No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Model calculation of radiocaesium transfer into food products in semi-natural forest ecosystems in the Czech Republic after a nuclear reactor accident and an estimate of the population dose burden
Abstract
Radioactivity of food products from semi-natural forest ecosystems can contribute appreciably to the radiological burden of the human population following a nuclear accident, as found after the Chernobyl disaster in 1986. In the Czech Republic, radiocaesium radioactivity has been measured since 1986 in various components of forest ecosystems, such as soil, mushrooms, bilberries, deer and boar. In this work, the data are employed to predict how a model accident of the Temelín nuclear power plant in southern Bohemia (which is under construction) would affect selected forest ecosystems in its surroundings. The dose commitment to the critical population group is also estimated.
... Such features make it an ideal material to study the concentrations and behavior of artificial radioactive isotopes such as 238,239?240 Pu, 137 Cs, and 90 Sr [6][7][8][9]. 90 Sr presented considerable radiological risk as it is easily transferred to the food chain and because of its long radioactive (28.80 (7) years) and biological half-life (49.3 years) [10][11][12][13][14]. Determination of activity concentration of 90 Sr isotopes with the highest level of accuracy in the bilberries is very important for environmental monitoring in regions close to nuclear facilities [6]. ...
Abstract Quantitative determination of 90Sr in bilberry, a representative matrix for vegetables and fruits, by Cherenkov counting and modified Eichrom methods is presented.
The compatibility of the two methods was checked through the measurement of the BIPM supplementary comparison bilberry sample (CCR(II)-S8). The activity concentration of 90Sr in bilberry sample was measured as 153 ± 4 and152 ± 7Bqkg-1 by Cherenkov counting and modified Eichrom method, respectively which is in good agreement with the reference value, 153 ± 8Bqkg-1.
... Â 10 À3 2.4 2.7 Â 10 À3 2.6 Â 10 À3 4.7 Â 10 À4 1.0 Â 10 À2 a From Shcheglov (1997); Alexakhin et al. (2004). Randa et al. (1990); Barnett et al. (1999); Battiston et al. (1989);Rö mmelt et al. (1990); Amundsen et al. (1996); Lambinon et al. (1988); Block and Pimpl (1990); Svadlenkova et al. (1996); Kenigsberg et al. (1995); Horyna and Randa (1988); Rantavaara (1990); Mascanzoni (1990) soil fertility are essential to the values of T ag for pasture vegetation and thereby for game. Large game animals, particularly species of the deer family (Cervidae), supplement their diet in autumn with mushrooms and mineral-rich wetland plants that may temporarily increase their radionuclide body burden (Tables 11-13). ...
Compared to agricultural lands, forests are complex ecosystems as they can involve diverse plant species associations, several vegetative strata (overstorey, shrubs, herbaceous and other annual plant layer) and multi-layered soil profiles (forest floor, hemi-organic and mineral layers). A high degree of variability is thus generally observed in radionuclide transfers and redistribution patterns in contaminated forests. In the long term, the soil compartment represents the major reservoir of radionuclides which can give rise to long-term plant and hence food contamination. For practical reasons, the contamination of various specific forest products has commonly been quantified using the aggregated transfer factor (Tag in m2 kg−1) which integrates various environmental parameters including soil and plant type, root distribution as well as nature and vertical distribution of the deposits. Long lasting availability of some radionuclides was shown to be the source of much higher transfer in forest ecosystems than in agricultural lands. This study aimed at reviewing the most relevant quantitative information on radionuclide transfers to forest biota including trees, understorey vegetation, mushrooms, berries and game animals. For both radiocaesium and radiostrontium in trees, the order of magnitude of mean Tag values was 10−3 m2 kg−1 (dry weight). Tree foliage was usually 2–12 times more contaminated than trunk wood. Maximum contamination of tree components with radiocaesium was associated with (semi-)hydromorphic areas with thick humus layers. The transfer of radionuclides to mushrooms and berries is high, in comparison with