ArticlePDF Available

The coastal fishes of the Cape Verde Islands - New records and an annotated check-list: (Pisces)

September 2013
Spixiana 36(1):113-142

Project: Biodiversity and systematics of eastern Atlantic fishes

Authors:

Peter Wirtz

Independent Researcher

Jesús M Falcón

Universidad de La Laguna

Rui Freitas

Atlantic Technical University

Show all 8 authorsHide

A check-list of the coastal fishes of the Cape Verde Islands is presented. The species Acantholabrus palloni, Canthigaster supramacula, Carcharhinus leucas, Chaetodipterus lippei, Corniger spinosus, Dasyatis centroura, Didogobius n. sp., Epigonus constanciae, Halobatrachus didactylus, Hemiramphus balao, Leptocharias smithii, Lobotes surinamensis, Malacoctenus n. sp., Megalops atlanticus, Mugil bananensis, Mugil capurrii, Negaprion brevirostris, Rhinecanthus aculeatus, Sardinella aurita, Sciaena umbra, Serranus heterurus, Sphyraena barracuda, Uranoscopus cadenati, and Zu cristatus are recorded for the first time from the Cape Verde Islands. We have recognized 77 previous records as identification errors or registration errors and indicate 35 other records as doubtful. Including the 24 new records, we now list 315 fish species from the coastal waters of the Cape Verde Islands. Twenty of them (6.3 %) appear to be endemic to the archipelago.

No caption available

…

Figures - uploaded by Peter Wirtz

Content may be subject to copyright.

Content uploaded by Peter Wirtz

Content may be subject to copyright.

Zeitschrift für Zoologie

SPIXIANA

•

Band 36

•

Heft 1

•

1-160

•

ISSN 0341-8391

ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR ZOOLOGIE

published by the

BAVARIAN STATE COLLECTION OF ZOOLOGY

(ZOOLOGISCHE STAATSSAMMLUNG MÜNCHEN)

SPIXIANA publishes original contributions to zoology,

preferably to the ﬁ elds of taxonomy, morphology, phylogeny, and zoogeography.

One volume with two issues is published each year.

Monographs can be published as SPIXIANA Supplement.

Editor-in-Chief: Gerhard Haszprunar

Managing Editors: Roland Melzer, Michael Schrödl

Executive Editor: Angela Pillukat

Editorial board

Michael Balke

Juliane Diller

Frank Glaw

Axel Hausmann

Lars Hendrich

Marion Kotrba

Bernhard Ruthensteiner

Ulrich Schliewen

Stefan Schmidt

Klaus Schönitzer

Andreas Segerer

Markus Unsöld

ZOOLOGISCHE STAATSSAMMLUNG MÜNCHEN

Münchhausenstraße 21, 81247 München, Germany

Tel. +49 (0)89 8107-0 – Fax +49 (0)89 8107-300

E-mail: SPIXIANA@zsm.mwn.de

www.zsm.mwn.de/spixiana/

Publication of full-length articles in SPIXIANA is subject to peer reviewing.

After publication, PDF ﬁ les of all articles are made available for research purposes.

Except for research purposes, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,

or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise,

without the prior permission of the copyright owner.

Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be

addressed to the publisher, Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Wolfratshauser Straße 27, 81379 München, Germany.

ISSN 0341-8391

Printed in the European Union

Publication dates of SPIXIANA, volume 35: issue 1: August 31, 2012; issue 2: December 7, 2012

Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Wolfratshauser Straße 27, 81379 München, Germany

Tel. + 49 (0) 89 742827-0 – Fax + 49 (0) 89 7242772 – E-Mail: info@pfeil-verlag.de – www.pfeil-verlag.de

Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek

The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliograﬁ e;

detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at

http://dnb.d-nb.de.

113

SPIXIANA

113-142

München, September 2013

ISSN 0341-8391

The coastal fishes of the Cape Verde Islands –

new records and an annotated check-list

(Pisces)

Peter Wirtz, Alberto Brito, Jésus M. Falcón, Rui Freitas, Ronald Fricke,

Vanda Monteiro, Francisco Reiner & Oksana Tariche

Wirtz, P., Brito, A., Falcón, J. M., Freitas, R., Fricke, R., Monteiro, V., Reiner, F.

& Tariche, O. 2013. The coastal fishes of the Cape Verde Islands – new records and

an annotated check-list (Pisces). Spixiana 36 (1): 113-142.

A check-list of the coastal fishes of the Cape Verde Islands is presented. The

species Acantholabrus palloni, Canthigaster supramacula, Carcharhinus leucas, Chaeto-

dipterus lippei, Corniger spinosus, Dasyatis centroura, Didogobius n. sp., Epigonus con-

stanciae, Halobatrachus didactylus, Hemiramphus balao, Leptocharias smithii, Lobotes

surinamensis, Malacoctenus n. sp., Megalops atlanticus, Mugil bananensis, Mugil

capurrii, Negaprion brevirostris, Rhinecanthus aculeatus, Sardinella aurita, Sciaena um-

bra, Serranus heterurus, Sphyraena barracuda, Uranoscopus cadenati, and Zu cristatus

are recorded for the first time from the Cape Verde Islands. We have recognized

77 previous records as identification errors or registration errors and indicate 35

other records as doubtful. Including the 24 new records, we now list 315 fish species

from the coastal waters of the Cape Verde Islands. Twenty of them (6.3 %) appear

to be endemic to the archipelago.

Peter Wirtz, Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, 8000-117 Faro,

Portugal; e-mail: peterwirtz2004@yahoo.com

Alberto Brito & Jésus M. Falcón, BIOECOMAC, Departamento de Biología Ani-

mal (Ciencias Marinas), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida

Francisco Sánchez s/n, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain

Rui Freitas, Departamento de Engenharias e Ciências do Mar, Universidade de

Cabo Verde, CP 163, Mindelo, Cabo Verde

Ronald Fricke, Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Rosenstein 1, 70191 Stutt-

gart, Germany

Vanda Monteiro & Oksana Tariche, Instituto Nacional de Desenvolvimento das

Pescas (INDP), CP 132, Mindelo, Cabo Verde

Francisco Reiner, Projecto Delfim, Centro Português de Estudo dos Mamíferos

Marinhos, Rua Alto do Duque 45, 1400-009 Lisboa, Portugal

Introduction

The Cape Verde Archipelago consists of ten islands

and nine islets, about 600 km west of the “Cap Vert”

near Dakar/Senegal, which is the westernmost point

of continental Africa. There is, unfortunately, some

confusion in the literature (e. g. Vakily et al. 2002,

Marques et al. 2009, Froese & Pauly 2013) between

the “Cap Vert = Cape Verde” (continental Africa)

and the Cape Verde Islands. Winter temperature of

the surface water at the Cape Verde Islands rarely

drops below 20 °C, whereas cold upwellings along

the coast of Senegal cause winter temperatures as low

as 14 °C (Terashima et al. 2007, P. Wirtz pers. obs.);

114

this is probably the reason why the marine fauna of

the Cape Verde Islands contains many tropical spe-

cies that are absent at the coast of Senegal (Türkay

1982, Wirtz 2012, and references therein).

The waters of the Cape Verde Islands are in-

fluenced by the seasonal circulation patterns of the

North Equatorial Counter-Current (NECC) and the

Canary Current (CC). From April to June, the NECC,

located in the south-eastern part of the archipelago,

gradually expands westwards and northwards,

covering the whole area by the end of July. Dur-

ing August and September the current reaches its

northernmost position and from October to March

it retreats, reaching the lowest latitudes in the south

of the Cape Verde Islands. The CC is more intense

and wider in the first half of the year, and weaker

and closer to the African coast from July onwards

(Lázaro et al. 2005, after Marques et al. 2009). Most

surface buoys released near the Cape Verde Islands

drift westwards in the North Atlantic Gyre; one buoy,

however, drifted south towards the coast of Brasil,

before looping back towards the Cape Verde Islands

(fig. 3b in Monzon-Arguello et al. 2012). Green turtle

(Chelonia mydas) juveniles feeding at the Cape Verde

islands are partially derived from Suriname nesting

grounds and a surface buoy released close to Suri-

name passed Florida and the Bahamas, then swung

eastwards, crossing the Atlantic near the Azores,

and then drifted southwards, heading towards Cape

Verde (fig. 3 in Monzon-Arguello et al 2010).

The ichthyofauna of the Cape Verde Islands has

been studied by many researchers. Classic works

are those by Troschel (1866), Osório (1909), Cadenat

(1951), Cadenat & Roux (1964), and in particular

the one by Franca & Vasconcelos (1962). Since then,

numerous publications have noted the presence of

additional species, described new species and/or

revised genera and families of the area (e. g. Edwards

1986, Hensley 1986, Wirtz & Bath 1989, Bath 1990 a,b,

Brito et al. 1999, Matallanas & Brito 1999, Munroe et

al. 2000, Brito & Miller 2001, Wirtz 2009, Fricke et al.

2010).

In a catalogue of the fishes of the Cape Verde

Islands, Reiner (1996) listed 520 species. He did point

out, however, that he had included not only species

known to occur in the area but also species that he

“considered likely to be found in the area”. This,

unfortunately, has caused considerable confusion, as

many subsequent publications apparently were not

aware that Reiner’s catalogue contains many species

that are not documented for the area (e. g. Vakily et

al. 2002, Froese & Pauly 2013). Numerous records in

this book were based on personal observations by

Reiner at the Cape Verde Islands. However, as these

cases were not indicated explicitly, it has remained

unclear which records were and which records were

not based on real observations.

We here set out to list the coastal fish species

that have really been documented for the waters

of the Cape Verde Islands until now and to point

out still doubtful or clearly mistaken records in the

literature.

Material and methods

The baseline for this check-list is formed by the volumes

“Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic”

(Quéro et al. 1990), in the following called “CLOFETA”.

Species not listed for the Cape Verde Islands in CLO-

FETA – either omissions or subsequent new records –

and species that have changed their classification since

then are commented upon in the following list. In ad-

dition to the literature and our own records, we have

also surveyed the photo data base of the Instituto Na-

cional de Desenvolvimento das Pescas (INDP) at Min-

delo from the project INDP/OFCF.

Coastal fish are here defined as fish that can be

encountered in the first 60 m depth starting from shore

(including species that normally live deeper down but

have been recorded in that depth range at the Cape

Verde Islands) and those offshore species that come

close enough to the shore to be (occasionally) seen by

swimmers.

Families are arranged in taxonomic order (Nelson

2006); species are arranged alphabetically within each

family. The classification follows Eschmeyer & Fricke

(2012), unless noted otherwise. For common species we

list only a few, representative literature references.

Results

Chondrichthyes

Ginglymostomatidae

Ginglymostoma cirratum (Bonnaterre [ex Broussonet],

1788)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Cadenat &

Blache (1981), Reiner (1996) with colour photo,

Reiner (2005).

Rhincodontidae

Rhincodon typus Smith, 1828

References: Cadenat & Blache (1981), Reiner (1996,

2005).

Odontaspididae

Carcharias taurus Rafinesque, 1810

References: Menezes et al. (2004).

115

Odontaspis ferox (Risso, 1810)

References: Cautis et al. (1973), Reiner (1996).

Alopiidae

Alopias superciliosus Lowe, 1841

References: Cadenat & Blache (1981).

Cetorhinidae

Cetorhinus maximus (Gunnerus, 1765)

References: Cautis et al. (1973), Reiner (1996).

Lamnidae

Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Cadenat & Blache (1981), Lloris et al. (1991),

Reiner (1996).

Remarks: Not listed by Compagno 1984a and

2001; several records from Fogo and Brava Island

recorded in an unpublished report of the INDP by

Vera Gominho confirm the presence of this species

at the Cape Verde Islands.

Isurus oxyrinchus Rafinesque, 1810

References: Cadenat & Blache (1981), Reiner (1996),

Compagno (2001).

Isurus paucus Guitart, 1966

References: Reiner (1996); doubtfully recorded from the

Cape Verde Islands by Compagno (2001).

Remarks: Remains doubtful.

Lamna nasus (Bonnaterre [ex Pennant], 1788)

References: Cautis et al. (1973), Reiner (1996).

Remarks: This record needs confirmation.

Scyliorhinidae

Scyliorhinus stellaris (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Cautis et al. (1973), Reiner (1996).

Remarks: This record needs confirmation.

Leptochariidae

Leptocharias smithii (Müller & Henle, 1839)

References: Reiner (1996).

Remarks: The record by Reiner (1996) was based on

capture of a specimen by a fishing boat of INDP in

1993. As this was not indicated in the book by Reiner

we here provide the first substanciated record of the

species for the Cape Verde Islands.

Triakidae

Galeorhinus galeus (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Cautis et al. (1973), Reiner (1996, 2005).

Mustelus mustelus (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) as M. canis (non

Mitchill, 1815), Reiner (1996), Menezes et al. (2004).

Hemigaleidae

Paragaleus pectoralis (Garman, 1906)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Cadenat &

Blache (1981), Compagno (1984b).

Remarks: There is a photo of this species in the photo

data base of the INDP.

Carcharhinidae

Carcharhinus altimus (Springer, 1950)

References: Menezes et al. (2004).

Carcharhinus brevipinna (Müller & Henle, 1839)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) as Carcharhinus

maculipinnis, Brito et al. (1999).

Carcharhinus falciformis (Müller & Henle, 1839)

References: Cadenat & Blache (1981).

Carcharhinus galapagensis (Snodgrass & Heller, 1905)

References: Springer in Quéro et al. (1990: 104).

Remarks: Capture of a specimen at São Vicente

Island recorded in the INDP data base; photo in the

INDP data base.

Carcharinus leucas (Müller & Henle [ex Valenciennes],

1839)

References: First record.

Remarks: Recorded as moderately common in an

unpublished report of the INDP by Vera Gominho;

this appears to be the first real evidence for the Cape

Verde Islands.

Carcharhinus limbatus (Müller & Henle [ex Valenci-

ennes], 1839)

References: González & Tariche (2009).

Carcharhinus longimanus (Poey, 1861)

References: Lloris et al. (1991), Reiner (1996), Cadenat &

Blache (1981).

Carcharhinus obscurus (LeSueur, 1818)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Springer in

Quéro et al. (1990: 106).

Carcharhinus plumbeus (Nardo, 1827)

References: Springer in Quéro et al. (1990: 106-107).

Carcharhinus signatus (Poey, 1868)

References: Cadenat & Blache (1981) as Hypoprion bige-

lowi.

Galeocerdo cuvier (Peron & LeSueur in LeSueur, 1822)

References: Cadenat & Blache (1981), Monteiro (1998,

2008).

Negaprion brevirostris (Poey, 1868)

References: Reiner (1996).

Remarks: The record in Reiner (1996) was based on

capture of a specimen by a fishing boat of INDP in

1993. As this was not indicated in the book by Reiner

we here provide the first substanciated record of the

species for the Cape Verde Islands.

116

Prionace glauca (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Compagno (1984b).

Rhizoprionodon acutus (Rüppell, 1837)

References: Osório (1909) as Carcharias acutus, Brito et

al. (1999).

Sphyrnidae

Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith, 1834)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) as Sphyrna

diplana.

Remarks: Not listed by Compagno (1984b); this

record needs confirmation.

Sphyrna mokarran (Rüppell, 1837)

References: Cautis et al. (1973), Reiner (1996).

Remarks: Reiner (1996) was also based on personal

observation by RF of a specimen unloaded at Min-

delo in 1993.

Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Cadenat & Blache (1981), Springer in Quéro

et al. (1990: 110).

Torpedinidae

Torpedo marmorata Risso, 1810

References: Reiner (1996, 2005).

Remarks: The photo allegedly of Torpedo torpedo

(non Linnaeus, 1758) in Reiner (2005) shows T. mar-

morata.

Torpedo torpedo (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Cautis et al. (1973), Reiner (1996, 2005).

Remarks: The photo in Reiner (2005) shows Torpedo

marmorata. This record needs confirmation.

Pristidae

Pristis microdon Latham, 1794

References: Lloris et al. (1991), Reiner (1996).

Remarks: We can find no evidence for the pres-

ence of this species at the Cape Verde Islands; not

a valid record.

Pristis pectinata Latham, 1794

References: Lloris et al. (1991), Reiner (1996).

Remarks: We can find no evidence for the pres-

ence of this species at the Cape Verde Islands; not

a valid record.

Pristis pristis (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Lloris et al. (1991), Reiner (1996).

Remarks: We can find no evidence for the pres-

ence of this species at the Cape Verde Islands; not

a valid record.

Rhinobatidae

Rhinobatos cemiculus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817

References: Stehmann in Quéro et al. (1990: 25).

Rhinobatos rhinobatos (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Reiner (1996).

Remarks: We do not know records of this species at

the Cape Verde Islands; not a valid record.

Rhynchobatus luebberti Ehrenbaum, 1914

References: Reiner (1996)

Remarks: We do not know records of this species at

the Cape Verde Islands; not a valid record.

Zanobatus schoenleinii (Müller & Henle, 1841)

References: Reiner (1996).

Remarks: We do not know records of this species at

the Cape Verde Islands; not a valid record.

Rajidae

Raja herwigi Krefft, 1965

References: Stehmann in Quéro et al.(1990: 39), Me-

nezes et al. (2004).

Remarks: An endemic species, usually in deeper wa-

ter but also just within the depth limit for this list.

Dasyatidae

Dasyatis centroura (Mitchill, 1815)

References: First record.

Remarks: This stingray is not uncommon at the

Cape Verde Islands.

Dasyatis margarita (Günther, 1870)

References: Cautis et al. (1973), Reiner (1996).

Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Capapé & Desoutter in Quéro et al. (1990:

61-62).

Taeniura grabata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817)

References: Capapé & Desoutter in Quéro et al. (1990:

62-63), Monteiro et al. (2008).

Myliobatidae

Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen, 1790)

References: Lloris et al. (1991), Reiner (1996).

Remarks: We can find no evidence for the presence

of this species; not a valid record.

Manta birostris (Walbaum, 1792)

References: Reiner (1996), Monteiro et al. (2008).

Remarks: The photo in the book by Reiner (1996)

clearly shows M. birostris and not M. alfredi.

Manta alfredi (Krefft, 1868)

References: Marshall et al. (2009).

117

Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre, 1788)

References: Cautis et al. (1973), Reiner (1996).

Remarks: This record needs confirmation.

Mobula tarapacana (Philippi, 1892)

References: Reiner (2005), D’Oliveira (2010).

Remarks: The photo in D’Oliveira 2010 clearly

shows M. tarapacana and not M. mobular or M. japoni-

cus (which might also occur in the area).

Myliobatis aquila (Linnaeus 1758)

References: Cautis et al. (1973), Reiner (1996).

