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Venture Entrepreneurship, Innovation Entrepreneurship, and Economic Growth
Abstract
This article makes a distinction between two types of entrepreneurship activities --Venture Entrepreneurship (VE), which deals with new venture creation, and Innovation Entrepreneurship (IE), which involves innovations within existing enterprises.VE is found to be positiviely related to GDP growth rate.IE is negatively related to economic growth rate in high-income countries, while the findings for middle- and low-income countries are mixed.The study contributes to a relatively sparse body of literature by exploring the nature of the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic performance. (Publication abstract)
... For example, research conducted by Valliere -Peterson (2009), based on a sample of 20 emerging countries, does not confirm that entrepreneurship significantly affects economic growth. A study, conducted by Tang -Koveos (2004), shows a negative correlation between entrepreneurship and economic growth in the emerging markets. Also, Zaki -Rashid (2016), empirically proved that entrepreneurship had a statistically significant negative impact on economic growth, on a sample of 7 emerging economies. ...
... The research papers on these topics, in the emerging markets has grown significantly in the last several years, but their conclusions are contradictory. The qualitative studies explain that entrepreneurship is important for economic growth, but empirical studies prove the opposite (Tang -Koveos 2004;Zaki -Rashid 2016). A possible explanation for this situation is the impact of a very specific rapidly changing environment, the presence of the number of small-scale, informal, self-employed, and often unproductive entrepreneurs outweighs the number of productive, etc. ...
Policy makers must identify the priorities in which resources should be invested in order to stimulate growth. This requires the identification of drivers of economic growth. Numerous researchers have pointed out that entrepreneurship is one of the key drivers of growth in the developed countries. However, sometimes entrepreneurship can be “unproductive”, and even “destructive”, because different forms of entrepreneurship do not have the same impact. Our paper investigates the impact of different types of entrepreneurships on growth in the emerging markets in order to identify the productive forms of entrepreneurship. The regression results, from panel data analysis of 20 emerging countries for the period of 2011–2018, showed that total entrepreneurial activity has a positive impact on economic growth in the emerging markets, but this impact is not statistically significant. The greatest and significant contribution to economic growth has high-growth expectation entrepreneurship. The influence of innovative entrepreneurship on economic growth is positive, but statistically insignificant, while impact of necessity-driven entrepreneurship is negative. Necessity-driven entrepreneurship and informal entrepreneurship are unproductive and destructive forms of entrepreneurship in the emerging markets.
... According to Peter Drucker, entrepreneur is as an individual who is always in search of change, catches it and turn it an advantage as an opportunity for a different business or service (Tang & Koveos, 2004). These features need some set of skills to be an effective entrepreneur such as leadership and innovation. ...
... Therefore, rationality and pragmatism may have a totally different meaning for an entrepreneur. Peter Drucker is defined an entrepreneur person as who is constantly seeking change, innovative, and seizing opportunities and turning them to advantage (Tang & Koveos, 2004). In this context, the entrepreneur is the person who can see all the opportunities that can improve oneself while one is in search and takes advantage of these opportunities. ...
This study aims to understand the impact of entrepreneurial mindset on purchasing behavior. Entrepreneurial mindset defines a set of cognitive processes in seeking the value of opportunities, alternatives, and outcomes in an environment characterized by limited resources, ambiguity, and uncertainty (Guerrero et al., 2015). In this sense, the entrepreneurial mindset is an important factor for doing business in today's marketing environment. Thus, understanding entrepreneurial mindset and its impact on various aspects of market dynamics is of great value for researchers. This study found that despite intense theoretical arguments and convincing literature, there is little evidence on the impact of entrepreneurial mindset on purchasing of online self-development products. Out of numerous categories of entrepreneurial personality, only execution characteristics were found to be significantly associated with purchasing behavior.
... Moreover, researchers have classified entrepreneurship based on its impact on GDP growth rates, distinguishing between venture entrepreneurship (VE) and innovation entrepreneurship (IE). Linghui and Koveos (2004) and Hamdan et al. (2020) categorise entrepreneurship in this manner, noting the positive contribution of new venture creations to GDP growth rates. However, the relationship with IE varies across countries, exhibiting both positive and negative associations. ...
... In measuring this mindset, tools like the Entrepreneurial Mindset Profile (EMP) emphasize traits such as risk acceptance, action orientation, and execution capabilities. These metrics align with foundational theories of entrepreneurship, such as those by Drucker, who defines entrepreneurs as agents of change, continually seeking and capitalizing on new opportunities (Davis et al., 2016; Drucker in Tang & Koveos, 2004). The EMP's dimensions underscore the intersection of entrepreneurial traits and consumer behaviors, particularly within digital and e-learning environments where entrepreneurial-minded individuals actively pursue self-development opportunities. ...
This study investigates the impact of the entrepreneurial mindset on purchasing behavior, specifically focusing on investing people for online self-development courses. Using logistic regression analysis, the study examines how different entrepreneurial traits impact consumers' decisions to invest in self-development. Key findings show a significant positive correlation between execution-oriented traits and the likelihood of purchasing self-development courses. These results offer valuable insights for marketers and entrepreneurs in the e-learning industry.
