Strategic Management: Awareness and Change (8th Edition)
Abstract
https://www.cengage.co.uk/books/9781473726338/
Strategic Management: Awareness and Change provides a comprehensive introduction to modern strategy and is essential reading for those who will become future managers as well as managers in practice. Following the ‘analysis, choice, implementation’ model the book moves from examining the strategy process as a whole, through the three approaches to strategy, strategy formulation and growth and retrenchment issues, finally concluding with an exploration of strategy implementation.
... Employee resistance to change is common to those people who feel that they will not be able to cope (Martin, 2005). Fear of failure is one of the reasons why employees resist change in the workplace. ...
... Lewin was one of the first theorists to deepen the understanding of action research as well as the understanding of groups, experimental learning, and changes. Kurt Lewin (1951) as cited in Martin (2005) developed a change model known as the force field analysis model which states that any situation exists as the result of a balance between the forces acting upon it. His force field analysis and three stage theory of change is a basis for many similar three step change management models today. ...
... If this is not done the balance will not be fixed and it will go back to its previous state. Refreezing implies that changes made become the new norms for that particular situation (Martin, 2005). When the change agents monitor the change in systems and structures, and they are satisfied they then refreeze the new change. ...
Change has become important and unavoidable in today's business environment. Today's dynamic business environment requires organizations to change their systems and structures for survival continuously and to remain competitive. However, many change initiatives face big challenges and have a low success rate. The focus of the study was to identify the factors and reasons for employee resistance to change at Bindura Nickel Corporation (BNC). The research is a descriptive case study, and a sample of 20 respondents from Bindura Nickel Corporation was used. Non-probability sampling technique was applied using purposeful sampling. A qualitative research approach was employed, and face-to-face interviews and semi-structured interviews were employed to collect the data. The study findings showed many numbers of factors attributed to for employee resistance to change. The study results indicated that employee resistance emanated mainly from fear of job loss/security, lack of communication, lack of rewards, concerns about lack of skills and capabilities and fear of moving from their current position to a new position and new systems. It is recommended that management should communicate the change to the employees and get their perspective before implementing the change.
... Technology is the process of transforming scientific discoveries into realities. According to Kotler and Armstrong (2005) every new technology replaces an older technology and that technological environment is highly dynamic as new technologist render old ones obsolete, while it also creates new markets and opportunities Also, Thompson and Martin (2015) argued that technology in one respect is part of the organisation and it is used for the creation of competitive advantage. Technological breakthroughs can create new industries which might prove a threat to existing organisations whose products or services might be rendered redundant, and those organisations which might be affected in this way should be alerted to the possibility. ...
... Technological breakthroughs can create new industries which might prove a threat to existing organisations whose products or services might be rendered redundant, and those organisations which might be affected in this way should be alerted to the possibility. Equally, new technology could provide a useful input, perhaps in both manufacturing and service industries, but in turns its purchase will require funding and possibly employee training before it can be used (Thompson & Martin, 2015). ...
Organizations the world over, be it private or public are largely environment-dependent and environment-serving because they do not exist in a vacuum. They depend on their environment for plethora of issues ranging from input resources such as information, ideas, raw materials, finance and labour as well as the consumption of finished goods or services by the environment. Within the framework of systems theory, this study examined the effect of technological environment on service delivery in Anambra State Housing Development Corporation, Awka, SouthEast Nigeria. This study was guided by two research questions and hypotheses. The study adopted the survey research design. The study relied on primary and secondary data. The data collected were presented in frequency tables and simple percentage. Multiple Regression Analysis statistical tools were used with the aid of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) in testing the research hypotheses. Findings of the study show that technological innovations have significant effect on the profit margin of Anambra State Housing Development Corporation. Also, the automation of services has significant effect on the sales growth of Anambra State Housing Development Corporation. Given the pivotal role that technology plays in the 21st century, Anambra State Housing Development Corporation should strive to be proactive in adapting and implementing innovations and advancement in technology. Government at all levels should address the crisis of epileptic electricity power supply in the country because automation of services cannot succeed without steady power supply.
... Technology is the process of transforming scientific discoveries into realities. According to Kotler and Armstrong (2005) every new technology replaces an older technology and that technological environment is highly dynamic as new technologist render old ones obsolete, while it also creates new markets and opportunities Also, Thompson and Martin (2015) argued that technology in one respect is part of the organisation and it is used for the creation of competitive advantage. Technological breakthroughs can create new industries which might prove a threat to existing organisations whose products or services might be rendered redundant, and those organisations which might be affected in this way should be alerted to the possibility. ...
... Technological breakthroughs can create new industries which might prove a threat to existing organisations whose products or services might be rendered redundant, and those organisations which might be affected in this way should be alerted to the possibility. Equally, new technology could provide a useful input, perhaps in both manufacturing and service industries, but in turns its purchase will require funding and possibly employee training before it can be used (Thompson & Martin, 2015). ...
Organizations the world over, be it private or public are largely environment-dependent and environment-serving because they do not exist in a vacuum. They depend on their environment for plethora of issues ranging from input resources such as information, ideas, raw materials, finance and labour as well as the consumption of finished goods or services by the environment. Within the framework of systems theory, this study examined the effect of technological environment on service delivery in Anambra State Housing Development Corporation, Awka, SouthEast Nigeria. This study was guided by two research questions and hypotheses. The study adopted the survey research design. The study relied on primary and secondary data. The data collected were presented in frequency tables and simple percentage. Multiple Regression Analysis statistical tools were used with the aid of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) in testing the research hypotheses. Findings of the study show that technological innovations have significant effect on the profit margin of Anambra State Housing Development Corporation. Also, the automation of services has significant effect on the sales growth of Anambra State Housing Development Corporation. Given the pivotal role that technology plays in the 21st century, Anambra State Housing Development Corporation should strive to be proactive in adapting and implementing innovations and advancement in technology. Government at all levels should address the crisis of epileptic electricity power supply in the country because automation of services cannot succeed without steady power supply.
... Yếu tố TH được thiết lập xuyên suốt trong các tầng bậc quản trị hoạt động của nhà trường: định hướng thị trường người học tiềm năng, quản lí các hoạt động GD-ĐT, quản trị tầm nhìn và triết lí giáo dục của nhà trường. Từ việc phân tích kết quả của nghiên cứu, kết hợp trên sơ đồ quản lí chiến lược 4 giai đoạn (phân tích chiến lược, xây dựng chiến lược, thực hiện và giám sát) của Rothaermel (2012), David (2009), Thompson & Martin (2010), chúng tôi đề xuất mô hình QTTH gồm: Xác định và thiết lập giá trị, định vị TH trường, Thiết kế và triển khai các chương trình tiếp thị TH trường, Đo lường và giải thích hiệu suất TH trường, Tăng trưởng và duy trì giá trị TH trường (Hoang Thi Minh Hue et al., 2022). Kết quả này đã được công bố tại Kỉ yếu Hội thảo quốc tế "The 3 rd International Conference on science, technology and society studies -STS2022" do HUTECH University tổ chức ngày 22/07/2022. ...