foodstuffs grown in agricultural systems. Concerning caesium uptake by mushrooms, the transfer is characterized by a very large variability of Tag, from 10−3 to 101 m2 kg−1 (dry weight). For berries, typical values are around 0.01–0.1 m2 kg−1 (dry weight). Transfer of radioactive caesium to game animals and reindeer and the rate of activity reduction, quantified as an ecological half-life, reflect the soil and pasture conditions at individual locations. Forests in temperate and boreal regions differ with respect to soil type and vegetation, and a faster decline of muscle activity concentrations in deer occurs in the temperate zone. However, in wild boar the caesium activity concentration shows no decline because of its special feeding habits. In the late phase, i.e. at least a few months since the external radionuclide contamination on feed plants has been removed, a Tag value of 0.01 m2 kg−1 (fresh weight) is common for 137Cs in the muscles of adult moose and terrestrial birds living in boreal forests, and 0.03 m2 kg−1 (fresh weight) for arctic hare. Radiocaesium concentrations in reindeer muscle in winter may exceed the summer content by a factor of more than two, the mean Tag values for winter ranging from 0.02 to 0.8 m2 kg−1 (fresh weight), and in summer from 0.04 to 0.4 m2 kg−1. The highest values are found in the year of initial contamination, followed by a gradual reduction. In waterfowl a relatively fast decline in uptake of 137Cs has been found, with Tag values changing from 0.01 to 0.002 m2 kg−1 (fresh weight) in the three years after the contaminating event, the rate being determined by the dynamics of 137Cs in aquatic ecosystems.
... Contamination of game meat with 137 Cs was higher in red deer (Cervus elaphus) than in roe deer and wild boar (Sus scrofa) in the Czech Republic. The levels were below 100 Bq kg À1 meat and have decreased since 1986 (Sˇvadlenkova´, Konecˇny´, & Smutny´, 1996). ...
The review deals mainly with the situation in Europe where wild-growing mushrooms are widely consumed as a delicacy and some species have been found to be extensively contaminated by radioactive fallout from the Chernobyl disaster in 1986. The natural isotope 40K usually causes activities of 0.8–1.5 kBq kg−1 dry matter. Activities of 137Cs, from nuclear weapons testing, below 1 kBq kg−1 dry matter, were commonly reported until 1985. The situation changed dramatically after the Chernobyl accident and activities up to tens of kBq kg−1 dry matter of 137Cs and to a lesser extent of 134Cs were observed in the following years in some edible species. Among the heavily accumulating species belong Xerocomus (Boletus) badius, Xerocomus chrysenteron, Suillus variegatus, Rozites caperata and Hydnum repandum. Activity concentrations have been affected by several environmental factors, such as rate of soil contamination with fallout, the horizon from which mycelium takes nutrients, soil moisture and time from the disaster. Wild mushroom consumption contributed up to 0.2 mSv to the effective dose in individuals consuming about 10 kg (fresh weight) of heavily contaminated species per year. The radioactivity of cultivated mushrooms is negligible. Contamination can be considerably decreased by soaking or cooking of dried or frozen mushroom slices. Animals, such as deer, eating mushrooms, have elevated levels of radionuclides in their tissues.
Seven species of forest mushrooms from different regions of Poland (edible: Imleria badia, Cantharellus cibarius, Xerocomus subtomentosus, Suillus luteus and inedible by humans but being food for animals: Paxillus involutus, Tylopilus felleus and Russula emetica) were analyzed for radioisotope activity (Cs-137, K-40, Bi-214 and Pb-210) as well as concentrations of heavy metals (aluminum, chromium, cadmium, manganese, iron, lead, zinc, copper, nickel and mercury). The activity of radioisotopes was measured with a gamma spectrometer, while the concentrations of heavy metals were examined by microwave plasma – atomic emission spectrometry. The obtained results of the analyses were compared with the recommendations of the European Food Safety Authority concerning the consumption of the determined heavy metals and the European standards concerning the content of radioisotopes in food. The obtained results proved that the consumption of mushrooms may result in a significant exceeding of the consumption limits of cadmium, copper and Cs-137.
