To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.

... In 2020, the global forest area amounted to 4.06 billion hectares (ha), which is equivalent to 31% of the total land area (FAO, 2020). However, there is a concerning trend of deforestation, with about ten million ha of forest being lost annually worldwide during the five-year period from 2015 to 2020 (FAO, 2020). ...
... In 2020, the global forest area amounted to 4.06 billion hectares (ha), which is equivalent to 31% of the total land area (FAO, 2020). However, there is a concerning trend of deforestation, with about ten million ha of forest being lost annually worldwide during the five-year period from 2015 to 2020 (FAO, 2020). Fortunately, there has been a substantial global decrease in the rate of net forest loss over the period from 1990 to 2020, with the decline from 7.8 million hectares per year in the decade 1990-2000 to 5.2 million hectares in 2000-2010, and further to 4.7 million hectares per year in 2010-2020. ...
... This positive change can be attributed to a reduction in deforestation in some countries, as well as increases in forest area through afforestation and the natural expansion of forests in others. Asia emerged as the region with the highest net increase in forest area between 2010 and 2020 (FAO, 2020). ...
... Brazil stands out globally in terms of bamboo availability and potential, recognized as one of the world's leaders in bamboo resources (FAO, 2010;Lobovikov et al., 2007). São Paulo, for example, is the sole state where there is extensive cultivation of bamboo culms, primarily of Phyllostachys edulis, Phyllostachys aurea, and Dendrocalamus asper (Greco et al., 2015). ...
... As noted by (FAO, 2020), area of bamboo in India had risen steadily from 1990 to 2010 and peaked at 5,476,000 ha in 2010. In contrast, according to (FAO, 2010), bamboo area has experienced a significant rise in India since 1990, ranging between 7,042,000 ha and 17,416,000 ha. It is worth mentioning that the bamboo area in Brazil had unexpectedly experienced a downward trend during the years 1990-2020, despite the bamboo area in other two leading nations, India and China, had sloped upward (See Figure 3). ...
Article
Full-text available
This Working Paper serves as a foundational analysis of the bamboo sector in Brazil, indicating significant potential for industrial development and biodiversity conservation. The study lays the groundwork for strategic initiatives, emphasizing the need for advanced methodologies to accurately determine the full scale and potential of Brazil’s bamboo resources. The results are a stepping stone towards a more sustainable and economically viable bamboo industry in Brazil, in line with INBAR’s mission for sustainable development and environmental stewardship.
... The main graph shows the number of households using wood fuels for cooking globally. The subgraphs show the share of cooking with wood fuels (fuelwood and charcoal) by continent globally, the share of using herbal remedies for childhood diarrhea by continent, and the share of boiling and disinfecting water with wood fuels by continent Wood fuel data are from Ref. [85]. Boiling water using wood fuel data from Ref. [71]. ...
... The subgraphs show the share of cooking with wood fuels (fuelwood and charcoal) by continent globally, the share of using herbal remedies for childhood diarrhea by continent, and the share of boiling and disinfecting water with wood fuels by continent. Wood fuel data are from Ref. [85]. Boiling water using wood fuel data from Ref. [71]. ...
Article
Full-text available
As the largest terrestrial ecosystem covering extensive expanses of the Earth's surface, forests offer crucial health benefits to humans, both directly and indirectly. Presently, health services derived from forest resources have presented significant opportunities for enhancing human well-being. Nonetheless, the absence of a comprehensive understanding regarding the mechanisms by which forests impact human health jeopardizes the potential gains in health. Regrettably, there remains a dearth of scholarly work elucidating these pathways. This paper aims to furnish a thorough examination of how forests influence human health. We initiate by formulating a conceptual framework upon which we delineate the various pathways through which forests impact human health. These encompass the provisioning of resources, preventive services, and forest therapies. Concurrently, we outline the moderating influence of social, economic, and individual characteristics as mediators within this pathway. These characteristics are classified into two overarching dimensions: accessibility and behavioral choices, which notably affect marginalized demographics such as those with lower socioeconomic status, women, the elderly, individuals with disabilities, and children in developing nations. Consequently, we build upon these foundational insights to propose six strategies aimed at perpetuating the positive impact of forests on human health in the foreseeable future. In the future, the development of forest management policies, the assessment of long-term health benefits, social practices, and international cooperation must be considered holistically to attain the dual objective of sustainable forest management and the advancement of human well-being.
... Afforestation of agricultural land has been recognised as a costeffective and readily available carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) removal option by enhancing carbon (C) sequestration in both biomass and soil (Bastin et al., 2019;Doelman et al., 2020). The area of afforestation has increased rapidly at a rate of 4 million hectares per year during recent decades (FAO, 2020). By 2020, the global afforestation area was estimated to be 4.06 billion hectares, with substantial increases expected by 2025 as countries strive to meet their commitments under international agreements like the Paris Agreement (FAO, 2020). ...
... The area of afforestation has increased rapidly at a rate of 4 million hectares per year during recent decades (FAO, 2020). By 2020, the global afforestation area was estimated to be 4.06 billion hectares, with substantial increases expected by 2025 as countries strive to meet their commitments under international agreements like the Paris Agreement (FAO, 2020). While there is growing evidence supporting the benefits of afforestation for soil C sequestration, their effects on soil C dynamics are complex and remain poorly understood. ...
Article
Full-text available
Introduction Afforestation of agricultural land is one of the most essential approaches to mitigate climate change by enhancing the sequestration of atmospheric carbon (C) into the soil. C‐degrading extracellular enzymes produced by soil microbes regulated the decomposition and fate of sequestrated soil organic carbon (SOC), with potential divergent variations following afforestation across different ecosystem scales. However, the feedbacks of different C‐degrading enzymes and their relationships with SOC following afforestation of agricultural land remain unclear. Materials and Methods We investigated the changes in enzyme activity and their relationships with SOC in soil aggregates across two typical climatic vegetation restoration regions in China, and explored the mechanisms through which changes in enzyme activity contribute to SOC sequestration following afforestation of agricultural land. Results Afforestation of agricultural land generally decreased ligninase activity and increased cellulase activity across various aggregate fractions, compared to the adjacent croplands in both subtropic (Danjiangkou Reservoir, DJK) and temperate (Maoershan, MES) region. Additionally, the ratio of ligninase to cellulase (L:C) was lower in afforested lands than in the croplands, with L:C as the major factor explaining the variations of SOC sequestration following afforestation. Specifically, ligninase and L:C were negatively correlated with SOC, whereas cellulase showed positive correlations with SOC. Further analyses suggested that microbial biomass C and nitrogen (MBC and MBN) and the ratio of SOC and total nitrogen (SOC:TN) were important factors influencing L:C and subsequently regulating SOC. These results suggest that shifts in microbial enzyme production from ligninase to cellulase following afforestation, reduced the decomposition of recalcitrant C, thus contributing to SOC sequestration. Conclusion Our work underscores the critical role of reduced L:C in enhancing SOC sequestration following the restoration of croplands to afforested lands. These findings advance the understanding of the influence of microbial community physiological adaptations on C sequestration across different land use types.
... Source: (FAO, 2020a) This loss of natural forest directly impacts carbon sequestration: global forest carbon stocks decreased between 1990 and 2020 from 668 Gt to 662 Gt (FAO, 2020b). ...