... It is important to recognize that entrepreneurship practices and processes are crucial for fostering human, organizational, and economic growth (Pasillas et al., 2017). Economists have long emphasized the significance of entrepreneurship for economic growth (Tang & Koveos, 2004), and an entrepreneurial ecosystem is supportive of economic growth (Acs et al., 2018). Innovation, financial development, and institutional quality are important factors for boosting economic growth (Farinha et al., 2018;Hayat, 2019). ...
This study examines the key factors influencing economic growth in South Asia, namely entrepreneurship development, technological innovation, and institutional quality. By analyzing annual data from 2010 to 2022 across South Asian countries (excluding Afghanistan), a strong correlation between these factors and economic prosperity is revealed. These findings emphasize the importance of nurturing entrepreneurship and fostering technological advancements in promoting sustainable economic growth in the region. However, significant barriers to progress must be addressed. Enhancing financial development and improving institutional quality are identified as crucial steps to unlock South Asia’s vast potential. With the implementation of effective policies, governments and institutions can harness these influential factors to drive unparalleled economic progress in the region.
... Many studies find a strong association between EO and business success (Rauch et al., 2009;Wales, 2016;Sellappan and Shanmugam, 2021;Hizarci et al., 2023). Some studies find an insignificant association between EO and business performance (BP) (Hart, 1992;Tang and Koveos, 2004;Messersmith and Wales, 2013). Anderson et al. (2022) describe EO-BP relationship as a causal relationship. ...
Purpose
The aim of this paper is to provide a unique perspective on entrepreneurship by examining how different ways of understanding entrepreneurial orientation (EO) affect business performance (BP). The study uses a five-dimensional approach to understand EO’s relationship with BP.
Design/methodology/approach
A personal survey of key informants (who have decision-making power in their firm), one each from 550 North Indian firms has been conducted. The hypotheses were tested using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling.
Findings
The results indicate that both uni-dimensional and multi-dimensional conceptualizations of EO are equally valid and have a significant impact on BP. The study highlights the contextual nature of the relationship between EO and BP.
Practical implications
This study supports a comprehensive five-dimensional approach to EO, benefiting researchers and management practitioners. It validates an integrated measurement of BP and advances entrepreneurship theories, enabling broader generalizations for improved decision-making and strategy development.
Originality/value
The study is relevant for researchers and management practitioners. This study supports the five-dimensional conceptualization of EO and reveals the relevance of both uni-dimensional and multi-dimensional conceptualizations of EO. The study also lends support to the integrated approach of BP measurement. The results may also help to generalize entrepreneurship theories.
... A very low or very high degree of EO adversely affects on firm success (Tang et al., 2008). A few studies such as Covin et al. (1994), Tang and Koveos (2004) and Morris et al. (2007) report an insignificant association of EO with firm performance. According to Hart (1992), an inclination to entrepreneurial strategic performance may create confusion in the organizational hierarchy and may result in poor performance. ...
Purpose
This study aims to analyze the effect of organizational context on Entrepreneurial Orientation–Business Performance (EO–BP) relationship by drawing a sample from India.
Design/methodology/approach
This firm-level study uses a cross-sectional research design. A personal survey of key informants, one each from 500 North Indian firms, has been conducted. The hypotheses were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), structural equation modeling and multi-group moderation analysis.
Findings
This study reveals the relevance of organizational context in strategic decision-making. This study finds that the firm’s size and nature of industry influence the inclination of an enterprise toward innovativeness and proactiveness. The results indicate that both, new entrants and older firms, can adopt entrepreneurial posture.
Originality/value
This study attempts to provide a unique perspective of entrepreneurship research by assessing the effect of organizational context on the EO–BP relationship in the Indian context. This study applies five-dimensional conceptualization of EO to EO–BP relationship and attempts to contribute to the literature by refining the inventory of five-dimensional conceptualization of EO construct. The CFA model of multifaceted subjective measurement of BP construct lends support to the integrated approach of BP measurement.
... It is important to recognize that entrepreneurship practices and processes are crucial for fostering human, organizational, and economic growth (Pasillas et al., 2017). Economists have long emphasized the signi cance of entrepreneurship for economic growth (Tang and Koveos, 2004), and an entrepreneurial ecosystem is supportive of economic growth (Acs et al., 2018). Additionally, innovation, nancial development, and institutional quality are important factors for boosting economic growth (Farinha et al., 2018;Chowdhury, 2021;Hayat, 2019). ...
The focus of this study is to analyze the key elements that have a significant impact on the economic growth in South Asia, specifically the development of entrepreneurship, technological innovation, and the quality of institutions. Through meticulous analysis of annual data from 2010 to 2022, encompassing all South Asian countries except Afghanistan, a compelling correlation between entrepreneurship development, technological innovation, and the coveted economic prosperity is unveiled. These findings ignite a spark of inspiration, highlighting the pivotal roles of nurturing entrepreneurship and fostering technological advancements in driving sustainable economic growth in this vibrant region. However, the pressing need to address the barriers hindering progress cannot be overlooked. It becomes evident that enhancing financial development and institutional quality is crucial for unlocking South Asia's boundless potential. Equipped with practical policy formulations, governments and institutions can seize the opportunity to elevate these responsible factors and propel South Asia towards a future of unparalleled economic progress.