Pteromylaeus bovinus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817)

References: Lloris et al. (1991), Reiner (1996).

Remarks: Even though it is likely to occur there, we

can find no evidence for the presence of this species

at the Cape Verde Islands; not a valid record.

Rhinoptera peli Bleeker, 1863

References: Reiner (1996).

Remarks: We do not know records of this species at

the Cape Verde Islands; not a valid record.

Osteichthyes

Elopidae

Elops senegalensis Regan, 1909

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962).

Megalopidae

Megalops atlanticus Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valen-

ciennes, 1847

References: Reiner (1996).

Remarks: We do not know any published record

of this species for the CVI; however, it is common

around Boavista and Maio Islands (RF, based on

communications by Péricles Silva and Pedro López).

First confirmed record for the area of the Cape

Verde Islands.

Albulidae

Albula goreensis Valenciennes 1847

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Whitehead in

Quéro et al. (1990: 123-125) as Albula vulpes.

Pterothrissus belloci Cadenat, 1937

References: Cautis et al. (1973), Reiner (1996).

Muraenidae

Anarchias longicaudis (Peters, 1877)

References: Blache (1967e) as Anarchias grassi, Brito et al.

(1999).

Channomuraena vittata (Richardson, 1845)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Blache (1967e),

Smith & Böhlke in Quéro et al. (1990: 137), Brito et

al. (1999).

Echidna catenata (Bloch, 1795)

References: Reiner (2005).

Remarks: mistaken record, based on a photo by the

first author in a popular book that was mis-labelled

as coming from the Cape Verde Islands, while actu-

ally taken at Curacao.

Echidna peli (Kaup, 1856)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Blache (1967c),

Smith & Böhlke in Quéro et al. (1990: 138-139), Brito

et al. (1999).

Remarks: The photo of allegedly Gymnothorax uni-

color in D’Oliveira (2010: 153) shows Echidna peli.

Enchelycore anatina (Lowe, 1838)

References: Osório (1909) as Muraena sanctahelenae, Smith

& Böhlke in Quéro et al. (1990: 139), Brito et al.

(1999).

Enchelycore nigricans (Bonnaterre, 1788)

References: Smith & Böhlke in Quéro et al. (1990: 139-

140), Brito et al. (1999).

Remarks: Both photos allegedly of Gymnothorax

moringa in D’Oliveira (2010: 160) show juvenile

Enchelycore nigricans.

Gymnothorax afer Bloch, 1795

References: Brito et al. (1999).

Gymnothorax bacalladoi Böhlke & Brito, 1987

References: Brito et al. (1999).

Gymnothorax mareei Poll, 1953

References: Reiner (1996, 2005).

Remarks: A confusion with Muraena augusti, as

shown by the photos; there are no records for

G. mareei from the Cape Verde Island; mistaken

record.

Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup, 1856)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) as Muraena

miliaris, Blache (1967d) as Lycodontis miliaris, Smith

& Böhlke in Quéro et al. (1990: 146-147, Muraena

miliaris), Brito et al. (1999).

Remarks: Called Muraena miliaris by Monteiro 1998,

but the photo in Monteiro 1998 shows Gymnothorax

polygonius.

Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier, 1829)

References: Reiner (2005), D’Oliveira (2010).

Remarks: The photos in D’Oliveira (2010: 160) show

Enchelycore nigricans. We can find no evidence for the

presence of this species at the Cape Verde Islands;

not a valid record.

Gymnothorax polygonius Poey, 1875

References: Blache (1967a), Smith & Böhlke in Quéro et

al. (1990: 143), Brito et al. (1999), Monteiro (2008).

Remarks: The photos of allegedly G. polygonius in

D’Oliveira (2010: 158) show G. vicinus.

118

Gymnothorax unicolor (Delaroche, 1809)

References: Blache (1967d) as Lycodontis unicolor, Smith

& Böhlke in Quéro et al. (1990: 143), Brito et al. (1999).

Remarks: Monteiro (1998) uses the name Lycodon-

tis unicolor but the photo actually shows Muraena

robusta. There are photos of G. unicolor in the INDP

data base.

Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau, 1855)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) and Blache

(1967d) as Lycodontis vicinus, Smith & Böhlke in

Quéro et al. (1990: 143-144), Brito et al. (1999), Mon-

teiro (2008).

Monopenchelys acuta (Parr, 1930)

References: Brito et al. (1999).

Muraena augusti (Kaup, 1856)

References: Osório (1909) as Muraena bettencourti (non

Osório, 1911), Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Blache

(1967b) as Muraena helena, Reiner (1996) with colour

photo mis-labelled Gymnothorax mareei, Brito et al.

(1999).

Muraena helena Linnaeus, 1758

References: Smith & Böhlke in Quéro et al. (1990: 145-

146), Brito et al. (1999).

Muraena melanotis (Kaup, 1859)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Blache (1967),

Smith & Böhlke in Quéro et al. (1990: 146), Reiner

(1996) with colour photo, Brito et al. (1999).

Muraena robusta Osório, 1909

References: Osório (1909), Franca & Vasconcelos (1962),

Blache (1967), Smith & Böhlke in Quéro et al. (1990:

147-148), Brito et al. (1999), Monteiro (2008).

Uropterygius wheeleri Blache, 1967

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) as Gymnomu-

raena marmorata (non Lacepède, 1803), Blache (1967e),

Smith & Böhlke in Quéro et al. (1990: 148).

Remarks: Figure 1 shows an individual of this spe-

cies photographed at São Vicente Island.

Ophichthidae

Apterichtus anguiformis (Peters, 1877)

References: Blache & Bauchot (1972), Leiby in Quéro et

al. (1990: 176).

Brachysomophis atlanticus Blache & Saldanha 1972

References: McCosker & Wirtz (2008).

Echelus myrus (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Menezes et al. (2004).

Remarks: Menesez et al. (2004) caught this species

only in 350-550 m depth but it has been recorded in

shallow water and is therefore included here.

Myrichthys pardalis (Valenciennes, 1839)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Blache & Cade-

nat (1971), Brito et al. (1999).

Mystriophis rostellatus (Richardson, 1848)

References: Reiner (1996).

Ophichthus ophis (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Blache & Saldanha (1972), D’Oliveira (2010).

Ophisurus serpens (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Reiner (1996).

Remarks: We can find no evidence for the pres-

ence of this species at the Cape Verde Islands; not

a valid record.

Phaenomonas longissima (Cadenat & Marchal, 1963).

References: Blache & Cadenat (1971) as Bascanichthys

longissimus, Blache & Bauchot (1972) as Microrhynchus

foresti.

Remarks: Sphagebranchus foresti Cadenat & Roux

1964 and Ethadophis foresti (Cadenat & Roux 1964)

are synonyms (McCosker, pers. comm.).

Congridae

Ariosoma balearicum (Delaroche, 1809)

References: D’Oliveira (2010).

Remarks: The photo in D’Oliveira (2010) provides

the first record for the species at the Cape Verde

Islands.

Conger conger (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Cautis et al. (1973), Reiner (1996), González

& Tariche (2009).

Remarks: González & Tariche (2009) record this

species from 100-300 m depth but the first author

has photographed it in a lava tunnel of Sal Island

in 20 m depth.

Cynoponticus ferox Costa, 1846

References: Reiner (1996).

Remarks: We do not know any evidence for this spe-

cies at the Cape Verde Islands; not a valid record.

Heteroconger longissimus Günther, 1870

References: Brito et al. (1999).

Paraconger notialis Kanazawa, 1961

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Brito et al.

(1999), Monteiro (2008).

Pristigasteridae

Ilisha africana (Bloch, 1795)

References: Reiner (1996).

Remarks: We do not know any evidence for this spe-

cies at the Cape Verde Islands; not a valid record.

Engraulidae

Engraulis encrasicolus (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Cautis et al. (1973), Reiner (1996).

Remarks: This record needs confirmation.

119

Clupeidae

Ethmalosa fimbriata (Bowdich, 1825)

References: Reiner (1996), Wirtz et al. (2007).

Remarks: Mistaken records; Whitehead (1985) writes

“Records from Cape Verde Islands based on errone-

ous type locality for E. fimbriata by Bowdich – fol-

lowed by later authors”.

Sardinella aurita Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenci-

ennes, 1847

References: Reiner (1996).

Remarks: Commonly encountered in fish markets

but we appear to give the first definitive record of

this species here. There are photos of this species in

the INDP data base.

Sardinella maderensis (Lowe, 1838)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Whitehead in

Quéro et al. (1990: 219-222), Monteiro (1998).

Sardinella rouxi (Poll, 1953)

References: Cautis et al. (1973), Reiner (1996).

Remarks: This record needs confirmation.

Synodontidae

Synodus saurus (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Menesez et al.

(2004).

Synodus synodus (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Brito et al. (1999).

Trachinocephalus myops (Forster in Bloch & Schnei-

der, 1801)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Sulak in Quéro

et al. (1990: 369-370).

Batrachoididae

Halobatrachus didactylus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)

References: Reiner (1996).

Remarks: The record in Reiner (1996) was based on

an underwater photo of this species taken by FR in

15 m depth at Maio Island in 1991: Figure 2. As this

was not indicated in the book by Reiner we here

provide the first substanciated record of this species

for the Cape Verde Islands.

Antennariidae

Antennarius nummifer (Cuvier, 1817)

References: D’Oliveira (2010).

Remarks: Mistaken record; the photo in D’Oliveira

(2010) corresponding to the text on A. nummifer is

correctly labelled A. pardalis.

Antennarius pardalis (Valenciennes in Cuvier & Va-

lenciennes, 1837)

References: Pietsch in Quéro et al. (1990: 481-482).

Fowlerichthys senegalensis (Cadenat, 1959)

References: Brito et al. (1999) as Antennarius senegalensis.

Antennarius striatus (Shaw, 1794)

References: Brito et al. (1999).

Remarks: Additional specimens were recently pho-

tographed by Gregor Bachschmid of King Bay Diving

Center, Tarrafal/Santiago and by Paulo Vilarinho of

Dive Tribe diving center on São Vicente (pers.comm.

with photos to PW).

Trachipteridae

Zu cristatus (Bonelli, 1819)

References: First record.

Remarks: Juveniles corresponding in appearance to

a photo in Wirtz (2011: 37) were filmed in shallow

water at São Vicente Island by Luis Miguel Fernandes

(pers. comm. to PW). An adult specimen was caught

at Sao Vicente Island in March 2013.

Merlucciidae

Merluccius senegalensis Cadenat, 1950

References: Maurin in Quéro et al. (1990: 537-538).

Phycidae

Phycis phycis (Linnaeus, 1766)

References: Cohen in Quéro et al. (1990: 530).

Remarks: More common in deep water but also

observed in shallow water by Rogelio Herrera (pers.

comm. to PW). There is a photo of this species in the

INDP data base.

Carapidae

Carapus acus (Brünnich, 1768)

References: Brito et al. (1999), Reiner (2005).

Ophidiidae

Brotula barbata (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)

References: Brito et al. (1999).

Remarks: Despite the remark “rare” in Menezes et

al. (2004) this is a common fish in shallow water.

Ophidion barbatum Linnaeus 1758

References: Osório (1909) as Ophidium barbatum, Cadenat

& Roux (1964), Reiner (1996).

Remarks: These records most likely refer to Ophidion

saldanhai Matallanas & Brito, 1999 that was described

later.

Ophidion saldanhai Matallanas & Brito, 1999

References: Matallanas & Brito (1999).

Bythitidae

Grammonus longhursti (Cohen, 1964)

References: Wirtz (2009).

120

Mugilidae

Chelon bispinosus (Bowdich, 1825)

References: Cadenat & Roux (1964) as Liza nigrostrigata,

Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) and Monteiro (1998) as

Mugil nigrostrigatus, Thomson in Quéro et al. (1990:

855), Brito et al. (1999). D’Oliveira (2010) as Oeda-

lechilus labeo.

Remarks: Endemic species.

Chelon labrosus (Risso, 1827)

References: Thomson in Quéro et al. (1990: 855).

Remarks: The first author has recently photographed

this species at Sal Island: Figure 3.

Liza aurata (Risso, 1810)

References: Thomson in Quéro et al. (1990: 856).

Mugil bananensis (Pellegrin, 1927)

References: Reiner (1996).

Remarks: A photo taken by RF at the Cape Verde

Islands can be found in www.fishbase.org. This

appears to be the first substantiated record of the

species for the area.

Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 1758

References: Cadenat & Roux (1964), Reiner (1996)

Remarks: This record needs confirmation.

Mugil curema Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valencien-

nes, 1836

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Cadenat &

Roux (1964), Harrison (2003: 1080)

Mugil capurrii (Perugia, 1892)

References: First record.

Mugil curvidens Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valen-

ciennes, 1836

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) as Myxus curvi-

dens.

Remarks: This is probably a confusion with another

member of the family; doubtful record.

Atherinidae

Atherina lopeziana Rossignol & Blache, 1961

References: Brito et al. (1999).

Atherina presbyter Cuvier, 1829

References: Maugé in Quéro et al. (1990: 605).

Remarks: Probably a confusion with A. lopeziana;

doubtful record.

Exocoetidae

Cheilopogon cyanopterus (Valenciennes in Cuvier &

Valenciennes, 1847)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) as Cypselurus

cyanopterus, Monteiro (2008) as Exocoetus volitans (non

Linnaeus, 1758), González & Tariche (2009).

Cheilopogon exiliens (Linnaeus, 1771)

References: Lloris et al. (1991)

Remarks: We do not know any records from the

Cape Verde Islands for this species; not a valid

record.

Cheilopogon furcatus (Mitchill, 1815)

References: Parin & Gibbs in Quéro et al. (1990: 584).

Cheilopogon pinnatibarbatus (Bennett, 1831)

References: Cadenat & Roux (1964) as Cypselurus lineatus,

Parin & Gibbs in Quéro et al. (1990: 586), González

& Tariche (2009).

Exocoetus obtusirostris Günther, 1866

References: Cadenat & Roux (1964), Collette & Parin in

Quéro et al. (1990: 586-587).

Exocoetus volitans Linnaeus, 1758

References: Brito et al. (1999).

Fodiator acutus (Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenci-

ennes, 1847)

References: Reiner (1996).

Remarks: We do not know any records from the

Cape Verde Islands for this species; not a valid

record.

Hirundichthys speculiger (Valenciennes in Cuvier &

Valenciennes, 1847)

References: Lloris et al. (1991), Reiner (1996).

Remarks: We do not know any records from the

Cape Verde Islands for this species; not a valid

record.

Parexocoetus brachypterus (Richardson [ex Solander],

1846)

References: Reiner (1996).

Remarks: We do not know any records from the

Cape Verde Islands for this species; not a valid

record.

Parexocoetus mento (Valenciennes in Cuvier & Va-

lenciennes, 1847)

References: Lloris et al. (1991), Reiner (1996).

Remarks: We do not know any records from the

Cape Verde Islands for this species; not a valid

record.

Prognichthys gibbifrons (Valenciennes in Cuvier &

Valenciennes, 1847)

References: Parin & Gibbs in Quéro et al. (1990: 591).

Hemiramphidae

Euleptorhamphus velox Poey, 1868

References: Collette & Parin in Quéro et al. (1990: 579).

Hemiramphus balao LeSueur, 1821

References: First record.

Remarks: Photos taken by PW and RF at the Cape

Verde Islands can be found in www.fishbase.org.

121

These appear to be the first reliable records of the

species, which is quite common at the Cape Verde

Islands.

Hemiramphus brasiliensis (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Collette &

Parin in Quéro et al. (1990: 580).

Oxyporhamphus similis Bruun, 1935

References: Collette & Parin in Quéro et al. (1990: 581-

582, Oxyporhamphus micropterus similis).

Belonidae

Ablennes hians (Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valencien-

nes, 1846)

References: Collette & Parin in Quéro et al. (1990: 592),

Monteiro (2008).

Belone acus Risso, 1827

References: Collette & Parin in Quéro et al. (1990: 592-

593, Belone belone gracilis), Brito et al. (1999) as Belone

belone gracilis.

Platybelone lovii (Günther, 1866)

References: Cadenat & Roux (1964) as Belone platyura,

Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) as Belone argalus, Col-

lette & Parin in Quéro et al. (1990: 594, Platybelone

argalus lovii), Brito et al. (1999) as Platybelone argalus

lovii.

Remarks: An endemic species.

Tylosurus rafale Collette & Parin, 1970

References: Reiner (1996) based on personal observation,

Monteiro (1998, 2008) as Tylosurus acus rafale.

Tylosurus crocodilus (Péron & LeSueur in LeSueur, 1821)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) as Tylosurus

radiphoma.

Tylosurus imperialis (Rafinesque, 1810)

References: Collette & Parin in Quéro et al. (1990: 596,

T. a. imperialis).

Scomberesocidae

Scomberesox saurus (Walbaum, 1792)

References: Cadenat (1949), Brito et al. (1999).

Holocentridae

Corniger spinosus Agassiz, 1831

References: First record.

Remarks: Encountered by the first author at Tarra-

fal, Santiago Island, close to vertical walls covered

with Tubastrea aurea in a depth range of 30-45 m

(maximum depth searched): Figure 4.

Myripristis jacobus Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes,

1829

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Ben-Tuvia in

Quéro et al. (1990: 628), Reiner (1996) with colour

photo, Brito et al. (1999).

Sargocentron hastatum (Cuvier in Cuvier & Valencien-

nes, 1829)

References: Cadenat & Roux (1964) and Franca & Vas-

concelos (1962) as Holocentrus hastatus, Troschel (1866:

200, as Holocentrum hastatum), Reiner (1996) with

colour photo captioned Adrioryx hastatus, Brito et al.

(1999) as Adioryx hastatus.

Zeidae

Zeus faber Linnaeus, 1758

References: Brito et al. (1999), Monteiro (2008).

Syngnathidae

Hippocampus algiricus Kaup, 1856

References: Reiner (1996) and Brito et al. (1999) and

D’Olivera (2010) as H. punctulatus. González &

Tariche (2009) as H. hippocampus (non Linnaeus, 1758).

Aulostomidae

Aulostomus strigosus Wheeler, 1955

References: Cadenat & Roux (1964) and Franca & Vas-

concelos (1962) as Aulostomus maculatus (non Valen-

cienes, 1841) and A. strigosus, Fritzsche in Quéro et

al. (1990: 653), Reiner (1996) with colour photo, Brito

et al. (1999).

Fistulariidae

Fistularia petimba Lacepéde [ex Commerson], 1803

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) as Fistularia

villosa, Fritzsche in Quéro et al. (1990: 654), Brito et

al. (1999).

Fistularia tabacaria Linnaeus, 1758

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Fritzsche in

Quéro et al. (1990: 655), Brito et al. (1999).