Article
Full-text available
Forests are being threatened worldwide mainly due to the increase in demand for wood and that more than 50% is extracted from them. This is largely because forest plantations grow at a slow rate and supply the market. Given that, one of the fundamental goals of forestry research is the construction of growth and yield models to be used as a planning tool. In this way, the proposal of this work is to show how through the modeling and simulation of the growth of a forest stand, the uncertainty of investors is reduced because it allows to quantify the production of wood that will be obtained. The study was based on data obtained from inventories conducted between 2012 and 2015 in 31 permanent plots of Gmelina arborea Roxb., located in three municipalities of Tolima: Armero, Coello, and Guamo. Based on the inventory data, three regression models were implemented. These results will be particularly useful for silvicultural management planning since the implemented methodology can be applied in other regions of the world and with other varieties of forest species. As an additional stimulus for investors, in the simulation it is possible to quantify carbon capture in a technical way to be offered in the carbon bond market.
... Deforestation and forest degradation are becoming global concerns as the world's population grows exponentially. According to FAO (2020), there was a significant global decline in net forest area between 1990 and 2020, with net annual forest loss rates ranging from 7.8 million ha between 1990 and 2000 to 4.7 million ha in the last decade between 2010 and 2020. ...
Article
Full-text available
Global deforestation and forest degradation threaten the sustainability of natural and human systems. Forest landscape restoration , through active approaches such as plantations, woodlots, boundary planting, and agroforestry, and passive approaches like exclosures, presents an opportunity to mitigate adverse effects, enhance ecosystem service recovery, and associated benefits for livelihoods. Here, using different spatial scales, we compare the contribution of both approaches to the recovery of plant diversity in southern Ethiopia. Using forest inventory data (891 plots) from multi-aged stands, we estimated and compared alpha (α), beta (β), and gamma (γ) diversity in regeneration and tree layers between the approaches. We observed increasing α-diversity in the order grazing lands-active-passive-forest sites. β-Diversity revealed similarity between passively restored sites and natural forests. γ-Diversity was higher in active restoration for the regeneration layer, but passive restoration had higher γ-diversity in the tree layer. For both approaches, γ-diversity was consistently highest in intermediate-aged stands (10-20 years). Results highlight the potential of active restoration strategies to facilitate vegetation recovery in human-dominated landscapes, especially when management allows natural regeneration, while stand age variation may be associated with disturbance intensities for both approaches. Our results support a paradigm shift toward implementation of a mixture of these approaches in the landscapes to meet increasing human demands while restoring important ecosystem services like biodiversity. We recommend enhancing species diversity on restored sites to improve performance and ecosystem service recovery. On actively restored sites, we recommend protecting regenerated species; on passively restored sites, enrichment planting, increased protection, and sustainable utilization.
... Sustainably produced wood and paper goods are a wise, renewable, and environmentally friendly choice compared to other materials such as plastic, which alone uses 4 % of the world's total oil production. Similarly, energy production from wood and forest-based biomass can displace other greenhouse gas-emitting products, such as oil and coal [5]. The study of forest growth is necessary to determine the breeding methods necessary to achieve the quantitative and qualitative specifications required for the produced wood, the cutting cycle system and the quantities of wood to be invested [6]. ...
Research
Full-text available
The Mediterranean forests provide wide range of social and economic benefits for the local communities. This is especially true for Syrian forests, which are under influence of the crisis that the country suffered from. In this respect, there is need in more precise technologies for forest inventory and monitoring for sustainable forest management. The aim of the research is to determine the woody production and growth characteristics of Cilicican fir (Abies cilicica) trees that are found in the Lattakia Governorate's Fir and Cedars Reserve of Syria. The object of research. Shuh forest is located in the northern part of the Syrian coastal mountain range, on the western slope of the summit of Jabal Al-Nabi Matta. Research methods. Within the research, remote sensing technology and Sentinel image processing were employed to estimate some forest growth factors, where maps were produced expressing growth factors through multiple regression analyses between sample location variables and corresponding pixel values for all ratios and indicators used. Results and conclusions. All the studied variables showed a significant correlation R that exceeded 0.75 with the wood stock, while the response to the density was lower as it did not exceed the value of 0.33 despite it being significant. The maps of the variables were produced using the derived regression equation for each indicator. The highest accuracy for the wood stock was 77 and 72 % for the average height. As for the estimated accuracy of the model, the average value of the deviation of the values of the variables estimated by the formula from the field measured was 6.08; 9.1; 9.6 and 8–12 % for models estimating the average height, average diameter, wood stock, and base area, respectively. Keywords: Abies Cilicica; Fir and Cedar reserve; wood productivity; mean annual increment; exposure; Syria; growth factors; Sentinel
... The FAO reported that the global carbon stock of biomass in live forests reached 294.535 billion t, with an average of 72.6 t/ha. This represents approximately 44.5% of the total global carbon stock in global forest ecosystems, including those in dead wood, dead leaves, and soil [1]. An accurate forest carbon stock estimation allows for a more intuitive reflection of the forest carbon potential [2]. ...
Preprint
Full-text available
Forest above-ground carbon stock (AGCS) is one of the primary ecological evaluation indicators, so it is crucial to estimate AGCS accurately. In this research, we added the climatic and topographic factors to the estimation process by a remote sensing approach to explore their impacts and to achieve more precise estimations. We model and predict AGCS by Random Forest (RF) based on sixty field sample plots of Pinus densata pure forests in southwest of China and the factors extracted from Landsat 8 OLI images (Source I), Sentinel-2A images (Source II), combined Landsat 8 OLI and Sentinel-2A images (Source III). We added the topographic and climatic factors to establish AGCS estimation model and compare the results. The topographic factors contain elevation, slope and aspect. Climatic factors contain mean annual temperature, annual precipitation, annual potential evapotranspiration and monthly mean potential evapotranspiration. It was found that the model based on Source III was better than Source I and Source II. Among the models without adding factors, the model based on Source III worked the best, with an R2 of 0.87, an RMSE of 10.81 t/ha, an rRMSE of 23.19%, and a P of 79.71%. Among the models that added topographic factors, the model based on Source III worked best after adding elevation, with an R2 of 0.89, an RMSE of 10.01 t/ha, an rRMSE of 21.47%, and a P of 82.17%. Among the models that added climatic factors, the model that was added the annual precipitation factor had the best modeling result, with an R2 of 0.90, an RMSE of 9.53 t/ha, an rRMSE of 20.59%, and a P of 83.00%. The prediction result exhibited that the AGCS of the Pinus densata forest in 2021 was 9,737,487.52 t. The combination of Landsat 8 OLI and sentinel-2A could improve the prediction accuracy of AGCS. The addition of annual precipitation can effectively improve the accuracy of AGCS estimation. Higher resolution of climate data is needed to enhance the modeling in the future work.
... En effet, à l'échelle mondiale, le couvert forestier a régressé de 7,8 millions d'hectares entre 1990de 7,8 millions d'hectares entre -2000de 7,8 millions d'hectares entre , 5,2 millions entre 2000de 7,8 millions d'hectares entre et 2010de 7,8 millions d'hectares entre et 4,7 millions par an entre 2010de 7,8 millions d'hectares entre et 2020de 7,8 millions d'hectares entre (FAO, 2020. Sur les six régions du monde, l'Afrique, notamment la partie occidentale, est celle qui a le plus perdu de superficies forestières avec un taux de régression de 0,45 % par an pour la période de 2000 à 2010 et de 0,59 % entre 2010 et 2020 (FAO, 2020). Il y a donc urgence à mettre en oeuvre des stratégies pour faire face à ce phénomène. ...
