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Fostering of innovative usability testing to develop mobile application for
mobile collaborative learning (MCL)
Khaled Elleithy, Abdul Razaque
Wireless and Mobile communication Laboratory (WMC)
School of Engineering at the University of Bridgeport, Park Avenue, Bridgeport, CT, USA
[elleithy,arazaque]@bridgeport.edu
Abstract
Emergence of latest technologies has diverted the
focus of people form Computer-Supported
Collaborative Learning (CSCL) to mobile-
supported collaborative learning. MCL is highly
demanded in educational organizations to
substantiate the pedagogical activities. Some of
the MCL supportive architectures including
applications are introduced in several fields to
improve the activities of those organizations but
they need more concise paradigm to support both
types of collaboration: synchronous and
asynchronous. This paper introduces the new pre-
usability testing method that provides educational
support and gives complete picture for developing
new pedagogical group application for MCL. The
feature of application includes asynchronous and
synchronous collaboration support. To validate the
features of application, we conduct the post
usability testing and heuristic evaluation, which
helps in collecting the empirical data to prove the
effectiveness and suitability of Group application.
Further, application aims to improve learning
impact and educate people at anytime and
anywhere.
General terms: theory, design and development
of collaborative learning and usability testing.
Keywords: Empirical results, Group application,
MCL, Mobiles, Post usability testing, Pre-usability
testing, User requirements
.
1. Introduction
Today’s people are raised with new emerging
technologies as a phenomenal part of their routine
lives. Mobile learning has greatly paid the
attention of the new generation toward educational
environment because mobiles are easily accessible,
ubiquitous and portable devices and used by the
majority of people anywhere and anytime. Mobile
telephony connects the large numbers of potential
and sophisticated learners through communication
networks. This situation indicates that there is high
potential for increasing the pedagogical learning with
mobile devices [6]. MCL is a highly multidisciplinary
learning paradigm around the world [1].
It attracts the people through new phenomenal way
and its pedagogical, theoretical, technical and
organizational structures being deployed [4] & [5].
MCL initiates a new rationales and paradigms to
deliver learning materials into our daily life [8]. Many
mobile communication frameworks promote the
mobile learning through the learning portal by using
Internet, sending SMS and voice communication.
MCL could be made more effective due to
convergence of promising interactive features of
audio, video, web and new emerging mobile
technologies in one package. Many pilot projects
have already been launched to meet the requirements
of distance education as part of e-learning to satisfy
the demand of information and communication
technology (ICT) for promoting the learning
environments [7]. The main focus of the projects is to
develop specific applications with limited features
such as introduction of courses and quizzes.
The review of some usability testing and empirical
survey on the latest status of MCL that explores
alternatives to help the educational institutions to
fulfill major functions of processing, storage and
disseminating information that can be deployed with
the issues of real life [9] & [10]. However existing
literature is not sufficient for developing more
powerful and general mobile application to meet most
of the basic user requirements. The leading mobile
application should have some interactive features to
support self-directed, cognitive and constructivist
quality for increasingly mobile learners to meet the
educational targets. The thirst in exploring the new
application, leads us to introduce new usability testing
method with support of heuristic evaluation for
devising the basic user requirement for MCL.
On the basis of collected information, we synthesize
the new group application with very promising
features to support pedagogical, organizational, social
and other environments. Initially, validating the some
ICGST-AIML Journal, Volume 12, Issue 1, July 2012
5
of the important features of Group application
conducted the post usability testing to find out the
some core activities being used in MCL. The
remaining part of this paper presents related work,
pre-usability testing, which will help to explore the
basic user requirements for designing and
developing the new mobile application, section IV
discusses the development of group application.
initially to validate the some features of MCL,
section V discusses the post usability testing and
finally, conclusion of the paper.
2. Related work and Background study
There are many related contributions that provide
strong support for importance of our new usability
testing and group application. A major study done
in Mobile Learning Environments (MLE) project
was funded by Nordic Innovation Center. This
project provided the forum to invite the people
from businesses, universities and government
organizations. The focus of the project was to
introduce the pedagogical game-like practices in
primary school systems of Nordic countries. The
tests were conducted at Denmark, Finland and
Sweden. The encouraging outcome of the project
was to motivate the researchers to design
pedagogical tools and applications [11].