Centriscidae

Macroramphosus scolopax (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Brito et al. (1999).

Dactylopteridae

Dactylopterus volitans (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Brito et al.

(1999), Monteiro (2008).

Scorpaenidae

Scorpaena angolensis Norman, 1935

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Eschmeyer &

Dempster in Quéro et al. (1990: 669-670), Brito et al.

(1999).

Scorpaena canariensis (Sauvage, 1878)

References: D’Oliveira (2010).

Remarks: The blurred photo in D’Oliveira (2010)

does not show this species; mistaken record.

122

Scorpaena laevis Troschel, 1866

References: Eschmeyer & Dempster in Quéro et al. (1990:

671), Brito et al. (1999).

Scorpaena maderensis Valenciennes in Cuvier & Va-

lenciennes, 1833

References: Cadenat & Roux (1964) as Scorpaena madu-

rensis, Eschmeyer & Dempster in Quéro et al. (1990:

672), Brito et al. (1999).

Scorpaena notata Rafinesque, 1810

References: Eschmeyer & Dempster in Quéro et al. (1990:

673), Brito et al. (1999).

Scorpaena scrofa Linnaeus, 1758

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) Eschmeyer &

Dempster in Quéro et al. (1990: 675-676), Menezes

et al. (2004), Monteiro (2008).

Scorpaena stephanica Cadenat, 1943

References: Monteiro (1998).

Remarks: The species figured in Monteiro (1998)

is Scorpaena scrofa. According to one of the authors

(VM), S. stephanica was captured at the Cape Verde

Islands by the Icelandic International Development

Agency (ICEIDA) in 1984, 1985, and 1988. Allué et al.

(1981) also list it from the Cape Verde Islands but in

our opinion this record needs confirmation.

Triglidae

Chelidonichthys gabonensis (Poll & Roux, 1955)

References: Richards & Saksena in Quéro et al. (1990:

681).

Lepidotrigla cadmani Regan, 1915

References: Brito et al. (1999).

Lepidotrigla carolae Richards, 1968

References: Reiner (1996).

Remarks: We do not know any evidence for the

presence of this species at the Cape Verde Islands;

not a valid record.

Polyprionidae

Polyprion americanus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)

References: Smith in Quéro et al. (1990: 703).

Serranidae

Anthias anthias (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Brito et al. (1999).

Liopropoma emanueli Wirtz & Schliewen 2012

References: Wirtz & Schliewen (2012).

Remarks: This species (Figure 5) is probably endemic

to the Cape Verde Islands but its habitats are badly

explored along the African mainland coast.

Pseudogramma guineensis (Norman, 1935)

References: Brito et al. (2007)

Remarks: Brito et al. (1999) called it P. bermudensis

(non Kanazawa, 1952).

Rypticus saponaceus (Bloch & Schneider [ex Parra], 1801)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Maugé in

Quéro et al. (1990: 709), Brito et al. (1999).

Rypticus subbifrenatus Gill, 1861

References: Maugé in Quéro et al. (1990: 709-710).

Remarks: This record needs confirmation.

Serranus atricauda Günther, 1874

References: Cadenat (1937), Franca & Vasconcelos (1962),

Brito et al. (1999), Monteiro (2008).

Serranus cabrilla (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Reiner (1996), Monteiro (1998).

Remarks: The photo in Monteiro (1998) shows Ser-

ranus atricauda; only S. atricauda was captured in the

survey by Menezes et al. (2004). To our knowledge,

Serranus cabrilla does not exist in the Cape Verde

Islands. Mistaken records.

Serranus heterurus (Cadenat, 1937)

References: Serranus sp. of Brito et al. (1999).

Remarks: First record; two specimens at the Stuttgart

Natural History Museum, collected by P. Wirtz from

Tarrafal, Santiago Island; also recorded from São

Vicente and São Nicolau. The species is known from

the Coast of Guinea and off the Congo (Heemstra

pers. comm. to PW) and from Senegal (Cadenat 1950).

Figure 6 shows an animal from Santiago Island.

Serranus sanctaehelenae Boulenger, 1895

References: Reiner (1996).

Remarks: This is most likely a confusion with Ser-

ranus heterurus; not a valid record.

Serranus scriba (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Cautis et al. (1973), Reiner (1996).

Remarks: This record needs confirmation.

Epinephelidae

Cephalopholis taeniops (Valenciennes in Cuvier &

Valenciennes, 1828)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Heemstra (1991:

13-14), Reiner (1996) with colour photo, Brito et al.

(1999).

Epinephelus adscensionis (Osbeck, 1765)

References: Smith in Quéro et al. (1990: 696-697).

Remarks: Mistaken record according to Heemstra

(1991: 17-20); in the Eastern-Atlantic only known

from São Tome & Príncipe (Heemstra and Randall

1993, Wirtz et al. 2007).

123

Epinephelus aeneus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817)

References: Cadenat (1935), Reiner (1996), Monteiro

(1998, 2008).

Remarks: The photo in Monteiro (1998, 2008) and

the photos labelled “E. aeneus” in the INDP data col-

lection actually show Epinephelus goreensis. Cadenat

(1935) explicitly notes the species not only from the

African coast but also from the Cape Verde Islands.

This record needs confirmation.

Epinephelus costae (Steindachner, 1878)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) and Cadenat

& Roux (1964) as E. alexandrinus, Brito et al. (1999),

Monteiro (2008) as Mycteroperca rubra.

Epinephelus goreensis (Valenciennes in Cuvier &

Valenciennes, 1830)

References: Brito et al. (1999).

Remarks: The photos in Monteiro (1998) and D’Oli-

veira (2011) actually show Epinephelus marginatus.

Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) as E. gigas,

Heemstra & Randall (1993), Brito et al. (1999), Mon-

teiro (2008).

Mycteroperca fusca (Lowe, 1838)

References: Heemstra (1991: 48-53), Reiner (1996) with

colour photo, Brito et al. (1999).

Remarks: Called Mycteroperca rubra (non Bloch, 1793)

by Monteiro (1998), Maggio et al. (2005), Medina et

al. (2007), and others.

Mycteroperca rubra

References: Reiner (1996).

Remarks: See remarks for M. fusca; mistaken record.

Priacanthidae

Heteropriacanthus cruentatus (Lacepéde, 1801)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) as Priacanthus

boops, Reiner (1996) with colour photo, Brito et al.

(1999), Monteiro (2008).

Priacanthus arenatus Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenci-

ennes, 1829

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Hureau in

Quéro et al. (1990: 712), Reiner (1996) with colour

photo, González & Tariche (2009).

Remarks: The photo in Monteiro (1998) shows

Heteropriacanthus cruentatus.

Apogonidae

Apogon affinis (Poey, 1875)

References: Brito et al. (1999).

Apogon imberbis (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Cadenat (1949), Brito et al. (1999).

Epigonidae

Epigonus constanciae (Giglioli, 1880)

References: First record.

Remarks: This species is commonly recorded from

200 to 400 m depth; it does, however, also live in

caves in shallow water; photos of this species from

a cave in 20 m depth at Sal Island, taken by the first

author, are available in www.fishbase.org; additional

photos were even taken in a cave in 8 m depth at

São Vicente Island.

Pomatomidae

Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766)

References: Cautis et al. (1973), Monteiro (1998).

Coryphaenidae

Coryphaena equiselis Linnaeus, 1758

References: Lloris et al. (1991), Reiner (1996), González

& Tariche (2009).

Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus, 1758

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Monteiro

(1998).

Rachycentridae

Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus [ex Garden], 1766)

References: Reiner (1996).

Remarks: Even though it is likely to occur there, we

do not know of a record of this species at the Cape

Verde Islands: not a valid record.

Echeneidae

Echeneis naucrates Linnaeus, 1758

References: Cautis et al. (1973), Reiner (1996).

Remora brachyptera (Lowe, 1839)

References: Osório (1909) as Echneis brachyptera, Reiner

(1996).

Remora remora Linnaeus, 1758

References: Osório (1909) as Echneis remora, Monteiro et

al. (2008).

Carangidae

Alectis ciliaris (Bloch, 1787)

References: Osório (1909) as Blepharis sutor, Brito et al.

(1999).

Caranx crysos (Mitchill, 1815)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Brito et al.

(1999).

Remarks: The photo allegedly of Caranx crysos in

Monteiro (2008) shows Caranx latus.

124

Caranx hippos (Linnaeus [ex Garden], 1766)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Reiner (1996)

based on personal observation, Smith-Vaniz pers.

comm. to PW.

Remarks: The similar species Caranx fischeri Smith-

Vaniz & Carpenter, 2007 apparently has not (yet)

been recorded from the Cape Verde Islands.

Caranx latus Agassiz in Spix & Agassiz, 1831

References: Monteiro et al. (2008) as Caranx crysos (non

Mitchill, 1815).

Caranx lugubris Poey, 1860

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Smith-Vaniz

et al. in Quéro et al. (1990: 734), Brito et al. (1999).

Caranx rhonchus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817

References: Cautis et al. (1973), González & Tariche

(2009).

Caranx senegallus Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes,

1833

References: Reiner (1996) based on personal observation,

González & Tariche (2009).

Chloroscombrus chrysurus (Linnaeus [ex Garden], 1766)

References: Reiner (1996).

Remarks: We do not know of a record of this species

at the Cape Verde Islands; not a valid record.

Decapterus macarellus (Cuvier in Cuvier & Valen-

ciennes, 1833)

References: Smith-Vaniz et al. in Quéro et al. (1990: 736-

737), Brito et al. (1999).

Decapterus punctatus (Cuvier, 1829)

References: Smith-Vaniz et al. in Quéro et al. (1990: 737-

738), Brito et al. (1999).

Elagatis bipinnulata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825)

References: Reiner (1996) based on personal observation,

Monteiro (1998).

Lichia amia (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Cautis et al. (1973), Reiner (1996).

Naucrates doctor (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Cautis et al. (1973), Lloris et al. (1991), Reiner

(1996).

Pseudocaranx dentex (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) as Caranx gua-

ra (non Lacepède, 1800), Smith-Vaniz et al. in Quéro

et al. (1990: 742-743), Monteiro et al. (2008).

Selar crumenophthalmus (Bloch, 1793)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Smith-Vaniz

et al. in Quéro et al. (1990: 744-745), Brito et al. (1999).

Selene dorsalis (Gill, 1863)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) as Vomer seta-

pinnis (non Mitchill, 1815), Smith-Vaniz et al. in

Quéro et al. (1990: 745-746), Brito et al. (1999).

Seriola carpenteri Mather, 1971

References: Postel (1950) as Seriola lalandi (non Valenci-

ennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1833), Reiner (1996),

Mather (1971).

Seriola dumerili (Risso, 1810)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Brito et al.

(1999).

Seriola fasciata (Bloch, 1793)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Menezes et al.

(2004).

Seriola rivoliana Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valencien-

nes, 1833

References: Reiner (1996), Monteiro (2008).

Remarks: A photo allegedly of Seriola dumerili (non

Risso, 1810) in Monteiro (1998) shows S. rivoliana.

Trachinotus goreensis Cuvier in Cuvier & Valencien-

nes, 1832

References: Monteiro (2008).

Remarks: There is a photo of this species in the

INDP data base.

Trachinotus ovatus (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) and Cadenat

& Roux (1964) as Caesiomorus glaucus, Brito et al.

(1999).

Trachinotus teraia Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes,

1832

References: Smith-Vaniz et al. in Quéro et al. (1990: 751),

Brito et al. (1999).

Trachurus picturatus (Bowdich, 1825)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) as Trachurus

trachurus trachurus (non Linnaeus, 1758), Menezes et

al. (2004).

Trachurus trachurus (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Lloris et al.

(1991), Reiner (1996), D’Oliveira (2010).

Remarks: This is almost certainly confusion with

Trachurus picturatus; mistaken record. The photo

in D’Oliveira (2010) shows a dead specimen of

Decapterus sp.

Trachurus trecae Cadenat, 1950

References: Cautis et al. (1973), Reiner (1996).

Uraspis secunda (Poey, 1860)

References: Brito et al. (1999).

Lutjanidae

Apsilus fuscus Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valencien-

nes, 1830

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Lloris & Ru-

cabado in Quéro et al. (1990: 773), Brito et al. (1999).

Lutjanus agennes Bleeker, 1863

References: Lloris & Rucabado in Quéro et al. (1990: 774),

Brito et al. (1999).

125

Lutjanus fulgens (Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valen-

ciennes, 1830)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Lloris & Ru-

cabado in Quéro et al. (1990: 776), Brito et al. (1999).

Lutjanus goreensis (Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valen-

ciennes, 1830)

References: Cadenat & Roux (1964), Allen (1985).

Remarks: There is a specimen from the Cape Verde

Islands in the Museu Municipal de História Natural

at Funchal, Madeira Island (MMF).

Lutjanus griseus (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Lloris & Rucabado in Quéro et al. (1990:

777-778).

Remarks: We consider this a doubtful record.

Ocyurus chrysurus (Bloch, 1791)

References: Osório (1911) as Mesoprion chrysurus, Lloris

& Rucabado in Quéro et al. (1990: 778-779), Brito et

al. (1999).

Lobotidae

Lobotes surinamensis (Bloch, 1790)

References: First record.

Remarks: The INDP has records and photos (e. g.

Figure 7) of specimens captured at the Cape Verde

Islands.

Gerreidae

Eucinostomus melanopterus (Bleeker, 1863)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) as Gerres mela-

nopterus, Reiner (1996), Monteiro (2008).

Gerres nigri Günther, 1859

References: Brito et al. (1999), Reiner (2005).

Haemulidae

Brachydeuterus auritus (Valenciennes in Cuvier &

Valenciennes, 1832)

References: Cautis et al. (1973), Reiner (1996).

Remarks: This record needs confirmation.

Parapristipoma humile (Bowdich, 1825)

References: Roux in Quéro et al. (1990: 783-784), Reiner

(1996) with colour photo mis-labelled Pomadasys

incisus, Menezes et al. (2004), Brito et al. (1999) and

Zander (2011) as P. latifrons Troschel, 1866, Brito et

al. (2007).

Remarks: Because of the frequent confusion be-

tween this species and Parapristipoma octolineatum,

its distribution is unclear; it could be endemic to the

Cape Verde Islands.

Parapristipoma macrops (Pellegrin, 1912)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), González &

Tariche (2008).

Remarks: These records need confirmation; they

could be due to confusion with Parapristipoma

humile.

Parapristipoma octolineatum (Valenciennes in Cuvier

& Valenciennes, 1833)

References: Roux in Quéro et al. (1990: 784-785), Brito

et al. (1999), Brito et al. (2007).

Remarks: Because P. humile also can have stripes, it

is frequently confused with P. octolineatum. However,

the photo in Brito et al. (2007) and other photos we

have clearly show P. octolineatum.

Plectorhinchus mediterraneus (Guichenot, 1850)

References: Reiner (1996).

Remarks: We can find no evidence for the pres-

ence of this species at the Cape Verde Islands; not

a valid record.

Pomadasys incisus (Bowdich, 1825)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Brito et al.

(1999).

Remarks: The photo in Monteiro (1998) shows Para-

pristipoma humile.

Pomadasys jubelini (Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes,

1830)

References: Reiner (1996).

Remarks: We can find no evidemce for the pres-

ence of this species at the Cape Verde Islands; not

a valid record.

Pomadasys perotaei (Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes,

1830)

References: González & Tariche (2008).

Pomadasys rogerii (Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes,

1830)

References: Brito et al. (1999), Monteiro (2008).

Pomadasys suillus Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes,

1830

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Cadenat &

Roux (1964), Cautis et al. (1973).

Remarks: This is most likely a confusion with P. ro-

gerii; doubtful records.

Lethrinidae

Lethrinus atlanticus Valenciennes in Cuvier & Va-

lenciennes, 1830

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Roux in Quéro

et al. (1990: 789), Brito et al. (1999).

Sparidae

Boops boops (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Bauchot &

Hureau in Quéro et al. (1990: 790), Monteiro (1998).

126

Dentex canariensis Steindachner, 1881

References: Cautis et al. (1973), Reiner (1996).

Remarks: This record needs confirmation.

Dentex gibbosus (Rafinesque, 1810)

References: Cautis et al. (1973), Reiner (1996).

Remarks: This record needs confirmation.

Dentex macrophthalmus (Bloch, 1791)

References: Menezes et al. (2004).

Remarks: Menezes et al. (2004) caught it between 100

and 500 m depth but the species has been recorded

from much shallower water.

Diplodus bellottii (Steindachner, 1882)

References: Reiner (1996).

Remarks: We do not know any evidence for the

presence of this species at the Cape Verde Island.

Bauchot & Hureau in Quéro et al. (1990: 796) explic-

itly note the absence of this species from the Cape

Verde Islands; mistaken record.

Diplodus cervinus (Lowe, 1838)

References: Eschmeyer & Fricke 2012.

Remarks: Mistaken record. Bauchot & Hureau in

Quéro et al. (1990: 796

-797) even explicitly write

“absent from the Cape Verde Islands”.

Diplodus fasciatus (Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valen-

ciennes, 1830)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Bauchot &

Hureau in Quéro et al. (1990: 797), Reiner (1996) with

colour photo, Brito et al. (1999), Monteiro (2008).

Remarks: An endemic species.

Diplodus prayensis Cadenat, 1964

References: Bauchot & Hureau in Quéro et al. (1990: 798),

Brito et al. (1999), Monteiro (2008).

Remarks: An endemic species.

Diplodus puntazzo (Walbaum [ex Cetti], 1792)

References: Bauchot & Hureau in Quéro et al. (1990: 798),

Monteiro (1998, 2008).

Diplodus sargus lineatus (Valenciennes in Cuvier &

Valenciennes, 1830)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) as D. rondeletii

(non Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1830), Bauchot

& Hureau in Quéro et al. (1990: 800-801), Reiner

(1996) with colour photo, Brito et al. (1999), Mon-

teiro (2008).

Remarks: Endemic subspecies.

Diplodus vulgaris (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Eschmeyer &

Fricke 2012.

Remarks: Mistaken record (confusion with D. pray-

ensis). Bauchot & Hureau in Quéro et al. (1990: 801)

even expressively write “absent from the Cape

Verde Islands”.

Lithognathus mormyrus (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) as Pagellus

mormyrus, Bauchot & Hureau in Quéro et al. (1990:

802), Brito et al. (1999).

Oblada melanura (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Bauchot & Hureau in Quéro et al. (1990: 803),

Lloris et al. (1991), Morri et al. (2000).

Remarks: This is most likely a confusion with Spicara

melanurus.

Pagellus acarne (Risso, 1827)

References: Bauchot & Hureau in Quéro et al. (1990: 804),

Brito et al. (1999).

