Mirrors in the Brain: How Our Minds Share Actions, Emotions
Abstract
Emotions and actions are powerfully contagious; when we see someone laugh, cry, show disgust, or experience pain, in some sense, we share that emotion. When we see someone in distress, we share that distress. When we see a great actor, musician or sportsperson perform at the peak of their abilities, it can feel like we are experiencing just something of what they are experiencing. Yet only recently, with the discover of mirror neurons, has it become clear just how this powerful sharing of experience is realised within the human brain. This book provides, for the first time, a systematic overview of mirror neurons, written by the man who first discovered them.
In the early 1990's Giacomo Rizzolatti and his co-workers at the University of Parma discovered that some neurons had a surprising property. They responded not only when a subject performed a given action, but also when the subject observed someone else performing that same action. These results had a deep impact on cognitive neuroscience, leading the neuroscientist vs Ramachandran to predict that 'mirror neurons would do for psychology what DNA did for biology'. The unexpected properties of these neurons have not only attracted the attention of neuroscientists. Many sociologists, anthropologists, and even artists have been fascinated by mirror neurons. The director and playwright Peter Brook stated that mirror neurons throw new light on the mysterious link that is created each time actors take the stage and face their audience - the sight of a great actor performing activates in the brain of the observer the very same areas that are active in the performer - including both their actions and their emotions.
... From a motor standpoint, these neurons are the same as canonical neurons. However, what triggers the firing of these neurons perceptually is not the observation of an object; rather, it is the observation of a specific action [41]. This phenomenon indicated that the observing monkeys were neurologically "mimicking" the actions they saw or heard. ...
... Spaces should resonate with human psychological needs, going beyond aesthetic appeal to create environments that support and enrich human experience. This perspective aligns with the insights gathered from the role of mirror neurons, suggesting that architectural spaces can evoke empathetic and emotional responses, thereby connecting individuals to their environment in a meaningful way [41,43]. ...
... The significant influence of architectural design on human cognitive processes is revealed by our growing understanding of how the brain interprets visual information, which are sensitive to contours, forms, colors, and spatial situations. The intricate interplay between environments and neurological functioning, as evidenced by the roles of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and parahippocampal place area (PPA) [17,24,25], and the impact of environmental factors on mirror neurons [41,43] highlight the profound potential of architecture in shaping human experience. ...
The study of neuroarchitecture is concerned with the significant effects of architecture on human behavior, emotions and thought processes. This review explores the intricate relationship between the brain and perceived environments, focusing on the roles of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and parahippocampal place area (PPA) in processing architectural stimuli. It highlights the importance of mirror neurons in generating empathetic responses to our surroundings and discusses how architectural elements like lighting, color, and space layout significantly impact emotional and cognitive experiences. The review also presents insights into the concept of cognitive maps and spatial navigation, emphasizing the role of architecture in facilitating wayfinding and orientation. Additionally, it addresses how neuroarchitecture can be applied to enhance learning and healing environments, drawing upon principles from the Reggio Emilia approach and considerations for designing spaces for the elderly and those with cognitive impairments. Overall, this review offers a neuroscientific basis for understanding how human cognition, emotions, spatial navigation, and well-being are influenced by architectural design.
... Kinesthetic empathy refers to an individual's capacity and proclivity to know another's actions, intentions, and emotions through attentive (though often implicit) perception of his or her movement and bodily experience. Such a capacity has been related to the mirror-neuron system (Rizzolatti and Sinigaglia 2008). Synchronic KMP rhythms notations can directly and reliably operationalize kinesthetic empathy (e.g., Sossin 1987;Koch 1999Koch , 2006a. ...
... Kinesthetic empathy refers to an individual's capacity and proclivity to know another's actions, intentions, and emotions through attentive (though often implicit) perception of his or her movement and bodily experience. Such a capacity has been related to the mirror-neuron system (Rizzolatti and Sinigaglia 2008). Synchronic Kestenberg Movement Profile rhythms notations can directly operationalize kinesthetic empathy. ...
... In this respect, most of the research on affordances in neuroscience has been devoted to provide pieces of evidence on the several and highly specialized cortical motor networks responsible for the extraction of spatial features, related to an affordance, of objects, especially graspable objects (and in tool use) (Anelli et al., 2012;Borghi & Riggio, 2015;Borghi et al., 2012;Castiello, 2005;Castiello & Begliomini, 2008;Caligiore et al., 2013;Chinellato & del Pobil, 2016;Chinellato et al., 2019;Cisek, 2007;Cisek & Kalaska, 2010;Costantini et al., 2010Costantini et al., , 2011Fadiga et al., 2000;Ferretti, 2016aFerretti, , 2016bFerretti, , 2017Ferretti, , 2018Ferretti, , 2021aFerretti, , 2023Gallese, 2000Gallese, , 2007Gallese & Sinigaglia, 2011;Jacob & Jeannerod, 2003;Jeannerod, 2006;Maranesi et al., 2014;Norman, 2002;Pezzulo et al., 2010;Rizzolatti & Matelli, 2003;Rizzolatti & Sinigaglia, 2008;Sakreida et al., 2016;Sim et al., 2015;Thill et al., 2013;Tillas et al., 2017;Turella & Lignau, 2014;Young, 2006;Zipoli Caiani & Ferretti, 2017;Zipoli Caiani, 2013. Not by chance, scholars have been looking for the neural mechanisms responsible for different kinds of affordance extraction within these neural networks (Sakreida et al., 2016;Borghi & Riggio, 2015; for a discussion, see Ferretti, 2021a). ...
... flexing an arm), but to complex motor acts (e.g. coordinated movements with specific goals: extending an arm in a selected direction to reach and catch a glass, Rizzolatti & Sinigaglia, 2008;Gallese & Metzinger, 2003;Chinellato & del Pobil, 2016;Ferri et al., 2015). There are, thus, as different groups of neurons in F5 as different actions is the agent capable of performing: hand-grasping neurons, grasping-with-the-mouth neurons, etc. ...