The various types of mobile applications with
general patterns of interactions are suggested in
[12]. The paper also focuses on user study with
low-fidelity and conduct paper-prototypes to
analyze them. The results provide the guidelines
and best practices for the design and development
of general mobile applications [12]. The theme of
the paper is to introduce an idea for development
process of mobile application. The work is handy
but it does not target any issues faced by users
during the MCL. The Authors in [13] present the
basic method of data collections such as interview,
observation, questionnaire, survey and verbal
protocol, which are employed for conducting the
usability test of mobile application. The developed
application covers the limited aspects for
collaboration. Another contribution in [14] targets
to desktop computing and subsequently leads for
development of the conceptual models that helps
for evaluation of mobile phone application. The
authors mainly create the usability metric to
analyze the mobile application.
Quality in Use Integrated Measurement (QUIM) is
presented in [15]. QUIM helps the beginner who
has trivial knowledge about the usability. This
model covers 10 factors, which are categorized
into 26 criteria. The model provides 127 metrics to
measure the criteria. The model also helps in
identifying the problem of working applications.
However, the model is supporting the beginning
process of usability testing but needs to be
validated.
The authors in [16] have proposed a prototype for
their participatory design project supported by inter
generational design group to build mobile application
and incorporate into iP Phone and iPod touch
environment. The contribution provides the
opportunities to bring the children and grandparents
together by reading and editing the books. They focus
on specific filed but work is not handling the issues
required for effective MCL.
The work already done in previous papers do not
provide the detailed information for building very
promising application for MCL that may handle the
issues for delivery of large rich multimedia contents
(video-on-demand), administrator rights to teachers to
check their courses and evaluate the progress of
students, asynchronous and synchronous collaboration,
support for multi model, provision for archive
updating, user friendly interface, middleware support,
virtual support.
3. Pre-usability testing & empirical
results for design of MCL
The most influential and challenging tasks for
designing and developing the mobile applications are
to find out the basic needs of end users and how the
requirements of users may be fulfilled and satisfied
through applications. To meet the target of users,
usability testing method with heuristic evaluation is
the best practice to figure out the acceptable solutions.
The suitability of applications is evaluated later, when
the prototypes are tested and implemented, however
usability testing makes the work of bridging the users
with applications.
3.1. Setting objective
In order to conduct ranking, we analyze various
features of MCL; some of them are already found in
literature and arrange them according to feedback
obtained from human interaction. These features
provide the foundation to create new ranking method
based on pre-usability testing method. This method
involves the both genders including students, teachers,
teaching Assistant and Administrators. Furthermore,
our ranking method is based on two phases. In the
first phase, we collect the user requirements through
literature survey, interviews, coordination with
experts of field to get valuable suggestions and
comments. In the second phase, we sort out most
influential basic requirements of users through
questionnaire.
3.2. Organization of participants
The sources of collecting the information are Face
book, vista survey and personal interactions. The
process of coordination and conducting the interviews
ICGST-AIML Journal, Volume 12, Issue 1, July 2012
6
continued for four days. We summarize the
findings and comparing them with existing
literature survey. Finally, we combine all features
by using intersection strategy. The participants of
15 universities became the part of this task. This
task involves 106 users including 58 students, 23
teachers, 14 teaching assistants and 11
administrators from both genders. It helps in
collecting the following user requirements given
as follows:
Interface should be easy to use
Asynchronous Collaboration
Synchronous Collaboration
To support multimodal MCL
To provide Archive updating
Should be User friendly interface.
To get a help from middle ware
To give virtual support
To provide application sharing facility and
make easy text communication
To provide admission functionality, if any user
wants to participate in middle of the session.
The administrators should be provided the
opportunities to record the collaborative
activities of students and teachers during the
whole session or any specific period of time
To provide the opportunities for interactive and
shard white board
Users may need short start time for
collaboration
Server should provide content adoption
service
The Students should have alternative choices in
selecting any topic for discussion
The Students should have access to check the
comments given by teacher regarding their
performance and grades
The teacher should include critical notes for the
performance of each student after completion
of MCL session and provide the feedback to
improve in future
To provide audio and video communication
only
To provide connectivity management support
To provide the support for session management
To provide the checking facilities to instructor
to check the group members
To provide the freedom of thoughts to
participating group members
Server should give the message of information
updating
To provide the facility of translation of audio,
video and text to other languages
Client should give notification of his/her
availability
To
pr
ovide the support for user role
Portfolio should be created in order to store an
information regarding the course
To include group manager component
The methods of communication should be
direct or mediated
The available digital materials should be
integrated easily
Instructor should dedicate time to monitor the
progress of participating members
To provide the support to handle the shared
information
To provide privacy and safety
To provide the facility to contact and invite the
participating for collaboration
The communication should be based on broadcast
with support of multicasting
To make small participating group for
collaboration
To be flexible to collect and extract the data.