Article
Full-text available
L’état de dégradation des forêts est une préoccupation mondiale particulièrement pour l’Afrique. De ce fait, plusieurs forêts classées sont de plus en plus menacées d’extinction dont les causes sont anthropiques et climatiques. L’étude a évalué la dynamique du couvert végétal et ses implications sur le stock de carbone aérien et la diversité ligneuse de la Forêt Classée de Tiogo au Burkina Faso. Une analyse d’images Landsat des années 1990, 1999, 2009 et 2019, et des données socioéconomiques et d’inventaire forestier ont été combinées dans différentes unités d’occupation des terres : savane arborée, savane arbustive, forêt galerie et cultures pluviales et territoires agroforestiers. Entre 1990 et 2019, 47 % de la superficie des savanes arborées a été perdue au profit des savanes arbustives et des cultures pluviales et territoires agroforestiers. Les feux de brousse, la coupe du bois et l’activité agricole constituent les principaux facteurs de dégradation. Les valeurs de la diversité ligneuse de la savane arborée (2,14 ± 0,31) et de la savane arbustive (1,92 ± 0,43) étaient plus élevées que celles des cultures pluviales et territoires agroforestiers (1,31 ± 0,62) et de la forêt galerie (0,63 ± 0,41). La forêt galerie avait le plus important potentiel de stock de carbone aérien (35,5 tC/ha), suivi de la savane arborée (7,1 tC/ha), puis de de la savane arbustive (2,5 tC/ha) et des cultures pluviales et territoires agroforestiers (1,7 tC/ha). Les changements d’unités d’occupation des terres dans la Forêt Classée de Tiogo ont induit entre 1990 et 2019, une réduction de 41 % du potentiel du stock de carbone aérien. Il en ressort le besoin de promouvoir des alternatives pour les moyens de subsistance et l’énergie pour les ménages, et le renforcement des initiatives de sensibilisation.
... Because GTM uses baseline greenhouse gas flux estimates calibrated to FAO reports (31), which 308 differ from greenhouse gas inventory (GHGI) reported fluxes (34), we took steps to harmonize 309 between the GHGI and GTM 2020 flux estimates. First, we calculated the difference between ...
Preprint
Full-text available
Comprehensive data on the costs of climate change mitigation are needed to direct the scale and distribution of climate finance to the sectors and regions where it will be most cost effective. We estimate finance needed to achieve regional forest-based mitigation targets aggregated from Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to the Paris Agreement, submitted between 2015 - 2021. We compare the costs of achieving these regional targets to a Global Coordination scenario in which a similar level of finance is available as is required to meet upper bound NDC targets, but which allows mitigation to occur in regions where it is lowest cost. We find that regions accounting for 70% of global forest carbon stocks can meet or exceed their forest-based NDC targets with carbon prices less than $100 / ton CO2. Total investment required to meet these goals is $28-70 billion annually by 2030. Under a Global Coordination scenario, we project nearly 3x the quantity of mitigation as in the upper bound NDC scenario, under similar levels of investment, in 2030. These findings demonstrate an opportunity for increasing mitigation action among regions with low-cost abatement potential that is not reflected in current NDCs, as well as substantial cost savings via policy solutions that target low-cost mitigation opportunities. This assessment provides insight into the magnitude and distribution of forest climate finance needed to reach current mitigation targets and informs the development of the next generation of NDCs.
... A forest is defined as land exceeding 0.5 hectares, with trees taller than 5 meters, and a canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or with trees capable of reaching these thresholds. In other words, a forest is determined by the presence of trees and the absence of significant alternative land uses (FAO, 2018). Forests cover nearly one-third of the Earth's land area and play a vital role in regulating hydrological processes and providing essential ecological functions and services, such as water supply, water purification, biodiversity conservation, and carbon sequestration (Clerici et al., 2019;Creed et al., 2016;Liu et al., 2021;Zhang & Wei, 2021). ...
Article
Full-text available
The objective of this study is to balance forest conservation with economic growth while accounting for the rate of deforestation. The methodology employed in this research utilizes a mathematical modeling approach, specifically adopting the logistic model to represent forest growth rates. In addition, numerical analysis is applied to illustrate the impact of economic activities on forest areas. The data used in the study consist of deforestation rates in Indonesia from 2000 to 2021. The findings indicate that the rate of economic activity in forested areas is directly proportional to the reduction in forest area. If the rate of deforestation due to economic activity approaches the forest growth rate, the likelihood of forest area reduction increases, and forest depletion will occur if the two rates become equal. To resolve the dilemma between forest conservation and economic growth, this study proposes a solution consisting of three key steps: (1) establishing a minimum forest area that is strictly protected from economic exploitation; (2) setting the ratio between forest growth rates and economic activity rates as a primary foundation for ensuring sustainable forest conservation and economic development; and (3) calculating environmental costs, such as reforestation, based on the proportional relationship between deforestation rates and forest growth rates. Keywords: Deforestation, Environmental Cost, Economy, Forest, Growth Rate
... Approximately 26% of the ice-free land mass is under forest, but historically this was much greater. About 8,000 years BP, for example, Earth held 6 billion ha of forest; this has declined to ∼ 4 billion ha today [28,29]. These forests encompass the major biome types, spanning tropical, sub-tropical, temperate, to boreal systems. ...
Article
Full-text available
Temperate forest soils are considered significant methane (CH4) sinks, but other methane sources and sinks within these forests, such as trees, litter, deadwood, and the production of volatile organic compounds are not well understood. Improved understanding of all CH4 fluxes in temperate forests could help mitigate CH4 emissions from other sources and improve the accuracy of global greenhouse gas budgets. This review highlights the characteristics of temperate forests that influence CH4 flux and assesses the current understanding of the CH4 cycle in temperate forests, with a focus on those managed for specific purposes. Methane fluxes from trees, litter, deadwood, and soil, as well as the interaction of canopy-released volatile organic compounds on atmospheric methane chemistry are quantified, the processes involved and factors (biological, climatic, management) affecting the magnitude and variance of these fluxes are discussed. Temperate forests are unique in that they are extremely variable due to strong seasonality and significant human intervention. These features control CH4 flux and need to be considered in CH4 budgets. The literature confirmed that temperate planted forest soils are a significant CH4 sink, but tree stems are a small CH4 source. CH4 fluxes from foliage and deadwood vary, and litter fluxes are negligible. The production of volatile organic compounds could increase CH4’s lifetime in the atmosphere, but current in-forest measurements are insufficient to determine the magnitude of any effect. For all sources and sinks more research is required into the mechanisms and microbial community driving CH4 fluxes. The variability in CH4 fluxes within each component of the forest, is also not well understood and has led to overestimation of CH4 fluxes when scaling up measurements to a forest or global scale. A roadmap for sampling and scaling is required to ensure that all CH4 sinks and sources within temperate forests are accurately accounted for and able to be included in CH4 budgets and models to ensure accurate estimates of the contribution of temperate planted forests to the global CH4 cycle.