JEL: O15; 033; P48; H55; G28
... As a result, creative people have to demonstrate a high level of initiative to bring new ideas to the implementation stage [38]. Differently, entrepreneurship is regarded as founding/starting a new business/venture [39]. Prior research has examined differences between entrepreneurs versus innovative entrepreneurs [26,31,40]. ...
This chapter deals with the role of massive open online courses (MOOCs) in promoting innovative thinking skills and achievements among undergraduate students. The study compared two groups who studied the same course in different learning environments: 1. students who studied the course via MOOC (N=91) and 2. students who studied the same F2F course in the classroom (N=66). The study applied the quantitative approach, collecting data via pre- and post-questionnaires and students’ grades in the different assignments in the course. Findings indicated that MOOC students promoted innovative thinking skills emphasizing exploring and networking skills, as F2F students promoted innovative thinking skills emphasizing asking questions that challenge the status quo. Findings also indicated a positive relationship between innovative thinking skills and achievements in the MOOC group.
... An entrepreneur is a person that has a unique talent for recognizing opportunities and has the intelligence to mobilize funds, normally from others with the aim of exploiting identified opportunities (Sánchez, 2011). Entrepreneurship is gaining traction because entrepreneurs have the power to create employment and contribute immensely to the economic development of nations through the establishment of new firms (Tang & Koveos, 2004). Entrepreneurs, through their economic expansion activities, identify and exploit new products, processes or markets that tend to be confronted by multiple obstacles and uncertainties with respect to outcomes. ...
Background: The concept of resilience runs through an array of
disciplines, consisting of engineering, public health, ecology,
psychology, sociology, disaster management, and business
administration. Researchers have tries to explain the relationship
amongst connected ideas such as resiliency, adaptability,
transformability, and vulnerability but their varied definitions and
differences between them remain fuzzy. There are two reasons why
resilience theory is important in entrepreneurship. Firstly, researchers
generally employ the term resilience to mean consciousness,
determination, perseverance, or self-value to justify why some
entrepreneurs and their firms achieve better results than their nonresilient
counterparts. Secondly, there are cognitive and behavioral
entrepreneurial traits that strengthen a firm’s capability to adapt to
varying conditions.
The aim of this study is to review the literature that intercepts
resilience and entrepreneurship. The study will attempt to identify
scholarly conversations to construct notions of resilience and
entrepreneurship. Therefore, limitations in the current literature will
be examined and directions for future studies would be highlighted.
Methods: This paper adopted a systematic interdisciplinary review of
relevant studies that is patterned using the Preferred Reporting Items
for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA).
Results: The scholarly works selected from the literature portrayed six
emerging colloquies or research tributaries that intercept
entrepreneurship and resilience:
• Resilience as a function of entrepreneurial individuals or firms,
• Resilience generating entrepreneurial intentions,
• Entrepreneurial behavior boosting organizational resilience
and,
• Resilience in the framework of entrepreneurial failure,
• Entrepreneurship and culture,
• Resilience as a process of recovery and transformation.
Conclusions: This study serves as a backdrop for the emergence of
more nuanced debates on the relationship that exists between different streams of conversations on resilience. In addition, this
paper shows how entrepreneurs contribute towards promoting a
constructively sustainable means for socio-economic development.
... Most theoretical studies explain that entrepreneurship has a significant role in economic growth, but the results of empirical research are diverse. For example, studies conducted by Tang & Koveos (2004), as well as Zaki & Rashib (2016), showed a negative correlation between entrepreneurship and economic growth in emerging markets, while research conducted by Valliere and Peterson (2009) showed that this relationship is positive, but insignificant. For that reason, there is no clear picture of the role and importance of entrepreneurship in economic growth and sustainable development in emerging markets. ...
This paper investigates the contribution of entrepreneurship to sustainable development and economic growth in emerging markets in the period before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, the importance of various measures implemented by entrepreneurs and governments as responses to the changing environment in the COVID-19 pandemic is examined. By employing the data for 20 emerging markets, the findings revealed that only high-growth-expectation entrepreneurship (HEA) had a significant contribution to economic growth before the pandemic, but this relationship became negative during the COVID-19 crisis. Furthermore, this research pointed out that sufficient responses to the COVID-19 pandemic could be a useful instrument to encourage the development of entrepreneurship and revive the economy in the post-COVID period in emerging markets.
... According to reports and the model of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), which is the oldest hub of 7. R & D transfer 8. Commercial and legal infrastructure 9. Entry regulation The interaction of listed variables will lead to a particular behavior casing business startups. Although the environmental factors are highly under the effect of social and governmental decisions, the individual factors come from within individuals that, according to Faghih et al. (2019), Yimamu (2018), Ajzen (1991), Gilad and Levine (1986), Shapero and Sokol (1982), Stephan et al. (2015), Tang and Koveos (2004), and Utami (2017), are remarkable and important in the success of businesses. ...