Pagellus bellottii Steindachner, 1882

References: Reiner (1996).

Remarks: We do not know any evidence for the

presence of this species at the Cape Verde Islands;

not a valid record.

Pagellus erythrinus (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Cautis et al. (1973), Lloris et al. (1991), Reiner

(1996).

Pagrus africanus Akazaki, 1962

References: Monteiro (2008).

Pagrus auriga Valenciennes, 1843

References: Reiner (1996).

Remarks: The photo allegedly of “Sparus pagrus

pagrus” in Monteiro (1998: 123) appears to show this

species. This record needs confirmation.

Pagrus caeruleostictus (Valenciennes in Cuvier &

Valenciennes, 1830)

References: Reiner (1996).

Remarks: We do not know any evidence for the

presence of this species at the Cape Verde Islands;

not a valid record.

Pagrus pagrus (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Reiner (1996).

Remarks: The book by Reiner (1996) contains a photo

(taken by J. Sá Pinto) that probably shows Pagrus pa-

grus. The INDP data base notes a specimen collected

from 300 m depth. It should, however, be checked

if really both Pagrus pagrus and Pagrus africanus are

present at the Cape Verde Islands.

Sarpa salpa (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Bauchot &

Hureau in Quéro et al. (1990: 809-810).

Remarks: There are photos of this species in the

INDP data base.

Sparus aurata Linnaeus, 1758

References: Bauchot & Hureau in Quéro et al. (1990:

810).

Remarks: We consider this a doubtful record.

127

Spondyliosoma cantharus (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Bauchot & Hureau in Quéro et al. (1990:

811-812), Brito et al. (1999).

Virididentex acromegalus (Osório, 1911)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) and Cadenat

& Roux (1964) as Dentex acromegalus, Bauchot &

Hureau in Quéro et al. (1990: 812), Reiner (1996),

Brito et al. (1999), Monteiro (2008).

Remarks: An endemic monotypic genus (Brito et

al. 2007).

Centracanthidae

Spicara melanurus (Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valen-

ciennes, 1830)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) as Centracanthus

melanurus, Heemstra in Quéro et al. (1990: 770-771),

Brito et al. (1999).

Polynemidae

Galeoides decadactylus (Bloch, 1795)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Njock in Qué-

ro et al. (1990: 865), Brito et al. (1999).

Pentanemus quinquarius (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Cautis et al. (1973), Reiner (1996).

Polydactylus quadrifilis (Cuvier in Cuvier & Valen-

ciennes, 1829)

References: Cautis et al. (1973), Reiner (1996) as Polyne-

mus quadrifilis.

Sciaenidae

Argyrosomus regius (Asso, 1801)

References: Reiner (1996).

Remarks: We do not know records of this species at

the Cape Verde Islands; not a valid record.

Sciaena umbra Linnaeus, 1758

References: Reiner (1996).

Remarks: To our knowledge, we here provide the

first substanciated record of the species from the

Cape Verde Islands. Animals at the Cape Verde

Islands differ in colour from those at the Canary

Islands and the Mediterranean Sea, from where

the species was described. They resemble those at

the coasts of Mauritania and Senegal (Blache et al.

1970, Maigret & Ly 1986). These specimens need to

be studied in more detail. Figure 8 shows an animal

from Mindelo fish market, Figure 9 is an underwater

photo taken at São Vicente Island.

Umbrina canariensis Valenciennes, 1843

References: Cautis et al. (1973), Reiner (1996).

Remarks: Probably confusion with Sciaena umbra.

Doubtful record.

Umbrina cirrosa (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Cautis et al. (1973), Reiner (1996, 2005).

Remarks: The blurred photo in Reiner (2005), taken

at São Nicolau Island, allegedly of Umbrina cirrosa,

probably shows U. ronchus. The record by Cautis et

al. (1973) is probably confusion with Sciaena umbra.

Doubtful record.

Umbrina ronchus Valenciennes, 1843

References: Brito et al. (1999).

Mullidae

Mulloidichthys martinicus (Cuvier in Cuvier & Valen-

ciennes, 1829)

References: Ben-Tuvia in Quéro et al. (1990: 828-829),

Reiner (1996) with colour photo, Brito et al. (1999),

Monteiro (2008).

Mullus argentinae africanicus Vasil’eva, 2011

References: None.

Remarks: The INDP data base contains several pho-

tos (labelled Mullus surmuletus) which may show this

subspecies recently described by Vasil’eva (2011).

This species needs to be captured and studied in

more detail.

Mullus surmuletus Linnaeus, 1758

References: Monteiro (1998).

Remarks: The photo of M. surmuletus in Monteiro

(1998) shows Mulloidichthys martinicus; mistaken

record.

Pseudupeneus prayensis (Cuvier in Cuvier & Valen-

ciennes, 1829)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Ben-Tuvia in

Quéro et al. (1990: 828), Reiner (1996) with colour

photo mis-labelled Pseudolepidaplois scrofa, Brito et al.

(1999), Monteiro (2008). Zander (2011) as Pseudupe-

neus preyeri.

Monodactylidae

Monodactylus sebae (Cuvier, 1829)

References: Reiner (1996).

Remarks: We do not know any evidence for this spe-

cies at the Cape Verde Islands; not a valid record.

Kyphosidae

Girella stuebeli Troschel, 1866

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) and Cadenat

& Roux (1964) as Girella zonata, Desoutter in Quéro

et al. (1990: 833), Rainer (1996) with black and white

photo, Brito et al. (1999).

Remarks: An endemic species of the Cape Verde

Islands; see remarks for Girella zonata.

Girella zonata Günther, 1859

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Desoutter in

Quéro et al. (1990: 833).

128

Remarks: Specimens from the Cape Verde Islands

called Girella zonata are in the collection of the Natural

History Museum at Funchal, Madeira (MMF). The

name G. zonata, however, is problematic: The origi-

nal description by Günther is with specimens that

come from “Australian seas” but later authors (e. g.

Osório 1911, Fowler 1936) used this name for Atlantic

animals. Desoutter in Quéro et al. (1990: 833) states

that Girella zonata can be found at “the Cape Verde

Islands and Canary Islands and from Cap Spartel to

Cap Rosco” but in fact the only real documentations

(with specimens) of the genus Girella in the Atlantic

are from the Cape Verde Islands. Other cases are

most likely confusions with the male of Spondyliosoma

cantharus, which in the reproductive season also has

a white lateral band.

Kyphosus incisor (Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes,

1831)

References: Desoutter in Quéro et al. (1990: 832).

Kyphosus sectatrix (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Brito et al. (1999).

Drepaneidae

Drepane africana Osório, 1892

References: Desoutter in Quéro et al. (1990: 835-836).

Remarks: Lloris et al. (1991) as Drepane luna (Cope,

1867).

Chaetodontidae

Chaetodon hoefleri Steindachner, 1881

References: Reiner (1996) with colour photo, Brito et al.

(1999).

Chaetodon robustus Günther, 1860

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) as Chaetodon

luciae, Maugé in Quéro et al. (1990: 837-838), Brito

et al. (1999).

Prognathodes marcellae (Poll, 1950)

References: Maugé in Quéro et al. (1990: 839), Reiner

(1996) based on personal observation, Brito et al.

(1999).

Remarks: Called Chaetodon marcellae in some publi-

cations, e. g. D’Oliveira (2010).

Pomacanthidae

Holacanthus africanus Cadenat, 1951

References: Reiner (1996) with colour photo, Brito et al.

(1999).

Pomacentridae

Abudefduf hoefleri (Steindachner, 1881)

References: Lloris & Rucabado in Quéro et al. (1990: 842),

Edwards (1986).

Abudefduf luridus (Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes,

1830)

References: Lloris & Rucabado in Quéro et al. (1990: 843),

Edwards (1986), Reiner (1996) based on personal

observation.

Abudefduf saxatilis (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Lloris & Ru-

cabado in Quéro et al. (1990: 843-845), Edwards

(1986).

Abudefduf taurus (Müller & Troschel, 1848)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) and Cadenat

(1951) as Abudefduf analogus, Reiner (1996) based on

personal observation, Edwards (1986).

Chromis cautus (Troschel 1866)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Lloris & Ru-

cabado in Quéro et al. (1990: 846).

Remarks: Onychognathus cautus Troschel, 1866 is

a synonym of Chromis multilineatus, according to

Edwards (1986).

Chromis chromis (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Lloris & Ru-

cabado in Quéro et al. (1990: 846-847).

Remarks: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) used this

name for Chromis lubbocki Edwards, 1986, according

to Edwards (1986); this was repeated by for instance

Lloris et al. (1991); mistaken record.

Chromis cadenati Whitley, 1951

References: Morri et al. (2000).

Remarks: Mistaken record.

Chromis cyanea (Poey, 1860)

References: Lloris & Rucabado in Quéro et al. (1990: 847),

John & Hanel (2008).

Fig. 1. Uropterygius wheeleri from São Vicente Island; size unknown (photo P. Wirtz).

Fig. 2. Halobatrachus didactylus from Maio Island; about 15 cm TL (photo F. Reiner).

Fig. 3. Chelon labrosus from Sal Island; about 25 cm TL (photo P. Wirtz).

Fig. 4. Corniger spinosus from Santiago Island; about 12 cm TL (photo P. Wirtz).

Fig. 5. Liopropoma emanueli from Santiago Island; about 12 cm TL (photo P. Wirtz).

Fig. 6. Serranus heterurus from Santiago Island; about 8 cm TL (photo P. Wirtz).

Fig. 7. Lobotes surinamensis from São Vicente Island; about 50 cm TL (photo R. Freitas).

Fig. 8. Sciaena umbra from Mindelo (São Vicente) fish market; about 35 cm TL (photo P. Wirtz).

Fig. 9. Sciaena umbra from São Vicente Island; size unknown (photo P. Silva).

Fig. 10. Juvenile of Similiparma hermani from São Vicente Island; about 3 cm TL (photo P. Wirtz).

129

130

Remarks: Not listed by Edwards (1986) as an

eastern Atlantic species; we currently consider all

records of Chromis cyanea at the Cape Verde Islands

as doubtful.

Chromis limbata (Valenciennes, 1833)

References: Zander (2011).

Remarks: Mistaken record; probably confusion with

Chromis multilineata.

Chromis lineata Fowler & Bean, 1928

References: Lloris et al. (1991) as Chromis lineatus.

Remarks: An Indopacific species; mistaken record.

Chromis lubbocki Edwards, 1986.

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) as Chromis

chromis, Edwards (1986).

Remarks: An endemic species.

Chromis multilineata (Guichenot, 1853)

References: Edwards (1986).

Remarks: See remark for Chromis cautus.

Similiparma hermani (Steindachner, 1887)

References: Hensley (1986), Reiner (1996) with colour

photo.

Remarks: An endemic, monotypic genus. The juve-

nile of S. hermani (Figure 10) resembles the juvenile

of Stegastes leucostictus, which may have caused some

of the erroneous records of this species.

Microspathodon chrysurus Cuvier (Cuvier in Cuvier

& Valenciennes, 1830)

References: Lloris & Rucabado in Quéro et al. (1990: 848),

based on Osório (1891).

Remarks: Confusion with Similiparma hermani (Stein-

dachner, 1887), according to Edwards (1986); mis-

taken record.

Stegastes imbricatus Jenyns, 1840

References: Brito et al. (1999).

Stegastes leucostictus (Müller & Troschel in Schom-

burgk, 1848)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) and Lloris &

Rucabado in Quéro et al. (1990: 849-850) as Poma-

centrus leucostictus, Reiner (1996), Monteiro et al.

(2008), D’Oliveira (2010), Zander (2011).

Remarks: Confusions with S. imbricatus, according

to Edwards (1986); see also the note for Similiparma

hermani; mistaken record.

Labridae

Acantholabrus palloni (Risso, 1810)

References: Reiner (1996).

Remarks: A photo in the INDP photo collection

appears to be the first substantiated record of the

species at the Cape Verde Islands. Specimens from

the Cape Verde Islands are in the Museu Municipal

de Historia Natural at Funchal, Madeira Island.

Bodianus scrofa (Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valen-

ciennes, 1839)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) as Pseudolepi-

daplois pfaffi, Gomon & Forsyth in Quéro et al. (1990:

869-870), Reiner (1996) with colour photo labelled

Pseudolepidaplois scrofa, Medina et al. (2007).

Bodianus speciosus (Bowdich, 1825)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) as Bodianus

iagonensis, Gomon & Forsyth in Quéro et al. (1990:

870), Reiner (1996) based on personal observation,

Brito et al. (1999).

Centrolabrus trutta (Lowe, 1834)

References: Gomon & Forsyth in Quéro et al. (1990: 871),

Lloris et al. 1991, Reiner (1996), Azevedo (1999).

Remarks: Almost certainly mistaken records.

Coris atlantica Günther, 1862

References: Cadenat & Roux (1964), Guillemaud et al.

(2000).

Coris julis (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Reiner (1996).

Remarks: Mistaken records; confusion with Coris

atlantica; see Cadenat & Roux (1964) and Guillemaud

et al. (2000).

Doratonotus megalepis Günther, 1862

References: Brito et al. (1999).

Thalassoma pavo (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Reiner (1996),

Brito et al. (1999).

Remarks: The population at the Cape Verde Islands

differs in colour pattern from other populations but

a genetic study by Costagliola et al. (2004) did not

find significant differences. A photo by PW taken

at the Cape Verde Islands can be found at www.

fishbase.org.

Thalassoma newtoni (Osório, 1891)

References: Reiner (2005).

Remarks: Mistaken record.

Xyrichtys novacula (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Gomon & For-

syth in Quéro et al. (1990: 880-882), Brito et al. (1999).

Scaridae

Scarus hoefleri (Steindachner, 1881)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) as Callyodon

hoefleri, Reiner (1996) based on personal observation,

Brito et al. (1999), Monteiro (2008).

Sparisoma cretense (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Reiner (1996)

with colour photo, Brito et al. (1999).

Sparisoma frondosum (Agassiz in Spix & Agassiz, 1831)

References: Morri et al. (2000) as Sparisoma cf. strigatum.

Remarks: The species was originally identified by

131

Luiz Rocha (pers comm. to PW), based on underwa-

ter photos by PW. Subsequently, tissues of specimens

from Raso and from Santiago Islands were analysed

by G. Bernardi and matched with S. frondosum tissue

from the western Atlantic. An article on this subject

by Freitas et al. is in preparation. References to Spa-

risoma flavenscens (non Bloch & Schneider, 1801) by

Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) and by previous authors

may in fact refer to this species. Figures 11 and 12,

taken at Santiago and Sal Islands, show the primary

and terminal colour phase of this species.

Sparisoma choati Rocha, Brito & Robertson, 2012

References: Rocha et al. (2012).

Remarks: Randall (1981), Reiner (1996), Brito et

al. (1999), Morri et al. 2000 all called this species

Sparisoma rubripinne.

Cepolidae

Cepola pauciradiata Cadenat, 1950

References: Cautis et al. (1973), Brito et al. (1999).

Trachinidae

Trachinus araneus Cuvier [ex Risso] in Cuvier &

Valenciennes, 1829

References: Reiner (1996).

Remarks: We do not know any evidence for the

presence of this species at the Cape Verde Islands;

not a valid record.

Trachinus armatus Bleeker [ex Schlegel], 1861

References: Brito et al. (1999).

Trachinus collignoni Roux in Collignon, Rossignol

& Roux, 1957

References: Cadenat & Roux (1964), Reiner (1996).

Remarks: This record needs confirmation; see re-

marks in Cadenat & Roux (1964).

Trachinus pellegrini Cadenat, 1937

References: Menezes et al. (2004).

Uranoscopidae

Uranoscopus cadenati Poll, 1959

References: First record.

Remarks: Figure 13, taken at Tarrafal, Santiago

Island, shows the typical white edge of the black

first dorsal fin.

Uranoscopus polli Cadenat, 1951

References: Reiner (1996).

Remarks: We can find no evidence for the pres-

ence of this species at the Cape Verde Islands; not

a valid record.

Uranoscopus scaber Linnaeus, 1758

References: D’Oliveira (2010).

Remarks: The photos in D’Oliveira (2010), however,

are labelled Uranoscopus polli; they probably show

U. cadenati; mistaken record.

Blenniidae

Entomacrodus cadenati Springer, 1967

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) as Salarias vo-

merinus (non Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes,

1836), Bath in Quéro et al. (1990: 913-914), Reiner

(1996) based on personal observation, Brito et al.

(1999).

Lipophrys trigloides (Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valen-

ciennes, 1836)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) as Blennius

trigloides.

Remarks: Probably a confusion with Microlipophrys

caboverdensis; the first author has searched the islands

intensively for blennioid fish and never seen this

species; mistaken record.

Microlipophrys caboverdensis (Wirtz & Bath, 1989)

References: Wirtz & Bath (1989), Levy et al. (2011).

Remarks: An endemic species.

Microlipophys velifer (Norman, 1935)

References: Bath in Quéro et al. (1990: 908).

Remarks: Mistaken record; this is Microlipophys

caboverdensis.

Ophioblennius atlanticus (Valenciennes in Cuvier &

Valenciennes, 1836)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) as Ophioblennus

webbi and Rupiscartes atlanticus, Bath in Quéro et al.

(1990: 914-915, as Ophioblennius atlanticus atlanticus),

Reiner (1996) based on personal observation, Muss

et al. (2001).

Parablennius parvicornis (Valenciennes in Cuvier &

Valenciennes, 1836)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) as Blennius

sanguinolentus, Bath in Quéro et al. (1990: 910), Reiner

(1996) based on personal observation, Almada et al.

(2005).

Parablennius salensis Bath, 1990

References: Bath (1990a).

Remarks: An endemic species.

Scartella caboverdiana Bath, 1990

References: Bath (1990b), Reiner (1996) based on per-

sonal observation.

Remarks: An endemic species.

Labrisomidae

Labrisomus nuchipinnis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Reiner (1996)

based on personal observation, Brito et al. (1999).

132

Malacoctenus undescribed species

References: Brito et al. (1999) as Malacoctenus africanus

(non Cadenat, 1951).

Remarks: The new species (Figure 14) will be de-

scribed by P. Wirtz. It is probably endemic to the

Cape Verde Islands.

Gobiesocidae

Apletodon pellegrini (Chabanaud, 1925)

References: Briggs (1955).

Remarks: Records of Apletodon pellegrini from the

Cape Verde Islands (Briggs in Quéro et al. 1990:

474, Lloris et al. 1991) may have been based on the

recently described A. barbatus (Fricke et al. 2010).

Doubtful record.

Apletodon barbatus Fricke, Brito & Wirtz, 2010

References: Fricke et al. (2010).