... In the process, silvicultural practices tend to simplify forest structures and remove elements characteristic of old-growth forests, potentially limiting the capacity of such forests to provide habitat for biodiversity (Brockerhoff et al., 2017;Deal et al., 2013;. Since we currently face a global crisis of biodiversity loss and production forest cover continues to increase worldwide, there is a broad consensus on the need to safeguard and promote biodiversity in these management systems (FAO, 2020;Muys et al., 2022). ...
Article
Full-text available
Retention forestry emerged as a means of ameliorating the biodiversity impacts of clearcutting 30 years ago and has become an integrated part of forest management in many countries. Nowadays, there is still an increasing need to assess to what extent retention trees contribute to biodiversity in production forests. We used tree-related microhabitats (TreMs), as an indicator of the potential of the forest to host taxonomic biodiversity, to better understand the effect of broadleaf retention trees, and surrounding conditions derived from stand management, on biodiversity. We inventoried TreM types on 114 retention trees of four broadleaf tree taxa (Betula spp., Fagus sylvatica, Quercus spp., and Populus tremula) located within 20 even-aged conifer-dominated production forests (Picea abies) in southern Sweden. We evaluated the effect of retention tree attributes (species and age) and of the surrounding environment (production tree density and distance to the retained trees) on the diversity of TreM types and groups. We found that retention tree species with different characteristics and physiological niche (light-demanding vs. shade-tolerant and pioneer vs. late-successional) developed distinct TreM assemblages. TreM diversity increased significantly with increasing retention tree age and surrounding tree density. Higher surrounding tree density is particularly related to some TreMs either positively (crown deadwood, bryophytes) or negatively (buttress-root concavities, lichens). Overall, the extent that retention forestry potentially contributes to forest biodiversity will depend on promoting different broadleaved retention tree species and managing surrounding trees accordingly to allow retention trees to become older and maintain TreMs in the long term.
... Forest represents around 39% of the overall land cover in Europe (FAO, 2020), with a highly variable distribution across the continent Maes et al., 2023). Northern Europe has the largest amount of forest land at 54%, while Central-East and Central-West Europe have the lowest percentages at 27 and 28%.South-East and South-West Europe have varying percentages at 32 and 36%, respectively (FOREST EUROPE, 2020). ...
Article
In recent years, there has been an increasing demand for forest certification and certified forest products in Europe. This trend is related to major worldwide challenges, such as the need to decarbonize the economy and mitigate climate change but also social and consumer demands for wider fair trade. However, whether forest certification influences economic valorization in forestry remains a question. The aim of this study is to analyze forest certification levels across Europe and identify potential relationships between the level of certification in forest areas and relevant economic indicators at country level. This study collected openly available data on total and certified forest areas, economic indicators, and environmental indicators for 28 European countries and explored the correlation between certified forest areas and economic performance in the forestry sector. Findings show that forest certification can significantly improve the economic performance of European forests. It has a more pronounced positive effect on economic incomes than on costs' reduction. While certification costs do rise with the extent of forest area, they tend to stabilize at larger scales, suggesting that the certification process is economically sustainable and scale is relevant. Czechia and the Netherlands stand out for having the highest net values added related to forest certification, reflecting an effective economic exploration of forest resources. This study offers new perspectives to natural and social scientists, as well as to industry and policy makers, by proving contextualized data to support decision making. Additionally, it provides hints for further studies and policy guidelines on sustainable development and the impact of forest certification schemes.
... The effects of soil pollution include radioactive fallout, microbial disease, salinity, and metal contamination, among other forms of industrial pollutants (FAO 2020). Other factors contributing to the problem include improper drainage system maintenance, runoff of sewage and gasoline from vehicles, leaching of waste from garbage dumps, underground storage tank failures, infiltration of contaminated surface water, the release of industrial waste into the soil, and inappropriate irrigation methods. ...
... In 2005, forests covered 30% of the world's land area (2.8 billion Ha), while by 2015 this percentage has increased to 31% (3.99 billion Ha). Globally, approximately one billion people rely on forests for their livelihoods (FAO, 2010;UNEP, 2011a). In developing nations, particularly during the 1970s and 1980s, there was a notable increase in afforestation activities (Michikazu, 1999). ...
Article
Climate change threatens natural ecosystems, including biodiversity, and has emerged as the greatest challenge to human well-being. To support sustainable forest use, it is important to accurately map the distribution of afforestation and how the forests have changed over time. Climate change is affected by land use and land cover (LULC) since it alters biogeochemical cycles. Pakistan's declining forest cover has motivated policymakers to undertake the Green Growth Initiative (GGI). In accordance with its commitment to the Bonn Challenge, Pakistan executed the Billion Tree Afforestation Project (BTAP) to restore forests covering approxi-mately 0.35 million Ha. To estimate forest cover mapping accuracy, we developed a novel method to combine Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2 data, and vegetation indices to assess forest cover change. The methods and models were used to create forest maps for the period of 2016 to 2022. The optimal mapping approach was chosen after classifying the land cover using two machine learning-based classifiers: random forests (RF) and support vector machines (SVM). Finally, the spatiotemporal distribution of the changes induced by afforestation was generated. Based on the classifications of land cover, forest and non-forest identification was carried out. The results show that RF produces more accurate results, with kappa coefficient of 94-97% & 0.93-0.96 respectively. The classification accuracy and Kappa coefficient of the SVM model ranges from 92-94% & 0.91-0.95. Overall, forested areas in the study area increased by 3.7%. The techniques used in this study are cost-effective for accurately monitoring changes in forest cover.
... Given changing climatic conditions, fire activity is expected to increase, with extreme events becoming more frequent globally (Flannigan et al., 2006;Bowman et al., 2017;United Nations Environment Programme, 2022). This trend is already evident, with fire being recognized as a major cause of forest loss between 2010 and 2020, particularly in savannas and grassland ecosystems (FAO, 2020). As temperature and aridity increase, especially in fire-prone regions, understanding the specific impacts of these changes on fire dynamics is essential (Eskandari et al., 2020;Butsic et al., 2015;Marchal et al., 2017). ...
... Among the ecosystem services, carbon sequestration is underscored to be one of the most important role that mangroves perform (Alongi 2012). However, mangrove cover continues to decline globally at an alarming rate of 21,000 ha per year (FAO 2020). This translates to 1.04 million ha loss between 1990 and 2020. ...
Chapter
One of today’s most serious global problems is climate change. Deforestation account to as much as 20% of this problem due to carbon emissions from cutting down trees and its corresponding ecosystem degradation. Forest restoration is vital to reverse this trend. Among the tropical forests, mangroves provide a vital role in mitigating climate change. They offer diverse benefits and services that contribute to human well-being. One of its astonishing services is their ability to greatly sequester atmospheric carbon, which is popularly termed as blue carbon. Global mangrove cover continues to decline at an alarming rate. In Southeast Asia, loss in mangrove cover accounted to 58% from the 1990s to 2015, whereas 30% was mainly due to the conversion of mangrove areas to aquaculture. Other drivers of mangrove loss in Southeast Asia include conversion to rice and oil palm plantations, and coastal reclamation. Serious mangrove loss has prompted the need for adopting conservation programs like those under UNESCO’s Man and Biosphere, Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance, and blue carbon project initiatives that are in-lined with REDD Plus. These programs generally aims at better protection of biodiversity, promotion of sustainable livelihoods, and conservation of carbon stocks. This chapter showcases the vital role of Southeast Asian mangroves under various UN’s conservation programs in blue carbon storage. Estimated carbon stocks from several studies in selected biosphere reserves, Ramsar sites and protected areas were listed and described. Key findings showed that blue carbon stocks range from 77 Mg C ha−1 to 1220 Mg C ha−1, of which a larger part was observed in the sediment pool. As blue carbon studies emerged over the last decade, there exists differences and variations in carbon stock estimation due to varying methodologies in estimation. Overall, mangroves under UN’s conservation programs have huge potential for developing blue carbon projects. There are however various biophysical and socio-institutional challenges that need to be understood and overcome. It is necessary to craft local integrated mangrove management plans, adopt collaborative mangrove governance approach, and forge regional alliances and mangrove road map for the ASEAN in order to effectively use blue carbon programs.
