Social Media Marketing SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Abstract

In recent years, social media has become ubiquitous and most important for social networking, content sharing and online accessing. Due to its reliability, consistency and instantaneous features, social media opens a wide place for businesses such as online marketing. Marketing which occurs via social media is known as social media marketing. Social media marketing has made possible for companies to reach targeted consumers easily, effectively and instantly. Besides that, social media marketing also faces several challenges in the field. This article argues on social media marketing"s advantages and disadvantages in present era.

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Social Media Marketing
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SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING:
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Rubathee Nadaraja1
Center of Southern New Hampshire University (SNHU)
Of Help College of Arts and Technology,
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Email: ruba_thee@yahoo.com
Rashad Yazdanifard2
Center of Southern New Hampshire University (SNHU)
Of Help College of Arts and Technology,
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Email: rashadyazdanifard@yahoo.com

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Abstract
In recent years, social media has become ubiquitous and most important for social networking, content sharing
and online accessing. Due to its reliability, consistency and instantaneous features, social media opens a wide
place for businesses such as online marketing. Marketing which occurs via social media is known as social
media marketing. Social media marketing has made possible for companies to reach targeted consumers easily,
effectively and instantly. Besides that, social media marketing also faces several challenges in the field. This
article argues on social media marketing‟s advantages and disadvantages in present era.
Keywords: social media, social media marketing, advantages, disadvantages
1. Introduction
The absence of Internet-based social media has made it possible for one person to communicate with hundreds
or even thousands of people around the world. Social media has exploded as a category of online discussion
where people create content, share it, bookmark it and network at vast rate. All types of social media provide
an opportunity to present oneself and one‟s products to dynamic communities and individuals that may be
interested (Roberts & Kraynak 2008). Social media includes a variety of applications that, using technical
terms, allow consumers to „„post,‟‟ „„tag,‟‟ „„digg,‟‟ „„blog,‟‟ and etc. This content created by social media is a
type of newly generated resource for online information that is created, spread, and used by consumers desiring
to educate each other about products, brands, services, and problems (Xiang & Gretzel 2010). Examples
include Facebook, MySpace, Digg, Twitter, LinkedIn and Google+. Due to its ease way of use, speed and
reach, social media became the trendsetter in topics that range from environment, politics, and technology to
entertainment industry. Social media are essentially self-promoting in that users spread. The viral quality of
social media makes it an appealing tool for businesses to market products and services (Xiang & Gretzel 2010).
Social media is now a developing phenomenon in marketing. Marketers are beginning to understand the use of
social media as a component in their marketing strategies and campaigns to reach out to customers.
Promotions, marketing intelligence, sentiment research, public relations, marketing communications, and
product and customer management are sub-disciplines of marketing that may use social media (Tanuri, 2010).
Each social media platform (such as blogs, online discussion forums, and online communities) has an effect on
marketing performance (e.g., sales), so it is vital to understand their relative importance and their inter-
relatedness (Stephen & Galak 2009).
Furthermore, users of social media now are highly motivated web consumers. As exposed by Nielsen‟s (2011),
State of the Media: Social Media reports that 70% of social media users are engaged in online shopping
(Nielsen, 2011). Consumers easily get what they want just by sitting in front of computer screen and accessing
online websites. Though social media marketing has huge benefits on consumers and marketers, at the same
time it has negative impacts on both of them. Due to its ease way of getting access to information, lack of
monitoring and control, undoubtedly it favors many risks and cyber crimes. In the coming chapters we will be
discussing about advantages and disadvantages of social media marketing in further detail.
2. Social Media Marketing and Its features
Social media marketing is a new trend and rapidly growing way in which businesses are reaching out to
targeted customers easily. Social media marketing can be simply defined as the use of social media channels to
promote a company and its products. This kind of marketing can be thought of as a subset of online marketing
activities that complete traditional Web-based promotion strategies, such as e-mail newsletters and online
advertising campaigns (Barefoot & Szabo 2010). By encouraging users to spread messages to personal
contacts, social media marketing has injected a new term of exponential dissemination and trust to mass-
communication and mass marketing (Hafele, 2011). By this new approach of outreach and marketing, new
tools are being developed and increased in turn for businesses. Social media marketers are now going better
and more effective insight through the introduction of analytic applications by official social network site
platforms (Hafele, 2011).