Remarks: The specimens mentioned by Brito et al.

(1999) as Diplecogaster sp. actually refer to Apletodon

barbatus. A photo taken by PW at the Cape Verde

Islands can be found in www.fishbase.org. The spe-

cies is probably endemic to the Cape Verde Islands

(but may have been overlooked elsewhere, due to

its small size).

Diplecogaster pectoralis Briggs, 1955

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) as Diplecogaster

bimaculata, Briggs in Quéro et al. (1990: 474).

Lepadogaster lepadogaster (Bonnaterre [ex Goüan], 1788)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) as Lepadogaster

zebrina (a synonym; see Henriques et al. 2002).

Remarks: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) refer to a

specimen caught by hand at Matiota beach, São

Vicen te Island; it is unlikely to have been L. lepado-

gaster; doubtful record.

Lepadogaster zebrina Lowe, 1839

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Reiner (1996).

Remarks: Synonym of Lepadogaster lepadogaster (see

there).

Callionymidae

Callionymus bairdi Jordan in Eigenmann & Eigen-

mann, 1888

References: Brito et al. (1999).

Gobiidae

Bathygobius casamancus (Rochebrune, 1880)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) as Gobius casa-

mancus, Miller in Quéro et al. (1990: 925), Reiner

(1996) based on personal observation, Brito et al.

(1999), Schliewen (2011).

Bathygobius soporator (Valenciennes in Cuvier &

Valenciennes, 1837)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) as Gobius sopo-

rator, Reiner (1996) based on personal observation,

Brito et al. (1999), Schliewen (2011).

Didogobius kochi Van Tassell, 1988

References: Brito et al. (1999), Schliewen (2011).

Didogobius wirtzi Schliewen & Kovacib, 2008

References: Schliewen & Kovacib (2008), Schliewen

(2011).

Remarks: Not an endemic species: D. wirtzi was

recently also discovered at the coast of Senegal

(Wirtz, in prep.).

Didogobius undescribed species

References: First record.

Remarks: A specimen of this undescribed species

was collected by the first author at Santiago Island

(Figure 15); probably not an endemic species (similar

specimens from the Canary Islands exist).

Gnatholepis thompsoni (Bleeker, 1853)

References: Brito et al. (1999), Schliewen (2011), Larson

& Buckle 2012.

Gobius ateriformis Brito & Miller, 2001

References: Brito & Miller (2001), Schliewen (2011).

Remarks: An endemic species.

Gobius paganellus Linnaeus, 1758

References: Reiner (1996), Schliewen (2011) with question

mark.

Remarks: We can find no evidence for the presence

of this species. Most likely confusion with G. ateri-

formis; not a valid record.

Gobius tetrophthalmus Brito & Miller, 2001

References: Brito & Miller (2001), Schliewen (2011).

Remarks: An endemic species.

Mauligobius nigri (Günther, 1861)

References: Miller in Quéro et al. (1990: 942), Reiner

(1996) based on personal observation, Brito & Miller

(2001), Schliewen (2011).

Fig. 11. Sparisoma frondosum, initial phase, from Santiago Island; about 25 cm TL (photo P. Wirtz).

Fig. 12. Sparisoma frondosum, terminal phase, from Sal Island; about 25 cm TL (photo P. Wirtz).

Fig. 13. Uranoscopus cadenati from Santiago Island; about 20 cm TL (photo P. Wirtz).

Fig. 14. Malacoctenus undescribed species from São Vicente Island; about 5 cm TL (photo P. Wirtz).

Fig. 15. Didogobius undescribed species from Santiago Island; about 4 cm TL (photo P. Wirtz).

Fig. 16. Chaetodipterus lippei from Santa Luzia Island; about 25 cm TL (photo F. Reiner).

133

1514

134

Remarks: An endemic species; records from Ni-

geria, Cameroon and Bioko are doubtful (Brito &

Miller, 2001).

Porogobius schlegelii (Günther, 1861)

References: Cadenat & Roux (1964) as Coronogobius

schlegeli, Miller in Quéro et al. (1990: 945-946),

Reiner (1996), Schliewen (2011).

Remarks: Doubtful record. See Schliewen (2011).

Vanneaugobius canariensis Van Tassell, Miller &

Brito, 1988

References: Brito et al. (1999), Schliewen (2011).

Ephippidae

Chaetodipterus lippei Steindachner, 1895

References: Reiner (1996).

Remarks: The record in Reiner (1996) was based on

an underwater photo taken at Santa Luzia Island in

1993 (Figure 16). As this was not indicated in the book

by Reiner we here provide the first substantiated

record of the species for the Cape Verde Islands.

Ephippus goreensis Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes,

1831

References: Desoutter in Quéro et al. (1990: 834), Lloris

et al. (1991) as Chaetodipterus goreensis.

Remarks: There is a photo of this species in the

INDP data base.

Acanthuridae

Acanthurus chirurgus (Bloch, 1787)

References: Reiner (1996) based on personal observation,

Brito et al. (1999).

Remarks: Probably stray individuals, one docu-

mented by a photo (Brito et al. 1999). Acanthurus

kingii Bennett 1835 from Praya harbour is probably

also based on a stray A. chirurgus (Randall 2002).

Acanthurus monroviae Steindachner, 1876

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Desoutter

in Quéro et al. (1990: 963

-964), Reiner (1996) with

colour photo, Medina et al. (2007).

Sphyraenidae

Sphyraena barracuda (Walbaum, 1792)

References: First record.

Remarks: FR has taken a photo of this species at

Ilheus dos Pássaros, São Vicente Island.

Sphyraena guachancho Cuvier in Cuvier & Valencien-

nes, 1829

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Sylva in Qué-

ro et al. (1990: 862), Reiner (1996) based on personal

observation, Monteiro (1998).

Sphyraena sphyraena (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Sylva in Quéro

et al. (1990: 863-864).

Remarks: These records need confirmation.

Sphyraena viridensis Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenci-

ennes, 1829

References: Sylva in Quéro et al. (1990: 864), Reiner (1996)

based on personal observation, D’Oliveira (2010).

Remarks: The record of Sphyraena vulgaris by Tro-

schel (1866: 204) may be confusion with S. viridensis.

A photo in D’Oliveira (2010) shows this species.

Scombridae

Acanthocybium solandri (Cuvier in Cuvier & Valen-

ciennes, 1832)

References: Collette in Quéro et al. (1990: 978), Reiner

(1996) based on personal observation, Brito et al.

(1999), Monteiro (2008).

Auxis rochei (Risso, 1810)

References: Brito et al. (1999).

Auxis thazard (Lacepède [ex Commerson], 1800)

References: Reiner (1996) based on personal observation,

Monteiro (1998).

Euthynnus alletteratus (Rafinesque, 1810)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Cadenat &

Roux (1964), Collette in Quéro et al. (1990: 980-982),

Reiner (1996) based on personal observation, Mon-

teiro (2008).

Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Cautis et al.

(1973), Reiner (1996) based on personal observation,

Monteiro (1998).

Orcynopsis unicolor (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817)

References: Cadenat (1949), Reiner (1996).

Remarks: Collette & Nauen (1983) wrote “Not

known from . . . the Cape Verde Islands” and we do

not know a more recent record: mistaken records.

Sarda sarda (Bloch, 1793)

References: Collette in Quéro et al. (1990: 984-986),

Reiner (1996) based on personal observation, Brito

et al. (1999).

Scomber japonicus Houttuyn, 1782

References: Collette in Quéro et al. (1990: 986-988),

Reiner (1996).

Remarks: This is Scomber colias Gmelin, 1789; mis-

taken record.

Scomber colias Gmelin, 1789

References: Collette in Quéro et al. (1990: 986-988) as

Scomber japonicus.

Remarks: See remark for Scomber japonicus. We do,

however, consider this a doubtful record. Scomber

specimens in Cape Verde fish markets come frozen

from Senegal.

135

Scomberomorus tritor (Cuvier in Cuvier & Valencien-

nes, 1831)

References: Collette & Nauen (1983), Reiner (1996) based

on personal observation.

Thunnus alalunga (Bonnaterre [ex Cetti], 1788)

References: Collette & Nauen (1983), Reiner (1996) based

on personal observation.

Thunnus albacares (Bonnaterre [ex Sloane], 1788)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) as Neothunnus

albacores, Reiner (1996) based on personal observati-

on, Monteiro (1998).

Thunnus obesus (Lowe, 1839)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) as Parathunnus

obesus, Monteiro (1998, 2008).

Thunnus thynnus (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Cautis et al. (1973), Lloris et al. (1991),

Reiner (1996).

Remarks: Not listed for the CVI by Collette & Nauen

(1983); Cautis et al. (1973) and old fishery records of

this species are almost certainly mistaken records.

Stromateidae

Stromateus fiatola Linnaeus, 1758

References: Cautis et al. (1973), Reiner (1996).

Caproidae

Capros aper (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Brito et al. (1999).

Psettodidae

Psettodes belcheri Bennett, 1831

References: Reiner (1996).

Remarks: We can find no evidence for the pres-

ence of this species at the Cape Verde Islands; not

a valid record.

Citharidae

Citharus linguatula (Linnaeus 1758)

References: Cautis et al. (1973), Reiner (1996).

Paralichthyidae

Citharichthys stampflii (Steindachner, 1894)

References: Brito et al. (1999), Monteiro (2008).

Remarks: The photo allegedly of Arnoglossus sp. in

Monteiro (1998: 93) shows Citharichthys stampflii.

Syacium guineensis (Bleeker, 1862)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) and Brito et al.

(1999) as S. micrurum, Cadenat & Roux (1964) as

S. micrurum guineensis.

Remarks: Named Syacium micrurum (non Ranzani,

1842) by numerous authors, e. g. Aldebert et al. in

Quéro et al. (1990: 1035-1036), but this is a western

Atlantic species.

Bothidae

Arnoglossus thori Kyle, 1913

References: Aldebert et al. in Quéro et al. (1990: 1029-

1039).

Remarks: The photo of Arnoglossus sp. in Monteiro

(1998: 93) shows Citharichthys stampflii.

Bothus podas maderensis (Lowe, 1834)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) as Bothus podas

(non Delaroche, 1809); Aldebert et al. in Quéro et al.

(1990: 1031-1032, as Bothus podas [non Delaroche,

1809]), Brito et al. (1999).

Bothus lunatus (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: D’Oliveira (2010).

Remarks: The photos in D’Oliveira (2010) show

Bothus podas; mistaken record.

Soleidae

Dicologlossa cuneata (Moreau [ex Pylaie], 1881)

References: Reiner (1996).

Remarks: We do not know any evidence for the

presence of this species at the Cape Verde Islands;

not a valid record.

Monochirus hispidus Rafinesque, 1814

References: Reiner (1996).

Remarks: We do not know any evidence for the

presence of this species at the Cape Verde Islands;

not a valid record.

Pegusa cadenati Chabanaud, 1954

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Desoutter in

Quéro et al. (1990: 1044), Brito et al. (2007).

Remarks: An endemic species; see remark for Pe-

gusa lascaris.

Pegusa lascaris (Risso, 1810)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) as Solea lascaris,

Brito et al. (1999).

Remarks: A photo by RF taken at the Cape Verde

Islands and allegedly of this species can be found in

www.fishbase.org. However, we consider it likely

that all records of Pegusa lascaris from the Cape Verde

Islands actually refer to the endemic species Pegusa

cadenati Chabanaud; doubtful records.

Solea hexophthalma Bennett, 1831

References: Reiner (1996) as Dicologlossa hexophthalma.

Remarks: We do not know any evidence for the

presence of this species at the Cape Verde Islands;

not a valid record.

Solea solea (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Desoutter in Quéro et al. (1990: 1046, as Solea

vulgaris vulgaris).

Remarks: We consider this a doubtful record; it may

have been based on confusion between Cape Verde

(Senegal) and the Cape Verde Islands.

136

Synaptura lusitanica de Brito Capello, 1868

References: Reiner (1996).

Remarks: We do not know any evidence for the

presence of this species at the Cape Verde Islands;

not a valid record.

Cynoglossidae

Cynoglossus browni Chabanaud, 1949

References: Lloris et al. (1991), Reiner (1996).

Remarks: We do not know any evidence for this spe-

cies at the Cape Verde Islands; not a valid record.

Cynoglossus cadenati Chabanaud, 1947

References: Lloris et al. (1991), Reiner (1996).

Remarks: We do not know any evidence for this spe-

cies at the Cape Verde Islands; not a valid record.

Cynoglossus canariensis Steindachner, 1882

References: Lloris et al. (1991), Reiner (1996).

Remarks: We do not know any evidence for this spe-

cies at the Cape Verde Islands; mistaken record.

Symphurus insularis Munroe, Brito & Hernández, 2000

References: Munroe et al. (2000).

Balistidae

Balistes capriscus Gmelin, 1789

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) and Cadenat

& Roux (1964) as Balistes forcipatus, Menezes et al.

(2004).

Remarks: Called Balistes carolinensis in some previ-

ous publications on the Cape Verde Islands.

Balistes punctatus Gmelin, 1789

References: Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro in Quéro et al.

(1990: 1056-1057), Reiner (1996) based on personal

observation, Brito et al. (1999).

Balistes vetula Linnaeus, 1758

References: Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro in Quéro et al.

(1990: 1057-1058), Reiner (1996).

Remarks: A photo allegedly of this species in Mon-

teiro (1998) does in fact show Balistes capriscus. The

record in Reiner (1996) was based on personal obser-

vation of a specimen at the Cape Verde Islands.

Canthidermis maculata (Bloch, 1786)

References: Cadenat (1949), Franca & Vasconcelos (1962),

Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro in Quéro et al. (1990:

1058-1059), Reiner (1996) based on personal obser-

vation.

Canthidermis sufflamen (Mitchill, 1815)

References: Brito et al. (1999).

Melichthys niger (Bloch, 1786)

References: Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro in Quéro et al.

(1990: 1059-1060), Reiner (1996) based on personal

observation.

Rhinecanthus aculeatus (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Reiner (1996).

Remarks: The record in Reiner (1996) was based on

a photo of a dead specimen from São Tiago Island

from 1991. As this was not indicated in the book by

Reiner we here provide the first substantiated record

of the species for the Cape Verde Islands.

Monacanthidae

Aluterus heudelotii Hollard, 1855

References: Brito et al. (1999).

Aluterus scriptus (Osbeck, 1765)

References: Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro in Quéro et al.

(1990: 1063), Brito et al. (1999).

Aluterus schoepfii (Walbaum, 1792)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) as Aluterus

punctatus, Reiner (1996, 2005).

Remarks: The photo in Reiner (2005) shows Stepha-

nolepis hispidus; doubtful record.

Cantherhines macrocerus (Hollard, 1853)

References: Reiner & Martins (1995).

Cantherines pullus (Ranzani, 1842)

References: Wirtz et al. (2007).

Remarks: Mistaken record; no evidence for the

presence of this species at the Cape Verde Islands

was found by us.

Stephanolepis hispidus (Linnaeus [ex Seba], 1766)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) as Monacanthus

hispidus, Reiner (1996) based on personal observation,

González & Tariche (2009).

Tetraodontidae

Canthigaster capistrata (Lowe, 1839)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) as C. rostratus

(non Bloch, 1786), Brito et al. (1999) as C. rostrata (non

Bloch, 1786).

Canthigaster supramacula Moura & Castro, 2002

References: Reiner (2005).

Remarks: Reiner (2005) gives no evidence for the

presence of this species. A small film, availa-

ble in the internet (http://www.youtube.com/

watch?v=BxXSnsopEV4) and taken at Santiago

Island, clearly shows this species. This is the first

substantiated record of the species at the Cape

Verde Islands.

Ephippion guttifer (Bennett, 1831)

References: Reiner (1996).

Remarks: Lloris et al. (1991) refer to “Ephippion

guttiferum”. We can find no evidence for the pres-

ence of this species at the Cape Verde Islands; not

a valid record.

137

Lagocephalus lagocephalus (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Cautis et al. (1973), Menezes et al. (2004).

Lagocephalus laevigatus (Linnaeus [ex Garden], 1766)

References: Lloris et al. (1991), Reiner (1996).

Remarks: We can find no evidence for the pres-

ence of this species at the Cape Verde Islands; not

a valid record.

Sphoeroides marmoratus (Lowe, 1838)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) as Sphoeroides

spengleri (non Bloch, 1785), Brito et al. (1999).

Sphoeroides pachygaster (Müller & Troschel in Schom-

burgk, 1848)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962) as Liosaccus

cutaneus, Reiner (1996) based on personal observation,

Menesez et al. (2004).

Diodontidae

Chilomycterus antennatus (Cuvier, 1816)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Cautis et al.

(1973)

Remarks: Almost certainly a confusion with Chilo-

mycterus spinosus mauretanicus; mistaken record.

Chilomycterus reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Reiner (1996)

with colour photo, Brito et al. (1999).

Chilomycterus spinosus mauretanicus (Danois, 1954)

References: Reiner (1996) based on personal observation,

D’Oliveira (2010).

Remarks: A photo taken by PW at the Cape Verde

Islands can be found in www.fishbase.org.

Diodon holocanthus Linnaeus, 1758

References: Reiner (1996) based on personal observation,

Brito et al. (1999).

Diodon hystrix Linnaeus, 1758

References: Franca & Vasconcelos (1962), Reiner (1996)

based on personal observation, Brito et al. (1999).

Molidae

Masturus lanceolatus (Liénard, 1840)

References: Cautis et al. (1973), Reiner (1996).

Mola mola (Linnaeus, 1758)

References: Cautis et al. (1973), D’Oliveira (2010).

Ranzania laevis (Pennant, 1776)

References: Cautis et al. (1973).

Remarks: A photo taken at the Cape Verde Islands

is in the photo database of the Instituto Nacional de

Desenvolvimento das Pescas at Mindelo.

Discussion

We have recognized 77 previous records as identi-

fication errors or registration errors. An additional

35 records appear doubtful and need confirmation.

Including the 24 new records, we here list 315 coastal

fish species from the Cape Verde Islands.

234 coastal fish species are currently recorded

from São Tomé and Príncipe Islands but because

of the low sampling effort until now this number

is likely to be far too low; cryptic species like small

moray eels and coastal pelagic species are clearly

under-represented (Wirtz et al. 2007). 330 coastal

species are currently recorded from the Canary

Islands (Brito et al. 2002); 226 coastal species have

been recorded from Madeira Island (Wirtz et al.

2008) and two more have since been found (Wirtz

unpublished); Porteiro et al. (2010) list 170 coastal

fish species from the Azores and about 20 additional

species have been recorded since. The strikingly large

number of species at the Canary Islands is probably

due to the much larger coastline and the lower dis-

tance to the continent and a more heterogeneous

environment (Barton et al. 1998).