Research on the concept of affordance generated different interpretations, which are due to different stories aimed at describing how this notion accounts for visually guided motor behaviors. On the one hand, dispositional accounts of affordances explain how affordances emerge from the encounter of the agent’s perceptual-motor skills, with an object offering possible interactions, as behavioral dispositional properties. On the other hand, cognitive neuroscience explains what neural mechanisms are required for agents to detect affordances, resulting from an internal processing. As the literature recognized, it would be beneficial to connect these two stories. We propose an important step into this connection, showing how a dispositional notion of affordance can be distinguished into two versions, the Dispositional Account of Nomological Affordance Response and the Dispositional Account of Probable Affordance Response, and how to complement different aspects of visuomotor processing for affordance extraction, discussed in neuroscience, with them. An important benefit of our proposal is that it suggests, for the first time, that we should not prefer one dispositional account at the expense of the other. Indeed, we show that different dispositional accounts can capture distinct aspects of the plethora of complex manifestations, at the neurocognitive level of visuomotor-processing, that affordances can display in humans, both in healthy and pathological subjects.
... This approach allows us to overcome the separation between content-less and content-involving intentionality. As we will see in the last section of the paper, although Mead's terminology may seem outdated, his theory has been recently revived as relevant in explaining the innate social dimension of both human and non-human animals, and the human communicative capacity through the conditioning of bio-social canons and structures (McNeill, 2005(McNeill, , 2012Rizzolatti & Sinigaglia, 2008). Several authors have suggested a continuity between action, gesture, cognition and language (Arbib, 2012;Corballis, 2002Corballis, , 2017Donald, 1991Donald, , 2012Ferretti et al., 2018;Kendon, 2004;McNeill, 2005McNeill, , 2012Tomasello, 2008;Volterra et al., 2017). ...
... Answering this question is crucial for developing a phylogenetic explanation of the emergence of contentful cognition that goes beyond associationist or discontinuist views of cognition and language. To address the issue at hand, I suggest looking into Mead's theory of gesture, which some more recent hypotheses on gesture and language have taken up (McNeill, 2005(McNeill, , 2012Rizzolatti & Sinigaglia, 2008). By revisiting the key components of Mead's theory, we can gain valuable insights for developing a continuist non-representationalist theory of language genesis that would overcome the divide between content-less Ur-intentionality and contentinvolving intentionality, i.e., a semantic propositional intentionality. ...
The article argues in favour of a pragmatist enactive interpretation of the emergence of the symbolic and contentful mind from a basic form of social communicative interaction in which basic cognitive capacities are involved. Through a critical overview of Radical Enactivists (RECers)’ view about language, the article focuses on Mead’s pragmatist behavioural theory of meaning that refers to the gestural conversation as the origin of the evolution of linguistic conversation. The article develops as follows. After exposing the main elements of REC’s theory of cognition and language that involve the construction of a theory of natural signs (teleosemiotics) and basic directionality (Ur-intentionality), some critical points of Hutto and Myin’s proposal will be highlighted. To foster a continuist perspective of language, the behavioural theory of meaning and language that Mead develops from the notion of gesture will be analysed. His theory is akin to REC and could augment the bare bones of REC’s sketched perspective, helping to include Ur-intentionality in a broader non-dualistic phylogenetic and ontogenetic theory of symbolic language from gestural communication, thus helping to overcome the distinction between a content-less intentionality and a content-involving intentionality, i.e., a semantic propositional intentionality. Furthermore, a recent revival of Mead’s theory testifies to its up-to-date relevance to explain the innate social dimension of human and non-human animals, and the human communicative capacity through the conditioning of bio-social canons and structures.
... Vygotsky [1934] Backed by findings on mirror neurons in the brain [Rizzolatti et al., 2008] that suggests a natural predisposition for imitation, computational models of imitation have been developped such as in [Oztop et al., 2006]. More broadly, social learning has contributed to human-robot imitation studies such as imitation, gesture, vocalization, joint attention, turn taking, etc. ...
This work in the field of developmental cognitive robotics aims to devise a new domain bridging between reinforcement learning and imitation learning, with a model of the intrinsic motivation for learning agents to learn with guidance from tutors multiple tasks, including sequential tasks. The main contribution has been to propose a common formulation of intrinsic motivation based on empirical progress for a learning agent to choose automatically its learning curriculum by actively choosing its learning strategy for simple or sequential tasks: which task to learn, between autonomous exploration or imitation learning, between low-level actions or task decomposition, between several tutors. The originality is to design a learner that benefits not only passively from data provided by tutors, but to actively choose when to request tutoring and what and whom to ask. The learner is thus more robust to the quality of the tutoring and learns faster with fewer demonstrations. We developed the framework of socially guided intrinsic motivation with machine learning algorithms to learn multiple tasks by taking advantage of the generalisability properties of human demonstrations in a passive manner or in an active manner through requests of demonstrations from the best tutor for simple and composing subtasks. The latter relies on a representation of subtask composition proposed for a construction process, which should be refined by representations used for observational processes of analysing human movements and activities of daily living. With the outlook of a language-like communication with the tutor, we investigated the emergence of a symbolic representation of the continuous sensorimotor space and of tasks using intrinsic motivation. We proposed within the reinforcement learning framework, a reward function for interacting with tutors for automatic curriculum learning in multi-task learning.
... There are at least two possible explanations of our main findings: a first possible explanation of the improved performances observed in the action observation condition as compared to the hidden action can be found in the recruitment of the mirror neuron system (MNS), which has been proven to be strongly implicated in understanding and anticipating the intentions of actions performed by others (Iacoboni et al., 2005;Rizzolatti and Sinigaglia, 2008). Because mirror neurons-in contrast with "canonical" neurons-display both visual and motor properties, they are activated when actors overtly perform a specific action, as well as when they only observe the same action performed by another individual (Iacoboni et al., 1999(Iacoboni et al., , 2005Gallese et al., 2004). ...
Using the theoretical framework of joint actions, here we hypothesize that routines’ formation is regulated by visual coordination and task difficulty. We conducted a laboratory experiment manipulating the availability of visual information and the difficulty of routinization. The presence of visual information allowed participants to reach the game’s goal faster, although the performance was less accurate. Task difficulty had a limited impact. Overall, visual coordination appears to regulate the speed–accuracy trade-off of routines, playing a pivotal role in complex joint actions.
... Los grandes simios (humanos, orangutanes, bonobos, gorilas y chimpancés) tenemos una tendencia innata a acompañar los movimientos de otros seres con nuestro propio cuerpo, especialmente si estos movimientos aparentan ser difíciles o dolorosos, o si corresponden a acciones cuyo sentido resulta identificable, en virtud de las llamadas "neuronas espejo" (Breithaupt, 2011 Cap. 1;Gallese & Guerra, 2015;Rizzolatti & Sinigaglia, 2008). Las imágenes de estos movimientos despiertan nuestros propios patrones táctiles y motores off line (sin que se ejecuten las acciones correspondientes), y ofrecen así percepciones internas que traducen e interpretan los movimientos que vemos. ...