... education and recreation) ecosystem services (Brockerhoff et al., 2017). However, between 2010 and 2020, annual net global forest loss reached 4.7 million hectares (FAO, 2020), with the greatest total forest loss occurring in the tropics, including 32 % of the global loss of forest cover between 2000 and 2012 (Hansen et al., 2013). The main driver of global forest loss is deforestation due to permanent land use changes that favour commodity production and extraction, such as beef, soy, palm oil and wood fibre (Curtis et al., 2018;Laso Bayas et al., 2022). ...
... Interestingly, seagrass beds ranked first in terms of how many LMMAs include them. This is significant and relevant, considering that this habitat is arguably the most threatened in Mozambique (FAO, 2010;Bandeira et al., 2014). The call for action under the country's National Mangrove Strategy has pushed for a national effort to restore mangroves, which has also resulted in several areas designated at local level to protect mangroves. ...
... It is understood that the wants and needs of men and women are more often different mostly due to various cultural and socio-economic factors. However, studies have shown that women can contribute as much as men can if given the same access that men have to productive resources(FAO 2011;Mukasa and Salami 2016;Mpundu and Sichilima 2019). Bearing that in mind, this study aimed to identify trees that would make men and women to equally participate in the afforestation programs by identifying the species they are interested in as a sex group. ...
Article
Full-text available
Zambia has experienced climate change effects over the last couple of years due to various factors, with one major contributor being deforestation. Deforestation causes various changes to the environment ranging from strong winds, soil erosion, increase in temperatures, and the most notable of all, changes in rainfall patterns and quantities. Farmers over the years have bemoaned extreme rains leading to floods and the increase in drought occurrences. Southern Province has been among the most hit by climate change effects and this is partly due to the high rates of deforestation as a result of increasing agricultural land size, charcoal production, and timber. This study focused on trying to understand the status of rural policies on deforestation, afforestation, and forest management. The study also aimed at identifying solutions to deforestation, factors that prevent women participation in afforestation, and factors that would encourage afforestation and reforestation in communities.
... Interestingly, seagrass beds ranked first in terms of how many LMMAs include them. This is significant and relevant, considering that this habitat is arguably the most threatened in Mozambique (FAO, 2010;Bandeira et al., 2014). The call for action under the country's National Mangrove Strategy has pushed for a national effort to restore mangroves, which has also resulted in several areas designated at local level to protect mangroves. ...
... Such NFI-based values were available except for large parts of Africa, the Middle East, parts of Southeast Asia and the Caribbean (Fig. S7). For 94 of the countries without NFI data, national averages of AGB are reported in the FAO Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) for 2020 (FAO, 2020). The 50 remaining countries without NFI-based statistics or AGB reported in the FRA 2020 database were either very small, e.g., in the Caribbean or Oceania, or had little forest cover. ...
Article
Full-text available
The increase in Earth observations from space in recent years supports improved quantification of carbon storage by terrestrial vegetation and fosters studies that relate satellite measurements to biomass retrieval algorithms. However, satellite observations are only indirectly related to the carbon stored by vegetation. While ground surveys provide biomass stock measurements to act as reference for training the models, they are sparsely distributed. Here, we addressed this problem by designing an algorithm that harnesses the interplay of satellite observations, modeling frameworks and field measurements, and generated global estimates of above-ground biomass (AGB) density that meet the requirements of the scientific community in terms of accuracy, spatial and temporal resolution. The design was adapted to the amount, type and spatial distribution of satellite data available around the year 2020. The retrieval algorithm estimated AGB annually by merging estimates derived from C-and L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) backscatter observations with a Water Cloud type of model and does not rely on AGB reference data at the same spatial scale as the SAR data. This model is integrated with functions relating to forest structural variables that were trained on spaceborne LiDAR observations and sub-national AGB statistics. The yearly estimates of AGB were successively harmonized using a cost function that minimizes spurious fluctuations arising from the moderate-to-weak sensitivity of the SAR backscatter to AGB. The spatial distribution of the AGB estimates was correctly reproduced when the retrieval model was correctly set. Over-predictions occasionally occurred in the low AGB range (<50 Mg ha − 1) and under-predictions in the high AGB range (>300 Mg ha − 1). These errors were a consequence of sometimes too strong generalizations made within the modeling framework to allow reliable retrieval worldwide at the expense of accuracy. The precision of the estimates was mostly between 30% and 80% relative to the estimated value. While the framework is well founded, it could be improved by incorporating additional satellite observations that capture structural properties of vegetation (e.g., from SAR interferometry, low-frequency SAR, or high-resolution observations), a dense network of regularly monitored high-quality forest biomass reference sites, and spatially more detailed characterization of all model parameters estimates to better reflect regional differences.
... În urma unui studiu realizat de Organizația pentru Alimentație și Agricultură a Națiunilor Unite (FAO) [9] asupra dinamicii suprafețelor ocupate de păduri, se constată o tendință de scădere a suprafeței în special în regiunile tropicale. Evaluarea FAO din anul 2020 a resurselor forestiere globale [8] indică o scădere de aproximativ 420 de milioane de hectare între anii 1990 și 2020, cu o rată anuală estimată de aproximativ 10 milioane de hectare în perioada 2015 -2020. Această scădere nu este complet compensată de împăduriri și extinderi ale pădurilor naturale, ceea ce accentuează necesitatea unor eforturi mai susținute pentru protejarea și gestionarea sustenabilă a resurselor forestiere la nivel mondial. ...
Article
Current climate change trends significantly influenceing the structure and functioning of natural ecosystems, including forest ecosystems, which directly or indirectly affects human well-being. The present study consists in reviewing the specialized literature on the effects of the relationships between ecosystem services provided by forest ecosystems and human well-being, describing the following aspects: the definition of the concept of ecosystem services, their history, categories of ecosystem services and the relationship between them and human well-being. The concept of ecosystem services has become an important model of the link between forest ecosystem functioning and human well-being. Understanding this linkage is essential for a wide range of decision-making contexts for the sustainable management of forest ecosystems. We conclude that humanity’s dependence on nature for well-being and survival is complex.
... En especial, transformar ambientes nativos en plantaciones forestales monoespecíficas con árboles no nativos es una práctica económica en crecimiento en las últimas décadas, tanto en regiones templadas como tropicales del mundo (Keenan et al. 2015). Las plantaciones forestales no nativas han reemplazado grandes superficies de ambientes nativos (e.g., humedales, pastizales, bosques nativos) alrededor del mundo debido a la alta demanda mundial de madera y sus derivados (FAO 2020). En general, la suplantación de la vegetación natural por bosques monoespecíficos de especies no nativas como pinos y eucaliptos (Pinus spp. ...