To provide text, graphs, images, audio and video
services to meet the requirements of related course
of study.
The teachers should have complete access to
administer their courses and evaluate the
progress of students
3.3. Conducting Evaluation and selecting
basic requirements
All selected items are evaluated by applying second
phase of ranking method based on questionnaire with
support of 248 participants. These participants belong
to education, business, social organizations and
common people. Vista survey, face book, personal
relationships helped to reach to those people to be part
of ranking for finding the most basic user
requirements. This activity helps to meet the
pedagogical requirements through MCL.
We have used five-level Likert item in questionnaire,
which helps to specify the level of agreement for each
item. The Likert method covers the Strongly Agree=
1, Agree= 2, Neutral/No Opinion= 3, Disagree= 4 and
strongly disagree= 5. Finally, we get empirical results,
which are useful to understand the type of
applications required for designing and developing for
MCL. We sort out only the items, which have
"strongly agree", "agree" and "Neutral/No Opinion"
response. The items against any disagreement or
strongly disagreement response are received that are
not considered as basic requirements.
We introduce scaling values against each response
such as strongly agree = 100 points, agree = 75 Points
and Neutral/ No Opinion = 50 Points. The points for
each user requirements are calculated with following
formula.
Mean Points for Each basic requirements=
(Strongly Agree + Agree + No Opinion)/3
The formula helps in calculating the values for each
items, which are given against each basic
requirements explained in table 1.
All of these testing procedures are helpful to
understand the type of applications required for MCL.
Based on the above results, we introduce innovative
client-server based prototypes and mobile application"
group" that meet the pedagogical targets of end users.
ICGST-AIML Journal, Volume 12, Issue 1, July 2012
7
Table 1. Mean Value for each Basic requirement
Description of Basic Requirement Mean
Value
Should be easy to use 100%
Should be User friendly interface 100%
To be flexible to collect and
extract the data.
99.698
%
To provide text, graphs, images,
audio and video services to meet
the requirements of related course
of study
99.497
%
The teachers should have
complete access to administer
their courses and evaluate the
progress of students.
98.995
%
To support multimodal MCL 98.09%
The administrators should be
provided the opportunities to
record the collaborative activities
of students and teachers during the
whole session or any specific
period of time.
97.59%
The teacher should include critical
notes for the performance of each
student after completion of MCL
session and provide the feedback
to improve in future.
97.48%
The Students should have access
to check the comments given by
teacher regarding their
performance and grades
97.289
%
To provide the checking facilities
for instructor to check the group
members
90.00%
The methods of communication
should be direct or mediated
89.35%
To provide privacy and safety 88.35%
To provide the facility to contact
and invite the participating for
collaboration
83.83%
4. Group Application
MCL is a newly emerging revolution for
pedagogical requirements for all type of
educational institutions. It allows the users to get
computer-based information through mobile
devices.MCL supports portability, connectivity,
context awareness and social interaction [2].
Mobile is successful influential tool for
collaboration, allowing the students to share and
update the information for obtaining the targeted
pedagogical activities. From one side, mobile
creates the bridge of opportunities, and from other
side, limitations make the hindrance for effective
MCL [17]. The limitations, which highly degrade the
performance of portable handheld devices, are small
size of screen, mobility, low resolution, navigation
issue, limited memory and bandwidth. The emerging
technologies make this task easier and accessible for
all.
The development of general mobile application that
covers the many features for MCL can resolve the
deep desire of students to make possible collaboration
with mobile anytime and anywhere. Therefore our
pre-usability testing gives the complete picture for
developing the mobile application that will help the
students to get the requested contents from server to
fulfill the course requirements. We focus to develop
application "group" with support of SDK and Visual
basic and running on android operating system (OS)
shown in figure 1 with other working functional
components, which consists of control option and
delivery option. The control option performs the
functionalities of add new contact, edit contact, delete
contact, existing collaborative group (C-G) and make
new C-G. Delivery option covers the function of
receive and send. When user requests for contents
from server side, uses delivery option and saves with
help of store component.