Increasing competition increases the need for universities to understand, influence, and manage a clear brand position. Universities face distinct challenges related to university brand architecture, internal challenges, and different stakeholder needs (Rauschnabel et al., 2016), which requires a clear brand management process in private universities. The research team selected a qualitative method, with face-to-face and online interviews conducted (from February to June 2022) to confirm the identified results of the previous research period. . Initially, in-depth interviews with experts and leaders of private universities in Hanoi. Then expand to managers and lecturers holding the position of head of industry. Basically, the research results of this phase show the process and decisions for brand management activities in a university: (1) Identifying and establishing brand value and positioning; (2) Planning and implementing university brand marketing programs; (3) Improving competitiveness; (4) Brand policy; (5) Connect and build brand values; (6) Guide, monitor and evaluate brand management decisions. However, case studies are needed, especially as brand approaches tested do not emphasize consistency and accuracy in identity definition. Only then, new studies can begin to provide insight into the usefulness of university brand management in the most general, unambiguous sense.
... While traditional cost management focuses on using unit based drivers, allocation-intensive, narrow and rigid product costing, managing costs, little activity information, maximization of individual unit performance, using financial measures of performance, internal orientation and short-term perspective, strategic cost management, on the other hand, focuses on using unit and non-unit-based drivers tracing-intensive, broad product costing, managing activities, detailed activity information, system-wide performance maximization, using of both financial and nonfinancial measures of performance, both internal and external orientation and long term . Thompson, J, (1993). ...
هــدفت الدراســة لتحديد العلاقــة بين إدارة التكلفة الاستراتيجية وترشيد القرارات الاستراتيجية لشركات إنتاج الأغذية السودانية . حيث تمثلت مشكلة الدراسة في السؤال التالي: هل هناك علاقة بين إدارة التكلفة الاستراتيجية وترشيد القرارات الاستراتيجية ؟ اختبرت الدراسة فرضية: هناك علاقة ذات دلالة إحصائية بين إدارة التكلفة الاستراتيجية وترشيد القرارات الاستراتيجية، وتم جمع البيانات من المبحوثين عن طريق أداة الاستبيان ومن ثم معالجتها إحصائياً بواسطة الحزمة الإحصائية للعلوم الاجتماعية (SPSS). توصلت الدراسة إلى عدة نتائج منها : وجودعلاقة ذات دلالة إحصائية بين إدارة التكلفة الاستراتيجية وترشيد القرارات الاستراتيجية.أهم توصيات الدراسة :إشراك جميع المحاسبين يساعد في إدارة التكلفة , إستخدام التكلفة الاستراتيجة يساهم في جذب المزيد من العملاء على المدى الطويل, كذلك الوصول لمركز تنافسي أفضل في المدى الطويل،أن تقدم برامج تدريبية وتطويرية مستمرة لكافة الموظفين.
... PEST (Political, Economic, Social and Technological), analysis is a precondition analysis with the mains function of the identification of the environment within which the company or project operates and providing data and information that will enable the organization predictions of new situations and circumstances [6,7]. ...
Recently, neutrosophic cognitive maps and its application in decision making have become a topic of great importance for researchers and practitioners alike. In this paper, a new model PEST analysis is presented based on neutrosophic cognitive maps static analysis. The proposed framework is composed of five activities, identifying PEST factors and sub-factors, modelling interrelation among PEST factors, calculate centrality measures, factor classification , and factors ranking. A case study developed in environment analysis for a vertical farming project was presented, ranking factor based in interrelation and incorporating indeterminacy in the analysis. Further works will concentrate extending the model for incorporating scenario analysis.
... La formulación de un plan estratégico sólido es fundamental para establecer la orientación a largo plazo de una entidad. Según Thompson et al. (2014), un plan estratégico adecuadamente estructurado sirve como un marco que define los objetivos, metas y tácticas esenciales para lograr el éxito organizacional. Este documento constituye el punto de partida para la creación del Cuadro de Mando Integral (BSC), el cual, de acuerdo con Kaplan y Norton (1996), representa un sistema de gestión estratégica que trasciende las métricas financieras convencionales. ...
La importancia del éxito en la gestión municipal radica en el impacto directo que tiene en la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos al asegurar no solo la prestación adecuada de servicios esenciales, sino que también contribuir al desarrollo integral y sostenible de la región, generando un ambiente propicio para la inversión, la participación ciudadana activa y el bienestar general. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar el rendimiento de la gestión pública de la Municipalidad Provincial de Tayacaja en Huancavelica (Perú), mediante la aplicación del sistema de dirección por objetivos, fundamentado en el Balanced Scorecard (BSC). El proceso incluyó la recolección de información mediante encuestas. La aplicación del modelo ha demostrado ser consistente para asegurar el cumplimiento de objetivos estratégicos, generando aprobación ciudadana hacia la gestión municipal. La asignación de roles y responsabilidades a cada trabajador, independientemente de su cargo, impulsa la efectividad organizacional. Se concluye que la implementación del sistema de gestión por objetivos basado en el BSC tiene un impacto favorable en el rendimiento de la gestión pública de la Municipalidad Provincial de Tayacaja, lo anterior subraya la importancia significativa de la investigación realizada, que no solo respalda la eficacia del enfoque estratégico adoptado, sino que también proporciona valiosas perspectivas para orientar futuras estrategias de gestión y políticas públicas.
... For analysis of the attractiveness of strategic business area it is proposed to use the SHELL/DPM model , developed by Shell and having received the name Directional policy matrix (DPM) [1]. The idea behind the Shell / DPM model was borrowed from the BCG model (BCG Matrix, Boston Consulting group's Growth Market Share Matrix), but there is a number of advantages over the widely popular models of BCG and GE/McKinsey, which make this model more applicable in determining corporate attractiveness, and therefore more suitable for this development. ...
The globalization of markets, the growing dynamism and uncertainty the external environment in which they operate companies currently import significant adjustments in corporate management, especially in the field of financial decisions. One of them is a change in the means of expression used in a dialogue between the real business and capital market. The effectiveness of business of a company can not already be evaluated only on the basis of financial statements. Corporate accountability should have another focus, other measures of financial condition that are evaluated by investors and independent analysts in order to determine corporate attractiveness.