Este capítulo aborda la cuestión de si el cine puede ayudar a empatizar con los animales que son explotados en la in- dustria alimentaria. ¿Qué barreras tendría que superar? ¿Qué estrategias cinematográficas parecen más promisorias para lograrlo? La primera sección plantea el problema. La segunda sección se ocupa del concepto de empatía y plan- tea algunas de las principales barreras que obstaculizan la empatía hacia estos animales: las dificultades imaginativas de empatizar con seres muy diferentes de nosotros; los me- canismos de ocultamiento y negación, fundamentales para la explotación de los animales en la industria alimentaria; el costo moral de esta empatía y los intereses que impulsan a evitar sus consecuencias. La tercera sección ofrece un análi- sis detallado del documental Cow (Arnold, 2021), para iden- tificar en este algunas de las estrategias concretas que puede emplear el cine para superar las barreras mencionadas. Se afirma que Cow ofrece un amplio repertorio de percepciones aurales, visuales, kinestésicas, sinestésicas y afectivas al que de otro modo difícilmente se tendría acceso y las articula en un punto de vista coherente alrededor de Luma como vaca individual, al tiempo que enfoca y sostiene la atención del espectador en virtud de sus propiedades narrativas y esté- ticas. Su recurso a mecanismos subpersonales de contagio emocional y mímesis kinestésica, así como a una presenta- ción que evita las discusiones morales directas, le ayudan a evitar algunos de los obstáculos a la empatía con animales de granja. La empatía que produce Cow, además, no se queda aislada en la esfera del cine, en la medida en que su carácter documental y su realismo invita a transferirla hacia otras va- cas reales. La cuarta sección se ocupa brevemente de dos de las objeciones que se puede plantear a este tipo de empatía: que su antropomorfismo la invalida y que carece de valor moral. Sostengo que el antropomorfismo de Cow es limitado, que hasta cierto punto es inevitable y que puede ser incluso necesario si se quiere disminuir la distancia que los seres hu- manos han intentado establecer entre ellos y otros animales.
En lo que concierne a su valor moral, defiendo que la historia da motivos suficientes para considerar el bloqueo sistemá- tico de la empatía hacia una clase de seres sintientes como un mal, en cuanto los cosifica y los hace estructuralmente vulnerables a daños graves.
... This approach has thus helped to revive the old notion of empathy that Lipps, following the psychologist Karl Groos, had defined at the beginning of the twentieth century as "internal imitation" (Stueber 2018) and to which many analytical philosophers have recently turned their attention (2006). Neurological discoveries concerning "mirror neurons" have also been interpreted by some as providing a neurobiological basis for the capacity for empathy (Rizzolatti, Sinigaglia 2008;Coplan, Goldie 2011). ...
In contemporary philosophy of mind, understanding others is often presented as an activity of attributing mental states to agents or mindreading – the central question being then how to access their minds. The paper argues that this pervasive approach should be rejected, in favour of the view along which identifying an action comes from exercising conceptual skills acquired through being inserted into shared practices characterizing a social world. Examining the conditions of their acquisition then sheds new light on the semantics of psychological concepts as well as on the roots of misunderstanding.
... And the massive use of neuroimaging by cognitive neuroscientists should make clear that they are intent on explaining human cognitive capacities. Second, one could also support this claim by insisting that cognitive neuroscientists sometimes use observations made in other animals to support mechanistic explanations of human capacities, e.g. using observations done on monkeys in order to support their views about the role of mirror neurons in humans (Rizzolatti and Sinigaglia 2007). However, from the fact that cognitive neuroscientists use such observations as evidence, it doesn't follow that they take their mechanistic explanations to have a wide scope and to cover not only human animals but also non-human animals. ...
The traditional thesis of the autonomy of psychology from neuroscience is grounded in a metaphysical thesis; the irreducibility thesis. Anti-reductionism is still dominant nowadays, and, as a consequence, autonomists arguably stand on firmer grounds. Still, an anti-autonomist might have the intuition that even if psychology is not reducible to neuroscience, there is a sense, not metaphysically grounded, but epistemologically grounded, in which psychology clearly is not autonomous from neuroscience. The challenge is then to offer a concept of autonomy which allows for the articulation of a new and significant autonomy thesis, and to show that the thesis is false. The thesis that psychologists need not consider neuroscientific explanations when putting forward psychological explanations is such a thesis. I take it that both this characterization of autonomy and an antiautonomist argument in this sense can already be found in a paper co-authored by Gualtiero Piccinini and CarlCraver. Piccinini and Craver’s attack on this thesis is grounded on the claim that psychologists should support their functional analyses by means ofmechanistic explanations for the former to be justified at all. I also take it that, as Lawrence Shapiro has shown, their argument ultimately fails. But this was a very valuable attempt, and, in this paper, I intend to build on it with the aim of offering a new and hopefully effective anti-autonomist argument. I contend that psychologists do need to consider neuroscientific explanations when putting forward psychological explanations, and this stems from the fact that they provide the same type of explanations of the same kind of phenomena as neuroscientist, or so I argue.
... This act of choosing the depth location can be viewed as being based on the motor representation of the dynamics of swinging a bat and striking a ball. Motor representations represent not only patterns of displacement of joints and configurations of the body, but also movement outcomes, to which a goal-oriented action is directed (Meyer, Wel, & Hunnius, 2013;Rizzolatti, Giacomo, & Sinigaglia, 2008;Rosenbaum, 2010). Motor representations, which are revealed in the early part of a bodily action, can indicate how the action will unfold to the end (Cohen & Rosenbaum, 2004). ...