Figure 1: Group application with working functional
components
The store component is core area of mobile where
different type of data including file, audio and video
are available to be obtained from server for MCL. The
store component has also download option. The
participants can use this option for downloading the
data and storing onto Really Simple Syndication
(RSS) 2.O for collaboration purposes. We developed
the RSS (website), which provides the RSS feed to all
the users to put and get contains frequently. Each
section of store component manages the various files,
audio and video. If once data is obtained that will be
saved onto the store component of mobile and
uploaded in relevant RSS feed. The upload section
helps the user to store all types of data in RSS feed to
be availed by participants member of same group for
MCL. When user finishes the process of storing the
data in its own RSS feed then informs the
collaborative group by sending multicasting message
ICGST-AIML Journal, Volume 12, Issue 1, July 2012
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to participate. The figure 2 shows main
architecture that helps to get the contents and store
contents.
Figure 2: Architecture for MCL
When participants of group obtains the message
for MCL and go to download the data from RSS
feed of requested user. When they complete the
process of downloading the required information
from RSS feed of requested user, starts to process
the MCL. If participating members of group need
file for MCL, therefore open the file to obtain the
information of the contents. In case the
information of file is not sufficient to clear their
understanding about the topic then play the video
of related information.
The group application provides utility to manage
and control the data with its relevant options. If
type of data is based on only "text" then file option
is used, otherwise audio and video options are
used. When each of collaborative members get to
know about topic, subsequently starts the process
of MCL by using existing collaborative group
(Existing CG) option shown in figure 3. The
process can be supported by using H.323 at the
server side to facilitate the real-time audio and
video communication. The H.323 protocol will
help to collaborative members to discuss the contents
after reading and watching the video of related
information. The important feature of H.323 is
provision of point-to-multipoint, which creates the
opportunities for all to participate simultaneously. The
Quality of service can also be maintained by using
H.323 [3]. With implementation of this application,
MCL can be more successful with various promising
features.
Figure 3: Participants of groups, sharing information
through MCL
Figure 4: Recording the performance of various
features of "Group" application
5. Post usability testing & empirical
results for group application
In this section, we discuss post usability testing for
group application based on heuristics and
questionnaires. We choose the field test method that
was conducted in the main lobby of North Hall in
ICGST-AIML Journal, Volume 12, Issue 1, July 2012
9
Bridgeport University and 08 participants took a
part in application testing process. The tests
evaluate the usability of group application. With
this application, the users can transfer files
between laptops and the mobiles.
The usability of group application testing
procedure invites the multiple types of
participants because many are familiar and
belonging to mobile and wireless communication
field and fewer possess less expertise in this field
but know how to use mobile devices to make
MCL.
Some users are using the chat service process to
validate the performance of features of
applications on the basis of activities shown in
figure 4.
We devise the testing method using three steps.
First, we introduce the testing procedure from
design phase to conducting the test. Second, make
all the related operations of group application and
finally, we give the questionnaire to all the
participants based on 5-level Likert method, so
that participants give the answers after completing
the appropriate tasks shown in figure 5.
Figure 5: Testing the some features of group
application for post usability testing
After completion of questionnaire, we arrange the
meeting in which all the participants come and
share their experience and give their impression
regarding the test. We also get suggestions
regarding the redesign and modification of
application. When participants leave the room, we
compile the results and arrange in form of table for
better understanding shown in table 2.
6. Conclusion and future work
With emergence of innovative technologies in
mobile communication and applications, the
successful usability testing gains high importance
in the design, development and deployment of
interactive mobile applications. Therefore, it is
essential to synthesize and adopt meaningful research
methodologies in conducting the usability testing to
analyze mobile applications. The contribution goes to
creation of successful educational learning
environment and development of highly supportive
MCL application. This paper targets some of the
major challenges being faced to enhance the student
learning outcomes.
Table 2. Showing the comments of participants
The study of existing empirical literature and pre-
usability testing based on interviews, questionnaire
and heuristic evaluation highlight some features
having importance for designing and developing the
Post Usability Testing
of fields
Comments of
participants
Should be easy to use
Strong Positive=08
Positive=00
Neutral=00
Negative=00
Strong Negative=00
Should be User friendly
interface
Strong Positive=08
Positive=00
Neutral=00
Negative=00
Strong Negative=00
To be flexible to collect
and extract the data.