... David (2006) external forces can be divided into five categories, namely political, economic, social, technological and competitive forces. Thompson and Martin (2005) explain that one way to identify external factors in a company is to use PEST (Political, Economic, Social and Technological) analysis. David (2006) explains that the process of analyzing a company's external factors can use the EFE (External Factor Evaluation) matrix. ...
Agrotourism is one of the most popular tourism concepts in Indonesia. During the pandemic, many agrotourism closed permanently due to government regulations such as PSBB and PPKM that prohibit community activities outside their house. This regulation is strictly enforced as on the efforts to cut off the chain of transmission of Covid-19 itself. This study aims to help formulate business strategies that can be implemented in Eptilu Agrotourism as an effort to improve business and also gain a wide market share. Data was obtained from observations, direct interviews and questionnaires. The number of internal respondents for Eptilu Agrotourism was 10 people, while the number of respondents to analyze the level of visitor satisfaction was 78 visitor respondents. This research method uses qualitative and quantitative methods with various analytical tools such as internal analysis using IFE matrix, external analysis using EFE matrix and IPA, IE matrix, SWOT matrix, and QSPM matrix. The results showed that nine strategy proposals were obtained and sorted by priority. The main priority strategy that emerged was related to human resource development in Eptilu Agrotourism. Keywords: agrotourism, business strategy, new normal, pandemic, qspm
... Hence it is a future perspective for management and employees and a source of a sense of loyalty and common belonging, as the vision usually includes the most in the orientation toward the future. Thus, vision is important to realize that strategic leaders do not need to be personal visionaries, but they must ensure that the organization has a clear orientation and resources are committed to its realization (Thompson, 2005). ...
The current research aims to identify the level of strategic orientation and its dimensions (vision, mission, goals, and values) in the Iraqi National Security Service (INSS). The researchers followed the descriptive analytical approach as one of the forms of analysis and organized scientific interpretation to describe a specific phenomenon or problem, adopting the form questionnaire being the main source in collecting data and preparing for this. Based on the program of the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS 26) to analyze the data and come up with the final research results to identify the opinions of the intended sample on the subject of research, and the questionnaire of (20) paragraphs included the search variable, and was distributed to 118 forms were recovered from which 115 forms were selected for statistical analysis since 3 forms are not valid for analysis, approved statistical programs (arithmetic averages, standard deviation, coefficient of differences, and relative importance). The most noticeable result is that the existence of values of Public Administration in the INSS apparatus emphasizes professionalism and integrity at work where all employees must adhere to the principles of ethics and their obligations as well as professional ethics. Paper type: Research paper
... Pearce et al.(2008)emphasized the need for organizations to do appropriate environmental adjustments as a sure strategy to achieving their set goals and objectives. Thompson(1997) added that the strategy echoes administrative approaches as well as options and notifies organizational obligation to particular methods of running the enterprise, competition strategies, marketing, and its products. ...
... Again, any advantage is potentially vulnerable to copying or improvements in some way by competitors, particularly if it is seen to be generating success. The secret is to be aware of what is happening and to be ready to change when necessary rather than be forced into changes unexpectedly (Thompson, 1993). Benefit of strategy is not just offering simplification and consistency to decision making, but the identification of strategy as the commonality and unity of all the enterprises decisions also permits the application of powerful analytical tools to help companies create and redirect their strategies. ...
... Important levels of strategic planning in most big and multi-product organizations with mass production is three levels of workshop-product and functional strategies focusing on one product or a specific market [1][2][3][4][5][6] and evaluated the integration of organization strategy with production strategies including reduction of cost, quality, goods delivery and flexibility (innovation) [7].The success of failure of organization depends upon its ability to define an effective strategy to achieve sustainable competitive advantage to create long-term value. To achieve competition, the managers should take good decisions in production and operation, functional goals of organization including speed and flexibility. ...
The present study is aimed to evaluate the strategic alignment of production and company strategies in pharmacological factories of Iran. To measure independent variable (business strategies of Iran pharmacological companies) were evaluated based on Miles and Snow typology (The organizations with defender, analyzer, and prospector strategies). To measure dependent variable (production strategies of pharmacological companies of Iran), competence ideal profile is used. The study hypotheses include a main hypothesis and three sub-hypotheses. For inferential analysis, the collected data are investigated by Euclidian distance, Pearson correlation coefficient; alignment of competence profiles and strategies was investigated. The results of analysis of collected data using questionnaire at significance level 0.04 showed alignment between business strategies and production strategies in Iran pharmacological companies. This defines the significance of consideration of top managers to formulation of business strategies and production strategies by creating strategic alignment.
... At its core, PESTLEWeb is based on the ubiquitous PESTLE tool that is used to support the identification of Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Ecological issues in the business environment (Thompson and Martin, 2005). However, PESTLEWeb is a drawing convention rather than a tabulated, textual analysis. ...
The focus of this thesis is an investigation of a new method for modelling the business environment. This thesis recognises the key importance of deep and timely knowledge of the business environment for strategy development and effective continuous execution. Further, it identifies issues relating to the effectiveness of the business environmental modelling task both in professional practice and in business education. Reports in the literature of a failure of businesses to engage in effective environmental scanning are corroborated in this thesis by evidence gathered in a workshop session with MBA students.
First, this thesis introduces a new method for modelling the business environment, called PESTLEWeb. In the first instance, it is intended that this method be used in an academic setting, particularly in support of teaching the analysis of context for strategy development. Consequently, this thesis adopts a rigorous academic approach to the methods evaluation.
It is argued that the PESTLEWeb method has several properties that distinguish its effectiveness compared to traditional keyword-driven methods of identifying, analysing and synthesising business environmental knowledge. Properties of the new method are investigated experimentally and then separately by an observational study in a practical workshop setting. Results of a longer-term follow-up review of workshop attendees’ application of the method are also reported
Results from the experimental portion of the research are presented. These include an investigation both of the cognitive aspects of the tool and subjects’ affective responses to it. In regard to cognitive performance, no strong evidence is reported to indicate that the detail contained within the PESTLEWeb model is significantly more memorable than a text-based analysis. However, a measure of affective variables for subjects shows a strong statistically significant preference for the new method in terms of subjects’ judgments of how logical, rational and convincing the models are.