Article
Full-text available
En las últimas décadas, las plantaciones monoespecíficas con árboles no nativos crecieron en diferentes regiones del mundo. En la Argentina se está fomentando este tipo de producción, causando un reemplazo del paisaje nativo y pudiendo afectar a distintos grupos de animales. Por tal motivo, en este trabajo realizamos una revisión bibliográfica acerca de lo que se sabe y los vacíos de información sobre los efectos de las plantaciones no nativas de pinos y eucaliptos en los vertebrados terrestres en diferentes ecorregiones del país. Encontramos un total de 34 artículos publicados, de los cuales 48% se enfocó en el impacto de las plantaciones de pinos y eucaliptos sobre vertebrados. Los grupos taxonómicos más estudiados fueron las aves y los mamíferos terrestres medianos y grandes, sobre todo en las ecorregiones Selva Atlántica y Bosques Patagónicos. Los efectos más reportados fueron la disminución de la riqueza, los cambios en la composición de especies y el menor uso de las plantaciones no nativas por parte de los distintos grupos de vertebrados. El tipo de manejo de las plantaciones, sobre todo en cuanto a la conservación del sotobosque y la conectividad con el bosque nativo, sería clave para disminuir el impacto negativo sobre las especies de vertebrados. Además, encontramos que todavía existen vacíos de información en ciertas ecorregiones y grupos de vertebrados (e.g., herpetofauna y mamíferos pequeños). Por lo tanto, sugerimos que se incentive esta clase de estudios en diferentes regiones del país para dar a conocer los efectos de este tipo de actividad antrópica, y también para garantizar la buena gestión y conservación de los ambientes nativos aledaños y el flujo genético de las poblaciones de la biodiversidad asociada.
... Forests once comprised half of our landmass. Today, they have been reduced to one-third of that area (Ball et al., 2001) and we continue to lose 10 million hectares of forests annually (FAO, 2020). Yet forests are essential for life on earth. ...
... Precipitation has increased from 1948 to 2012, and in southern Canada is expected to show a slight increase (10%) under a low emission scenario while a slight decrease (10%) under a high emission scenario . Temperate forests in Canada comprise 9% of the world's total forest cover (346 million ha) and have suffered from climatedriven tree mortality due to drought and heat stress (Allen et al., 2010;FAO, 2020;van Mantgem et al., 2009). These predictions and the observed effects of warmer and drier conditions make it imperative to understand the interactive effects of water deficit and heat on plant species' performance. ...
Preprint
Full-text available
Species response to climate change is difficult to predict because warming involves the interaction of multiple stressors whose effects are simultaneous and therefore difficult to disentangle. To address this gap, I studied the effect of global warming on plant performance and functional traits by exposing seedlings from five temperate tree species with distinct life histories to water deficit and heat individually and combined. I evaluated for each species: 1) the performance response, and 2) the multivariate phenotypic plastic response to water deficit and heat individually and combined, and 3) how functional traits mediate the tree’s performance response to those stresses. In a greenhouse, 180 individuals grown in pots from Acer saccharum, Betula alleghaniensis, Quercus rubra, Picea glauca, and Pinus resinosa were exposed to six treatments using a fully crossed factorial design with three water deficit levels (low: 38.2%, medium: 35.7%, and high: 31.3%) and two temperatures (ambient temperature and warmer temperature: +0.42°C). To have a holistic understanding of the species response, I studied a total of 33 functional traits from the leaf (26), stem (2), and roots (5) related to various vital ecophysiological functions. We found that future warmer and drier conditions will decrease plant performance and impact different species differently. The seedlings' performance response was stronger to water deficit than heat, while their plastic trait response was stronger to heat than water deficit. These results highlight that performance and phenotypic responses can be sensitive to different environmental factors. Further, in each species, different traits responded to these two environmental stressors, indicating that the effects of global warming on the phenotype will differ among species. Although heat will lead to water deficit via increased evaporation, results showed that heat and water deficit in all species impact different sets of functional traits. Phenotypic response to global warming sits at the intersection of these two responses, making them more complex to assess. Last, only a total of five traits from three different species contributed to maintaining plant performance under water deficit conditions. Still, performance drastically declined in these species, indicating that those plastic responses were insufficient to offset the effect of stressful environmental conditions.
... Forests cover 31 % of the total land area, and 56 % of the world's forests are located in tropical and subtropical regions (FAO, 2020). ...
Chapter
SDG 15 focuses on sustainably managing forests, combating desertification, halting and reversing land degradation, and halting biodiversity loss.
Article
Full-text available
Forests are critical in regulation of carbon and water cycles and mitigation of climate change. Forest water-use efficiency (WUE) refers to the ratio of biomass produced (or assimilated carbon) to the amount of water used by forests, which indicates how effectively a forest utilizes water to achieve productivity. Climate change and its impact on forest WUE are important research directions that explore the complex relationship between global environmental change and the forest ecosystem dynamics. The global intensification of climate change underscores the need for an inclusive understanding of forest water use and makes it crucial to know how forests balance carbon and water resources, which is essential for effective forest management and predicting ecosystem responses to climate change. This study aims to comprehensively and objectively analyze current research trends and future directions related to the response of forest WUE to climate change. Our database included 1755 research papers from the Web of Science Core Collection, spanning from 2000 to 2023. Our analysis included cooperative networks of countries, authors, and institutions, as well as the most frequently cited journals and articles, keyword co-occurrence analysis, and a keyword burst analysis. The results showed that the top cooperative country, author, and institution is PR China, Prof. Dr. Jesús Julio Camarero from the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, respectively. The leading journal in this field is “Global Change Biology”. Critical research hot topics include gas exchange, modeling, altitudinal gradients, tree growth dynamics, net carbon exchange, global change drivers, tropical forests, nitrogen stoichiometry, Northern China plains, and extreme drought conditions. Frontier topics that have emerged in recent years include studies on China’s Loess Plateau, stable isotopes, radial growth, gross primary productivity, and Scots pine. The insights from this analysis are vital for researchers, decision-makers, and forestry professionals aiming to mitigate the impacts of climate change on forest WUE and overall ecosystem health and resilience. This study emphasizes the importance of sustained research efforts and global research collaboration in addressing the intricate challenges posed by climate change to forest ecosystems.
Chapter
India is the most populous country in the world, with 1.43 billion people, or around 17.76% of the world's total population. Over the past 10 years, the urban population increased by 35.8%, reaching 508 million people. More than 31% of the nation's citizens live in metropolitan areas, where there are more than 400 km 2 of people per square mile. Several biodegradable materials (such as vegetables, animal wastes, papers, wooden pieces, carcasses, plant twigs, leaves, and cloth wastes), as well as many non-biodegradable materials (such as plastic bags, plastic bottles, plastic wastes, glass bottles, glass pieces, stone/cement pieces), are produced in large quantities by urban activities. In India, the urban population generates 68.8 million tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) annually, or 188 500 tons per day (TPD). The amount of waste produced in Indian cities varies depending on the population and way of life, but generally speaking, it falls between 200 and 870 g each day. In India, trash production per person is rising at a pace of roughly 1.3% annually. However, in the approaching years, a growing population will require a significant area for trash disposal. They also include contaminants and harmful metals. Utilizing both traditional and scientific trash recycling techniques can help reduce waste volume while also separating valuable goods in the spirit of the waste-to-wealth concept. The sustainable development goals (SDGs) also encourage the recycling of waste to protect the environment and natural resources.