Strong Positive=06
Positive=01
Neutral=01
Negative=00
Strong Negative=00
To provide text, graphs,
images, audio and video
services to meet the
requirements of related
course of study
Strong Positive=06
Positive=01
Neutral=01
Negative=00
Strong Negative=00
To support multimodal
MCL
Strong Positive=05
Positive=01
Neutral=02
Negative=00
Strong Negative=00
The Students should
have alternative choices
for selecting any topic
to discuss.
Strong Positive=03
Positive=02
Neutral=02
Negative=01
Strong Negative=00
To provide the facility to
contact and invite the
members for
collaboration
Strong Positive=02
Positive=03
Neutral=03
Negative=00
Strong Negative=00
ICGST-AIML Journal, Volume 12, Issue 1, July 2012
10
MCL application. Most of the mobile learning
applications are limited to short-funded pilot
projects, which were developed for special
purposes or individual courses offered by their
institutions. The most motivating and encouraging
factor, which greatly impact on the success or
failure of MCL depends on balancing of
technology and human factors, how to create an
effective pedagogical paradigm to support the
various major basic user requirements for
obtaining the contents through mobile devices. In
addition, the way we spend our daily life in
shopping, working, playing, learning highly being
affected due to mobility of busy schedule. To
control over some significant issues and providing
an easy access of MCL at anytime and everywhere,
introduce new group application.
It provides user friendly interface, access to
administrators to record the collaborative activities
of students and teachers, asynchronous and
synchronous collaboration, multi model support,
provision for archive updating, providing the
facility to contact and invite the participants for
collaboration, middleware support, virtual support
and delivery of large rich multimedia contents
(video-on-demand). Finally, we validate our claim
by conducting the post usability testing and
heuristic evaluation. In future, we will introduce
more supporting features and software threads to
complete MCL for different organizations.
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ICGST-AIML Journal, Volume 12, Issue 1, July 2012
11
Biography
Dr. Khaled Elleithy is
the Associate Dean for
Graduate Studies in the
School of Engineering
and full professor in the
dept: of computer
Science & Engineering
at the University of
Bridgeport (UB). His
research interests are in
the areas of, network security, mobile wireless
communications formal approaches for design and
verification and Mobile collaborative learning. He
has published more than one hundred twenty
research papers in international journals and
conferences in his areas of expertise.
Dr. Elleithy is the co-chair of International Joint
Conferences on Computer, Information, and
Systems Sciences, and Engineering
(CISSE).CISSE is the first
Engineering/Computing and Systems Research E-
Conference in the world to be completely
conducted online in real-time via the internet and
was successfully running for four years. Dr.
Elleithy is the editor or co-editor of 10 books
published by Springer for advances on Innovations
and Advanced Techniques in Systems, Computing
Sciences and Software.
Dr. Elleithy received the B.Sc. degree in computer
science and automatic control from Alexandria
University in 1983, the MS Degree in computer
networks from the same university in 1986, and
the MS and Ph.D. degrees in computer science
from The Center for Advanced Computer Studies
in the University of Louisiana at Lafayette in 1988
and 1990, respectively. He received the award of
"Distinguished Professor of the Year", University
of Bridgeport, during the academic year 2006-
2007.
Mr. Abdul Razaque is
PhD student of computer
science and Engineering
department in University
of Bridgeport (UB). His
current research
interests
include the
design and
development of learning
environment to support
pedagogical activities in
open, large scale and heterogamous environments,
collaborative discovery learning and the development
of mobile applications to support mobile collaborative
learning (MCL), the congestion mechanism of
transmission of control protocol including various
existing variants, delivery of multimedia applications.
He has published over 40 research contributions in
refereed conferences, international journals and
books. He has also presented his work more than 10
countries. During the last two years he has been
working as a program committee member in IEEE,
IET, ICCAIE, ICOS, ISIEA and Mosharka
International conference.
Abdul Razaque is member of the IEEE, ACM and
Springer Abdul Razaque served as Assistant Professor
at federal Directorate of Education, Islamabad. He
completed his Bachelor and Master degree in
computer science from university of Sindh in 2002.
He obtained another Master degree with specialization
of multimedia and communication (MC) from
Mohammed Ali Jinnah University, Pakistan in 2008.
Abdul Razaque has been directly involved in design
and development of mobile applications to support
learning environments to meet pedagogical needs of
schools, colleges, universities and various
organizations.
.
ICGST-AIML Journal, Volume 12, Issue 1, July 2012
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