Entrepreneurial activities are influenced by a broad range of individual properties. Risk-taking is one of the key attitudes that includes two opposing views that may motivate or hinder people during the initial stages of business activity. Fear of failure (or vice versa, risk acceptance) is considered a momentous factor in entrepreneurship that acts as a deterrent in business success. Introducing the entire range of risks affecting entrepreneurial activities is the main objective of this study. In addition to the presentation of an illustrative argument of various types of entrepreneurship risk, this paper focuses on two special risks relating to the lower and upper limits of entrepreneurship risk range. Additionally, the rate of entrepreneurial activities under such risks has been calculated by applying the conditional probability equation and dataset gathered by Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) in 2016. By applying this formula on the GEM data of 65 countries, two different types of risk named safe risk (SR) and hazardous risk (HR) have been introduced. Each risk type leads to a business with a specific level of success. The entrepreneurial activities correspond with these two risk types calculated in this paper with the names of safe and hazardous entrepreneurial activity rates. As a result, this categorization indicates that the weakness in some individual factors such as perceived opportunities and capabilities is the main reason leading to business failures.
... A great deal of studies has shown a positive effect of entrepreneurial activities on economic growth only in developed and high-income countries (Acs & Amorós, 2008;Tang & Koveos, 2004;Van Stel et al., 2005;Wennekers et al., 2005). On the other hand, the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) survey has demonstrated that the rate of improvement-driven opportunity entrepreneurial activity in developed and high-income countries is more than in other countries. ...
Entrepreneurship is one of the factors affecting the growth of economies worldwide. Hence, the growth of the entrepreneurship rate will be one of the concerns of policymakers in today’s societies. In order to study the factors affecting the growth of entrepreneurship rate, this fact that the attitude of individuals and the method they consider for launching a business varies from person to person is obvious. Since the opportunity-based and necessity-based entrepreneurial activities are two different attitudes in the business initiation, so, the purpose of this study is to demonstrate the existence of a significant difference in these indicators across developed and underdeveloped societies. Hence, using the dataset gathered by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) in 2015, this article tried to analyze the difference in the opportunity-based and necessity-based entrepreneurship rates in the factor-driven, efficiency-driven, and innovation-driven economies across the GEM member countries. As well as, with respect to the type and size of samples, the appropriate methods have been applied to reach reliable results. To compare the mean values of different groups, depending on sample size and parametric or nonparametric conditions, the ANOVA methods are being used. To this end, the Least Significant Difference (LSD), and the Wilcoxon method were the statistical ways to demonstrate the significant difference between the subgroups made by the GEM member countries. As a matter of fact, this study methodically showed that the opportunity-based entrepreneurship, as opposed to the necessity-driven entrepreneurship, in innovation-driven economies is more than in factor-driven economies. As a result, this study refers to the importance of motivation in launching efficient businesses.
... The positive effect of entrepreneurship on employment growth was only evident years after initial entry. Tang and Koveos (2004) even reported a negative relationship between the innovation index and economic growth in high-income countries, a result that corroborated that of Crudu (2019). However, Andersson and colleagues (2012) found support for positive long-term effects of entrepreneurship on productivity, although the immediate effects were negative. ...
Entrepreneurial activity has been seen as the single most important activity of individuals due to its role in the economic development of nations. However, little is known about the impact of entrepreneurial activity on the subjective well-being of nations beyond its economic impact. The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of different types of entrepreneurial activity – total entrepreneurial activity, opportunity-driven entrepreneurial activity and innovative entrepreneurial activity – on subjective well-being across nations. We consider three distinct mechanisms by which entrepreneurship may influence subjective well-being at the national level. Our panel data includes representative country-level data from 2008 to 2015 from five different data sources for 31 European countries. We employ four econometric models for analyzing the panel data: pooled OLS regression (POLS), fixed effects model (FE), random effects model (RE), and simultaneous equations model (3SLS). Our results suggest that opportunity-driven entrepreneurial activity has a positive impact on subjective well-being. In addition, we find that subjective well-being affects the level of opportunity-driven and innovative entrepreneurial activity. These findings have implications for policy-makers seeking to promote not only economic development but also subjective well-being in the nation.
... Firms that are able to commit significant resources to projects with high risks has the advantage of realizing higher outputs in terms of incomes generated (Ambad & Wahab, 2013). However, some findings were unable to find a significant positive association between EO and profitability of the firm (George et al., 2001;Tang & Koveos, 2004;Zainol & Daud, 2011;Olowofeso, 2020). Interestingly, some contradicting results have been obtained in studies performed by Soininen (2012), in which they found EO as an individual construct did not positively relate to profitability. ...
... It is argued that there are a variety of factors that are affecting the new venture growth and survival, such as entrepreneurial characteristics, resources, strategy and organizational structure and systems (Subrahmanya, 2015;Ferreira et al., 2012;Jin, 2017;Yasir et al., 2017;Khan et al., 2019a, b). The economic opportunities and conditions act as precursors to entrepreneurial intentions that lead to the creation of new ventures (Tang and Koveos, 2004;Pfeifer and Sarlija, 2010;Ahmad and Xavier, 2012;Nair, 2020). Further, the role of supportive governance and financial sector is important in promoting formal versus informal entrepreneurship in emerging economies (Omri, 2020). ...