The activity concentrations of (137)Cs and (40)K in mushrooms of the genus Cantharellus (Cantharellus cibarius, Cantharellus tubaeformis, and Cantharellus minor) collected across Poland from 1997 to 2013 and in Yunnan province of China in 2013 were determined using gamma spectrometry with an HPGe detector, respectively. Activity concentrations of (137)Cs in C. cibarius from the places in Poland varied from 64 ± 3 to 1600 ± 47 Bq kg(-1) db in 1997-2004 and 4.2 ± 1.2 to 1400 ± 15 Bq kg(-1) db in 2006-2013. In the Chinese Cantharellus mushrooms, the activity level of (137)Cs was very low, i.e., at a range <1.2 to 1.2 ± 0.6 Bq kg(-1) dry biomass. The natural radionuclide (40)K was at similar activity level in C. cibarius collected across Poland and in China, and fluctuations in levels of (40)K over the years and locations in Poland were small. In C. cibarius from diverse sites in Poland, content of (137)Cs highly fluctuated in 1998-2013 but no clear downward trend was visible (Fig. 1). Published activity levels of (137)Cs in fruitbodies of Cantharellus such Cantharellus californicus, Cantharellus cascadensis, C. cibarius, Cantharellus cinnabarius, Cantharellus formosus, Cantharellus iuteocomus, Cantharellus lutescens, Cantharellus minor, Cantharellus pallens [current name C. cibarius], Cantharellus subalbidus, Cantharellus subpruinosus, and C. tubaeformis collected worldwide were compared. In the Polish cuisine, mushrooms of the genus Cantharellus are blanched before frying or pickling, and this kind of treatment, and additionally also pickling, both very efficiently remove alkali elements (and radioactivity from (134/137)Cs) from flesh of the species.
Everybody needs to eat food to survive and develop. Food can become contaminated with a wide range of pollutants including radioactivity. The goal of this chapter is to show the importance of monitoring food for levels of radioactivity. We will look at the important sources of radioactivity, both natural and anthropogenic, and relevant transfer pathways through the food chain, identifying the combinations of food groups and radionuclides of most interest.
Adequate radiological protection of the environment requires theidentification of animals sensitive to potential variations of theradionuclide content in their surroundings. Deer are considered suitablecandidates for biomonitors in forest ecosystems. Due to their widegeographical distribution and their varied diet, the ICRP (InternationalCommission on Radiological Protection) considers deer a referenceanimal. Deer also constitute a significant pathway for the transfer ofradionuclides to man, especially in areas where a major deposition ofanthropogenic radionuclides, such as 134,137Cs and 90Sr, occurred. Theuptake of radionuclides takes place via the deer's diet. The radionuclidecontent in the plants they eat depends on various factors: plant species,soil properties, and the amount of the deposition, among others. Theconsumption of mushrooms is also an important source of radionuclidesin deer. Depending on their chemical properties, these radionuclides areaccumulated in different tissues of the animal's body. Radiocæ'sium is achemical analogue of potassium, and is located preferentially in muscletissue, and hence is important in the deer-man pathway. Also, naturallyoccurring radionuclides of the uranium series, such as 210Pb and M210Po,accumulate in muscle. Radiostrontium has a different chemicalbehaviour, as it is a chemical analogue of calcium. The 90Sr is mainlydetected in calcified tissues, such as bones and antlers. Because theantlers are shed annually, they constitute an excellent biomonitor for theevaluation of the temporal and spatial variations of radiostrontium in theenvironment. However, some factors, such as the age of the animal or itshealth status, may affect calcium remobilization, and hence cause certainvariations in the radiostrontium content of the antler.
Value of radiocaesium 137 Cs as one of Risk Factors in beef meat is very important for human health. Beef meat (m. longissimus lumborum et thoracis) from Czech Pied cattle in two less-favoured areas located more then 500 meters above sea level (Bohemian Forest Bohemian and Moravian Highland) was dependent on Sex (decrease by female, increase by male, P<1.10 -6) and on area (P<1.10 -6). Value of radiocaesium 137 Cs in beef meat (= 0,42 Bq.kg -1 ; s x = 0,28) was less then food standard (600 Bq.kg -1). This observed result are responding to finding another authors and could be used for next more detailed research in optimal utilization of Czech Pied cattle in less-favoured areas.