There are numerous different social media sites, and they take many different forms and contain different
features. Undoubtedly, the most common social networking site that first comes to our mind is Facebook.
Facebook was first launched in February 2004, owned and operated by Facebook, Inc. As of May 2012;
Facebook has over 900 million active users. Users must register before using the site; they may create a
personal profile, add other users as friends, and exchange messages, including automatic notifications when
they update their profile (Facebook, 2012). In addition, users may join common-interest user groups;
categorize their friends into lists such as "People From Work" or "Close Friends". Facebook‟s main mission is
to give people the power to share and make the world more open and connected (Facebook, 2012).
Other social network sites such as Twitter, Google plus, and LinkedIn may differ in some ways, but essentially
they work using the same principles.

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Marketing using social media such as these can take multiple shapes. The traditional Facebook model, in
particular, involves replacing the concept of a human “friend” with a brand or tangible product or creating a
page or group (Facebook, 2011). A user who elects to “like” a product or company advertises that connection
to their own private network of contacts. This concept extends to other forms of social media as well.
According to Bernie Borges (2009), Twitter is combination of micro blogging and social network (Borges,
2009). Twitter, allows users to receive small updates and advertisements from favored producers as well
(Hafele, 2011). Twitter gives opportunity to users to involve in real time sharing. A tweet is usually no more
than 140 characters, which followers of the user can see (Borges, 2009).
These two social media channels are among the most popular and heavily used options now, but they are far
from being the only ones. As observed by Kaplan and Haenlein (2010) cited by Nick Hafele (2011) have
identified several channels that fall under the category of social media, each of which has opportunities and
unique advantages for marketing use. Collaborative projects, such as wikis, or editable data-sources, are
particularly poignant avenues of contact. In fact, trends indicate that they are quickly becoming the
predominant source of information among consumer populations (Kaplan & Haenlein, 2010) cited by (Hafele,
2011).
Blogs, managed by either individuals or organizations, are another heavily used marketing forum. Through
blogs, businesses can promote brand awareness by sharing insider information, updating customers on new
products, as well as providing links to the main sales channels. Fans will be updated time to time on any
special events, contests or a new promotion organized by the brand or product. Blogs also facilitate the posting
of comments and feedbacks, allowing fans and detractors to post opinions and questions to producers. This
encourages the exchange of ideas between peers and can also promote honest discussion between individuals
and companies to improve their defaults (Hafele, 2011). Social media approaches need to be considered to
ensure the highest chance of success with a social media marketing. According to Ray et al. (2011) cited by
Nick Hafele (2011) emphasize the need for diversifying a social media strategy to ensure that messages are
reaching appropriate audiences; there is no single correct approach.
3. Advantages
According to Watson et al. (2002) cited by Sheth and Sharma (2005) with the popularity of digital marketing
on the rise, many businesses are investigating how social media can help them promote their products and
services to potential and existing customers. Social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter have
transformed the way some businesses think about advertising. Some businesses direct customers toward their
social network pages more than they direct them to their own websites. There are certain advantages to market
via social media, but there are also related drawbacks as well (Watson et al. 2002; Sheth & Sharma 2005).
The primary advantages of social media marketing is reducing costs and enhancing reach. The cost of a social
media platform is typically lower than other marketing platforms such as face-to-face salespeople or
middlemen or distributors. In addition, social media marketing allows firms to reach customers that may not be
accessible due to temporal and locational limitations of existing distribution channels. Social media platforms
increase reach and reduce costs by providing three areas of advantage for customers (Watson et al. 2002; Sheth
& Sharma 2005).
First, the marketing firm can provide unlimited information to customers without human intervention. This is
an advantage over other forms of contact because the amount of information that can be provided is much
greater than in any other form of communication. Additionally, and more importantly, the information can be
provided in a form that customers can easily process and understand. For example, airline scheduling and
reservation systems are very difficult to create and maintain to serve individual needs. Additionally, in this
context, the choices are large and difficult to provide in any format that is better than web-based format
(Watson et al. 2002; Sheth & Sharma 2005).