Purpose
This paper aims at identifying the antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions among females in India using the theory of planned behaviour.
Design/methodology/approach
This study is based on the Adult Population Survey (APS) of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), which has covered 1,683 female respondents from India. The data has been analysed using simple techniques such as chi-square statistics and logistics regression. The antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions have been identified using the theory of planned behaviour.
Findings
About 20% of the adult females have reported intention for starting an entrepreneurial venture in the country. A significant relationship emerged between the demographics of females with and without intention towards entrepreneurship. The results showed that there is a positive and significant effect of attitudes towards the behaviour, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control to the entrepreneurial intentions among females.
Practical implications
This paper provides insights on factors affecting entrepreneurial intention among females and helps in developing a policy framework for promoting new ventures among female entrepreneurs. This also explores the possibility of future research on entrepreneurial intention in the Indian context.
Originality/value
Considering the current focus of the government in India for promoting new ventures, this piece of research can be valuable for different stakeholders in adopting a gender-based approach in implementing inclusive entrepreneurial initiatives.
... In developed economies with formalized institutions, entrepreneurship led to increases in GDP growth rate (Valliere & Peterson, 2009). New-venture entrepreneurship in particular (as opposed to innovation entrepreneurship-defined as being "entrepreneurial" within a large firm) was positively related to GDP growth rate (Tang & Koveos, 2004). ...
Despite the recent importance of technological entrepreneurship to sport business, very little is known about the entrepreneurs who are actively defining this new landscape. And, given that effective communication is essential to a thriving entrepreneurship ecosystem, it is important for investors to understand who sport entrepreneurs are and how they position themselves to the world. This will help create a sport business landscape that is receptive to new technologies and supportive of the entrepreneurs who champion them. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to illuminate how sport entrepreneurs communicate with potential investors. To do so, the paper employs a mixed-methods approach, using a natural language processing algorithm to decipher themes in the entrepreneurs’ self-reported biographies, followed by a qualitative investigation that uncovers how each theme was leveraged.
... In a particular year, the strategy may turn to be more effective, and, although the potential of resources and knowledge has slightly decreased, the level of the resources use and management has increased. In particular, low corporate grades come from the corporation's dependence on the financial situation in general and knowledge of finance in particular, as well as on communications (advertising activities) and the availability of a determined market strategy (Tang & Koveos, 2004). Thus, the corporation needs a set of measures, aimed at improvement of the market condition, a more precise determination of the market strategy and advancement of communications. ...
The article describes organizational and methodological components of using strategic management within a framework of corporate governance and development. The authors have formed a range of methodological provisions, regarding the choice of a marketing strategy by the corporate enterprise. They identified the main recourse flows within the framework of the used strategies. They also determined the strategic management components, required for providing efficiency of the corporations’ physical resources formation and use. They developed a graphical model for the determination of the corporation’s strategic position on the market. It was proved
that a functional strategy involves a close correlation between the management and incorporated ownership relations, manifesting itself in a strategy in the field of finance of the corporation, ensuring corporation industrial stability, effective use of physical resources, the formation of the cash resources funds in the established amount, real property management and caretaking control, etc. The authors offered a methodology for conducting a strategic evaluation of the corporation in the basic market conditions.
... In a particular year, the strategy may turn to be more effective, and, although the potential of resources and knowledge has slightly decreased, the level of the resources use and management has increased. In particular, low corporate grades come from the corporation's dependence on the financial situation in general and knowledge of finance in particular, as well as on communications (advertising activities) and the availability of a determined market strategy (Tang & Koveos, 2004). Thus, the corporation needs a set of measures, aimed at improvement of the market condition, a more precise determination of the market strategy and advancement of communications. ...
The article describes organizational and methodological components of using strategic management within a framework of corporate governance and development. The authors have formed a range of methodological provisions, regarding the choice of a marketing strategy by the corporate enterprise. They identified the main recourse flows within the framework of the used strategies. They also determined the strategic management components, required for providing efficiency of the corporations’ physical resources formation and use. They developed a graphical model for the determination of the corporation’s strategic position on the market. It was proved that a functional strategy involves a close correlation between the management and incorporated ownership relations, manifesting itself in a strategy in the field of finance of the corporation, ensuring corporation industrial stability, effective use of physical resources, the formation of the cash resources funds in the established amount, real property management and caretaking control, etc. The authors offered a methodology for conducting a strategic evaluation of the corporation in the basic market conditions.
... Some studies found that firms that adopt EO perform well than others (Kreiser & Davis, 2010) while some studies found weak relationship between two constructs (Baker & Sinkula, 2009). Some other studies have not fond a significant relationship (Tang & Koveos, 2004). Others reported that the relationship represents inverted U shape rather than straightforward (Bhuian, Menguc & Bell, 2005). ...
... With respect to the poor in developed economies, technology and digital literacy is frequently limited to levels 1 or 2. This helps explain the very low proportion of technology-centric ventures that are created in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods [56]. However, many of the product and process technologies used in start-up ventures are increasingly accessible with a level 1 or 2 mastery of technology. ...