This paper presents α-particle spectrometry and liquid scintillation spectrometry methods to determine plutonium isotopes in bilberry. The analytical procedure involves sample preparation steps for ashing, digestion of bilberry samples, radiochemical separation of plutonium radioisotopes and their measurement. The validity of the method was checked for coherence using the ζ test, z-test, relative bias and relative uncertainty outlier tests. The results indicated that the recommended procedures for both measurement systems could be successfully applied for the accurate determination of plutonium activities in bilberry samples.
Government, scientists, managers, and the public are interested in assessing the health of ecosystems. Initially ecologists concentrated on assessing condition, reproductive success, and survival of a wide range of individual species, but this approach quickly broadened to include the health of communities, ecosystems, and landscapes, as well as the human dimension. Monitoring ecosystem health requires the use of a suite of bioindicators that are biologically, methodologically, and societally relevant, and can be used effectively over time to assess trends and provide early warning. Bioindicators can be developed for ecosystem health assessment, for human effects and interventions, human health assessment, and for evaluating sustainability. Whereas ecologists initially developed indicators to measure health or well-being of relatively pristine environments, the usefulness of indicators is enhanced if they can assess both ecological and human health, provide trends data, and be used to examine a wide range...
In North America, wild hogs (Sus scrofa) are both sought after as prime game and despised due to their detrimental impacts to the environment from their digging and rooting behavior. They are also a potentially useful indicator species for environ-mental health for both ecological-and human-based risk assessments. An inductive approach was used to develop probabilistic resource selection models using logistic regression to quantify the likelihood of hogs being in any area of the Department of Energy's 805 km 2 Savannah River Site (SRS) in west-central South Carolina. These models were derived by using available SRS hog hunt data from 1993–2000 and a Ge-ographic Information System database describing the habitat structure of the SRS. The model's significant parameters indicated that wild hogs preferred hardwoods and avoided pine and shrubby areas. Further, landscape metric analyses revealed that hogs preferred areas with large complex patch areas and low size variation. These resource selection models were then utilized to better estimate exposure of wild hogs to radionuclides and metals in a disturbed riparian ecosystem on the SRS using two different possible diets based on food availability. Contaminant exposure can be better estimated using these resource selection models than has been pre-viously possible, because past practices did not consider home range and habitat utilization probability in heterogeneously contaminated habitats. Had these models not been used, risk calculations would assume that contaminated areas were utilized 100% of the time, thus overestimating exposure by a factor of up to 25.
A review of the published literature describing transfer to fungi was carried out, summarising the collated data to determine factors controlling transfer and identify an appropriate modelling approach to predict future contamination. transfer ratios (TR) are derived for fungi species collected within Europe and the CIS. Considerable variability in TRs is demonstrated, with TRs varying between <0.001 and >10 m2 kg−1 across all species and over three orders of magnitude for individual species (e.g. Boletus badius). Generally, meta-information (such as habitat and soil attributes) is poorly reported in the literature so that classification of the TR is limited to the effect of nutritional type (P<0.025) in the order mycorrhizal>saprophytic≈parasitic. Analysis of the literature data set (a heterogeneous source) suggests that there is no statistical evidence to indicate a decrease in TRs for 10 years after the Chernobyl accident. Spatial analysis of a data set for Belgium indicates variability in transfer within a sampling location, such that fruitbodies collected over a scale of approximately 5 km would show activities as variable as those collected over a much larger scale (≈ or>50 km). Therefore, it is proposed that the collated data sets for individual species can be used to derive “best estimates” for the parameters describing the distribution of TRs. These can then be used to estimate an “effective” TR, which, when combined with local soil deposition level and frequency and effect of culinary practices, can give an estimate of the activity of fungi consumed by the general population.