There are two monotypic endemic genera (Si-

miliparma and Virididentex) at the Cape Verde Islands

and 18 endemic species, giving a total of 20 endemic

species, i. e. 6.3 % of the currently recognized shore-

fish fauna. A particularly large degree of endemism

can be found in the blennioids – the Blenniidae plus

Labrisomidae – (four out of eight species) and gobiids

(three out of ten species). Endemic species are on av-

erage smaller than non-endemics, which corresponds

to the observation that large fish species are better

than small ones at crossing marine barriers (Luiz et

al. 2012). That the fish populations at the Cape Verde

islands are isolated from the African mainland is

also indicated by the observation that even such a

highly mobile species as skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus

pelamis) has only very little interchange with coastal

populations of Africa (Cayré et al. 1986). The Cape

Verde Islands have a much larger degree of coastal

fish endemism than comparable island groups in

the eastern Atlantic, such as the Azores (only one

endemic species), Madeira (no endemic species), and

the Canary Islands (no endemic species). Not only

the distance from the continent but also the different

ages of these islands, currents and nearby seamounts

(as potential stepping stones) as well as glaciation

effects probably explain these differences. The ab-

sence of endemic species in these islands and the fact

that numerous species at the Cape Verde Islands are

also present in the more northerly islands appears

to indicate a high connectivity between them. The

Canary Current may have helped to disperse spe-

cies with a more northerly origin (which are also

138

more common in the northern islands) towards the

Cape Verde Islands. Madeira and the westernmost

Canary Islands appear to have acted as a refugium

during glacial times (e. g. Miller 1984, Domingues et

al. 2006).

Floeter et al. (2008) compared the fish faunas of 24

places in the eastern and western Atlantic Ocean. In

the resulting similarity tree, the Cape Verde Islands

were close to the islands in the Gulf of Guinea and

not to the coast of Northwest-Africa. As stated in

the introduction, the cold upwellings at the coasts

of Northwest-Africa are the likely reason for this.

The Cape Verde Islands are sometimes included in

“Macaronesia”, a term originally used by botanists

for the Islands of Madeira, the Canaries, and the

Azores (cf. Fernández-Palacios et al. 2011). In their

marine fauna, Madeira, the Canaries, and the Azores

are also closely related (e. g. Brito et al. 2007, Floeter et

al. 2008) but the inclusion of the Cape Verde Islands

in a marine biogeographic unit “Macaronesia” is not

justified.

Are there differences in the fauna of the differ-

ent islands of the Cape Verde archipelago? A study

of the intertidal mussel Brachidontes puniceus which

has a long planctonic larval stage, showed no evi-

dence of genetic differenciation between the islands

(Cunha et al. 2011), whereas Conus species, which

have reduced dispersal abilities, show strong inter-

island differenciation with many species restricted

to only one island (Duda & Rolan 2004, Cunha et al.

2008). Medina et al. (2008) claim small but significant

differences in body shape between Cephalopholis

taeniops (Serranidae) of different islands; the cause

of these differences (genetic difference or phenotype

selection) is unknown.

Acknowledgements

The first author wishes to thank the diving bases at Sal

(Nuno Marques da Silva), Santiago (Emanuel D’Oliveira

and Georg Bachschmid), and São Vicente (António

Garcias) Islands for their kind help and the Centro de

Ciências do Mar for partly financing several trips to the

Cape Verde Islands. The data supplied by AB and JF

were mainly obtained during the Project “Macaronesia

2000” of the Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Santa Cruz

de Tenerife; many thanks to the director of the project,

Dr. Juan José Bacallado. Péricles Silva and Pedro López

provided information and photos for Megalops and

Sciaena. The following specialist helped with comments:

J. McCosker – Ophichthyidae, I. Harrison – Mugilidae,

W. Smith Vaniz – Carangidae, B. Seret – Torpedinidae.

References

Allen, G. R. 1985. Snappers of the world. FAO species

catalogue vol. 6. 208 pp., Rome.

Allué, C., Lloris, D., Rucabado, J. & Guerra, A. 1981. Fi-

chas de identificación de espécies del África Noroc-

cidental. Or. Scorpaeniformes, Fam. Scorpaenidae,

Fam Triglidae. Resultados expediciónes científicas

del buque océanográfico “Cornide de Saavedra”

9: 59-128.

Almada, F., Almada, V. C., Domingues, V., Brito, A. &

Serrao Santos, R. 2005. Molecular validation of the

specific status of Parablennius sanguinolentus and

Parablennius parvicornis (Pisces: Blenniidae). Scientia

Marina 69: 519-523.

Azevedo, J. M. N. 1999. Centrolabrus caeruleus sp. nov., a

long unrecognized species of marine fish (Teleostei:

Labridae) from the Azores. Bocagiana 196: 1-11.

Barton, E. D, Arístegui, J., Tett, P., Cantón, M., García-

Braun, J., Hernández-León, S., Nykjaer, L., Almeida,

C., Almunia. J., Ballesteros, S., Basterretxea, G.,

Escánez, J., García-Weill, L., Hernández-Guerra,

A., López-Laatzen, F., Molina R, Montero, M. F.,

Navarro-Pérez, E., Rodríguez, J. M., van Lenning,

K., Vélez, H. & Wild, K. 1998. The transition zone

of the Canary Current upwelling region. Progress

in Oceanography 41: 455-504.

Bath, H. 1990a. Taxonomie und Verbreitung von Para-

blennius Ribeiro 1915 an der W-Küste Afrikas und

den Kapverdischen Inseln mit Revalidation von

P. verryckeni (Poll 1959) und Beschreibung drei

neuer Arten (Pisces: Blenniidae). Senckenbergiana

Biologica 70: 15-69.

– – 1990b. Über eine neue Art der Gattung Scartella von

den Kapverdischen Inseln (Pisces: Blenniidae). Mit-

teilungen der Pollichia 77: 395-407.

Blache, J. 1967a. Sur la présence de Lycodontis polygonius

(Poey, 1870) (Pisces, Teleostei, Anguilliformi, Mura-

enidae) sur le côtes de l’Archipel du Cap Vert. Ar-

quivos do Museu Bocage, 2a Série 1 (16): 339-349.

– – 1967b. Contribution à la connaissance des poissons

anguilliformes de la côte occidentale d’Afrique.

Deuxième note. Le genre Muraena (Artedi) Linnè,

1758 (Muraenidae). Bulletin de l’Institut Fondamen-

tal d’Afrique Noire 29 (sér. A, no 1): 178-217.

– – 1967c. Contribution à la connaissance des poissons

anguilliformes de la côte occidentale d’Afrique.

Troisième note: Le genre Echidna Forster 1788 (Mu-

raenidae). Bulletin de l’Institut Fondamental d’Afri-

que Noire 29 (sér. A, no 2): 692-773.

– – 1967d. Contribution à la connaissance des poissons

anguilliformes de la côte occidentale d’Afrique.

Quatrième note. Le genre Lycodontis Mc Clelland

1845. Bulletin de l’Institut Fondamental d’Afrique

Noire 29 (sér. A, no 3): 1122-1187.

– – 1967e. Contribution à la connaissance des poissons

anguilliformes de la côte occidentale d

’Afrique.

Sixième note. Les genres Anarchias, Uropterygius et

Channomuraena (Muraenidae). Bulletin de l’Institut

Fondamental d’Afrique Noire 29 (sér. A, no 4):

1706-1731.

139

– – & Bauchot, M. L. 1972. Contribution à la connaissan-

ce des poissons anguilliformes de la côte occidentale

d’Afrique. 13e note: les genres Verma, Apterichthus,

Ichthyapus, Hemerorhinus, Caecula, Dalophis avec la

description de deux genres nouveaux (Fam. des

Ophichthidae). Bulletin de l’Institut Fondamental

d’Afrique Noire 34 (sér. A, no 3): 692-773.

– – & Cadenat, J. 1971. Contribution à la connaissance

des poissons anguilliformes de la côte occidentale

d’Afrique. Dixième note: les genres Myrichthys, Bas-

canichthys et Callechelys (Fam. des Ophichthidae).

Bulletin de l’Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire

33 (sér. A, no 1): 158-201.

– – , Cadenat, J. & Stauch, A. 1970. Clés de détermina-

tion des poissons de mer signalés dans l’Atlantique

oriental, entre le 20e parallèle nord et le 15e parallèle

sud. Faune Tropicale 18, 479 pp., Paris (ORSTOM).

– – & Saldanha, L. 1972. Contribution à la connaissance

des poissons anguilliformes de la côte occiden-

tale d’Afrique. 12e note: les genres Pisodonophis,

Ophichthus, Brachysomophis et Ophisurus (Fam. des

Ophichthidae). Bulletin de l’Institut Fondamental

d’Afrique Noire 34 (sér. A, no 1): 127-159.

Brito, A., Falcón, J. M. & Herrera, R. 2007. Características

zoogeográficas de la ictiofauna litoral de las islas de

Cabo Verde y comparación con los archipiélagos

macaronésicos. Revista de la Academia Canaria de

Ciencias 18: 93-109.

– – , Herrera, R., Falcón, J. M., García-Charton, J. A. G.,

Barquín, J. & Pérez-Ruzafa, A. 1999. Contribución

al conocimiento de la ictiofauna de las islas de Cabo

Verde. Revista de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias

11: 27-41.

– – & Miller, P. J. 2001. Gobiid fishes from the Cape

Verde Islands, including two new species of Gobius

(Teleostei: Gobioidei). Journal of Natural History 35:

253-277.

– – , Pascual, P., Falcón, J. M., Sancho, A. & González, G.

2002. Peces de las Islas Canarias. Catálogo comenta-

do e ilustrado. La Laguna (Francisco Lemus Editor).

Cadenat, J. 1935. Les Serranidés de la côte occidentale

d’Afrique (du Cap Spartel au Cap Vert). Revue

des Travaux de l’Office des Pêches Maritimes 8 (3):

377-422.

– – 1937. Recherches systématiques sur les poissons lit-

toraux de la côte occidentale d’Afrique, recoltés par

le navire Président Théodore-Tissier, au cours de sa

croisière (1936). Revue des Travaux de l’Office

des Pêches Maritimes 10 (4): 425-562.

– – 1949. Notes sur une petite collection de poissons

des Iles du Cap Vert. Bulletin de l’Institut Français

d’Afrique Noire 11: 332-339.

– – 1950. Poissons de mer de Senegal. Initiations Afri-

caines 3: 1-345.

– – 1951. Lista provisória dos peixes observados nas

ilhas de Cabo Verde, de 1 de Maio a 24 de Junho de

1950. Boletim do Propaganda e Informação 18: 24-27.

– – & Blache, J. 1981. Requins de Méditerranée et

d’Atlantique (plus particulièrement de la côte occi-

dentale d’Afrique). Faune Tropical 21, 330 pp., Paris

(Orstom).

– – & Roux, C. 1964. Résultats scientifiques des campa-

gnes de la Calypso: Iles du Cap-Vert. III. Poissons

téléostéens. Annales de l’Institut Océanographique,

Monaco 41: 81-102.

Cautis, I., Papadopol, N., Maxim, C. & Dumitrescu, V.

1973. Pesti de la coasta Africana a oc. Atlantic, vol.

1-3. 550 pp., Constanta, Romania (Institutul Roman

de Cercetari Marine).

Cayré, P., Diouf, T., Fonteneau, A. & Vieira, M. H. S.-R.

1986. Analyse des donées de marquages et recap-

tures de listao (Katsuwonus pelamis) réalisés par le

Sénégal et la République du Cap-Vert. Proceedings

of the ICCAT International Skipjack Year Program

1: 309-316.

Collette, B. & Nauen, C. 1983. Scombrids of the world.

FAO species catalogue, vol. 2. 137 pp., Rome (FAO).

Compagno, L.J.V. 1984a. Sharks of the world. FAO spe-

cies catalogue, vol. 4, part 1. 249 pp., Rome (FAO).

– – 1984b. Sharks of the world. FAO species catalogue,

vol. 4, part 2. 655 pp., Rome (FAO).

– – 2001. Sharks of the world. FAO species catalogue

for fishery purposes No. 1, vol. 2. 269 pp., Rome

(FAO).

Costagliola, D., Robertson, D. R., Guidetti, P., Stefan-

ni, S., Wirtz, P., Heiser, J. B. & Bernardi, G. 2004.

Evolution of the coral reef fish genus Thalassoma

(Labridae): 2. Evolution of the Eastern Atlantic spe-

cies. Marine Biology 144: 377-383.

Cunha, R. L, Lopes, E. P., Reis, D. M. & Castilho, R. 2011.

Genetic structure of Brachidontes puniceus popula-

tions in Cape Verde archipelago shows signature of

expansion during the last glacial maximum. Journal

of Molluscan Studies 77: 175-181.

– – , Tenorio, M. J., Afonso, C. L. M., Castilho, R. &

Zardoya, R. 2008. Replaying the tape: recurring

biogeographical patterns in Cape Verde Conus after

12 million years. Molecular Ecology 17: 885-901.

D’Oliveira, E. C. 2010. Espécies marinhas da Ilha de

Santiago. Tarrafal, 466 pp.

Domingues, V. S., Santos, R. S., Brito, A. & Almada, V. C.

2006. Historical population dynamics and demog-

raphy of the eastern Atlantic pomacentrid Chromis

limbata (Valenciennes, 1833). Molecular Phylogentic

and Evolution 40: 139-147.

Duda, T. F. & Rolan, E. 2004. Explosive radiation of Cape

Verde Conus, a marine species flock. Molecular Ecol-

ogy 14: 267-272.

Eschmeyer, W. N. & Fricke, R. (eds) 2012. Catalog of

fishes electronic version (12 January 2012). Internet

publication, San Francisco (California Academy

of Sciences). http://research.calacademy.org/re-

search/Ichthyology/Catalog/fishcatmain.asp

Edwards, A. 1986. A new damselfish, Chromis lubbocki

(Teleostei: Pomacentridae) from the Cape Verde

Archipelago, with notes on other Eastern Atlan-

tic pomacentrids. Zoologische Mededelingen 60:

181-207.

Fernádez-Palacios, J. M., de Nascimento, L., Otto, R.,

Delgado, J. D., García-del-Rey, E., Arévalo, J. R. &

Whittaker, J. R. 2011. A reconstruction of Palaeo-

Macaronesia, with particular reference to the long-

140

term biogeography of the Atlantic island laurel

forests. Journal of Biogeography 38: 226-246.

Floeter, S. R., Rocha, L. A., Robertson, D. R., Joyeux,

J. C., Smith-Vaniz, W., Wirtz, P., Edwards, A. J.,

Barreiros, J. P., Ferreira, C. E. L., Gasparini, J. L.,

Brito, A., Falcón, J. M., Bowen, B. W. & Bernardi, G.

2008. Atlantic reef fish biogeography and evolution.

Journal of Biogeography 35: 22-47.

Fowler, H. W. 1936. The marine fishes of West Africa,

based on the collection of the American Museum

Congo Expedition 1909-15. Bulletin of the American

Museum of Natural History 70: 1-1493.

Franca, M. L. P. & Vasconcelos, M. S. 1962. Peixes do

arquipélago de Cabo Verde. Notas Mimeografadas

do Centro de Biologia Piscatória 28: 1-85.

Fricke, R., Wirtz, P. & Brito, A. 2010. A new species of

the clingfish genus Apletodon (Teleostei: Gobiesoci-

dae) from the Cape Verde Islands, Eastern Central

Atlantic. Ichthyological Research 57: 91-97.

Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds) 2013. FishBase. World

Wide Web electronic publication. www.fishbase.

org. (Last accession: 25 February 2013).

González, J. A. & Tariche, O. (eds) 2009. Um olhar

sobre a bidiversidade marinha e bases para a sua

gestao sustentavel. Potentais recursos pesqueiros

de profundidade de Cabo Verde/Una mirada sobre

la biodiversidad marina y bases para su gestión

sostenible. Recursos pesqueros potentiales de pro-

fundidad de Cabo Verde. 176 pp., Las Palmas de

Gran Canaria. Available at: http://www.yumpu.

com/pt/document/view/135333/biodiversidade-

marinha-e-bases-para-a-sua-gestao-sustentavel

Guillemaud, T., Cancela, M. L., Afonso, P., Morato, T.,

Santos, R. S. & Wirtz. P. 2000. Molecular insights

into the taxonomic status of Coris atlantica (Pisces:

Labridae). Journal of the Marine Biological Associa-

tion of the United Kingdom 80: 929-933.

Harrison, I. J. 2003. Mugilidae. Pp. 1071-1085 in: Car-

penter, K. E. (ed.). The living marine resources of

the Western Central Atlantic. Volume 2: Bony fishes

part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO spe-

cies identification guide for fishery purposes and

American Society of Ichthyologist and Herpetolo-

gists Special Publication No. 5, Rome (FAO) (pp.

vii + 602-1373).

Heemstra, P. C. 1991. A taxonomic revision of the east-

ern Atlantic groupers (Pisces: Serranidae). Boletim

do Museu Municipal do Funchal 43: 5-71, pl. 1.

– – & Randall, J. E. 1993. Groupers of the world (Family

Serranidae, Subfamily Epinephelinae). FAO Fishe-

ries Synopsis No. 125, vol. 16. 382 pp., Rome (FAO).

Henriques, M., Lourenço, R., Almada, F., Calado, G.,

Gonçalves, D. & Guillemaud, T. 2002. A revision

of the status of Lepadogaster lepadogaster (Teleostei:

Gobiesocidae): sympatric subspecies or a long mis-

understood blend of species? Biological Journal of

the Linnean Society 76: 327-338.

Hensley, D. N. 1986. A new damselfish genus from

the Cape Verde Archipelago based on Glyphiodon

(Parma) hermani Steindachner, 1887 (Pisces: Poma-

centridae). Copeia 1986: 857-863.

John, H.-C. & Hanel, R. 2008. Larval development of

the Cape Verdean damselfish Chromis lubbocki, with

a note on Cape Verdean Chromis cyanea (Teleostei,

Pomacentridae). Cybium 32: 217-224.

Larson, H. K. & Buckle, D. J. 2012. A revision of the

goby genus Gnatholepis Bleeker (Teleostei, Gobiidae,

Gobionellinae), with description of a new species.

Zootaxa 3529: 1-69.

Lázaro C., Fernandes, M. J., Santos, A. M. P. &Oliveira

P. B. 2005. Seasonal and interannual variability of

surface circulation in the Cape Verde region from

8 years of merged T/P and ERS-2 altimeter data.

Remote Sensing Environment (FAO) 98: 45-62.