The adoption of new technologies can contribute to both efficiency and effectiveness and is a key source of long-term competitive advantage in entrepreneurial ventures. This is particularly relevant for poverty entrepreneurs. However, the literature on technology adoption and use in the poverty context is sparse, and is predominantly focused on developing economies. The current article seeks to address these shortcomings. We identify critical areas of typical ventures launched by the poor that are affected by technology. Attention is devoted to understanding technology as a product versus a process and what this distinction means for poverty entrepreneurs. We introduce a conceptual framework linking technology and digital literacy, technology adoption, and absorptive capacity to venture inputs and outputs. Dynamic interactions among these variables are explored. Implications for theory development and management practice, together with recommendations for future research, are provided.
... Valliere and Peterson (2009) added that the predominance of high-expectation entrepreneurs with access to knowledge, regulatory freedom, and resources were associated with a significant portion of economic growth rates. Tang and Koveos (2004) found that new venture creation was positively related to gross domestic product growth rate in a cross-sectional sample of 79 nations. Most of these studies also found that the developmental status of nations was a significant moderator of this relationship. ...
Mega sport events (MSEs) are a growing domain for political, economic, and social discourse. Their scale and grandeur means that municipalities and businesses see them as opportunities to further their independent and joint objectives. Thus, there is continued interest in assessing the impact MSEs have on host regions. Scholarship has assessed MSEs using two perspectives: 1) the economic perspective, which assesses macro outcomes; 2) the psychic benefit perspective, which focuses on the micro level. Problematically, neither perspective examines theoretically congruent constructs. Thus, there is no holistic, multilevel framework for evaluating how MSEs affect host regions. This paper positions entrepreneurial orientation (EO) as a link between the two perspectives because EO originates at the micro level and has accumulative effects at the macro level. This framework has important practical implications for academics, policymakers, and entrepreneurs.
... Entrepreneurship is a global phenomenon that has attracted the interest of both governmental and non-governmental organisations, both private and public, to promote an entrepreneurial culture and society (Devece et al., 2016;Tang and Koveos, 2004;Timmons, 1990). ...
Purpose
The aim of this study is to explore which factors of entrepreneurship and innovation influence economic development under the quadruple helix model, contrasting Southern and Northern Europe.
Design/methodology/approach
In this study, secondary data are collected from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor databases, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development and Global Competitiveness Index, for four countries in the North and four Southern European countries, for the period from 2007 to 2015. Data was analyzed with SPSS 22.0 software and subjected to several multivariate statistical tests.
Findings
The results show a statistically significant difference in the variables of the four quadruple helix model dimensions. This means that Northern European countries (Finland, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden) display better results on innovation and entrepreneurship than Southern European countries (Spain, Greece, Italy and Portugal). The results also showed that per capita gross domestic expenditure on R&D is positively related to government and university dimensions, with significant differences between Southern and Northern European countries.
Originality/value
It is hoped that this study will contribute to new evidence on the factors of innovation and entrepreneurship that are decisive for economic development. To the traditional quadruple helix model, control variables were added to meet the endogenous characteristics of the countries.
... These data clearly contradict LHT's predicting that prosocial behavior (both factors), high income, high education, high social trust, and low crime rate all should go hand-in-hand. This prediction of uniform relationship is further in conflict with the data of Tang and Koveos (2004), who showed that innovation entrepreneurship is differently related to economic growth rate in high-, middle-, and low-income countries. ...
Baumard's perspective asserts that “opportunity is the mother of innovation,” in contrast to the adage ascribing this role to necessity. Drawing on behavioral ecology and cognition, we propose that both extremes – affluence and scarcity – can drive innovation. We suggest that the types of innovations at these two extremes differ and that both rely on mechanisms operating on different time scales.
... These data clearly contradict LHT's predicting that prosocial behavior (both factors), high income, high education, high social trust, and low crime rate all should go hand-in-hand. This prediction of uniform relationship is further in conflict with the data of Tang and Koveos (2004), who showed that innovation entrepreneurship is differently related to economic growth rate in high-, middle-, and low-income countries. ...
Baumard proposes that life history slowing in populations over time is the principal driver of innovation rates. We show that this is only true of micro-innovation rates, which reflect cognitive and economic specialization as an adaptation to high population density, and not macro-innovation rates, which relate more to a population's level of general intelligence.
... On the contrary, some studies have reported low correlations between MO and BP (Dimitratos et al., 2004;William & Sinkula, 2009). Some studies have failed to find a significant relationship between MO and BP (George et al., 2001;Tang & Koveos, 2004). ...
This study examined and observed connections between the influences of promotional strategies (PSs) and global market orientations (MOs) on the performance of Jordanian Islamic Bank. A survey was conducted using questionnaires, which were distributed to the employees of Jordanian banks. The banks of interest to this study are those that have adopted e-business. Questionnaire survey results corroborate that Jordanian bank employees should adopt MOs and PSs to realize strong bank performance (BP). The results also suggest an analysis on the influence of the sources of value creation on e-business and BP. The findings of the study are expected to contribute to the continued debate on e-business in the contemporary banking industry.