Background: A baseball hit involves complex whole-body movements and coordination. Research has focused on batting against stationary balls, and insights have been gained into hitters’ intended strategies. However, synchronizing the bat swing with the flying ball is crucial for an effective hit in game scenarios. Objective: Movement patterns in baseball hitting were analyzed by comparing two batting tasks: hitting a stationary ball on a tee stand (stationary ball hit) and hitting a ball projected by a pitching machine (oncoming ball hit). The study examined whether motor representations elicited in the stationary ball hit were applicable to the oncoming ball hit, and to identify differences in the movement patterns between the two tasks. Methodology: Ten male college baseball players participated in stationary and oncoming ball-hitting tasks. A three-dimensional motion analysis of ball-bat contact locations and hitting movements was conducted. Results: For the stationary ball hit, a high correlation was observed between the depth and course (rrm(79) =.968) or height positions (rrm(79)=.875) of the ball. However, for an oncoming ball hit, the impact depth did not systematically vary with course (rrm(189)=.333) and heights (rrm(189)=.213). Correlation analysis of the duration and timing between the stepping movement and bat swing revealed compensatory timing for starting the bat swing in response to pitch release (rrm(189) = 0.79). Conclusion: The results revealed the temporal coordination of movement for initiating a bat swing at a relatively consistent timing with respect to the flight of pitches. Therefore, the ball was intercepted at a relatively consistent depth location.
... In parallel efforts, the neural basis of cooperation, mirror neurons, have been uncovered not long ago (e.g. Rizzolatti & Sinigaglia, 2008). There are strong hints that shared mental models form the base for joint reasoning and joint action. ...
... Emotional contagion represents the phenomenon in which a person shares the feelings of another person at the time these emotions occur (e. g., Duan and Hill, 1996). It refers to the involuntary replication of others' emotional states (e.g., Rizzolatti and Sinigaglia, 2008), as well as emotions transferred through interaction with others (Davis, 1983). It results in the automatic synchronization of emotional expressions such as facial expressions or body movements with another person. ...
A R T I C L E I N F O Keywords: Voice-based artificial intelligence Voice AI Empathetic response in voice AI Attention to auditory information Auditory information exploration Consumer's narcissism A B S T R A C T Voice-based artificial intelligence, or voice AI, is becoming more prevalent in consumers' daily transactions. Utilizing the perception-action model of empathy, this study aims to understand the holistic nature of empathetic responses in voice AI and how this technology, when rendered empathetic, can affect consumers' attention to auditory information (perceived attention) and auditory information exploration, by reaching expected outcomes of the interactive process, consumer satisfaction, and consumers' willingness to use voice AI. The results of two pretests and two experiments explain the effect of empathetic response in voice AI on consumers' perceived attention and its subsequent effect on consumers' auditory information exploration, satisfaction, and willingness to use voice AI. In addition, the moderating effects of narcissism on relationships were also tested. Consumers' narcissism strengthens the effect of empathetic response on perceived attention to auditory information.
... Και στις δύο επικοινωνιακές εμπειρίες τα άτομα που αλληλεπιδρούν, επιδιώκουν να κατασκευάσουν και να μοιραστούν έναν κοινό παλμό. Άλλωστε οι πρόσφατες ανακαλύψεις της νευροφυσιολογίας σχετικά με την ύπαρξη και λειτουργία των κατοπτρικών νευρώνων (βλέπε για παράδειγμα: Rizzolatti & Sinigaglia, 2008) ενισχύουν την υπόθεση του αμοιβαίου συντονισμού δύο προσώπων και τη συνδέουν με την εγγενή ικανότητα του είδους μας να αναγνωρίζουμε, να κατανοούμε και να μοιραζόμαστε τις προθέσεις και τις συγκινήσεις του άλλου. ...
Όπως καταδεικνύουν μελέτες της αναπτυξιακής ψυχολογίας και της μουσικής ψυχολογίας, η επανάληψη και η παραλλαγή παίζουν καθοριστικό ρόλο στη λειτουργία των ανθρώπινων αλληλεπιδράσεων συμμετέχοντας στη ρυθμική οικοδόμηση και στο μοίρασμα μουσικών και πρωτο-μουσικών διυποκειμενικών εμπειριών. Τόσο οι παιγνιώδεις διάλογοι μητέρας-βρέφους όσο και οι θεραπευτικοί διάλογοι θεραπευτή-θεραπευόμενου αλλά και η συνομιλία δύο μουσικών που αυτοσχεδιάζουν, θεμελιώνονται πάνω στην κοινή πρόβλεψη σταθερών μουσικών και συμπεριφορικών μοτίβων από τη μία, και στη διαχείριση απροσδόκητων συμβάντων από την άλλη. Η παρούσα εργασία εξετάζει τη σημασία του σχήματος επανάληψη-παραλλαγή στη μουσική αντίληψη και δημιουργία, διερευνά τα νοήματά του στην επικοινωνία γονέα-βρέφους και αναζητά παραλληλισμούς στον θεραπευτικό αυτοσχεδιασμό και στη μουσική συνεργατική επιτέλεση. Η συγκριτική ανασκόπηση μελετών που ερευνούν όψεις της δυναμικής των διαπροσωπικών σχέσεων μας οδηγεί τελικά να υποστηρίξουμε πως μέσα από τη ρυθμική εμπειρία της επανάληψης-παραλλαγής κατασκευάζεται ο κοινός χρόνος των συγκινησιακών αφηγήσεων, πάνω στον οποίο θεμελιώνεται κατά κύριο λόγο η ανθρώπινη επικοινωνιακή μουσικότητα.
... Pallasmaa continues to suggest, with Semir Zeki (Zeki, 1999) and Mallgrave (Mallgrave, 2010) that architects and artists might be intuitive "Neurologists", and the possibility that a theory of aesthetics could be biologically based. With the discovery of mirror neurons in the 1990s (Rizzolatti and Sinigaglia, 2008) a connection between representational models in architecture and neuroscience can be explored. As Sarah Goldhagen (Goldhagen, 2017) exemplifies, architects seem to have hypothesized the existence of such principle decades before the scientific substantiation of canonical and mirror neurons took place. ...
... Multitud de referencias bibliográficas e informes oficiales al respecto enRifkin (2014).28 Las neuronas espejo son el substrato fisiológico del aprendizaje por observación entre otras cosas, véaseRizzolatti y Sinigaglia (2007). ...
... This is also connected to the distinction between two types of empathy: "basic and reenactive, " on the one hand, and "mirroring and reconstructive, " on the other hand (Goldman, 2006(Goldman, , 2011. While the first refers to the "mirror neurons" (Gallese, 2003;Rizzolatti and Craighero, 2004;Rizzolatti and Sinigaglia, 2008;Iacoboni, 2011), the second refers to a kind of "mindreading, " in which we understand one another's behavior and emotions in complex social contexts, while complex neurophysiological phenomena and neuronal areas such as the medial prefrontal cortex, temporoparietal cortex, and the cingulate cortex get involved Kain and Perner, 2003). ...