Levy, A., Wirtz, P., Floeter, S. R. & Almada, V. C. 2011.

The Lusitania province as a center of diversifica-

tion? The phylogeny of the genus Microlipophrys

(Pisces: Blenniidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and

Evolution 58: 409-413.

Lloris, D., Rucabado, J. & Figueroa, H. 1991. Biogeogra-

phy of the Macaronesian ichthyofauna. Boletim do

Museu Municipal do Funchal 43: 191-241.

Luiz, O. J., Madin, J. S., Robertson, D. R., Rocha, L. A.,

Wirtz, P. & Floeter, S. R. 2012. Ecological traits

influencing range expansion across large oceanic

dispersal barriers: insights from tropical Atlantic

reef fishes. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 279:

1033-

1040.

Maggio, T., Andaloro, F., Hemida, F. & Arculeo, M.

2005. A molecular analysis of some Eastern Atlan-

tic grouper from the Epinephelus and Mycteroperca

genus. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and

Ecology 321: 83-92.

Maigret, J. & Ly, B. 1986. Les poissons de mer de

Mauritanie. Centre National de Recherches Océa-

nographiques et de Pêches, Nouadhibou. 213 pp.,

Compiègne, France (Sciences Naturelles Publ.).

Marques, J. F., Teixeira, C. M., Pinheiro, A., Peschke, K.

& Cabral, H. N. 2009. A multivariate approach

to the feeding ecology of the Channel Flounder

Syacium micrurum (Pisces, Pleuronectiformes) in

Cape Verde, Eastern Atlantic. Ciencias Marinas

35: 15-27.

Marshall, A. D., Compagno. L. J. V. & Bennett, M. B.

2009. Redescription of the genus Manta with resur-

rection of Manta alfredi (Kreffts, 1868) (Chondrich-

thyes; Myliobatoidei; Mobulidae). Zootaxa 2301:

1-28.

Matallanas, J. & Brito, A. 1999. Description of Ophidion

saldanhai sp. nov. from the Cabo Verde Islands.

Journal of Fish Biology 55: 931-936.

Mather, F. J. III. 1971. Seriola carpenteri, a new species of

amberjack (Pisces: Carangidae) from tropical west-

ern Africa. Proceedings of the Biological Society of

Washington 84: 177-188.

McCosker, J. E. & Wirtz, P. 2008. Notes on Brachysom-

ophis atlanticus from the Cape Verde Archipelago.

Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences,

Series 4, 59: 715-717.

Medina, A., Brêthes, J.-C., Sévigny, J.-M. 2008. Habitat

fragmentation and body-shape variation of African

hind Cephalopholis taeniops (Valenciennes) in an

141

archipelago system (Cape Verde, eastern Atlantic

Ocean). Journal of Fish Biology 73: 902-925.

– – , Brêthes, J.-C., Sévigny, J.-M. & Zakardjian, B.

2007. How geographic distance and depth drive

ecological variability and isolation of demersal

fish communities in an archipelago system (Cape

Verde, eastern Atlantic Ocean). Marine Ecology 28:

404-417.

Menezes, G..M., Tariche, O., Pinho, M. R., Duarte, P. N.,

Fernandes, A. & Aboim, M. A. 2004. Annotated list

of fishes caught by the R/V ARQUIPÉLAGO off

the Cape Verde archipelago. Arquipélago, Life and

Marine Sciences 21A: 57-71.

Miller, P. J. 1984. The gobiid fishes of temperate Macaro-

nesia (eastern Atlantic). Journal of Zoology London

204: 363-412.

Monteiro, P., Ribeiro, D., Silva, J. A., Bispo, J., Goncalves,

J. M. S. 2008. Ichthyofauna assemblages from two

unexplored Atlantic seamounts: Northwest Bank

and Joao Valente Bank (Cape Verde archipelago).

Scientia Marina 72: 133-143.

Monteiro, V. M. S. 1998. Peixes de Cabo Verde com valor

comercial. 179 pp., Lisboa (M2-Artes Gráficas).

– – 2008. Peixes de Cabo Verde com valor comercial. 2a

edição, 183 pp., Cabo Verde (ENACOL).

Monzon-Argüello, C., Dell’Amico, F., Mornière, P.,

Marco, A., López-Jurado, L. F., Hays, G. C., Scott, R.,

Marsh, R. & Lee, P. L. M. 2012. Lost at sea: genetic,

oceanographic and metereological evidence for

storm-forced dispersal. Journal of the Royal Society

Interface 9: 1725-1732.

– – , López-Jurado, L. F., Rico, C., Marco, A., López,

P., Hays, G. C. & Lee, P. L. M. 2010. Evidence from

genetic and Lagrangian drifter data for transatlantic

transport of small juvenile green turtles. Journal of

Biogeography 37: 1752-1766.

Morri, C., Cattaneo-Vietti, R., Sartoni, G. & Bianchi,

C. N. 2000. Shallow epibenthic communities of Ilha

do Sal (Cape Verde Archipelago, eastern Atlantic).

Arquipélago, Life and Marine Sciences, Supplement

2 (Part A): 157-165.

Munroe, T. A., Brito, A. & Hernández, C. 2000. Symphu-

rus insularis: a new Eastern Atlantic dwarf tongue-

fish (Cynoglossidae: Pleuronectiformes). Copeia

2000 (2): 491-500.

Muss, A., Robertson, D. R., Stepien, C. A., Wirtz, P., &

Bowen, B. 2001. Phylogeography of Ophioblennius:

The role of ocean currents and geography in reef

fish evolution. Evolution 55: 561-572.

Nelson, J. S. 2006. Fishes of the world. 4

ed., Hoboken,

New Jersey (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.).

Osório, B. 1891. Estudos ichthyológicos acerca de fauna

dos domínios portugueses na Africa. 3ª nota. Peixes

marítimos das ilhas de S. Thomé, do Príncipe e ilhéo

das Rolas. Jornal de Ciências Matemáticas, Físicas e

Naturais, Lisboa 2 (2/6): 97-139.

– – 1909. Peixes colhidos nas visinhanças do archipélago

de Cabo Verde. Memórias do Museu Bocage 1: 51-77.

Porteiro, F. M., Menezes, G. M., Afonso, P., Monteiro, J.

G., Santos, R. S. 2010. Marine fish (Chondrichthyes,

Actinopterygii). Pp. 325-344 in: Borges, P. A. V.,

Costa, A., Cunha, R., Gabriel, R., Gonçalves, V.,

Martins, A. F., Melo, I., Parente, M., Raposeiro, P.,

Rodrigues, P., Santos, R. S., Silva, L., Vieira, P. &

Vieira, V. (eds). A list of the terrestrial and marine

biota from the Azores. Cascais (Principia).

Postel, E. 1950. Pêche sur les côtes d’Afrique occidentale.

II. Poissons de surface. 77 pp., Dakar (ORSTOM).

Quéro, J. C., Hureau, J. C., Karrer, C., Post, A. & Saldan-

ha, L. 1990. Check-list of the fishes of the eastern

tropical Atlantic. Lisbon (JNICT) and Paris (SEI

and UNESCO).

Randall, J. E. 1981. Scaridae. Pp. 1-10 in: Fischer, W. &

Bianchi, G. (eds). FAO species identification sheets

for fishery purposes – Eastern Central Atlantic, Vol-

ume III. Rome (Food and Agriculture Organization

of the United Nations).

Reiner, F. 1996. Catálogo dos Peixes do Arquipélago

de Cabo Verde. Publicacoes Avulsas do IPIMAR 2,

339 pp., Lisbon.

– – 2005. Peixes do Arquipélago de Cabo Verde. 337 pp.,

Mindelo (INDP).

– – & Martins, P. 1995. First record of Cantherines macro-

cerus (Pisces Monacanthidae) from Cape Verde

Archipelago, West Africa. Bocagiana 177: 1-4.

Rocha, L. A., Brito, A. & Robertson, D. R. 2012. Spari-

soma choati, a new species of parrotfish (Labridae:

Scarinae) from the tropical eastern Atlantic. Zootaxa

3152: 61-67.

Schliewen, U. K. 2011. Diversity and distribution of

marine, euryhaline and amphidromous gobies from

western, central and southern Africa. Pp. 207-234

in: Patzner, R., Van Tassell, J. L., Kovacib, M. & Ka-

poor, B. G. (eds). The biology of Gobies. Boca Raton,

Florida (Science Publishers CRC Press).

– – & Kovacib, M. 2008. Didogobius amicuscaridis spec.

nov. and D. wirtzi spec. nov., two new species of

symbiotic gobiid fish from Sao Tomé and Cape

Verde Islands. Spixiana 31: 247-261.

Terashima, H., Sato, M., Kawasaki, H. & Thiam, D.

2007. Quantitative biological assessment of a newly

installed artificial reef in Yenne, Senegal. Zoological

Studies 46: 69-82.

Thomson, J. M. 1997. The Mugilidae of the world. Mem-

oirs of the Queensland Museum 41 (3): 457-562.

Troschel, F. H. 1866. Ein Beitrag zur ichthyologischen

Fauna der Inseln des Grünen Vorgebirges. Archiv

für Naturgeschichte 32: 190-239, pl. 5.

Türkay, M. 1982. Marine Crustacea Decapoda von

den Kapverdischen Inseln mit Bemerkungen zur

Zoogeographie des Gebietes. Courier Forschungs-

Institut Senckenberg 52: 91-129.

Vakily, J. M., Camara, S. B., Mendy, A. N., Marques, V.,

Samb, B., Dos Santos, A. J., Sheriff, M. F., Ould

Taleb, S. M., Pauly, D. 2002. Poissons marins de la

sous-région nord-ouest africaine. EUR+20379+FR.

pdf, Bruxelles (Commission Européenne).

Vasil’eva, E. D. 2011. Importance of morphological traits

and coloration for diagnostics of species of the ge-

nus Mullus (Mullidae, Perciformes), assessment of

the taxonomic status of populations, and revision of

ranges. Journal of Ichthyology 51: 14-27.

142

Whitehead, P. J. P. 1985. FAO species catalog. Clupeoid

fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). Part 1

Chirocentridae, Clupeidae and Pristigasteridae.

FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the

United Nations) Fisheries Synopsis No. 125, vol. 7

(pt 1): i

x + 1-303.

– – , Bauchot, M.-L., Hureau, J.-C., Nielsen, J. G. &

Tortonese, E. (eds) 1986. Fishes of the North-eastern

Atlantic and the Mediterranean, vol. II. Pp. 517-

1007, Paris (UNESCO).

Wirtz, P. 2009. Thirteen new records of marine inver-

tebrates and fishes from the Cape Verde Islands.

Arquipélago, Life and Marine Sciences 26: 51-56.

– – 2011. Madeira – Kanaren – Azoren Fischführer.

154 pp., Hackenheim (ConchBooks).

– – 2012. Seven new records of fish from Ngor Island,

Senegal. Arquipélago, Life and Marine Sciences 29:

77-81.

– – & Bath, H. 1989. Lipophrys caboverdensis n. sp. from

the Cape Verde Islands (Pisces : Blenniidae). Sen-

ckenbergiana Biologica 69: 15-27.

– – , Ferreira, C. E. L., Floeter, S. R., Fricke, R., Gasparini,

J. L., Iwamoto, T., Rocha, L., Sampaio, C. L. S. &

Schliewen, U. K. 2007. Coastal fishes of São Tomé

and Príncipe islands, Gulf of Guinea (Eastern Atlan-

tic Ocean) – an update. Zootaxa 1523: 1-48.

– – , Fricke, R. & Biscoito, M. 2008. Coastal fishes of

Madeira Island – new records and an annotated

check-list. Zootaxa 1715: 1-26.

– – & Schliewen, U. K. 2012. A new species of Liopro-

poma Gill, 1862 (Teleostei, Perciformes, Serranidae)

from the Cape Verde Islands. Spixiana 35: 149-

154.

Zander, C. D. 2011. Zoogeographical and ecological

comparison of reef fishes of Tobago (Caribbean)

and Cape Verde (tropical eastern Atlantic). Bulletin

of Fish Biology 13: 77-82.

The annual subscription rate is 60.00 ˜, supplements are charged separately.

For members of the “Freunde der Zoologischen Staatssammlung München” a reduced rate of 25.50 ˜ applies.

Journal exchange requests are welcome.

Orders should be addressed to the

Library of the Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Münchhausenstraße 21, 81247 München

Author Guidelines

The journal considers manuscripts written in English, German, or French. Manuscripts should be submitted

electronically as e-mail attachment to one of the managing editors (arthropods: Melzer@zsm.mwn.de; other

invertebrates and vertebrates: Michael.Schroedl@zsm.mwn.de), or to spixiana@zsm.mwn.de.

The organisation of the manuscript should be as follows: Title, Author(s), Address(es), Abstract (max 300 words),

Text, Acknowledgments, Literature Cited, Appendix, Tables, Figure Captions, Figures. The text should be in Word

or RTF format with a minimum of character and paragraph formatting (e.g. italics exclusively for genus and species

names, and bold for headings). Identiﬁ cation keys should be formatted using tabulators. Avoid using blank spaces

for adjusting text. Capitalization should be avoided except for abbreviations of depositories. The editors reserve the

right to make minor textual changes that do not alter the author’s meaning. The name, postal address, and e-mail

of the corresponding author should be given on the ﬁ rst page. All papers must conform to the latest edition of the

International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. The original author and date of a taxon name should be cited at

least once (e.g. at ﬁ rst mention). If possible, representative material from contributions published in SPIXIANA

should be deposited in the Zoologische Staatssammlung.

Digital photographs and other half-tone images should have high quality and a resolution of at least 400 dpi at the

ﬁ nal image size. Line drawings should be scanned at a resolution of 1200 dpi as black and white (not greyscale)

images and saved as TIFF (not JPG). Illustrations should be supplied in digital format, TIFF or PSD for raster im-

ages, EPS or Adobe Illustrator™ (together with externally linked images) for vector graphics. Labels and scale bars

should be placed in separate layers (for PSD ﬁ les) or added with a vector graphics program. Line-art and halftones

must not be combined in a single grouped illustration. Printing of ﬁ gures in colour is available at author’s cost.

In-text citations should be in the form (Arratia et al. 1996, Glaw & Vences 2003, Meyer 2003). References should

be listed at the end of the paper using the following format:

Meyer, C. P. 2003. Molecular systematics of cowries (Gastropoda: Cypraeidae) and diversiﬁ cation patterns in the

tropics. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 79: 401-459.

Glaw, F. & Vences, M. 2003. Introduction to Amphibians. Pp. 883-898 in: Goodman, S. M. & Benstead, J. P. (eds).

The Natural History of Madagascar. Chicago and London (The University of Chicago Press).

Arratia, G., Schultze, H.-P. & Viohl, G. 1996. Mesozoic Fishes – Systematics and Paleoecology. 604 pp., München

(Pfeil).

Noyes, J. S. 2003. Universal Chalcidoidea Database. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.nhm.ac.uk/

entomology/chalcidoids/ [accessed 05-Sep-2003]

The journal is published on a non-proﬁ t basis, editors and reviewers do not receive any payment. Authors will

receive one copy of the issue with their article. Reprints are available at author’s cost and must be ordered when

proofs are returned.

1. 28 ˜ pro Band; 2. 29,90 ˜; 3. 19,95 ˜.

INHALT

CONTENTS

Seite

Ermilov, S. G., D. Sandmann, F. Marian & M. Maraun: Two new oribatid mite species of

the genus Gittella from Ecuador (Acari, Oribatida, Oppiidae) .......... 1-8

Ermilov, S. G. & W. Niedbała: Contribution to the knowledge of the oribatid mite fauna of

Bolivia, Zambia, Cambodia and Vietnam, with descriptions of two

new species (Acari, Oribatida) .......................................................... 9-19

Försterra, G., V. Häussermann, R. R. Melzer & A. Weis: A deep water pycnogonid close

to the beach: Colossendeis macerrima Hoek, 1881 spotted at 18 m

in the Chilean fjords (Chelicerata, Pycnogonida, Colossendeidae) . 20

Langegger-Weinbauer, C. & L. v. Salvini-Plawen: Anatomical redescription of two species

of Philinoglossidae (Gastropoda, Cephalaspidea) ............................ 21-41

Uribe, R. A., K. Nakamura, A. Indacochea, A. S. Pacheco, Y. Hooker & M. Schrödl: A review

on the diversity and distribution of opisthobranch gastropods from

Peru, with the addition of three new records (Gastropoda, Hetero-

branchia) ............................................................................................ 43-60

Ferrari, R. R., C. Schlindwein & A. Nemésio: Description of the female Euglossa perpulchra

Moure & Schlindwein, 2002 and an identification key to the females

of the Euglossa decorata Smith, 1874 species group (Hymenoptera,

Apidae, Euglossina) .......................................................................... 61-65

Horstmann, K.: Revisions of Nearctic Tersilochinae IV. Genus Phradis Förster (Hy-

menoptera, Ichneumonidae) ............................................................. 67-92

Płóciennik, M., P. Gadawski, D. Tempelman & H. W. Riss: First records from Poland of

Glyptotendipes ospeli Contreras-Lichtenberg & Kiknadze, 1999 and

G. signatus (Kieffer, 1909) (Diptera, Chironomidae) ......................... 93-96

Jäger-Zürn, I., M. Spies, C. T. Philbrick, C. P. Bove & A. Mora-Olivo: Plant galls (cecidia)

in the neotropical water plant family Podostemaceae induced by

larvae of Chironomidae (Diptera) ...................................................... 97-112

Wirtz, P., A. Brito, J. M. Falcón, R. Freitas, R. Fricke, V. Monteiro, F. Reiner & O. Tariche: The

coastal fishes of the Cape Verde Islands – new records and an

annotated check-list (Pisces) ............................................................ 113-142

Rakotoarison, A., J. Köhler, F. Glaw & M. Vences: The advertisement call of the relict frog

Tsingymantis antitra from Madagascar (Anura, Mantellidae) ........... 143-148

Darilmaz, M. C., Ü. I

ncekara & R. Vafaei: Contributions to the knowledge of Iranian

Aquatic Adephaga (Coleoptera) ........................................................ 149-152

Baehr, M.: New species of the genus Pentagonica Schmidt-Goebel, 1846 from

the Oriental Region. Supplement to “The genus Pentagonica

Schmidt-Goebel in the Oriental, Papuan, and Australian Regions”

(Coleoptera, Carabidae, Pentagonicini) ............................................ 153-159

Buchbesprechungen

......................................................................................................... 42, 66, 160

Erratum

........................................................................................................... 160

The Status of Marine Megafauna Research in Macaronesia: A Systematic Review

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2022

Marine megafauna serve valuable ecological and economical roles globally, yet, many species have experienced precipitous population declines. The significance of marine megafauna is particularly evident in Macaronesia, a complex of oceanic archipelagos in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean. Macaronesian islands provide important habitats for marine megafauna species, in turn supporting considerable regional economic activity (e.g., ecotourism and fisheries). Despite this, concerted efforts to manage marine megafauna throughout Macaronesia have been limited. This systematic review provides the first description of the trends in marine megafauna research in this unique insular ecosystem, to provide a better understanding of taxa-specific research needs and future directions for conservation. We identified and validated 408 peer-reviewed publications until 2021 following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) criteria. Literature was dominated by marine mammal research conducted in the northern archipelagos (Azores, Madeira, and Canary Islands) and marine turtle research conducted in Cabo Verde. Much less research focused on large-bodied fish, especially in Madeira and Canary Islands, leaving some of the most vulnerable species regionally data deficient. Research across scientific disciplines focused more on biological studies than management and policy, and anthropogenic impacts were quantified more frequently on mammals or turtles and less on fishes. By identifying gaps in our knowledge of megafauna in relation to threats faced by these organisms, we offer taxa-specific recommendations for future research direction. Although, overall our results indicate that determining population level connectivity should be a major research priority among many marine megafauna species as this information is vital to numerous management strategies, including marine protected areas. In this review, we present a basis of understanding of the current work in Macaronesia, highlighting critical data gaps that are urgently needed to guide the next steps towards establishing conservation priorities for marine megafauna in the region.