... El emprendimiento está relacionado con la creación de valor, el crecimiento económico, el desarrollo regional (Carree & Thurik, 2010;Fritsch, 2011;Tang & Koveos, 2004;Schumpeter, 1912;Zampetakis et al., 2009) y el autoempleo (Moriano, Palací & Morales, 2006;Salvador Ferrer, 2008). Para las organizaciones empresariales, el comportamiento emprendedor de sus empleados es clave para mejorar la eficiencia y la competitividad empresarial (Kuratko, Irelan, Covin & Hornsby, 2005;Zampetakis et al., 2009) porque las habilidades emprendedoras se utilizan en cualquier puesto de trabajo; por ello, cada vez se presta mayor atención a los factores que influyen en el emprendimiento tanto a nivel de investigación académica como a nivel curricular (Ahmetoglu, Leutner & Chamorro, 2011;O'Boyle et al., 2011). ...
El aprendizaje emprendedor es un tema de gran interés en los últimos tiempos, incluso en el mundo universitario. La mentalidad emprendedora, el conocimiento, las habilidades y las actitudes están estrechamente relacionados
con la innovación y la creatividad como facilitadores de acciones emprendedoras; estos factores son esenciales para preparar a los estudiantes universitarios para su futura vida profesional. Este estudio trata de analizar los factores que afectan al control conductual percibido como elemento determinante de la intención emprendedora. Para dar respuesta al objetivo propuesto, se pasó un cuestionario en línea a estudiantes universitarios (n = 549) y
se realizó un análisis de regresión por pasos al objeto de contrastar las hipótesis y la relación entre las variables. Los resultados del análisis realizado muestran que factores psicológicos relacionados con la inteligencia emocional, como de la autoeficacia emprendedora, así como la experiencia laboral, el ámbito de estudios y el entorno universitario, tienen impacto sobre el comportamiento conductual percibido. A partir de esto concluimos que las instituciones educativas deberían tener en cuenta los factores que influyen sobre el comportamiento conductual
percibido con la finalidad de rediseñar sus planes de estudios y ofrecer una formación más efectiva.
تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى فحص الاستراتيجيات المُختلفة التي تبناها رواد الأعمال الأردنيون والسوريون في تعاملهم مع أزمة كوفيد-19، في مدينة إربد التي تقع شمالي الأردن. حاولت فهم هذه الاستراتيجيات عبر إجراء مقابلات مع رواد الأعمال. تعتمد الدراسة بشكل رئيسي على أربعة أطر نظرية ومفاهيمية: نظرية المرونة، ونظرية الابتكار، ونظرية رأس المال الاجتماعي ومفهوم الجزاءات الإثنية. وهدف هذه الدراسة الرئيس هو محاولة فهم الكيفية التي تختلف عبرها استراتيجيات الاستجابة بين الإثنيات المختلفة في أثناء حدوث أزمة، وطريقة مُساهمة الأشكال المختلفة من رأس المال، ولا سيما رأس المال الإثني في خلق استجابات تفاضلية ما بين الأفراد والمجموعات. قُسِّمَ الجزء التحليلي من هذا العمل إلى عدد من المحاور والثيمات الرئيسية. يتناول المحور الأول، بشكل مختصر، أنواع التأثير الذي أصاب هذه المشاريع، وهذا الموضوع شكل مدخلا مهما لمناقشة المحور الثاني، وهو الاستجابة. ينقسم المحور الثاني إلى ثلاث ثيمات: محاولات التعافي والانتعاش، والإبداع، وأشكال التضامن الاجتماعي. يناقش المحور الثالث الجزاءات التي يتعرض لها رواد الأعمال السوريون. توصلت هذه الدراسة إلى عدة استنتاجات، أهمها وجود نسب متفاوتة من المرونة بين السوريين والأردنيين، ما ولَّد لديهم استراتيجيات تعاطي مُختلفة. لقد اعتمد الأردنيون بشكل رئيسي على رصيدهم من رأس المال الاجتماعي لتجاوز تداعيات أزمة كوفيد-19. في المقابل، أعتمد السوريون على رأس المال البشري، وبصورة أكثر حضورا على رأس المال الإثني، في توظيف هذه الأزمة لتطوير المشاريع عند السوريين بشكل إبداعي. لقد تمثل رأس المال الإثني في وعي السوريين بهويتهم الإثنية عبر استحضار بعض القيم التي تركز على أهمية التجارة وضرورة النجاح بها، وهذا قادهم إلى افتتاح مشاريع أخرى مستغلين الفرص التي نتجت عن أزمة كوفيد-19. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، وجدت الدراسة أنَّ رواد الأعمال السوريين قد تعرضَّوا إلى أشكال من الجزاءات الأثنية التي برزت بشكل أكثر وضوحًا بعد إثبات مقدرتهم على إدارة هذه الأزمة.
This study aims to investigate the strategies employed by entrepreneurs in Irbid, northern Jordan, and how they coped with the COVID-19 crisis. The research involved interviewing entrepreneurs and using four theoretical frameworks: resilience theory, innovation, social capital, and ethnic penalty. The primary objective of this study was to comprehend how different response strategies were shaped by ethnicity and how various forms of capital, particularly ethnic capital, played a role in response at both the individual and group levels.