Results from the observational study show that the method may be introduced to an MBA class in a relatively short and straightforward workshop setting. It is shown that learners are able to understand and use the method to some extent within the workshop itself. A longer-term follow up of a self-selecting group of workshop students demonstrates that some, at least, are able to develop sophisticated and rich models of the business environment using the PESTLEWeb method.
Recommendations from this thesis include an incremental process of further investigation and academic engagement with the PESTLEWeb method with the ultimate aim of introducing it into business education. Such a process would involve continuing with the current research through experimentation and further workshop sessions and engaging in academic research seminars in order to refine the method and expose it to further critique.
... Porter (1985) posits that competitive advantage is borne out from the value created by a firm for its customers which is more than the cost of creating the value. A firm can create value for its customers by providing top-notch products or services, responding in a timely manner to competitors' opportunities and threats, and having a full understanding of how customers perceive value (Thompson, 1997). Hill and Jones (2007) also aver that a firm creates competitive advantage via superior efficiency, quality, innovation, and accountability to customers with its core competence. ...
Although record-keeping by small- and medium-scale enterprises (SMEs) has been extensively researched, there is a paucity of research on indigenous and innovative record-keeping. This paper examines the indigenous and innovative record-keeping practices of petty traders in Kumasi, Ghana, with a focus on how they gain a competitive advantage. In addition, it aims to derive a theoretical model from the findings of the study using grounded theory. Lastly, this research seeks to understand if academic and accounting practitioners are in sync with petty traders’ record-keeping. The results from focus group discussions show that petty traders engage in both indigenous (stones or sticks tallying, item or goods tallying, marking of walls, note pad or exercise books, pieces of tied clothes or polythene bags, vendors and customers, family and friends, guarantors and witnesses, susu collectors, and wooden boxes or tin cans) and innovative (mobile money, use of audio-visuals, and videotapes) record-keeping practices. The results also demonstrate that indigenous and innovative record-keeping of petty traders gives them a competitive advantage. A theoretical model is derived from the results using grounded theory. This study adds to the literature on record-keeping practices and has implications for further research.
... The predominance of early adopters' perceptions in the frequency of mentioning of highly critical drivers/benefits and barriers/challenges suggests a higher awareness related to the digitalisation of traceability systems in the construction supply chain. Following the concepts from hierarchy of competences proposed May & Kruger (1988), whose ideas about were later extrapolated to the organizational context (Thompson & Martin, 2010), this outcome may be associated with the existence of four competency levels: (i) unconsciously incompetent, (ii) consciously incompetent, (iii) consciously competent, and (iv) unconsciously competent. In our case, late adopters are expected to lack of proficiency and be unaware of the necessary skills to digitalise the traceability in the construction supply chain. ...
We investigate the drivers and barriers for the traceability digitalisation of the Australian construction supply chain. There is a growing interest in the construction industry for embracing digital technologies. Nevertheless, the digital transition in construction industry is still slow, especially for addressing material traceability. An exploratory-empirical study was conducted in which we performed the following steps: (i) definition of selection criteria; (ii) semi-structured interviews with 26 experts (academics, practitioners and stakeholders); and (iii) content analysis and propositions. Results allowed the identification of the most critical drivers and barriers for such traceability digitalisation, being consolidated in a conceptual framework that characterises the early and late adopters of digital technologies in the construction supply chain. In theoretical terms, when considering the barriers/challenges, the degree to which the digital traceability's results are visible to the adopters seems to be an important issue, being able to impair the digitalisation of the construction supply chain. From a practical perspective, the more companies advance in the traceability digitalisation, the more aware they will become regarding its drivers/benefits and barriers/challenges. Nevertheless, some highly critical drivers/benefits and barriers/challenges were equally perceived by both early and late adopters.
... A Strengths-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats (SWOT) analysis was performed to assess the best strategy to face the impact of CC on energy. SWOT analysis is a straightforward, popular and well-known technique, that implies that an organization's resources (which constitute its strengths and weaknesses) should match the demands and pressures from its external environment (manifested as a set of opportunities and threats) as effectively as possible and, with change, stay matched in dynamic and turbulent times [42]. Several authors have used this approach for similar studies [43,44] to evaluate the current situation and future prospects by simultaneously considering internal and external factors [45]. ...
The energy sector is the largest contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions, but could also be seriously affected by climate change, calling into question society’s current consumption patterns. In this communication, climate projections based on a set of numerical models of global circulation are used to simulate the climate until the end of the century and keep in mind the alternative scenarios of pollutant emissions. Apart from solar energy, the results for the Azores region show a negative impact on the production and consumption of renewable energies. In the regional context, this issue assumes special relevance, given the geographical constraints, such as territorial discontinuity and insularity. Based on these assumptions, measures and recommendations are pointed out for the sectors that most penalize greenhouse gas emissions, considering the energy sustainability in the Azores and the commitments and goals assumed under international agreements.
... PEST is popular as the four sources of change: political, economic, social, and technological (Thompson & Martin, 2010;Rothaermel, 2012), and is widely used tool for analyzing the strategic risk of certain business. It establishes the influence of the external macroenvironment on a company's competitive position (Sammut-Bonnici & Galea, 2015). ...
The development of food technology is the cause of a wide variety of food in modern times. Traditional Bulgarian Smilyan beans are available to consumers on the national market. They have specific composition and properties for the region in which they are cultivated and produced. The aim of the present study is to study types of traditional Smilyan beans, their properties and nutritional value and to analyse the influence of the external environment on the production of Smilyan beans. Accordingly, the main objective in the paper is to identify the key elements determining the possibility of implementing sustainable production of Smilian beans in the upper areas of Arda river basin. As part of the research some elements that have the impact on the implementation possibilities of sustainable production were identified and the most important ones were presented. Considering the context defined by the PESTLE analysis, potential opportunities and threats associated with their implementation within beans production were also indicated. In general, we can summarize and report a relatively favorable impact of the external macro environment on the business climate in the country and in particular on the studied production. Based on the derived features, we provide a summary list of opportunities and threats, 2 presented by the external macroenvironment. We outline these factors that are most important for the specific production, for the subject of our study, we use a matrix of threats and a matrix of opportunities. Based on the made analyzes, it can be summarized that: The main risks associated with the sustainable production of Smilyan beans are lack of sufficient labor and opportunities to improve the technology of cultivation and production, as the area is mountainous and the places where the plants are grown are fragmented and decomposed along the Arda River.; Through the development and improvement of the production of the traditional for the country product-Smilyan beans, will increase the number of employees in the region, quantities and quality of produced beans.; Through the Smilyan Bean Festival the traditional product will be advertised outside the borders of Bulgaria, and this will favor the development of rural tourism in the region.