European exposure factor data have been collected in one centrally available, freely accessible site on the Internet: the ExpoFacts database (http://www.ktl.fi/expofacts/). The process of compiling the database required locating the exposure factor data and evaluating its general applicability and public availability. The scope of the ExpoFacts database covers 30 European countries, often each with its own approach for data generation and publication. The database includes information on food intake, time use, physiology, housing, and demographic parameters, as available. Information included in the database, as well as the challenges in collecting and compiling this information, are summarized. Data were found to be unavailable for ExpoFacts for a number of reasons: (1) data have not been collected, (2) collected data are not published, (3) the publishing format or language makes the data hard to locate and use, (4) copyright restrictions prevent presenting the data in an open access website, or (5) data exist, but are too expensive to acquire. Improving accessibility and harmonization of existing data would enhance the information base for exposure and risk assessments. In addition, the ExpoFacts project demonstrates a successful process for acquiring, storing, and sharing exposure factors data.
The 137Cs activity concentrations in moose and their principal fodder plants as well as the botanical composition of the rumen content in moose were studied in three areas of the country of Västernorrland in Sweden. The mean 137Cs activity concentration in moose muscle samples from the three areas with a ground deposition from 20 to 60 kBq m−2 varied between 540 and 915 Bq kg−1. During the period July to October, three plant species — fireweed, birch and bilberry — constitute more than 70% of the rumen content. Estimation of the daily 137Cs intake was performed based on the botanical analysis of rumen content and the 137Cs activity concentrations found in samples of fodder plants. A mean Ff of 0·19 day kg−1 was calculated. A mean aggregated transfer factor of 0·016 m2 kg−1 was found for the three areas.
This paper describes the structure and basis for parameter values of a computerized foodchain transport model for radionuclides. The model, called ''PATHWAY,'' estimates the time-integrated intake by humans of twenty radionuclides after a single deposition of radioactive material from the atmosphere to the landscape. The model solves a set of differential equations to estimate the inventories and concentrations of radionuclides in three soil layers and numerous types of vegetation, animal tissues and animal products as a function of time following a deposition event. Dynamic processes considered in the model include foliar interception, weathering and absorption; plant growth, uptake, harvest and senescence; soil resuspension, percolation, leaching and tillage; radioactive decay; livestock ingestion, absorption, excretion; and etc. An age- and sex-specific human diet is embodied in the model to permit calculation of time-dependent radionuclide ingestion rates, which are then numerically integrated. 3 figs., 10 tabs.
Effect of Radioactive Contamination of the Environment on Agricultural Pro-duce
- H Proch~tzka
- J Jandl
- T Bruncllk
- V Jirhsek
- B K~tbelovh
- J Novosad
- J Kejda
Proch~tzka, H., Jandl, J., Bruncllk, T., Jirhsek, V., K~tbelovh, B., Novosad, J. & Kejda, J. (1988). Effect of Radioactive Contamination of the Environment on Agricultural Pro-duce. Report, Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Brno, Czech Republic (in Czech).
Radionuklide im Muskelgewebe des Hirschwildes
- Hanzal
Hanzal, V. & Havrhnek, F. (1992). Radionuklide im Musk-elgewebe des Hirschwiides. In Radiocaesium in Wald und Wild, Vortraege, gehalten beim Dreilaendertreffen, Nationalpark Bayerischer Wald, St. Oswald, 23-24 Juni 1992, pp. 134--7.
Radioaktive Belastung von Waldökosystemen in Österreich an Hand zweier ausgewählter Untersuchungsgebiete
- Kienzl
Kienzl, K. & Hiesel, E. (1992). Radioaktive Belastung von Waldrkosystemen in Osterreich an Hand zweier aus-gew~ihlter Untersuchungsgebiete. In Radiocaesium in Wald und Wild, Vortraege, gehaiten beim Dreilaender-treffen, Nationalpark Bayerischer Wald, St. Oswald, 23-24 Juni 1992, pp. 29-35.