The new approach in cognitive science largely known as “4E cognition” (embodied/embedded/enactive/extended cognition), which sheds new light on the complex dynamics of human consciousness, seems to revive some of Aristotle's views. For instance, the concept of “nature” ( phusis ) and the discussion on “active intellect” ( nous poiêtikos ) may be particularly relevant in this respect. Out of the various definitions of “nature” in Aristotle's Physics, On the Parts of Animals and Second Analytics , I will concentrate on nature defined as an inner impulse to movement, neither entirely “corporeal,” nor entirely “incorporeal,” and neither entirely “substantial,” nor entirely “accidental.” Related to that, I will consider the distinction in On the Soul between the “active” and the “passive” intellect, which Aristotle asserted as generally present in “nature” itself. By offering a conceptual and historical analysis of these views, I intend to show how the mind–body problem, which is essential for the explanation of consciousness, could be somewhat either eluded or transcended by both ancients and contemporaries on the basis of a subtle account of causation. While not attempting to diminish the impact of the Cartesian paradigm, which led to the so-called “hard problem of consciousness,” I suggest that the most recent neuroscience discoveries on the neurophysiological phenomena related to human consciousness could be better explained and understood if interpreted within a 4E cognition paradigm, inspired by some Aristotelian views.
... Issuing from several theoretical frameworks such as phenomenology (Merleau-Ponty 1962), ecological psychology (Gibson 1977), enactivism (Varela, Thompson and Rosch 1991), action-based theories of perception (Noë 2004), extended mind theories (Clark 2008) and mirror neuron research (Rizzolatti and Sinigaglia 2008), embodied cognition paradigm maintains the non-dualistic, 'situated' and bodily-based nature of human cognition. Although subtle differences exist between different embodied approaches, they all refer to cognition as an embodied, embedded, enactive and extended process. ...
During the past decade, embodied knowledge has provided novel important insights to rethink mediation technology, thereby paving the way for a transdisciplinary approach to wearable technologies. Stemming from a phenomenological-based approach and considering current trends in sonic interaction design, this article proposes an extensive account on embodied approaches to mediation technology and underlines the increasing importance of somatic knowledge within the field. It also presents an autoethnographic analysis of my own performance, which provides an original contribution to the artistic application of wearable technologies. Stemming from an ongoing research-creation on musical improvisation with biophysical technologies, the case study emphasises how an embodied and visceral approach to interaction can transform wearable devices into an active sensory-perceptual mode of experiencing, which is capable of stimulating the performer’s sensorimotor metaplasticity. The reconfiguration of a body’s automations through the use of sound feedback is a process that unfolds with a high degree of sensitivity in which the body can be poetically understood as an emergent territoriality, inhabited and transfigured by the sound.
... The problem of dealing with workplace accidents is, therefore, likely to be embedded in workers' inability to exhibit positive EI during interaction with people at the workplace or dealing with factors such as depression, anxiety, or burnout while performing various tasks. In line with the Affective Primacy Theory (APT) [107][108][109] , this analogy is also likely to explain the significant influence of EI on safety performance, as this current study found safety performance to predict accidents encountered at the workplace significantly. As suggested in previous literature, encouraging employees to practice safe work behaviour will likely reduce workplace accidents and occupational injuries 110,111 . ...
To address the issue of promoting occupational health and safety at the workplace, this study aimed to evaluate the mediating effect of four different dimensional constructs of Emotional Intelligence (EI) on the influence Occupational Health and Safety Management Practices (OHSMP) hold on safety performance and workplace accidents among oil and gas workers. The study is explanatory research that adopted a cross-sectional survey design. Convenience and stratified sampling techniques were used to select 699 respondents from the three major government-owned oil and gas organizations. The multiple standard regression and bootstrapping mediation methods were used for data analysis after subjecting the data to exploratory and confirmatory factor assessments. Results indicated that OHSMP significantly predicts EI, safety performance, and workplace accidents. Again, EI was found to predict safety performance and workplace accidents significantly. Results also indicated that all the construct dimensions for measuring EI significantly explain the relationship between OHSMP and safety performance, as well as the influence of OHSMP on workplace accidents. The theoretical basis for these findings is that workers with high-level EI are likely to cope with occupational health and safety lapses or safety-related challenges at the workplace by participating and complying with the organization’s safety management practices or procedures. Such employees are likely to exhibit safe working behaviors and contribute to improving safety performance in the organization.
... However, many researchers are unconvinced, citing a lack of experimental evidence [34]. The unique research on mirror neurons was started by Rizzolatti et al. [35,36] and others [37,38]. Current neuroscience has greatly expanded on this by modifying brain or gene expression to include epigenomic processes, as seen in the study by Regey et al. on bird's song and courtship dynamics. ...
This article reviews recent advances and perspectives in neuroscience related to consciousness, cognition, and neural networks in the brain. The neural mechanisms underlying cognitive processes, such as perception, attention, memory, and decision-making, are explored. The article also examines how these processes give rise to our experience of consciousness. The implications of these findings for our understanding of the brain and its functions are presented, as well as potential applications of this knowledge in fields such as medicine, psychology, and artificial intelligence. Additionally, the article explores the concept of a quantum viewpoint concerning consciousness, cognition, and creativity and how incorporating DNA as a key element could reconcile classical and quantum perspectives on human behaviour, consciousness, and cognition, as explained by genomic psychological theory. Furthermore, the article explains how the human brain processes external stimuli through the sensory nervous system and how it can be simulated using an artificial neural network (ANN) consisting of one input layer, multiple hidden layers, and an output layer. The law of learning is also discussed, explaining how ANNs work and how the modification of weight values affects the output and input values. The article concludes with a discussion of future research directions in this field, highlighting the potential for further discoveries and advancements in our understanding of the brain and its functions.
The search for a possible unity in cultural multiplicity, or in other words, for an anthropologically sharable meaning, can arise from pluralistic dialogue in the aesthetic sphere that involves sensible knowledge or understanding. Since the audiovisual puts concrete acts and specific gestures into an aesthetic form, it offers the possibility of an empirical exchange with otherness, mobilising the sensorium in the perception and understanding of our diversity and at the same time our similarity to the other. In the audiovisual, observing the practices of the intangible cultural heritage of others can potentially raise awareness of, interest in, and give value to that which is not identical, contributing to the development of a pluralist paradigm of thought, open to diversity. Audiovisual works that artistically represent cultural heritage practices related to manual agricultural labour can amplify our understanding of the other, even of those marginalised by globalization.
