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Abstract

In nine lively essays, bioethicist J. David Velleman challenges the prevailing consensus about assisted suicide and reproductive technology, articulating an original approach to the ethics of creating and ending human lives. He argues that assistance in dying is appropriate only at the point where talk of suicide is not, and he raises moral objections to anonymous donor conception. In their place, Velleman champions a morality of valuing personhood over happiness in making end-of-life decisions, and respecting the personhood of future children in making decisions about procreation. These controversial views are defended with philosophical rigor while remaining accessible to the general reader. Written over Velleman's 30 years of undergraduate teaching in bioethics, the essays have never before been collected and made available to a non-academic audience. They will open new lines of debate on issues of intense public interest.
Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1006993
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
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             
 
             


         



         


        
               

           
             

            

  
          
           
 

     
            

Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1006993
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           
           
 
    
           
    
            
 
  

            
        

           
 
          

 
             
         
          

             

            
 
          


        

 
  

 
           

         
   
          
        

          

         

            
          


 
           


             


              
   
      

         
  
  
    
             
      
             
              
 
 


         
 


  


            



           


            
            
 
            

 
  


        
           
           

               
           
        
 

          


           
 
             
           

 
   
        
            
 
          
 

           

            
         


 
            

 
         
         

         
          


    
         
           
         
  


    
    
           

              

          

         
          
 
  
          
          
 

          



          



  

              
  


 
            

        
              

           
            
  
              

 

           
         
          
 
            


 
           
       
        

          

   
 
            
         
          
        
        
           

            
  
  
  
 

 




         
            
 
 

  
         
            
 
          

           
           
          

   

           
           
 
 

 
           
         

             
  
 
          
          
         
 
       
 

          



     
 
 

         
 
         
         





            
 

             
  
  

          
       
 
          




         


  
       





       

           
 

   
         
        




 



             




 

 







             


             

             




     


       


            


           

     
      
 
 
           

          
         

         





             
 
   



  

          
               
 
         
           


          

               
            


       
             
 
          
          
        

 
  
             
 
      

 
          
             
          
           
 
     
      
         
            
 

          
          

          
  
         
          

          
 
           
       

 
         




 
             
 

           



 
          
             
      
 
  
 
 
           
             


  
           
 
            


           
            
        

        
 
  
 



 
      
  
   
        
        
   
           
     
   
   
          
          



         

  
      
  
         



           
 


        
  

  
             
     

           
 



    
    
              

 
           
 
 
           
         


        

  

             
           
 

 



 


        
     

       
 
        
           

           
 
          
         
           


       

             
    
    

 
 


   
 

      
 
 
         
  



            

           

           
 
          
            
         
 


  
           

 


           
            
            
   
              

           



 
 
 
             
        

             
            
 
            
 
   
     

       
         
         
 
            





 
          

            
          


           
          

             
          
        
           
           

  
            







  

 
  
        
            

  
              
 
    


        
           
              

 
    
 

      
       



             



 

 
 

        
  
 
      
 
  
          
   
 

 


 
           
 
            

 

             
           
          
        
            
            

              
          



             
           
 
            
            


 
 
 
 
        


             
          


           

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One of the most provocative claims in current climate ethics is that we ought to have fewer children, because procreation brings new people into existence and thereby causes large amounts of additional greenhouse gas emissions. The public debate about procreation and climate change is frequently framed in terms of the question of whether people may still have any children at all. Yet in the academic debate it is a common position that, despite the large carbon impact of procreation, it is still permissible to have one or two children per couple, if having children is needed for the parents' lives to go well. In this article, we propose a defence and a principled formulation of this procreative prerogative: agents are permitted to procreate if the goods that procreation provides are essential to their lives going well and cannot be replaced by other goods, nor be realized by lower‐emissions alternatives. This principle implies that procreative decisions require case‐by‐case assessment in which agents' self‐reflection, individual circumstances, and social context play a significant role.
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Bio-heteronormative conceptions of the family have long reinforced a nuclear ideal of the family as a heterosexual marriage, with children who are the genetic progeny of that union. This ideal, however, has also long been resisted in light of recent social developments, exhibited through the increased incidence and acceptance of step-families, donor-conceived families, and so forth. Although to this end some might claim that the bio-heteronormative ideal is not necessary for a social unit to count as a family, a more systematic conceptualization of the family—the kind of family that matters morally—is relatively underexplored in the philosophical literature. This paper makes a start at developing and defending an account of the family that is normatively attractive and in line with the growing prevalence of non-conventional families and methods of family-formation. Our account, which we call a constitutive-affirmative model of the family, takes the family to be constituted by an ongoing process of relevant affective and affirmative relations between the putative family members.
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How narratives explain.
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This paper presents the case for a change from the current practice of anonymity and secrecy in the use of donated gametes in medically assisted conception. It does so by describing history of the practice, various committees of enquiry over the years, their recommendations for consideration of the children created and the need for follow-up of the outcome; presenting the evidence from outcome studies both about child development and family relationships where secrecy is maintained about the child's origin and those where the practice is openly to acknowledge their origins. This is followed by an analysis of the experience and views of these children once they are adults. In discussion of the composite findings recurring themes emerge. From this it is concluded that offspring from donated gametes should not continue to be denied knowledge of their origins and antecedents. In the public debate, four schools of thought are identified. Possible practical scenarios to implement change are discussed. This paper argues that the fundamental issue regarding any of these remains—that priority in decision-making should be the lifelong well-being of the children being created.
Sketch for a Self-Portrait
  • Bernard Berenson
The arguments of this section can also be couched in the more technical terms of Kantian ethics. See my ‘Brief Introduction to Kantian Ethics
These numbers have recently been increasing (p. 9), perhaps in response to greater awareness and acceptance of such searches. The offspring of donated sperm and eggs have also begun to search for their biological families, often via the Internet. See, for example, the Donor Sibling Registry
  • U Müller
A perusal of these and similar sites suggests that the new ideology of the family is actively spread by an
  • See