... PEST is popular as the four sources of change: political, economic, social, and technological (Thompson & Martin, 2010;Rothaermel, 2012), and is widely used tool for analyzing the strategic risk of certain business. It establishes the influence of the external macroenvironment on a company's competitive position (Sammut-Bonnici & Galea, 2015). ...
The monograph: Current Trends in Quality Science – consumer behavior, logistic,
product management, contains descriptions of recent research in management
science and quality. The papers collected in this issue cover all aspects of product
quality from a multidisciplinary perspective. The subject matter contained in 34
articles by individual authors allows us to distinguish several directions of research
that relate to the quality of products and services. All the papers are in line with
the issue of sustainable development. To achieve sustainable development,
coherence is needed between three key elements: economic growth, social
inclusion and environmental protection. They are interrelated and all are essential
to the well-being of individuals and whole societies.
In this monograph, the first group of issues concerns studies related to consumers’
market behaviour, especially their market behaviour during the difficult period of
the Cowid -19 virus pandemic. Among the topics of the publications there are also
studies directly related to the pandemic, i.e. sustainable consumption of Covid -19
filter masks. Other studies describe analyses of consumers’ attitudes towards food
and non-food products. Another group of studies deals with consumer behaviour
and innovative packaging solutions, as well as perception and research on the use
of techniques for assessing environmental aspects related to the product over its
life cycle (LCA studies). The last group of papers concerns the subject of waste
management, food safety and protection management and quality research on
innovative products and services. All publications contain the theme of quality
research in the conditions of sustainable development and economy, quality
oriented to individual customer satisfaction and benefiting the economy, society
and environment.
Hanna Śmigielska
... 8. Information retrieval: it is the process retrieving the stored information when needed by the users; the time element should be taken into consideration in order not to lose the anticipated benefit of it due to delay. The organization that produces information and distributes it to appropriate decision centers faster than its competitors has a competitive advantage especially in turbulent environments [21]. ...
This study aimed to highlight the reality of using management information systems in managerial decision making
in greater Irbid Municipality and to explore its role in the effectiveness of managerial decision making. In order to
verify the study hypotheses, t-test was used as well as some of the descriptive statistics tools such as arithmetic
averages and standard deviation to measure the dispersion in the opinion of individuals of the sample of the study
using the statistical package SPSS. The analysis of the study and the testing of its hypotheses have revealed a set
of results, most importantly the followings:
• Management information systems have a medium to high effectiveness role in greater Irbid municipality.
• Management information systems have a role in providing the required information to make managerial
decision that their degree of convenience range from moderate to high.
• There is a relationship between the uses of management information systems and the effectiveness of
managerial decision making.
• Improving management information systems impacts the effectiveness of managerial decision making
The process of strategic planning permits universities to determine their respective vision and mission. Once these have been established, it is imperative to evaluate the kind of resources at a university’s disposal, and to conduct environmental analysis. Failure to plan could drive institutions into unchartered waters, which could be detrimental to their sustainability. Universities have embraced the idea of strategic management from business in order to gain a competitive advantage, and provide value to stakeholders. The purpose of this study was to investigate the way in which academic Heads of Departments (HoDs) engage in strategic planning. A qualitative research approach was employed to understand the role that these HoDs play while formulating a strategy in their respective departments. A case study research method was chosen to identify the participants, and data were collected through semi-structured, face-to-face interviews, as well as through document analysis. To ensure the credibility and dependability of the study, the same questions were posed to all of the participants. A thematic analysis technique was used to analyse the data. The results revealed that the university at which the research was conducted promoted a direct, or top-down approach in formulating their strategy. As such, the academic HoDs conformed to the university’s strategy. Future research should focus on the effectiveness of a strategy that incorporates a bottom-up, as well as a top-down approach. Keywords: Heads of departments, resource-based view, strategic planning, strategic formulation, SWOT analysis
This research proposes a brand management model based on an examination of the interaction between brand management activities in Vietnamese universities - a case research of private universities in Hanoi. To fully comprehend the influence of impact on brand management operations in universities, a case research and qualitative technique based on interviews were used. Face-to-face and online interviews were undertaken at the end of 2021 and the beginning of 2022 to confirm the results of the previous research period. Essentially, the research results show that the process and decisions for management activities, as well as the degree of interaction with brand management activities, are dependent on the effectiveness of implementing university leaders' objectives and leaders' perceptions of the university's future development orientation. This article contributes to the document on executing brand management activities by exhibiting theoretical and practical importance in order to better knowledge of the effect of brand management strategies in higher education.
This chapter delves into the pivotal role of strategic brand management in higher education institutions, focusing on how universities can effectively build, manage, and leverage their brand identities to secure a competitive edge in a dynamic educational landscape. It explores fundamental concepts and frameworks for developing and executing a robust brand strategy, emphasizing the alignment of brand identity with the institution's mission and values. Key activities include establishing core values, planning and implementing marketing programs, and maintaining brand value. The chapter underscores the importance of integrating brand values into organizational culture and maintaining a cohesive brand narrative that resonates with all stakeholders. It also highlights the necessity of a sustainable and responsible brand image, emphasizing ethical standards and social responsibility. This comprehensive guide offers university administrators, marketing professionals, and scholars practical insights and strategies for mastering brand management in higher education.
Buku yang berjudul “STRATEGY KEUNGGULAN
BERSAING UNTUK MENCIPTAKAN KINERJA BANK
SYARIAH YANG KOMPETITIF”. Saya menyadari bahwa tanpa
bantuan dan bimbingan dari berbagai pihak sangatlah sulit bagi
saya untuk menyelesaikan karya ini. Oleh karena itu, saya
mengucapkan banyak terima kasih pada semua pihak yang telah
membantu penyusunan buku ini. Sehingga buku ini bisa hadir di
hadapan pembaca.
Buku ini mencoba membahas faktor-faktor yang menentukan
keunggulan bersaing dan kinerja bank syariah di Indonesia. Mulai
dari pemanfaatan kualitas teknologi bank syariah. Untuk itu, perlu
ada upaya untuk memanfaatkan teknologi untuk pemasaran
produk dan layanan bank syariah secara efektif dan efisien.
Penulis menyadari bahwa buku ini masih jauh dari
kesempurnaan. Oleh karena itu kritik dan saran yang membangun
sangat dibutuhkan guna penyempurnaan buku ini. Akhir kata saya
berharap Tuhan Yang Maha Esa berkenan membalas segala
kebaikan semua pihak yang telah membantu. Semoga buku ini akan
membawa manfaat bagi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan.