The following article is an introduction to the handbook “Intangible Cultural Practices as Global Strategies for the Future”. 20 years after the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. The book takes stock. It is divided into five sections dealing with the following topics: (1) Living heritage as an initiator of change; (2) Colonialism, minorities, inequalities and the struggle for human rights; (3) Identity formation, participation and conflicts; (4) Living culture in aesthetic encounters; (5) Challenging issues, future developments and new fields of research. With the help of numerous interdisciplinary and international contributions, the following are examined: (1) intangible and tangible heritage; (2) the selection of practices of intangible cultural heritage; (3) the body and performativity; (4) the mimetic production of intangible cultural practices; (4) community and participation; (5) sustainable development; (6) education for sustainable development, global citizenship and peace; (7) digitalization. The aim of these analyses is to take stock and work out which developments are desirable and possible in the future in order to live as non-violently and sustainably as possible.
This book argues that our success in navigating the social world depends heavily on scripts. Scripts play a central role in our ability to understand social interactions shaped by different contextual factors.
In philosophy of social cognition, scholars have asked what mechanisms we employ when interacting with other people or when cognizing about other people. Recent approaches acknowledge that social cognition and interaction depend heavily on contextual, cultural, and social factors that contribute to the way individuals make sense of the social interactions they take part in. This book offers the first integrative account of scripts in social cognition and interaction. It argues that we need to make contextual factors and social identity central when trying to explain how social interaction works, and that this is possible via scripts. Additionally, scripts can help us understand bias and injustice in social interaction. The author’s approach combines several different areas of philosophy – philosophy of mind, social epistemology, feminist philosophy – as well as sociology and psychology to show why paying attention to injustice in interaction is much needed in social cognition research, and in philosophy of mind more generally.
Scripts and Social Cognition: How We Interact with Others will appeal to scholars and graduate students working in philosophy of mind, philosophy of psychology, social epistemology, social ontology, sociology, and social psychology.
In this paper a generic computational architecture for social interaction adaptivity and attunement is presented that was developed based on unification of a number of specific case studies addressed earlier. This architecture describes a generic multilevel multi-timescale adaptive dynamical system and is formalised and represented as a multi-order self-modeling network. It is shown how this architecture covers different earlier case studies addressing social interaction adaptivity and attunement subsuming synchrony-induced or homophily-induced adaptivity. Moreover, it is shown how based on it a new application to the design of bonding bots is realised that supports interpersonal emotion regulation via adaptive human-bot interaction and attunement. A central focus in this paper is on unification of the contributions in our research line on computational methods for social interaction science. The emphasis is on modeling and analysis of multimodal mental and social interaction dynamics adaptivity and attunement as occurs in affiliation and bonding from underlying causal mechanisms and pathways. The paper will contribute a unified computational architecture that covers several case studies analysed in the past and was also evaluated based on a new analysis to design bonding bots that interact with humans in order to obtain interpersonal emotion regulation.
Caring is essential to healing and is the essence of nursing. Today, more than ever, mentorships are a highly effective way for faculty and students to experience and model caring. As mentors and mentees build a culture of mutual caring and are cared for, in turn, by the mentorship program’s director, this environment enables self-discovery and knowledge transfer. This chapter defines caring in the nursing profession, with special attention to the theories of Jean Watson and Kristen Swanson and explores their application to the mentorship relationship and to the development of caring nurse competencies. Integrating caring behaviors traditionally associated with nursing practice within the mentorship relationship creates a sense of belonging and purpose which transforms both the student nurse’s experience and the professional nurse’s career. Among the tools this chapter offers are guides to caring behaviors, such as empathy, mindfulness, self-care, and compassion in the context of the mentorship program.
This article examines the problem of the specificity and functions of mental control from two main perspectives: (1) from the standpoint of natural scientific explanation; (2) within a socio-psychological and socio-humanitarian context. The first approach employs an information-based framework to address the question of how phenomena of subjective reality can serve as causes of physical changes. The distinction between informational and physical causality is elucidated, providing a justification for psychic (mental) causality as a form of informational causality. Within this context, the article discusses issues of information encoding and decoding, recent advances in neuroscience regarding the deciphering of brain codes for mental phenomena, and pertinent results from genomics. The author explores the significance of these developments for substantiating free will and self-determination processes, as well as for developing new artificial intelligence systems capable of emulating natural intelligence functions. Building upon these foundations, the second aspect of the discussion examines the role of mental control in interpersonal and mass communications, as well as in the functioning of institutional entities. To this end, the article investigates the relationships between individual consciousness and mass, institutional consciousness, the importance of national leadership in extreme situations, the phenomenon of polysubjectivity, and related questions concerning the optimal balance between centralization and autonomization of control mechanisms. The author demonstrates the inevitability of overcoming the principle of monopolarity, which inhibits autonomization functions and thereby undermines the foundations of global social self-organization. Finally, the article briefly addresses a number of salient issues pertaining to the meaning, objectives, and outcomes of mental control acts, as well as their socio-humanitarian implications and evaluation.
This article is based on ethnographic research conducted in one of the physical training institutions that offer the Laban/Bartenieff Movement Studies (LBMS) certification program in 2021. Because of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis, the training was held in a hybrid format in which some participants were in the studio while others were attending remotely via Zoom. Zoom-mediated movement training for long hours revealed how the intervention of telematic technologies challenged practitioners’ sensorial experience and sense-making process. Moreover, bringing co-located and remote participants’ experiences together in the hybrid setting disclosed different modes of interaction dynamics in the studio and online. Overall, participants described their hybrid experience as a clash. In the article, starting from unfolding those clashes from the enactive perspective, I discuss how remote intercorporeality through an audio–video streaming system, Zoom, challenges participants’ sensorial experience and how remote interaction affects the shared sense-making process in the hybrid format setting.