Second, social media marketing firm can create interactions by customizing information for individual
customers that allow customers to design products and services that meet their specific requirements For
example, online checking and seat assignment can be done on the Internet. Finally, social media platforms can
allow transactions between customers and firms that would typically require human contact as in the case of
successful firms such as Dell and amazon.com (Watson et al. 2002; Sheth & Sharma 2005).
To understand better about the advantages of social media marketing, there are five main advantages to
succeed in this field:

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I. Cost-related
According to Weinberg (2009), The main advantage of social media marketing is cost-related. The financial
barriers to social media marketing are quite low compared to others. The majority of social media sites are free
to access, create profile and post information. Whereas traditional marketing campaigns can cost millions of
dollars, many social media tools are free even for business use. Businesses can run highly successful social
media marketing campaigns on a limited budget. The advantage of reaching your targeted market for little or
no cash investment is substantial, and the audience wanting your information voluntarily joins or follows you.
Pay-per-click advertisements on sites such as Facebook are "geo-targeted" according to specific criteria, to
reach the correct audience. The viral nature of social media means that each person who reads your posts has
the capability to spread the news farther within his own network, so information can reach a large number of
people in a short time (Weinberg, 2009).
II. Social Interaction
One of the most notable phenomena of new media is how it has increased and created new forms of social
interaction. People spend more than a quarter of their time online involved in communication activities (e.g.,
emails, IM chat, and social networks), which is equivalent to the total time spent online for general leisure and
entertainment (Riegner, 2007) cited by (Hill & Moran, 2011). Social networking sites have become so
pervasive that they are the most popular Internet destinations (Burmaster, 2009). Not only has new media
demonstrably altered how often people communicate online, but it has also enlarged the pool of individuals
they communicate with, and led to new ways for behaviors to be influenced (Burmaster, 2009). Consumer
behavior studies reveal that individuals give greater consideration to advice and information shared online,
spending more time with websites that provide third-party evaluations (Huang et al. 2009), and other studies
indicate such information can directly influence buying decisions, even if received from purely „virtual‟
sources (Awad et al. 2006; Weiss et al. 2008) cited by (Hafele, 2011). Indeed many of the reported benefits of
new media usage (increased reputation, anticipated reciprocity) relate directly to its social interaction aspects
(Kollock 1999; Arthur et al. 2006) cited by (Hafele, 2011).
III. Interactivity
As observed by Steuer (1992) cited by Ronald P. Hill and Nora Moran (2011) unlike watching TV or listening
to the radio, the interactivity of new media lets consumers become more than just passive recipients of
stimulation. Interactivity can be broadly described as the „extent to which users participate in modifying the
form and content of a mediated environment in real time (Steuer, 1992). Interactivity is one of the defining
characteristics of new media technologies, giving greater access to information as well as supporting increased
user control of and engagement with social media content (Fiore et al. 2005) cited by (Hill & Moran, 2011).
Interactivity depends on the context. In an online social networking context, interactivity refers to a user-
centered interaction with machines, messages, or other users, focusing on the experiential aspect of networking
process (Liu & Shrum 2002) cited by (Hill & Moran, 2011).
While interactivity can be simple in certain contexts (e.g., simply filling out forms, clicking links), it can also
be more involved and elaborate, such as allowing individuals to develop online content (Murugesan, 2007)
cited by (Hill & Moran, 2011). Studies show that increased levels of interactivity can lead to higher
involvement (Bucy, 2003) and more positive attitudes toward websites (Kalyanaraman & Sundar, 2003; Hill &
Moran, 2011) along with higher source credibility (Fogg, 2003; Hill & Moran, 2011).
This user interactivity enables consumers to participate in personal social networking by selecting the content,
timing, and communication act Specific applications of social media empower consumers, such that they can
take active control and perform two-way communications. Active control takes place in a social networking
context and requires attention and participation from all participating parties, including individual users, groups
of networked people or communities, and brands (Li, Daugherty, & Biocca 2002).