The main objective of study is to test the relationship between strategic cost management and sustainability in the Sudanese food production firms. The main question of the study is there any relationship between strategic cost management and business sustainability? The study tested the hypotheses which reads as follows: (There is a statically significant relationship between strategic cost management and business sustainability). Questionnaires distributed to the respondents, and statistical package of social sciences (SPSS) used for data analysis. The study found out that, there is a statically significant relationship between strategic cost management and sustainability. Based on the study findings, the following recommendations are suggested: Accountants throughout the business should share responsibility for managing costs, firms should reuse and recycle wastes to create new business opportunities, firms should provides equipment to reduce the health and safety impact.
Today, it is essential that companies are able to adapt to changes in the environment, in such a way that they can respond to consumer needs efficiently; therefore, much of the success is based on the implementation of a competitive advantage, either in costs or as a differentiation strategy. Thus, it establishes as the objective of this document, to develop a competitive strategy that allows to consolidate the permanence in the market of an educational institution, through the diagnosis of the current situation. A non-experimental cross-sectional and descriptive research is proposed. The main results show the use of a broad differentiation strategy to define its competitive advantage.
يُعد موضوع تحليل (PEST) من المواضيع الهامة في الإدارة الاستراتيجية التي ينبغي أن تشغل اهتمام المنظمات بما فيها معمل سمنت الكوفة عينة البحث بصورة خاصة, مهما كان حجمها وطبيعة نشاطها, ذلك إن العصر الحالي وما يشهده من تطورات وتغيرات سريعة, جعل من البيئة الخارجية أكثر تعقيداً وتشابكاً من أي وقت مضى, وعليه أصبح من غير الممكن للمعامل أن تُدرك وتفهم متغيرات بيئتها الخارجية دون القيام بتحليل مختلف العناصر المكونة لها والمؤثرة بشكل كبير في قراراتها المالية والإدارية, لذلك يهدف البحث إلى معرفة العلاقة بين تحليل (PEST) للبيئة الخارجية ودوره في تنشيط القدرة التنافسية لمعمل سمنت الكوفة وبلغت حجم العينة (180) موظف , وقد توصل البحث إلى جملة من الاستنتاجات أهما: ان العوامل القانونية والسياسية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية والتكنولوجية مؤثرة على المعمل وحصلت التشريعات القانونية على المرتبة الأولى ن حيث الأهمية، بينما حققت الثقافة التنظيمية المرتبة الثانية من حيث الأهمية و الثقافة التنظيمية هي احد القدرات التنافسية المؤثرة في المنظمة المبحوثة وقد بلغت أعلى فقرة المتعلقة بالثقة المتبادلة بين الموظفين .
Academic institution activities of teaching, learning, research, community engagement and academic citizenship has become more demanding due to increased users, workload of lecturers, changing workspace of library environment and multifarious tasks that librarians need to attend to on daily basis. This necessitates the study on the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) by librarians for information and knowledge (IKM) in academic institutions in the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). Librarians being the mouthpiece and gatekeeper of information and knowledge in academic institutions must become proactive in personal upskilling to use the ICTs for IKM in the academic institutions. The infiltration of digital technologies has also changed librarians’ roles, available resources and services rendered in academic institutions. Three research objectives were used to guide the book chapter to include: examine the types of ICTs used by librarians for IKM in academic institutions; determine role of librarians in the use of ICTs for IKM in academic institutions and explore strategies to improve the use of ICTs by librarians for IKM in academic institutions. The qualitative research approach using interpretive content analysis of research articles harvested from online database of Google Scholar was adopted for this study. The author conceptualises and internalise key terms of ICTs and IKM in this book chapter. Findings reveals that there is a shift from the conventional ICTs of computer, printer, fax machine, scanners, photocopiers, digital camera, and microphones to digital technologies tools of webinar tools for teaching and learning, online educational resources, collaborative tools, social network sites, Web 2.0 technologies, online courseware, used for IKM in academic institutions in the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The roles of librarians have shifted from physical interaction and support to users to more of virtual where the users do not have to necessarily come to the physical library, with support of Internet connectivity. Finding further reveal strategies of continuous exposition and training of librarians to use recent ICTs in preparedness for IKM in academic institutions. The book chapter recommends proactive support by management of academic institutions to librarians for better and quality service delivery in the Fourth Industrial Revolution.
Successful organisations habitually evaluate the outcome of past events to discern what needs to be accomplished in the future to nurture a superior strategic advantage (Kaplan & Norton, 1996).
Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) are yardsticks used to assess the distance between the targeted outcome & the result.
By reviewing the impact of distinct strategies towards a KPI, observers isolate underperforming options whilst earmarking tactics that deliver superior results to prioritise and steer the organisation towards narratives that nurture more promise whilst mitigating their exposure to risk (Mackie, 2008)
This paper aims to discuss contemporary processes of designing KPIs whilst illuminating essential tools that may expedite this process throughout its development.
Subsequently, we wish to direct discourse on what could be considered as key traits that make KPIs effective when assessing the most advantageous next course of action before we close with some suggestions for improvement.
هدفت هذه الورقة إلى معرفة ممارسات القيادة التحويليّة في مرحلة ما بعد الحصول على الاعتماد الأكاديميّ بجامعة السلطان قابوس، وذلك من وجهة نظر أعضاء هيئة التدريس وأعضاء المجالس الاستشارية بالكليّات؛ وذلك بتحليل اثنتين من تلك الممارسات، هما: "ممارسة التطوير التَّنظيميّ" و"ممارسة إيجاد بيئة باعثة على التَّعلم التَّنظيميّ" بأربع من كليّات الجامعة. اعتمدت الورقة منهجا بحثيا خليطا، واستخدمت الاستبانات، والمقابلات شبه المقننة. وقد بلغ عدد الاستبانات التي تم تحليلها (187) استبانة، وبلغ عدد المقابلات مع قيادات الكليات (19) مقابلة، أما عدد المقابلات مع أعضاء المجالس الاستشارية فبلغ (12) مقابلة. وقد توصلت الورقة إلى عدد من النتائج، أهمها: أن التقييم الإجمالي لممارسات القيادة التحويليّة لدى القادة الأكاديميّين بالجامعة من وجهة أعضاء الهيئة الأكاديميّة جاء "متوسطا"، وأن مستويات الممارستين جاءت متقاربة مع أفضلية طفيفة لممارسة "إيجاد بيئة باعثة على التَّعلم التَّنظيميّ"، وأنه لا يوجد أثرٌ لمتغير نوع الكلية في الاستجابة على الممارستين، وأن هناك تأثيرًا ذا دلالة إحصائية لمتغير الرتبة العلمية في الاستجابة على ممارسة "إيجاد بيئة باعثة على التَّعلم التَّنظيميّ"، وجاء لصالح الرتبة الأكاديميّة الأعلى (أستاذ دكتور)، وأنه لا يوجد أثر لمتغيرَيّ النوع الاجتماعيّ وسنوات الخبرة في الاستجابة للممارستين. وأخيرا، توصلت الورقة إلى جملة توصيات، أهمها: على قادة الكليات الاهتمام بتكييف الخطط الاستراتيجية لكلياتهم، وتهيئة العاملين بما يتناسب مع التغيرات التي أحدثها الحصول على الاعتماد الأكاديميّ.