Book
Full-text available
The “Global Teak Resources and Market Assessment 2022” aims to present updated country level information on teak (Tectona grandis Linn.F.), which continues to be one of the most important tropical hardwood resources in the world. Teak resources were assessed in 80 countries in the tropics through a standardized questionnaire available in Chinese, English, French, Portuguese and Spanish, that was sent to qualified experts with access to the required data on teak. The experts were identified through the large professional networks of IUFRO, TEAKNET, and five regional coordina tors, mainly from national forest research institutions, universities or forestry administrations. They were instrumental in the process of data collection and verification by managing the communication with the identified resource persons and monitor the distribution and collection of the questionnaires. Data on the international trade of teak roundwood and sawntimber have been captured from the UN COMTRADE database that publishes teak data based on official customs records since January 2022.
Article
Full-text available
Bambusa teres Buch.-Ham. ex Munro (syn. Bambusa nutans subsp. capulata Stapleton) is a fast-growing perennial bamboo that has ecological, economic, cultural and climate change mitigation benefits. However, information on its current and future potential distribution outside forest areas across Nepal and the key factors affecting its growth and distribution are little known. We used a total of 298 occurrence points obtained from the National Bamboo Resource Assessment and 23 environmental variables to project the distribution of B. teres throughout its potential range in Nepal. Maximum entropy model (MaxEnt) was utilized for this study. We assessed the performance of the model using a receiver operating characteristic curve and evaluated the relative importance of predictor variables through a Jackknife procedure. The model achieved a high level of performance with an area under the curve value of 0.928. Precipitation of the coldest quarter (bio_19), temperature seasonality (bio_4) and precipitation seasonality (bio_15) were the significant contributing variables for the distribution of B. teres. The most suitable habitat for B. teres, with a suitability index >0.6, covered 9264.6 km2, with large sections in Eastern and Central Nepal. However, under future climate change scenarios, the area of suitable habitat for the species is projected to increase across Nepal. This study serves as a baseline for assessing potential climate change impacts on B. teres and will enable the development of adaptive measures to protect and establish various bamboo populations outside forest areas in Nepal and globally.
Article
The data required for sustainable forest planning is provided by traditional forest inventories, which are labor, time, and cost-intensive. Providing this data quickly, reliably, and accurately is crucial for planners and researchers. The objective of this study was to predict stand basal area (BA), stand volume (V), and quadratic mean diameter (dq) by leveraging vegetation indices (VIs) and reflectance (R) derived from Landsat 8 OLI and Sentinel 2 satellite images, along with topographic (T) data obtained from ALOS-PALSAR satellite imagery. Forest inventory data for a total of 250 sample plots were used for modeling in the study. Stand parameters were estimated using support vector machines (SVM), multiple linear regression (MLR), decision tree (DT), and random forest (RF) algorithms. In modeling V, BA, and dq, both individual and combinations of R, VIs, and T values obtained from satellite imagery were used as independent variables. Using the generated datasets, each of the stand parameters was modeled separately with MLR, SVM, RF, and DT algorithms, and the success of the models was compared to determine the modeling technique and dataset with the highest success for the relevant parameter. The results showed that for each stand parameter, the highest model success was achieved in the combined dataset, which was created by combining all datasets. However, in terms of modeling techniques, the highest success for each stand parameter was achieved with different modeling techniques. The highest success for V is obtained in the model using the SVM method (R 2 = 0.78; RMSE = 0.28 m 3 /ha), the RF method yielded the highest model performance for BA (R 2 = 0.70; RMSE = 2.53 m 2 /ha), and finally, the highest success for dq was obtained in the DT method (R 2 = 0.74; RMSE = 0.02 cm). In general, the datasets obtained from Sentinel 2 images showed higher model success than the datasets obtained from Landsat 8 OLI images.
Article
Full-text available
The impact of land-use change (LUC) on soil organic carbon (SOC) has been a wide concern of land management policymakers because CO2 emissions induced by LUC have been the second largest carbon source worldwide. However, due to insufficient data quality and limited biome coverage, a global big picture of the impact of LUC on SOC is still not clear. This study conducted a meta-analysis on 288 independent observations sourced from 62 peer-reviewed papers to provide a global summary of the change in SOC after the conversion of primary forests into other land-use types. The conversion of primary forest to cropland resulted in the most severe SOC loss (−33.2%), followed by conversion into plantation forests (−22.3%) and secondary forests (−19.1%). Nonetheless, SOC increased by 9.1% after a conversion from primary forests into pasture. More SOC loss was found at sites with lower precipitation for primary forests converted to cropland and plantation forests. The SOC loss decreased consistently with increasing mean annual temperature (MAT) for all four types of LUC. Moreover, the loss of SOC tended to worsen over time when primary forests are converted to cropland or plantation forests. In contrast, SOC loss recovered over time following conversion to secondary forests. The gain of SOC gradually increased over time after conversion to pastures. To conclude, the changes in SOC are related not only to the land-use type but also to precipitation, temperature and turn years after LUC. Due to limited data, this study focuses on soil profiles within 30 cm depth, and future research should explore SOC dynamics induced by LUC at greater depths. Overall, cases of SOC loss of approximately 30% following deforestation were very common (except for conversion to pasture), and the results of this study show that the loss of SOC following LUC should be carefully considered and monitored in land management.
Article
Tree species diversity, distribution, population dynamics, and regeneration status of tropical forests of Northeastern India are poorly understood. The present study analyzed the structure of a tropical semi-evergreen forest in the Unakoti district of Tripura, NE India. The study was conducted by laying 90 quadrats, each 20 m × 20 m in size. In total, 1696 trees belonging to 42 species from 35 genera and 20 families were sampled from a 3-ha area. The mean density was 565 trees ha−1, and the basal area was 21.84 m2 ha−1. The dominant tree species was Tectona grandis, with Importance Value Index (IVI) of 50.34, followed by Schima wallichi (44.04). Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H′) ranges from 2.1 to 2.82 among three sites of the district. High Simpson's index (D) of nearly 1.0 indicates high tree species diversity in these present tropical semi-evergreen forests. Out of 42 species, five species were randomly distributed, and thirty-seven species were contagiously distributed. Tree girth-class-wise, population density in three sites ≥ 90 cm gbh class represents highest (41.22%) followed by 61–90 cm. In the height class interval of three sites, 20–30 m class represents highest, followed by 30-40 m class. Stem density and species richness decreased with increasing girth class of trees. This study emphasizes the anthropogenic influences on community structure, including NTFP collection and deforestation. Valuable species like Azadirachta indica and Tamarindus indica were identified. These findings accentuate the need for conservation efforts and comprehensive vegetation studies to ensure sustainable utilization of forest resources in the face of escalating threats to tropical ecosystems.