IV. Targeted market
Social media provide marketers with the ability to target audiences and consumers based on site users' personal
interests and what their friends like. For example, list country music as one of your interests on a social
networking site; you will most likely be seeing ads about country music concerts and artists. Some sites'
advertising will also highlight which country artists your friends like to provide a personal connection. With
such "smart" marketing, and advertising, marketers effectively reach the people who are most interested in
what they have to offer. Furthermore, social networking enables word of mouth to promote products beyond
what advertising alone does (Hill, Provost & Volinsky, 2006).

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A well-cited example of viral marketing combines network targeting market and implicit advocacy: The
Hotmail free e-mail service appended to the bottom of every outgoing e-mail message the hyperlinked
advertisement, “Get your free e-mail at Hotmail,” thereby targeting the social neighbors of every current user
while taking advantage of the user‟s implicit advocacy (Montgomery, 2001).
Traditional marketing methods do not appeal to some segments of consumers. Some consumers apparently
value the appearance of being on the cutting edge or “in the know,” and therefore derive satisfaction from
promoting new, exciting products (Hill, Provost & Volinsky 2006).
V. Customer Service
Customer service is another crucial area for social media marketing (Helmsley, 2000). Sometimes website
designers cannot avoid a certain degree of complexity in the architecture of a website. Therefore, it is
necessary to have a thoughtful customer service system. Links to Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) and
links to online representatives are useful in order to assist customers in the selection or buying process. A
marketer should not just offer online assistance. In many cases, it is more convenient for customers to call a
company. Therefore, the use of a toll free phone number for customers should be considered (Gommans et al.,
2001).
According to Gommans et al. (2001), Order fulfillment and rapid delivery systems are as critical to e-loyalty
development as the other factors. A thoughtful logistics system that guarantees a fast delivery after the
checkout process contributes to customer satisfaction, which in turn contributes to loyal behavior. In addition
to the speed of delivery, the logistics system should allow different ways of delivering products. Some
customers prefer to get the product delivered by parcel services, like FedEx and UPS. Others might want to
pick up a product in a physical store in order to have somebody to talk to (Gommans et al., 2001).
A customer who buys something on the Internet has one major disadvantage compared to a customer in real
space. Internet customers cannot touch, smell, or experience the good before they buy it. This makes a shopper
insecure about buying a product. In order to minimize this insecurity, an social media marketers should offer
brands that are well-known, good product quality, and, of course, guarantees (Gommans et al., 2001).
4. Disadvantages
The online environment creates not only opportunities, but also complications and challenges for the social
media marketing process. The transparency of the web makes online information available to all audiences,
and reinforces the need for consistency in the planning, design, implementation and control of online
marketing communication (Hart et al., 2000). There are five main disadvantages need to be considered on
social media marketing, which are:
I. Time intensive
As the name implies, social media is interactive, and successful, two-way exchanges take commitment. The
nature of marketing changes in social networks, with the focus placed on establishing long-term relationships
that can turn into more sales. Somebody has to be responsible to monitor each network, respond to comments,
answer questions and post product information the customer deems valuable (Barefoot & Szabo, 2010).
Businesses without a service to manage these social networks will find it difficult to compete. The first
preliminary consideration and probably the most important one is that social media marketing requires a
significant time investment (Barefoot & Szabo, 2010). As a general rule, simply dabbling in a few social media
resources and hoping to realize enormous returns is fanciful. A company must realize the necessary time
commitment and either accept or reject that commitment as plausible for its operation (Barefoot & Szaboo,
2010).
II. Trademark and Copyright Issues
According to Steinman and Hawkins (2010), It is of the utmost importance for companies to protect their own
trademarks and copyrights when using social media to promote their brands and products. A company‟s brands
and other intellectual property are often nearly as valuable as the products or services that they offer. Social
media‟s capacity to facilitate informal and impromptu communication often on a real-time basis can aid
companies in promoting their brands and disseminating copyrighted material, but it can also facilitate third-
party abuse of a business‟ trademarks and copyrights (Steinman & Hawkins, 2010).