Zur Radiocäsiumbelastung des Schwarzwildes nach dem Unfall von Tschernobyl
- Hecht
Hecht, H. (1992). Zur Radioc/isiumbelastung des Schwarz-wildes nach dem Unfall von Tschernobyl. In Radio-caesium in Wald and Wild, Vortraege, gehalten beim Dreilaendertreffen, Nationalpark Bayerischer Wald, St.
Dynamik der Kontamination yon in den Gebirgssystemen der Tchechoslowakei lebenden Wildtieren mit Caesiumisotopen Basic Safety Standard for Protection against Ionizing Radiation and for the Safety of Radiation Sources
- T Brunclik
- A K Vanrk
- V Hanzal
- A Karpenko
- M Ivan~ik
Brunclik, T. & Vanrk, A. (1992). Dynamik der Kontamination yon in den Gebirgssystemen der Tchechoslowakei lebenden Wildtieren mit Caesiumisotopen. In Radiocaesium in Wald und Wild, Vortraege, gehalten beim Dreilaender-treffen, Nationalpark Bayerischer Wald, St. Oswald, 23-24 Juni 1992, pp. 124-33. BSS (1994). Basic Safety Standard for Protection against Ionizing Radiation and for the Safety of Radiation Sources. Safety Series 115I. IAEA, Vienna. FAO. Bukovjan, K., Hanzal, V., Karpenko, A. & Ivan~ik, M. (1993). Environmental monitoring in model regions. Final report, No. N03-331-865. Research Institute of Forestry and Gamekeeping, Jilovi~tr, Czech Rep. (in Czech).
Studies in Levels of Radioactivity in Wildlife in Austria
- F Tataruch
- F Schfnhofer
- E G Klansek
- P Desmet
- M Nassimbeni
- Belli
Tataruch, F., Schfnhofer, F. & Klansek, E. (1990). Studies in Levels of Radioactivity in Wildlife in Austria. In M. Svadlenkovti et al. Transfer of Radionuclides in Natural and Semi-natural Environments, eds G. Desmet, P. Nassimbeni & M. Belli. Elsevier Applied Science, London, UK, pp. 210-15.
Transfer of radionuclides in natural and semi-natural environ-ments. Proc
- G Desmet
- P Nassimbeni
- M Belli
Desmet, G., Nassimbeni, P. & Belli, M. (Eds). (1990). Transfer of radionuclides in natural and semi-natural environ-ments. Proc. of the Workshop held in Udine (Italy), 1 l-15 September 1989.
A General Model for the Transfer of Radioactive Materials in Terrestrial Food Chains
- J R Simmonds
- G S Linsley
- J A Jones
Simmonds, J. R., Linsley, G. S. & Jones, J. A. (1979). A General Model for the Transfer of Radioactive Materials in Terrestrial Food Chains. NRPB-R89, Harwell, UK. Statistical Yearbook of the Czech Republic (1992). SEVT Publishing, Prague, Czech Republic (in Czech).
Impacts of the Temelln Nuclear Power Plant on the Hydrosphere and Other Components of the Environment Masaryk Research Institute of Water Man-agement
- E Hansllk
Hansllk, E. (1994). Impacts of the Temelln Nuclear Power Plant on the Hydrosphere and Other Components of the Environment. Masaryk Research Institute of Water Man-agement, Prague, Czech Republic (in Czech).
Mush-rooms--significant source of internal contamination by radiocaesium
- G Desmet
- P Nassimbeni
- M Beui L~anda
- Z Benada
- J Horyna
- J Klan
Influence of soil fungi (basidiomycetes) on the migration of Cs 134+ 137 and Sr 9° in coniferous forest soils. In Trans-fer of Radionuclides in Natural and Semi-natural Environ-ments, eds G. Desmet, P. Nassimbeni & M. BeUi. Elsevier Applied Science, London, UK, p. 1. l~anda, Z., Benada, J., Horyna, J. & Klan, J. (1990). Mush-rooms--significant source of internal contamination by radiocaesium. In Transfer of Radionuclides in Natural and Semi-natural Environments, eds G. Desmet, P. Nassim-beni & M. Belli. Elsevier Applied Science, London, UK, pp. 169-78.