Objectives: To explore current hospital practice in relation to the assessment of vision problems in patients with acquired brain injury. Design: A survey study. Subjects: A total of 143 respondents from hospital settings, with background in occupational therapy and physical therapy, participated in the survey. Methods: The survey questionnaire, developed collaboratively by Danish and Norwegian research groups, encompassed 22 items categorically covering “Background information”, “Clinical experience and current practice”, “Vision assessment tools and protocols”, and “Assessment barriers”. It was sent out online, to 29 different hospital departments and 18 separate units for occupational therapists and physiotherapists treating patients with acquired brain injury. Results: Most respondents worked in acute or subacute hospital settings. Few departments had an interdisciplinary vision team, and very few therapists had formal education in visual problems after acquired brain injury. Visual assessment practices varied, and there was limited use of standardized tests. Barriers to identifying visual problems included patient-related challenges, knowledge gaps, and resource limitations. Conclusion: The study emphasized the need for enhanced interdisciplinary collaboration, formal education, and standardized assessments to address visual problems after acquired brain injury. Overcoming these challenges may improve identification and management, ultimately contributing to better patient care and outcomes in the future.
Increasingly, in the field of communication, education, and business, people are switching to video interaction, and interlocutors frequently complain that the perception of nonverbal information and concentration suffer. We investigated this issue by analyzing electroencephalogram (EEG) oscillations of the sensorimotor (mu rhythm) and visual (alpha rhythm) cortex of the brain in an experiment with action observation live and on video. The mu rhythm reflects the activity of the mirror neuron system, and the occipital alpha rhythm shows the level of visual attention. We used 32-channel EEG recorded during live and video action observation in 83 healthy volunteers. The ICA method was used for selecting the mu- and alpha-components; the Fourier Transform was used to calculate the suppression index relative to the baseline (stationary demonstrator) of the rhythms. The main range of the mu rhythm was indeed sensitive to social movement and was highly dependent on the conditions of interaction—live or video. The upper mu-range appeared to be less sensitive to the conditions, but more sensitive to different movements. The alpha rhythm did not depend on the type of movement; however, a live performance initially caused a stronger concentration of visual attention. Thus, subtle social and nonverbal perceptions may suffer in remote video interactions.
Cognitive science is a cross-disciplinary enterprise devoted to understanding the nature of the mind. In recent years, investigators in philosophy, psychology, the neurosciences, artificial intelligence, and a host of other disciplines have come to appreciate how much they can learn from one another about the various dimensions of cognition. The result has been the emergence of one of the most exciting and fruitful areas of inter-disciplinary research in the history of science. This volume of original essays surveys foundational, theoretical, and philosophical issues across the discipline, and introduces the foundations of cognitive science, the principal areas of research, and the major research programs. With a focus on broad philosophical themes rather than detailed technical issues, the volume will be valuable not only to cognitive scientists and philosophers of cognitive science, but also to those in other disciplines looking for an authoritative and up-to-date introduction to the field.
In this paper I defend the traditional anti-intellectualist claim that a form of knowing how to Φ (e.g., knowing how to play the guitar) exists that entails the ability to Φ (play the guitar), and that this knowledge cannot be reduced to propositions (such as ‘S knows a way w to Φ’, where w is a means of Φing). I also argue that S can know how to Φ in the absence of the ability to Φ, and for this knowledge to be likewise irreducible to propositions. This is made possible when one distinguishes between type and token actions. Moreover, I contend that type and token actions, and one’s ability to engage in them, are differentiated at the level of motor representations. Motor representations provide an alternate means of grading knowledge how to that presented by Carlotta Pavese, insofar as this form of gradable knowledge is likewise irreducible to propositions.
En partant de la théorie des émotions développée par Mead et Dewey dans les années 1890, les aspects centraux de la théorie gestuelle de Mead, qui sous-tend sa théorie de l’émergence de la signification, du langage et de la cognition humaine, seront mis en évidence. L’article souligne, en outre, comment la théorie de Mead s’inscrit dans une perspective sociobiologique sur la naturalisation du langage qui gagne en intérêt aujourd’hui, notamment dans le domaine des théories évolutionnistes du langage et parmi les neuroscientifiques.
The aim of the study was to compare the spectral characteristics of theta and alpha frequency bands of the resting-state EEG between groups of subjects with different performance of subsequent joint sensorimotor activity in dyads. The study involved 26 men who, in 13 pairs, performed “Columns” trainings with biofeedback from EMG signals from the flexor muscles of the leading hand. According to their performance, the subjects of each pair were assigned to one of 2 groups: “winners” or “losers”. A higher spectral power of the theta rhythm of the EEG with closed eyes was found in the group of “losers” in comparison with the group of “winners” in the frontal, central and temporal zones of the cortex. The “winners” showed a higher level of spectral power of the EEG alpha rhythm with the eyes closed, especially in the alpha-2 frequency range in all 8 zones. The effectiveness of individual and joint training correlated negatively with the theta power and positively with the power of the EEG alpha rhythms in the closed-eyed state.
Autonomous systems, such as drones and rescue robots, are increasingly used during emergencies. They deliver services and provide situational awareness that facilitate emergency management and response. To do so, they need to interact and cooperate with humans in their environment. Human behaviour is uncertain and complex, so it can be difficult to reason about it formally. In this paper, we propose IDEA: an adaptive software architecture that enables cooperation between humans and autonomous systems, by leveraging in the social identity approach. This approach establishes that group membership drives human behaviour. Identity and group membership are crucial during emergencies, as they influence cooperation among survivors. IDEA systems infer the social identity of surrounding humans, thereby establishing their group membership. By reasoning about groups, we limit the number of cooperation strategies the system needs to explore. IDEA systems select a strategy from the equilibrium analysis of game-theoretic models, that represent interactions between group members and the IDEA system. We demonstrate our approach using a search-and-rescue scenario, in which an IDEA rescue robot optimises evacuation by collaborating with survivors. Using an empirically validated agent-based model, we show that the deployment of the IDEA system can reduce median evacuation time by .
The article is devoted to substantiate the need to clarify the definition of emotional intelligence (hereinafter referred to as EI). With consideration to the accumulated data on the neurophysiological foundations of EI and psychological trauma, as well as to the methods of psychotherapeutic work of various directions with human emotions and feelings, the introduction of a new element in the definition and structure of EI – emotional sensitivity (hereinafter referred to as ES) – is proposed and argued. ES is considered as the ability to focus attention on your emotions and feelings, be in contact with them, fully experience, be aware of them, immerse yourself into them, live deeply in safe conditions, distance yourself from them if necessary, and return to your experiences again. If the ability to realise one’s emotions and feelings is integrative, affective-cognitive in nature, then ES is the emotional basis of awareness of them, which is proposed to be distinguished separately as an independent and most important element of EI. In general, EI appears as an emotional-cognitive-personal education when the integrative essence of the concept, consisting in the unity of affective and cognitive processes of a person, is emphasised and reflected. In long-term psychotherapy, special and particular attention is given to the development of such an ability as ES. However, due to its important practical significance in people’s daily life, it should be showed in the definitions of EI and remembered in all forms of psychological work with a person.