When using social media, whether via a third-party outlet or a company‟s own social media platforms,
marketers should regularly monitor the use of their trademarks and copyrights. Companies should monitor their
own social media outlets as well as third-party social media platforms to ensure that those providing content
through the media outlets are not misusing their intellectual property. Internet tracking and screening services
are available to monitor the use of your business‟s marks and copyrights on third-party sites, including
checking social media sites for profile or user names that are identical or substantially similar to your
company‟s name or brands (Steinman & Hawkins, 2010).

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As stated by Steinman and Hawkins (2010), This form of business impersonation can damage a company‟s
brand and reputation if left unchecked; such monitoring can also serve as a positive indicator of business
success. Companies should consider reserving, on various social media sites, user names that match or closely
resemble their trade names and marks (Steinman & Hawkins, 2010).
In addition, companies should have terms and conditions for their own social media outlets, with provisions
specifying how to properly use the companies or third-party intellectual property. Marketers conducting certain
types of social media marketing campaigns, particularly promotions and user-generated content campaigns,
should have rules in place that include specific prohibitions regarding trademark and copyright infringement
and impersonation (Steinman & Hawkins, 2010).
III. Trust, Privacy and Security Issues
Using social media to promote one‟s brand, products, or services can also implicate trust, privacy and data
security issues. It is important for companies to aware of these issues and takes appropriate measures to
minimize their exposure to liability related to personal data collection, use, and maintenance.
Trust, particularly the unique dimensions of transactional security and privacy (Hoffmann et al., 1999), play a
critical role in generating customer loyalty to social media marketers. A study by Ratnasingham (1998) has
shown that fear of online credit card fraud has been one of the major reasons customers have not done more
extensive online buying (Ratnasigham, 1998). Moreover, privacy concerns have led to a public relations fiasco
for some major social media marketing resulting in substantial brand image erosion (Advertising Age, 2000).
Social media companies like Facebook and Twitter generally have their own privacy policies that govern their
use of consumer data and third-party conduct on the social media platform with respect to personal data.
Marketers using third-party social media outlets should ensure that their marketing campaigns do not
encourage consumers or any other parties to engage in practices that would violate the social media company‟s
privacy policy, and marketers should also ensure that they are abiding by the policies as well. Companies that
administer their own blogs or other social media platforms should also maintain comprehensive policies that
disclose the company‟s data collection, use, and storage practices, and any responsibilities that third parties
have regarding privacy and data security (Steinman & Hawkins, 2010).
Trust, which is closely related to security, is a very important factor in the online buying process behavior
process. In general, you cannot feel, smell, or touch the product. You cannot look into the salesperson‟s eyes
(Steinman & Hawkins, 2010). Therefore, these ways of developing trust are excluded on the Internet. Brand
trust usually contributes to a reduction of uncertainty. In addition, trust is a component of the attitudinal
component of loyalty. So it is obvious that loyalty in general and brand trust in particular can help to overcome
some of the Internet‟s disadvantages, e.g. to overcome perceptions that the Internet is an unsafe, dishonest, and
unreliable marketplace. In fact, these perceptions are still stopping some potential customers from doing
business on the web. A “third party approval” is a tool to generate trust (Gommans et al. 2001).
IV. User-Generated Content (UGC)
During the last few years, users have spent more time and shared more information, thoughts, and opinions
with each other easily via the Internet. Also, new forms of content generation, communication, and
collaboration have come out on the Internet. Oftentimes marketing strategies involving social networking sites
or other social media incorporate user-generated content (UGC) into the field (Filho & Tan 2009). For
example, UGC allows Internet users to make comments in various forms, such as photos, videos, podcasts,
ratings, reviews, articles, and blogs (Filho & Tan 2009). Whether it‟s a video or photo shared on a site or
messages that site users disseminate to members of the network, UGC holds much promise as a marketing tool.