Advances in Nuclear Sciences and Technology The contamination of large Austrian forest systems after the Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident: studies 1988 and further
- E J Henley
- J Lewins
- E Henrich
- M Friedrich
- W Haider
- K Kienzl
- E Hiesel
- A Boisits
- G Hekerle
Henley, E. J. & Lewins, J. (1976). Advances in Nuclear Sciences and Technology, Vol. 9. Plenum, New York, USA. Henrich, E., Friedrich, M., Haider, W., Kienzl, K., Hiesel, E., Boisits, A. & Hekerle, G. (1990). The contamination of large Austrian forest systems after the Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident: studies 1988 and further. In Transfer of Radionuclides in Natural and Semi-natural Environments, eds G. Desmet, P. Nassimbeni & M. Belli. Elsevier Applied Science, London, UK, pp. 217-25.
Strontium 90 in the Environment
- J Proch~zka
- T Bruncllk
- B Khbelovh
- V Jirhsek
Proch~zka, J., Bruncllk, T., Khbelovh, B. & Jirhsek, V. (1993). Strontium 90 in the Environment. Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Brno, Czech Republic (in Czech).
The impact of the Chernobyl accident on southern Bohemia. South-Bohemian Regional Hygienic Station in Cesk6 Bud~jovice, Czech Republic
- J Matzner
Matzner, J. (1992). The impact of the Chernobyl accident on southern Bohemia. South-Bohemian Regional Hygienic Station in Cesk6 Bud~jovice, Czech Republic, 46 pp. (in Czech).
Biologische Verfiigbarkeit yon Radio-c~isium in Waldbrden
- J Drissner
Drissner, J. (1992). Biologische Verfiigbarkeit yon Radio-c~isium in Waldbrden. In Radiocaesium in Wald und Wild, Vortraege, gehalten beim Dreilaendertreffen, National-park Bayerischer Wald, St. Oswald, 23-24 Juni 1992, pp. 19-29.
The radioecology of Natural and Artificial Radionuclides
- W Feldt
Feldt, W. (Ed.). (1989). The radioecology of Natural and Artificial Radionuclides. Proc. of the XVth Regional Con-gress oflRPA Visby, Gotland (Sweden), 10-14 September 1989.
A programme enumerating the radiation doses to the population following the release of radio-active gases and aerosols into the atmosphere after a nuclear reactor accident
- O Veverka
Veverka, O. (1986). A programme enumerating the radiation doses to the population following the release of radio-active gases and aerosols into the atmosphere after a nuclear reactor accident. Skoda Works, Plzeh (CR), ZJE-275.
Transfer of radiocaesium through natural ecosystems to foodstuffs of terrestrial origin in Finland
- Rantavaara
Rantavaara, A. H. (1990). Transfer of radiocaesium through natural ecosystems to foodstuffs of terrestrial origin in Finland. In Transfer of Radionuclides in Natural and Semi-natural Environments, eds G. Desmet, P. Nassim-beni & M. Belli. Elsevier Applied Science, London, UK, pp. 202-9.
Studies in Levels of Radioactivity in Wildlife in Austria
- Tataruch
Basic Safety Standard for Protection against Ionizing Radiation and for the Safety of Radiation Sources
- BSS
Methods for calculating the spreading of radioactive substances from nuclear facilities and population exposure in their surroundings
- ČSKAE
Biologische Verfügbarkeit von Radiocäsium in Waldböden
- Drissner
The impact of the Chernobyl accident on southern Bohemia
- Matzner
Dynamik der Kontamination von in den Gebirgssystemen der Tchechoslowakei lebenden Wildtieren mit Caesiumisotopen
- Brunclík
Radiological assessment predicting the transport, bioaccumulation, and uptake by man of radionuclides released to the environment
- NCRP
Environmental monitoring in model regions
- Bukovjan
The contamination of large Austrian forest systems after the Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident: studies 1988 and further
- Henrich
Handbook of Parameter Values for the Prediction of Radionuclide Transfer in Temperate Environments
- IAEA
Effect of Radioactive Contamination of the Environment on Agricultural Produce
- Procházka