This chapter presents drama-based participatory research conducted by the author with Afro-Colombian youth. This initiative aimed to explore how the embodiment and performance of historical documents is a distinctively unique approach to healing the intergenerational trauma of enslavement. In 2019, a research group at the National University of Bogotá (Colombia) identified historical letters dated 1743–1966, written by a slave foreman working in a mine on the Colombian Pacific coast and addressed to the slave master living in a city of the interior. The letters provide details on the living conditions of enslaved people and their strategies of resistance and adaptation. The National University identified a community on the Colombian Pacific coast whose biological ancestors were the enslaved people mentioned in the letters, and invited members of this community to participate in a theatre workshop where they would embody and perform the events described in the letters. Data show that the combination of dramaturgy based on historical documents, the embodiment of ancestral stories, public performance, and reflection help communities affected by intergenerational traumas to re-signify their experience, heal their collective wounds, and imagine a different future.
How can dancers control or influence variables such as lighting, music, projections or the overall spatial experience that affect the traditional hierarchy in a performative setting? The dance performance Digital Footprints uses advanced technologies that allow dancers to test this question in a live situation. In this article, the choreographer discusses some preliminary conclusions.
This paper is concerned with the interface problem: An action is guided both by an intention, whose format is propositional, and a motor representation, whose format is non-propositional. How can an intention and a motor representation interlock, while the formats of intention and motor representation are different? In this paper, first, I review the existing solutions to this problem, and point out the defects in them. Then, I propose a new solution, namely a conceptualistic solution, according to which both the format of executable action concept which constitutes an intention and the format of motor representation are not only non-propositional but also conceptual.
Increasingly, in the field of communication, education and business, people are switching to video interaction, and interlocutors frequently complain that the perception of non-verbal information and concentration suffer. We investigated this issue by analyzing EEG oscillations of the sensorimotor (mu-rhythm) and visual (alpha-rhythm) cortex of the brain in an experiment with observation of identical action demonstrators live and on video. The mu-rhythm reflects the activity of the mirror neuron system, which is responsible for social perception of the actions and body language of other people, and the occipital alpha-rhythm shows the level of visual attention. We used 32-channel EEG recorded during live and video action observation in 83 healthy volunteers. The ICA infomax method was used for decomposing and selecting the components of the mu- and alpha-rhythms; the Fourier Transform was used to calculate the suppression index relative to the baseline (stationary demonstrator) of the two sub-bands (8-13 Hz and 13-24 Hz) of the mu-rhythm and the alpha-rhythm. Our work shows that the main range, 8-13 Hz, of the mu-rhythm is indeed sensitive to biological and social movement and is highly dependent on the conditions of interaction - live or video. The upper mu-range of 13-24 Hz appeared to be less sensitive to the type of demonstration, but more sensitive to different movements. The alpha-rhythm does not depend on the type of movement, however, a live performance initially causes a stronger concentration of visual attention. Thus, subtle social and nonverbal perceptions may suffer in remote video interactions.
How do literary works speak across historical distance? When critics attempt to answer this question, they typically invoke biological metaphors that testify to the inability of formal or historical categories alone to explain the mystery of how literary works reach across the boundary between life and death. This essay investigates the embodied cognitive processes that enable literary time travel by undertaking a neurophenomenological analysis of the relation between aesthetic experiences and their neural correlates. A neurophenomenological approach can clarify what eludes formalist and historicist accounts by correlating the intersubjective interactions that constitute aesthetic experience and the transpersonal biocultural processes underlying them. This essay explains how phenomenological theories of reading and aesthetic experience relate to neuroscientific research in four areas: embodied simulation; action understanding; brain-to-brain coupling; and the anti-entropic organization of "free energy" in predictive processing. Correlations between phenomenological theories of consciousness and neuroscientific findings about cognition show how the experience of interacting with past lives as we read is supported by embodied neurobiological processes that are ubiquitous in our everyday cognitive lives and that aesthetic experiences activate and exploit.
Have you ever wondered whether we are alone in the universe, or if life forms on other planets might exist? If they do exist, how might their languages have evolved? Could we ever understand them, and indeed learn to communicate with them? This highly original, thought-provoking book takes us on a fascinating journey over billions of years, from the formation of galaxies and solar systems, to the appearance of planets in the habitable zones of their parent stars, and then to how biology and, ultimately, human life arose on our own planet. It delves into how our brains and our language developed, in order to explore the likelihood of communication beyond Earth and whether it would evolve along similar lines. In the process, fascinating insights from the fields of astronomy, evolutionary biology, palaeoanthropology, neuroscience and linguistics are uncovered, shedding new light on life as we know it on Earth, and beyond.
Observing other people acting activates imitative motor plans in the observer. Whether, and if so when and how, such “effector-specific motor simulation” contributes to action recognition remains unclear. We report that individuals born without upper limbs (IDs) – who cannot covertly imitate upper limb movements – are significantly less accurate at recognizing degraded (but not intact) upper-limb than lower-limb actions (i.e., point-light animations). This finding emphasizes the need to reframe the current controversy regarding the role of effector-specific motor simulation in action recognition: instead of focusing on the dichotomy between motor and non-motor theories, the field would benefit from new hypotheses specifying when and how effector-specific motor simulation may supplement core action recognition processes to accommodate the full variety of action stimuli that humans can recognize.
In contemporary philosophy of mind, understanding others is often presented as a result achieved through a complex activity of attributing mental states to agents, or mindreading. Hence, the central question seems to be how to access the mind of another. The paper argues that this pervasive approach should be rejected in favour of an elucidation of understanding that pays more attention to what our ability to spontaneously describe what someone is doing does consists in. Identifying an action turns out to be the exercise of conceptual skills acquired through being inserted into an entanglement of practices characterizing a social world. Examining the conditions of the acquisition of these skills then sheds new light on the semantics of psychological concepts as well as on the phenomenon of misunderstanding.
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