High-throughput sequencing reveals prey diversity overlap between sympatric Sulids in the tropical Atlantic

Article

Oct 2022

Seabirds breeding at tropical latitudes suffer an increased pressure to forage efficiently, because oligotrophic waters have less abundant and more patchily distributed prey. In related species living in sympatry, trophic or spatial niche partitioning may emerge as a strategy to mitigate increased competition. However, studies using molecular methodologies such as high-throughput sequencing (HTS) to test for these strategies are still scarce. In this study we used HTS to assess prey diversity partitioning on two sulid species living sympatrically in the tropical Raso Islet (Cabo Verde). Brown boobies (Sula leucogaster) breed in Raso Islet throughout the year while Red-footed boobies (Sula sula) occur during molt, from June to October. We compared Brown boobies diet prey diversity between the two periods (non-coexistence vs. coexistence with Red-footed booby), as well as between both sulids while in coexistence. Overall, the diets of all groups were clearly dominated by a small number of Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs), with a predominance of flying fish. The diet composition of Brown boobies was significantly different between the two time periods, most likely due to temporal differences in prey availability or possible competition with other seabird species. Brown boobies exploited a wider taxonomic range of prey, while Red-footed boobies used a subset of Brown boobies' prey diversity. Furthermore, we did not find intersexual differences in the diet composition of both species. Overall, we did not find evidence that prey diversity partitioning occurred, probably due to the parallel occurrence of spatial niche partitioning.

Evaluating loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) bycatch in the small-scale fisheries of Cabo Verde

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2022
REV FISH BIOL FISHER

The incidental or target capture of sea turtles by small–scale fisheries (SSF) has been receiving increasing attention in recent years due to its high impact. Here, we evaluated the impact of the SSF on sea turtles in Cabo Verde, which hosts the largest rookery of the endangered Eastern Atlantic loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) population. This is the most comprehensive study evaluating the impact of SSF on sea turtles in the Cabo Verde Archipelago involving more than 85% of boats and more than 20% of the fishermen registered in the archipelago. Between the years of 2011 and 2014, 763 artisanal fishermen were interviewed at all the main ports and fishing communities of seven islands. Artisanal fishermen reported a mean annual capture of 1.5 turtles per boat indicating that a minimum of 1675 sea turtles could be landed per year in this fishing sector alone, with 65% in Santiago Island (which host the country’s capital, Praia). Most captures (95.7%) occurred from May to September and coincided with the loggerhead turtle nesting season. These results suggest a severe impact of the SSF on adult loggerheads turtles in Cabo Verde as well as green (Chelonia mydas) and hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) juvenile turtles. To mitigate this impact, measures such as revising the current legislation for fisheries, the supervision and control of landings, especially in the most remote ports of the Archipelago, the regulation of the SSF during the nesting season around the main nesting areas, awareness–raising campaigns, sustainable activities, and alternative sources of income in fishing communities are recommended.

Diagnostic analysis of the Canary Current System of West Africa: the need for a paradigm shift to proactive natural resource management

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2021

Large exports of land-based contaminants to the ocean exacerbate the effects of climate change, pollute ocean waters, disrupt biogeochemical cycles, harm marine organisms, and consequently jeopardise food security and the livelihoods of ocean-dependent communities. The Canary Current Large Marine Ecosystem (CCLME) is characterised by a mix of the Atlantic Ocean basin waters, reverse flow from the Mediterranean Sea, and inland waters from adjacent countries. This biodiversity-rich ecosystem is a source of ecosystem goods and services that provide sustenance for populations in the coastal states of West Africa and beyond. However, with the ocean surface warming, ocean productivity and fisheries’ outputs have declined across multiple trophic levels. Therefore, in this diagnostic study based on a systematic literature review (publications from 2009 to 2020), we (a) provide an integrative assessment of the CCLME with the exception of Morocco, in the context of the modular large marine ecosystem framework using the categories ‘environmental’ (productivity, fish and fisheries, pollution, and ecosystem health) and ‘non-environmental’ (socioeconomic and governance), and (b) identify knowledge gaps and data scarce regions. The key drivers of change in the CCLME were identified as fishing pressure, land-based pollution, coastal habitat loss, and climate change. Productivity, land-based pollution, and ecosystem health were priority areas for data collection in the CCLME, with data deficiencies particularly apparent in The Gambia and Guinea. Therefore, to mitigate further degradation and accelerate progress toward sustainable management of the CCLME, research should be conducted in these priority areas of data deficiency. Furthermore, as most drivers of change in this ecosystem are related to weak management and a lack of regulatory enforcement, we recommend effective implementation, monitoring, and enforcement of existing national and transboundary regulations, as well as ecosystem-based human-centred management approaches, as proactive strategies for decoupling anthropogenic disturbances from climate change and optimising the productivity of the CCLME.

An Integrative Assessment Combining Deep-Sea Net Sampling, in situ Observations and Environmental DNA Analysis Identifies Cabo Verde as a Cephalopod Biodiversity Hotspot in the Atlantic Ocean

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2021

The deep sea is among the largest, most biologically diverse, yet least-explored ecosystems on Earth. Baseline information on deep-sea biodiversity is crucial for understanding ecosystem functioning and for detecting community changes. Here, we established a baseline of cephalopod community composition and distribution off Cabo Verde, an archipelago in the eastern tropical Atlantic. This baseline served to test the hypothesis that Cabo Verde is biogeographically separated from other Macaronesian archipelagos and allowed the identification of cephalopod species which may play a role in the Macaronesian carbon cycle and oceanic food web. To investigate cephalopod community composition, this study used 746 individual cephalopods obtained by nets (0–1000 m) and 52 cephalopod encounters during video surveys with either towed camera (0–2500 m) or manned submersible (0–375 m). Additionally, environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding on 105 seawater samples (50–2500 m), using an 18S rRNA universal cephalopod primer pair, and a species-specific primer pair for Taningia danae resulted in the detection of 32 cephalopod taxa. When combined, the three methods detected a total of 87 taxa, including 47 distinct species. Each method contributed between 7 and 54% of taxa that were not detected by the other methods, indicating that multiple methodological approaches are needed for optimal deep-sea cephalopod biodiversity assessments. This study documents the occurrences of six species and three genera for the first time in waters surrounding Cabo Verde. Video surveys and eDNA analysis detected Taningia danae recurrently (100–2500 m). eDNA metabarcoding proved to be a powerful tool for cephalopod biodiversity monitoring and complementary to traditional sampling methods. When also including literature records, Cabo Verde hosts at least 102 cephalopod taxa including 30 families and 64 benthic and pelagic species. The total number and species composition of Cabo Verde cephalopods is similar to the Canary Islands and Azores, two known cephalopod biodiversity hotspots, but the Cabo Verde octopus fauna seems to differ. Due to a range of life history characteristics, we hypothesize that the squids Taningia danae (Octopoteuthidae) and Sthenoteuthis pteropus (Ommastrephidae) are important in the carbon cycle of Macaronesia. As a cephalopod biodiversity hotspot Cabo Verde could function as a model region to investigate cephalopod biology and ecology in a rapidly changing Atlantic Ocean.

Big data: coleções biológicas, museus e a biogeografia marinha da Macaronésia

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2022

CIBIO-Açores/ InBIO/ BIOPOLIS Para quem, como os autores deste texto, trabalha em ilhas oceânicas e tenta decifrar os processos e padrões evolutivos que aqui decorrem atualmente, bem como os que decor-reram ao longo do tempo geológico, assume particular relevo o conhecimento que é ne-cessário ter acerca da ontogenia de cada ilha, ou seja, da história evolutiva de cada uma das ilhas estudadas, bem como da história de cada uma das espécies que, ao longo dos milhões de anos de tempo útil de uma ilha, foi capaz de lá chegar, aí viver e, pelo menos algumas, evoluir, originando espécies endémicas 1. A grande maioria das ilhas oceânicas passa por vários estados ontogenéticos, com uma história evolutiva que se pode resumir da seguinte forma: 1) fase de monte submarino; 2) fase de ilha emergente; 3) fase de construção de edifícios vulcânicos; 4) fase erosiva; 5) fase de atol (dependente da ocor-rência de corais); 6) fase de guyot 2. Nas fases 1 a 3 predomina a construção da ilha, com altas taxas de emissão de produtos vulcânicos, ao passo que a partir do final da fase 3 predominam os processos erosivos que atuam a par dos usuais processos de subsidên-cia do(s) edifício(s) vulcânico(s), fazendo com que, progressivamente, a ilha se transfor-me num monte submarino de topo aplanado, conhecido pelo nome de guyot. Esta descrição é importante pois o impacto, sobre os seres vivos, da história evolutiva de uma ilha oceânica vulcânica é diferente, consoante trabalhemos com organismos mari-nhos ou com organismos terrestres. É fácil de entender que os organismos marinhos po-dem colonizar uma proto-ilha quando esta ainda está na fase de monte submarino, ao pas-so que, somente quando há área emersa, é que há substrato disponível para ser colonizado por organismos terrestres. Por outro lado, quando uma antiga ilha é arrasada por agentes erosivos e passa à fase de monte submarino, os organismos terrestres são extirpados, por vezes milhares de anos antes do desaparecimento dos organismos marinhos litorais, os quais só desaparecem quando, no processo de subsidência, os picos mais elevados do monte submarino descem abaixo de cerca de 50 metros 3. Para além do conhecimento geológico detalhado que é proporcionado pelas dife-rentes histórias evolutivas das ilhas, ilhéus e montes submarinos que formam um de-terminado arquipélago, é importante para os biólogos marinhos darem resposta às seguintes questões: 1) De onde vieram os colonizadores iniciais que povoaram a pri-meira ilha/monte submarino desse arquipélago? 2) Quando atingiram essa primeira ilha pela primeira vez? 3) O que lhes sucedeu ao longo do tempo evolutivo? Todas es-tas questões estão atualmente enquadradas por um ramo fascinante da Biologia que CITAÇÃO Ávila, S. et al.(2022) Big data, Rev. Ciência Elem., V10(04):051.

The Fishes of the Gulf of Guinea Oceanic Islands

Chapter

Full-text available

Oct 2022

This chapter reviews the current knowledge of the marine (including deep-sea species) and freshwater fishes of the Gulf of Guinea oceanic islands. Some biogeographic and conservation considerations are also presented. A total of 1045 species are likely present in the region, including 107 Elasmobranchii (37 con- firmed, 65 potential, and 5 erroneous), one confirmed Holocephali, and 937 Actinopteri species (515 confirmed, 385 potential, 32 erroneous, and 5 ques- tionable). Most of the coastal species are shared with the surrounding African continental shelf, while several species are amphi-Atlantic (present in both sides of the Atlantic Ocean), and some species have sister-species in the western Atlantic. A total of 15 species are endemic to the region, and 2 are introduced. Further studies are still needed to better understand the ichthyofauna of the Gulf of Guinea oceanic islands and help policymakers better define conservation and protection plans.

The Fishes of the Gulf of Guinea Oceanic Islands

Chapter

Full-text available

Oct 2022

This chapter reviews the current knowledge of the marine (including deep-sea species) and freshwater fishes of the Gulf of Guinea oceanic islands. Some biogeographic and conservation considerations are also presented. A total of 1045 species are likely present in the region, including 107 Elasmobranchii (37 confirmed , 65 potential, and 5 erroneous), one confirmed Holocephali, and 937 Actinopteri species (515 confirmed, 385 potential, 32 erroneous, and 5 questionable). Most of the coastal species are shared with the surrounding African continental shelf, while several species are amphi-Atlantic (present in both sides of the Atlantic Ocean), and some species have sister-species in the western Atlantic. A total of 15 species are endemic to the region, and 2 are introduced. Further studies are still needed to better understand the ichthyofauna of the Gulf of Guinea oceanic islands and help policymakers better define conservation and protection plans. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at [https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06153-0

Aetomylaeus bovinus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021

Technical Report

Full-text available

Mar 2022

Synopsis of global fresh and brackish water occurrences of the bull shark Carcharhinus leucas Valenciennes, 1839 (Pisces: Carcharhinidae), with comments on distribution and habitat use

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2021

Peter Gausmann

The bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas Valenciennes, 1839) is a large, primarily coastally distributed shark famous for its ability to penetrate far into freshwater bodies in tropical, subtropical, and warm-temperate climates. It is a cosmopolitan species with a geographical range that includes the coastlines of all major ocean basins (Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean). As a consequence, freshwater occurrences of C. leucas are possible everywhere inside its geographic range. Carcharhinus leucas is a fully euryhaline, amphidromous species and possibly the widest-ranging of all freshwater tolerating elasmobranchs. This species is found not only in river systems with sea access that are not interrupted by human impediments but in hypersaline lakes as well. Rivers and estuaries are believed to be important nursery grounds for C. leucas, as suggested by observations of pregnant females in estuaries and neonates with umbilical scars in rivers and river mouths. Due to the physical capability of this species to enter riverine systems, the documentation of its occurrence in fresh and brackish water is essential for future conservation plans, fishery inspections, and scientific studies that focus on the link between low salinity habitats, shark nurseries, and feeding areas. The author’s review of the available literature on C. leucas revealed the absence of a comprehensive overview of fresh and brackish water localities (rivers and associated lakes, estuaries) with C. leucas records. The purpose of this literature review is to provide a global list of rivers, river systems, lakes, estuaries, and lagoons with records and reports of this species, including a link to the used references as a base for regional, national, and international conservation strategies. Therefore, the objective of this work is to present lists of fresh and brackish water habitats with records of C. leucas as the result of an extensive literature review and analysis of databases. This survey also took into account estuaries and lagoons, regarding their function as important nursery grounds for C. leucas. The analysis of references included is not only from the scientific literature, but also includes semi-scientific references and the common press if reliable. The result of 415 global fresh and brackish water localities with evidence of C. leucas highlights the importance of these habitats for the reproduction of this species. Moreover, gaps in available distribution maps are critically discussed as well as interpretations and conclusions made regarding possible reasons for the distribution range of C. leucas, which can be interpreted as the result of geographic circumstances, but also as a result of the current state of knowledge about the distribution of this species. The results of the examination of available references were used to build a reliable and updated distribution map for C. leucas, which is also presented here.

Didogobius amicuscaridis spec. nov and D. wirtzi spec. nov., two new species of symbiotic gobiid fish from Sao Tome and Cape Verde islands (Perciformes, Gobiidae)

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2008

Two new tropical eastern Atlantic gobies are described, which are obligatorily living in burrows of the axiid shrimp Axiopsis serratifrons. Both new species are placed in Didogobius, which is re-diagnosed. Didogobius amicuscaridis spec. nov. from São Tomé islands and D. wirtzi spec. nov. from the Cape Verde Islands, are similar to each other in overall appearance, but differ by a suite of morphometric characters, meristics and coloration. A comparison of key characters for all known species of the apparently closely related genera Didogobius, Gammogobius and Chromogobius is provided. Definitions for all used 41 morphometric distances including several new ones are represented to serve as a reference for gobioid morphometrics.

A deep water pycnogonid close to the beach: Colossendeis macerrima Hoek, 1881 spotted at 18 m in the Chilean fjords: (Chelicerata, Pycnogonida, Colossendeidae)

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2013

A revision of the goby genus Gnatholepis Bleeker (Teleostei, Gobiidae, Gobionellinae), with description of a new species

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2012
ZOOTAXA

Species of the tropical gobiid genus Gnatholepis have been misidentified and confused for many years. A gobionelline, Gnatholepis is the only strictly marine genus of that subfamily. Gnatholepis was reviewed from a morphological viewpoint, as recent publications distinguishing species (morphologically and genetically) have not always been in agreement. The genus is considered to include nine described species, with two distinctive sister-taxa (G. argus and G. gymnocara) and seven less easily distinguished taxa: one species-group formed by G. anjerensis, G. knighti, G. ophthalmotaenia andG. yoshinoi and another species-group of G. cauerensis, G. pascuensis and G. thompsoni. Of these, the G. cauerensis species-group is the most complex, with several subspecies-names available. There is also a distinctive taxon from the Red Sea that represents a new species, described herein.

Quantitative biological assessment of a newly installed artificial reef in Yenne, Senegal

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2007
ZOOL STUD

An artificial reef project was initiated in the coastal area of Yenne Village on the central coast of Senegal in June 2004 in response to a strong demand for coastal fisheries management and resource conservation in Senegal. The artificial reef consisted of 400 gabions and 75 concrete cubes installed in a 570 m2 area. We used a modified point-stationary census method with video analysis to quantify fish abundance over a summer and winter season. The results showed a strong tendency for fish aggregation around the artificial reef, while fish aggregation was negligible at the control site. Estimated fish biomass at the artificial reef increased from 0 to 1.7 tn only 1 mo after construction of the artificial reef. The biomass then decreased to around 300 kg in winter. The total fish biomass significantly differed over time (H = 11.674, p < 0.05). At the control site, the biomass was very low in July 2004 (0.8 ± 0.3 kg), and this trend was maintained throughout the study period. This is the 1st study to quantify fish abundances on an artificial reef in the West African region. Such information is important for assessing the effectiveness of artificial reefs in enhancing marine resources in habitat-limited coastal areas. http://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Joumals/46.1/69. pdf.

Contribución al conocimiento de la ictiofauna de las islas de Cabo Verde

Article

Full-text available