Article
Urbanization in Indonesia, propelled by a population of 200 million, confronts challenges related to achievement of equitable welfare for migrants. This study examines the disparities in migrant well-being within the rapidly urbanizing region of Blora Regency, Indonesia, focusing on socio-demographic characteristics and local potential for enhancing equitable welfare. Using data from the national socio-economic survey (SUSENAS), March 2017 and 2018 editions and fieldwork conducted in July 2023, this research evaluates migration trends and wealth index calculation constructed from seven asset-based indicators and analysed using structural equation modelling with the partial least squares method and ordinal logistic regression. Results indicate that technology ownership and housing quality are key determinants of migrants’ well-being. In rural areas, migrants, particularly women, older individuals, those with lower education levels and those who are non-working exhibit lower wealth levels. To address these disparities, the study suggests targeted interventions to enhance employment opportunities, career diversification and resource quality. The study’s recommendations propose the development of tourist villages and village-owned enterprises (BUMDesa), and utilization of forest lands for livestock, necessitating collaboration from local governments, agriculture departments and investments in production machinery to enhance the equitable welfare of all migrants.
Chapter
This chapter explores the intricate dynamics of socio-ecological management in Sub-Saharan African multifunctional landscapes, with a specific focus on the vital role of trees. Drawing on the latest literature, the analysis reveals the multifaceted challenges posed by ecological, social, and economic factors. Advocating for a robust socio-ecological framework, the chapter emphasizes community engagement, the integration of local knowledge, and adaptive governance as fundamental pillars. The exploration extends to ecological restoration initiatives in countries like Eswatini, Madagascar, and South Africa, aligning with global commitments such as the African Forest Landscape Restoration Initiative (AFR100). Biodiversity conservation integration, recognizing Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) and the Southern African KBA Programme, underscores the crucial role of local knowledge in tree management. Addressing challenges in implementation, the chapter identifies adaptive strategies to navigate anthropogenic pressures, financial constraints, and conflicts of interest. It outlines opportunities and prospects, including technological innovations, community-based management, and international collaboration, while emphasizing the importance of research, education, and climate-resilient practices. A collective call to action underscores the need for collaborative efforts, partnerships, and knowledge-sharing among stakeholders. In conclusion, the chapter advocates for resilient, community-centric management to ensure the sustainable well-being of ecosystems and communities in Sub-Saharan African multifunctional landscapes.
Article
Production of the traditional Japanese spicy vegetable wasabi faces a concerning decline, with market data revealing a reduction from its 1989 peak of 460 tons to 220 tons in 2021, an approximately 50% decrease. Shizuoka Prefecture, known for strong branding, dominated domestic production in 2021, contributing 89% of the total and 90% of the production value. Shimane Prefecture, once second in production (1962), witnessed a marked decline due to distribution issues, disasters, and falling unit prices, among other factors. Regarding annual changes in wasabi production, the declining trend was notably pronounced in western Japan. Additionally, many of the “native species” that were once cultivated in approximately 80% of prefectures may have disappeared. This production decline also extended to traditional Japanese seasonings, and a comparison with newly introduced vegetables suggested a link with the Westernization of food. Japan’s unique food culture and ingredients, as well as its forested landscape, offer a valuable income source and potential for regional development in mountain villages. Protecting producers is essential for preserving resources and culture; thus, urgent measures are required to safeguard this heritage.
Article
Full-text available
Plain Language Summary General greening of forests has been reported worldwide. While previous studies have tended to attribute forest greening to land‐use conversions such as re‐ and afforestation, the role of human interventions for existing forests is still unclear. The greening trend of natural forests are mainly impacted by environmental changes, whereas those in planted forests are also influenced by human interventions. Therefore, the comparison of greening trends between the two forest types can help quantitatively distinguish the role of human interventions. Here, we paired spatially adjacent natural forests with planted forests in Southern China, and performed a pairwise comparisons of greenness and its trend between the forest types over 1987 to 2021 based on Landsat satellite series. It was found that although their mean greenness was similar, the greening trends of planted forests were 7.0% lower than the natural forests. Thus, human interventions may lead to a weakened greening trend while environmental changes were likely the main driver of greening of existing forests in Southern China. Such distinction of drivers is key for our understanding of the impact of environmental changes, land use and land use change, and for designing policies that put us on a pathway to a more sustainable future.
Article
Full-text available
Research highlights: At the turn of the 21st century, there were more forest territories found disturbed by both natural processes (climate change, wildfires, insect outbreaks, permafrost thawing, etc.) and anthropogenic interferences (air pollution, clearcuts, etc.). Seed collecting, then growing seedlings in forest nurseries, and then planting seedlings over lost forest areas are the forestry measures needed to restore the forest after disturbances. Goals were to construct bioclimatic models of ranges and seed mass of major Siberian conifers (Siberian pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour), Siberian fir (Abies sibirica Ledeb.), Siberian spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.), Siberian larches (Larix sibirica Ledeb., L. gmelini (Rupr) Rupr, and L. cajanderi Mayr.) and Pinus sylvestris L.) and predict their potential change in a warming climate by the mid-century. Methods: Multi-year seed mass data were derived from the literature, seed station data, and were collected in the field. Climate data (January and July data and annual precipitation) were derived from published Russian reference books and websites on climate. Bioclimatic indices (growing degree-days > 5 C, negative degree-days < 0 C, and annual moisture index) were calculated from January and July temperatures and annual precipitation for both contemporary and the 2050s (2040–2060) climates using the general circulation model INM-CM5-0 and two climate change scenarios, ssp126 and ssp585, from CMIP6. Our bioclimatic range models (envelope and MaxEnt models) and regression seed mass models for major conifers were built based on these bioclimatic indices. Additionally, their ranges were limited by the permafrost border, which divided the forest area into the permafrost-free zone, where five conifers are able to grow, and the permafrost zone, where only one conifer, Dahurian larch, is able to survive. Results: Under warmed climates, the ranges of all Siberian conifers would expand 1.5-fold due to the decrease in the permafrost zone, except Dahurian larch, which would lose 5–20% of its coverage due to permafrost retreat. Conifers shifting northward would be slower than predicted only by warmed climates because permafrost would thaw slower than climates would warm. Scots pine may expand by up to 60%, covering dryer lands in the south. Future climates were found to favor seed mass increase for major Siberian conifers and for heavier seed to shift northward. Our major conifers differ by the type of seed dispersal mode: zoochoric, animal (Siberian pine) and anemochoric, and wind-dispersed (other five trees). The seed masses of the five anemochoric conifers varied within the range of 1.5–15 g of 1000 seeds, which is about 40–50-fold less than that of zoochoric Siberian pine. Site climate explained about 28–65% of the seed mass variation for the five anemochoric trees and only 11% for Siberian pine (zoochoric tree). This finding needs additional research to explain the reasons. Conclusions: Warmed climates would favor the expansion of the ranges of major Siberian conifers and their seed mass to be heavier, which would support the high-quality seed production for forest well-being and its restoration in Siberia.
Chapter
This book takes a multidisciplinary perspective to analyze and discuss the various opportunities and challenges of restoring tree and forest cover to address regional and global environmental challenges that threaten human well-being and compromise sustainable development. It examines forest restoration commitments, policies and programs, and their planning and implementation at different scales and contexts, and how forest restoration helps to mitigate environmental, societal, and cultural challenges. The chapters explore the concept of forest restoration, how it can restitute forest ecosystem services, contribute to biodiversity conservation, and generate benefits and synergies, while recognizing the considerable costs, trade-offs, and variable feasibility of its implementation. The chapters review historic and contemporary forest restoration practice and governance, variations in approaches and implementation across the globe, and relevant technological advances. Using the insights from the ten topic-focused chapters, the book reflects on the possibility of sustainable and just approaches to meet the challenges that lie ahead to achieve ambitious international forest restoration targets and commitments.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.