In addition, user-generated content comes with a relatively high degree of credibility in the eyes of consumers,
particularly if someone created the content for example or a tweet between friends. Soliciting user-generated
content in connection with a marketing strategy comes with some risk of incurring legal liability for content
created by an individual participating in the campaign Marketers can, however, take certain steps to minimize
legal risks associated with marketing campaigns that involve the dissemination of user-generated content
through social media (Gommans et al. 2001).

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V. Negative Feedbacks
Social media, in a way, converts consumers into marketers and advertisers, and consumers can create positive
or negative pressure for the company, its products, and its services, depending both on how the company is
presented online and on the quality of products and services presented to the customer (Roberts & Kraynak
2008). Consumer-generated product reviews, images, and tags, which serve as a valuable source of information
for customers making product choices online (Ghose, Ipeirotis, & Li 2009), have increased rapidly on the
Internet and have had a great impact on electronic commerce (Forman, Ghose, & Wiesenfeld 2008) following
the emergence of Web 2.0 technologies.
One aspect of social networking that is especially damaging to marketing campaigns is negative post
responses. Unhappy customers or industry competitors are able to post disparaging or offensive pictures, posts
or videos and there is not much a marketer can do to prevent these occurrences (Cheung, Lee, & Thadani
2009). Still, negative or other non-constructive feedback cannot be ignored. Social networks must be managed
efficiently enough to immediately respond and neutralize harmful posts, which takes more time (Hennig-
Thurau et al. 2004).
5. Discussion
According to Gurau (2008), The online marketing environment raises a series of opportunities and also
challenges for social media marketing practitioners. The audiences become more fragmented and proactive,
but, on the other hand, the company has the possibility to combine various modes and categories of
information in a complex message. Social media also permit the enterprises to collect, register, analyze and use
customer data and feedback for better targeting online audiences and customizing its messages (Gurau, 2008).
In fact, the specific characteristics of the Internet and social media applications are making the implementation
of integrated online marketing both inevitable and efficient for an online approach. The cost-related factors,
social interactions, interactivity, targeted market opportunities, and customer services are excellent features for
organizations to adopt a proactive-reactive attitude and to succeed in social media marketing. On the other
hand, downside of social media marketing such as time intensive, trademark and copyright issues, trust,
privacy and security issues, user-generated content (UGC) and negative feedbacks from customers are major
barriers facing by social media marketers (Gurau, 2008).
According to Designing and implementing a specific model of integrated social media marketing can integrate
these characteristics. The message communicated online should be first infused with the core corporate values,
then adapted to the online strategy and tactics of the organization, and finally customized for a specific
combination of targeted audience and online channel. The selection of the appropriate communication-mix
needs to take into account the characteristics of social media marketing (Gurau, 2008).
6. Conclusion
Social media can be established anywhere with an Internet connection, and it should be considered by
marketers, advertisers, and online content creators as a basic part of their communications because social
media affects all aspects of the Internet and transforms the role of Internet in people‟s lives (Universal McCann
2008).
Today, consumers gain a new role with social media. Consumers are becoming „„content creators‟‟ and, thus,
functional consumers instead of just consuming, as in the past. Social media applications or tools that facilitate
this are blogs, micro blogging applications (such as Twitter), social networking sites (such as Facebook),
podcasts, and video and photo sharing sites (such as YouTube and Flickr). Given this reality, it is useful for
companies, especially marketers, to integrate social media into marketing and their marketing strategies.
This study has attempted to identify the major advantages and disadvantages determined by the development of
Internet technology in the area of social media marketing. Social media is the modern tool for marketers who
try every means to get their message out to their target markets. The medium has many advantages and
disadvantages based on their firm, and many companies still struggle to find the right way to use it. The
average business owners or marketers do not fully understand the risks and challenges in it. The field is still so
fresh that it is difficult to evaluate the qualifications of social media “experts” who offer their services online.
So, before a company step into the field of social media marketing, they have to complete full research on
social media practices. An organization has to master basic principles and tactics of using social media as an
effective tool in order to survive in the field of social media marketing. Main goals of a company or
organization have to engage customers, to protect company reputation, to provide customers with good quality
of product and services and to satisfy customer‟s need.

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