The introduction of the Stakeholders Approach to measure organizational effectiveness is considered to be one of the most current and effective approaches used by organizations, in particular those organizations which has highly advanced democratic system in dealing with the relevant matters, especially in the field of small-scaled projects. On this basis, it is clear that the task of any organization seeking to achieve effectiveness through the Stakeholders Approach, will not as easy as it appears to be at the first glance. This is because different players in the organization have different interests; each will look at the organization from different point of views and expect the outcomes according to their own interests, on the one hand, and on the type of (the strength and importance) the relationship between them and the Organization, on the other hand. The combination of these will constitute the general framework of the current research, which include the following main points: Is there a link between stakeholders and an effective small-scale project? Do the external stakeholders (within the organization's private or industrial environment) and the internal stakeholders (within the organization's internal environment) influence level of effectiveness? Is there a difference of influence of (stakeholders) in respect of their chronological involvement within the small-scale project? To answer the above queries a hypothetical scheme (chart) was formulated, and from this chart major hypotheses and their subsidiaries were designed. A questionnaire was also designed containing (103) articles. It was distributed to (420) enterprises that are qualified as 'small projects' in the geographical limits of the Sulaymaniyah Governorate, which has a total of (3010) of such small businesses. (372) completed questionnaires were returned, this constitutes a (12.5.%) of the whole small business community. The hypotheses were tested using statistical methods based on statistical analysis software (SPSS)The results of the research were adopted as the basis for developing (crystallizing) a set of conclusions, which as a whole, confirms the existence of linkages and moral influences between variables under study.. These are represented by stakeholders (internals and externals) and the organizational effectiveness on both macro and micro level indicators for each of them. The study has also provided some recommendations, which the researcher believes, are necessary for the management of small projects that are striving to achieve effectiveness.
This comprehensive case illustrates how Jollibee Foods Corp. (JFC), through its founder Tony Tan Caktiong, pursued the international expansion of its Jollibee brand starting in 1986. It documents the various local and international brand acquisitions of JFC as it pursued growth during the 1990s until early 2021. The phenomenal growth of the Philippine business provides a backdrop to the international expansion that followed. The case ends with a dire scenario brought about by the acquisition of two large losing businesses (Smashburger and The Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf (CBTL)) and by the COVID-19 pandemic that imperils the growth prospects of JFC and further delays its plans to become the fifth largest quick service restaurant (QSR) business in the world in terms of sales.
Bankalar finans piyasalarının en temel aracı kurumlarıdır. Bankaların uzun vadeli istikrarı aynı zamanda ekonominin istikrarı açısından da önem taşımaktadır. Bankaların uzun vadeli istikrarının temel anahtarı, yüksek performans düşük riskle çalışabilmesidir. Performansın temel göstergelerinden karlılığı artırmak ve riski minimize edebilmek ise uzun vadeli müşteri ilişkilerine bağlıdır. Bankalar ekonomide tasarrufların yatırımlara dönüşümünü sağlayarak piyasada etkinlik ve verimliliği artırmakta ve ekonomide sürdürülebilir büyümeye katkı sağlamaktadır. Bankalar bu katkıları gerçekleştirirken performansını artırmak amacı ile yaptıkları faaliyetlerde doğası gereği, sistematik ve sistematik olmayan bankacılık faaliyetlerine özgü çeşitli risklere de maruz kalmaktadırlar. Bu risklerden korunmak adına faaliyetlerini tek bir yönlü değil çok yönlü elde etmeye böylelikle çeşitlendirmenin olumlu etkilerinden faydalanmaya çalışmaktadırlar. Bankaların çeşitlendirme ile kazançlarını artırma çabası hem performans artışı sağlamak hem de ürün çeşitliliği ile müşteri bağlılığı ile sürdürülebilir karlılık elde etme amacını gütmektedir. Bankalar gelir çeşitlendirmesi ile ürünlerini çeşitlendirebilecek böylece performanslarını artırırken risklerini minimize edebileceklerdir. Gelir çeşitlendirmesinin en önemli boyutu faiz dışı gelirdir. Faiz dışı gelirler (bankalar, EFT, çek ve senet, yatırım, krediler, kredi kartı, internet, döviz işlemleri, kiralık kasa kiralama, sermaye piyasası ve türev işlemler, vb.), bankacılık hizmetlerinden elde edilen kazanç ve hizmetlerdir. Bankalar faiz gelirlerinin yanısıra faiz dışı gelirler ile müşteri bağlılığını ve karlılık ve finansal performansını yükseltmektedir. Bu kapsamda bu çalışmanın temel amacı; gelir çeşitlendirmesinin Türkiye’de faaliyet gösteren bankaların performansına ve riskine olan etkisinin incelenmesidir. Bu kapsamda Türkiye’de faaliyet gösteren 27 mevduat bankasının 2005/Q1-2019/Q3 arası üçer aylık verileri kullanılarak eşbütünleşme testi yapılmış ve katsayı tahmincileri kullanılarak panel veri analizi yapılmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda gelir çeşitlendirmesi ile banka performansı ve risk ayarlı banka performansları arasında olumlu bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Faiz dışı gelir çeşitlendirmesinin iflas riskini azalttığı tespit edilmiştir. Kredi riski ve bankacılık riskleri ile gelir çeşitlendirme arasında ise anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilmemiştir. Çalışma toplam beş bölümden oluşmaktadır. Giriş bölümünde çalışmanın konusu ve problemi, araştırmanın amacı ve önemi, araştırma yöntemi ifade edilmiştir. Ayrıca araştırmanın sayıltıları ve belirlenen hipotezleri yazılarak araştırmanın sınırları, temel bazı ifadelerin tanımları ve yine konu ile ilgili yapılan literatür çalışmaları hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Kavramsal çerçevenin oluştuğu birinci bölümde bankacılık kavramı, ikinci bölümde çeşitlendirme ve risk kavramı ile ilgili temel bilgiler verilerek yerli ve yabancı literatüre ilişkin yayınlar detaylı olarak incelenmiştir. Üçüncü ekonometrik yöntemler veri ve değişkenler hakkında ayrıntılı bilgilere yer verilmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde analiz sonucu elde edilen istatistiki ve ekonometrik çıktılar sunulmuştur. Sonuç ve öneriler bölümünde ise ekonometrik yöntemler ile bulunan analiz çıktıları değerlendirilerek çalışmanın sonucu verilmiştir. Bu kitap yazarın doktora tezi olan “GELİR ÇEŞİTLENDİRMESİNİN BANKALARIN RİSK VE PERFORMANSI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ” adlı eserinden türetilmiştir. Bu süreçte çalışmanın ortaya çıkmasında her aşamada desteğini esirgemeyen değerli tez danışmanım Sayın Prof Dr. İbrahim Halil EKŞİ’ye ve desteğini gece gündüz demeden esirgemeyen ablam Bilgin ERBAĞCI’ya maddi manevi varlığını her zaman hissettiğim değerli anneme, babama ve eşime oğlum SİNAN ve kızım SEDEN’e teşekkürü bir borç bilirim.
The article deals with the competitiveness of international companies. The article aims to guide managers and companies to properly determine the strategy for the implementation of cloud solutions by identifying the position of international IT companies in a competitive environment. The subject of the research is four selected IT companies, providers of cloud solutions. The relationships between individual providers of cloud solutions are examined by analysis. The starting point for the elaboration of the article is annual reports, professional articles, and publications of domestic and foreign authors. In the first section, we deal with theoretical knowledge in the field of competitiveness, strategies, and analysis of the external and internal environment of the company. The second section deals with the main and partial goals. In the third section, we deal with research methods and work procedures. We characterize selected IT companies. The last section summarizes the achieved results of the work and discussion.
This text looks at events from a very different perspective – that of how and why events fail and what can be learnt from this in both a practical and academic perspective.
Stratejik değişimleri başarılı bir şekilde uygulamak, yüksek kaliteli hizmet sunmak, sağlık hizmetini mali açıdan sürdürülebilir hale getirmek ve işletme performansını artırmak sağlık hizmeti yöneticilerinin sorumluluğundadır. Bu sorumluluk günümüzde değişen çevre koşullarıyla sağlık hizmeti sunan birçok kurum ve kuruluş açısından geçmişe göre daha önemli hale gelmiştir. Bu kapsamda gerçekleştirilen bu çalışma ile sağlık kurumlarında görev yapan orta ve alt kademe yöneticilerin, stratejik değişim algılarıyla işletme performansı arasındaki ilişkinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda özel bir sağlık grubunda görev yapan 225 orta ve alt kademe sağlık yöneticisine online anket yolu ile ulaşarak veriler toplanmıştır. Yöneticilerin stratejik değişim algılarının işletme performansı üzerindeki etkisini test etmek amacıyla çoklu regresyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Stratejik değişim alt boyutları hep birlikte işletme performansı boyutundaki toplam varyansın %27,7’sini açıklamaktadır. Regresyon katsayısının anlamlılığına ilişkin t testi sonuçları incelendiğinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ilişkinin hem stratejinin başlaması hem de stratejinin uygulanması boyutlarında olduğu görülmektedir. Ancak yöneticilerin stratejinin başlamasına ilişkin algılarının yükselmesi işletme performansına yönelik algılarını istatistiksel olarak artırırken; stratejinin uygulanmasına ilişkin algılarının yükselmesi işletme performansına yönelik algılarını istatistiksel olarak düşürmektedir. Çalışmanın Türkçe literatürdeki ilk çalışma olması teoriye olan katkısı ve daha sonra tasarlanacak olan çalışmalar açısından önemlidir. Stratejik değişim uygulamalarının başarıya ulaşmasında; orta ve alt kademe yönetici bilgileri, iletişim, takım çalışması gibi konular kritik öneme sahiptir. Sonuçlar sağlık kurumlarında görev yapan orta ve alt kademe yöneticiler için uygulamaya yönelik önemli bilgiler sunmaktadır.
Based on a sample of 461 micro- and small family businesses in Western Austria, this study aimed to analyze the degree of internationalization of individual activities in the value chain and their influence on the export probability of family firms. The results show that exporting and non-exporting micro- and small family businesses are internationalized in different value chain activities and can partly explain the export probability. The resource-based view (RBV) can only be used to a limited extent to explain the export activities of micro- and small family firms, and certain firm-specific and individual-decision-maker characteristics can significantly explain export probability. The findings suggest that a) micro- and small family firms take different paths of internationalization concerning their value chain and b) that the global value chain (GVC) approach should be integrated into theoretical concepts to obtain an improved explanatory model of the internationalization behavior of (family) businesses.
The paper examined formal strategic plan formulation process, application of strategic analysis tools, and assessment of managerial and stakeholders' involvement in public service organisations (PSOs) in The Gambia. The study adopted "cross-sectional survey design", through the administration of structured questionnaire of five-point Likert scale among the selected PSOs, with a sample size of 211 senior public servants, using probability-proportionate-to-size sampling technique from the study population (1058). Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics techniques such as frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviations with the help of SPSS software version 20. The results showed that, in the process of formulating formal strategic plans, PSOs determined their missions and visions, developed long-term objectives, assessed both internal and external environments, and generated and evaluated strategic choices. Equally, the findings indicated that PSOs made commitments to their strategic plans, did both internal and external validation of the strategic plans, and formulated strategic plans to accommodate the interests of diverse groups and individuals. The paper concluded that PSOs in The Gambia followed formalised strategy formulation process in developing their strategic plans with key elements included.
Recruitment delay or shortage happen nowadays is due to the gap between academic qualification and industrial expectation which ultimately influence graduates’ skill and experience. This paper proposes strategic planning tools as a starting point for systematizing industrial advisory panel and academic collaboration in a strategic manner. Industrial advisors point of view shared communication, assist academic to evaluate recruitment environment, expect future trends in higher education, find solutions to solve recruitment problems in diverse forms which helps to elevate awareness, decrease the risks affects students intake and finally deliver a framework for assessing the relative prominence of various academic program portfolios. Thus, this paper introduces several strategic planning tools to sustain a synergistic industrial advisory panel and academic collaboration, to divulge the spirit of strategic planning and its tools, to single out the successful collaboration mechanism.
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