The analysis is divided into three main topics, organized thematically. The first topic discusses the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on entrepreneurial projects and serves as a critical entry point for the second topic, which explores different response strategies. The second topic is approached from three perspectives, including recovery and renewal efforts, creativity, and forms of social solidarity. Finally, the third topic highlights the ethnic penalties experienced by Syrian entrepreneurs.
The study found that Syrian and Jordanian entrepreneurs exhibited different levels of resiliency, which subsequently led to different coping mechanisms. Jordanians relied primarily on their social capital to deal with the consequences of the COVID-19 crisis, while Syrians relied on their human and ethnic capital to creatively use the challenges posed by the crisis to enhance their new projects. Syrian entrepreneurs' awareness of their ethnic identity was represented in their ability to focus on the importance of trade and success, positioning them to take advantage of opportunities that emerged from the COVID-19 crisis. Furthermore, the study revealed that Syrian entrepreneurs faced ethnic penalties, which increased after demonstrating their ability to manage the crisis.
This paper makes a significant contribution to the existing literature on the performance of small-scale mining enterprises (SSMEs) by incorporating institutional theory into an area of study that has been relatively unexplored in developing countries. The study specifically examines the effects of the regulatory environment on the performance of SSMEs in Zambia, focusing on two key regulatory dimensions: government policies and government support programs for SSMEs. The study employed a quantitative correlational research design and administered a structured questionnaire to 408 SSMEs in Zambia. The findings reveal that the regulatory environment has a substantial influence on the operations of SSMEs, ultimately influencing their performance as business entities. It is worth noting that although this study is cross-sectional and centred on Zambia, its implications extend beyond its specific context. The findings have important implications for educators, policymakers, and researchers by highlighting the significance of regulatory factors and their influence on the performance of SSMEs, thus offering valuable insights for training and entrepreneurial support initiatives.
The current economic crisis and the COVID-19 have had severe consequences on individuals that lost their job and got anxious on career. The uncertainty on the future and career anxiety may have a negative impact on the future career decisions-making and entrepreneurial intentions.
Entrepreneurship, social entrepreneurship in particular, can not only contribute to the creation of healthier societies by enhancing quality of life (Zahra & Wright, 2016) and human well-being but also increase career anxiety.
We addressed the possibility that the students’ aptitudes such as innovation and leadership may have a positive impact on entrepreneurial intentions, whereas students’ future career anxiety is negatively related with entrepreneurial intentions.
A total of 709 Italian university students completed an online questionnaire composed by the constructs considered in this study. Results in the multivariate linear regression analyses partially supported our hypotheses: both leadership and innovation aptitudes positively affect students’ entrepreneurial intentions. However, we did not find a negative association between future career anxiety and entrepreneurial intentions. Further, the results show that entrepreneurial competences acquired during university studies positively affect students’ entrepreneurial intentions.
As implications, teachers and educators should stimulate students’ entrepreneurial aptitudes to promote entrepreneurship and specifically innovation and leadership aptitudes. In addition, more competences related to entrepreneurship should be delivered to students. This may also contribute to stimulate their entrepreneurial aptitudes.
This study aimed to provide a development model in Saudi Arabia that contributes to getting out of the current oil crisis, the current study provides a model that depends on exploiting Saudi Arabia's capabilities through four basic pillars: The trend towards economic diversification, entrepreneurship, and women's economic empowerment are all these changes in light of public sector reform and governance. The proposed study model was theoretically tested through a comprehensive review of the relevant economic and social literature, and then the study applied this model in Saudi Arabia, using a time series that extends since (2001-2020) and constitutes a total of (20) years. Based on econometric methods in collecting and analyzing data and ensuring its validity, and building representative models of the relationship between the study model with its four pillars and economic growth: The study found a number of results indicating a positive impact of economic diversification, entrepreneurship, and public corporate governance on the economic growth of Saudi Arabia, with mixed results on the impact of women's empowerment on economic growth, and based on those results, a set of recommendations were built related to getting out of the oil crisis, encouraging economic diversification and entrepreneurship, and women's economic empowerment.
The GCC countries, including Saudi Arabia, have faced significant challenges due to the significant drop in oil prices since 2014, and one important challenge is to limit the financing of their development model based on the exploitation of oil surpluses to achieve comprehensive social and economic development. Another challenge is how to get out of this impasse, and what are the solutions and policies that get the GCC countries out of the curse of natural resources to economic diversification in order to build a more sustainable economy that provides a stable life for the current generation without compromising the capabilities of future generations.
This is what this study tried to answer, as it aimed to provide a development model in Saudi Arabia that contributes to getting out of the current oil crisis, and far from researching the causes of the sharp decline in oil prices, which are mostly subject to economic and geopolitical factors that are difficult to control, the current study provides a model that depends on exploiting Saudi Arabia's capabilities through four basic pillars: The trend towards economic diversification, entrepreneurship, and women's economic empowerment are all these changes in light of public sector reform and governance. The proposed study model was theoretically tested through a comprehensive review of the relevant economic and social literature, and then the study applied this model in Saudi Arabia, using a time series that extends since (2001–2020) and constitutes a total of (20) years. Based on econometric methods in collecting and analyzing data and ensuring its validity, and building representative models of the relationship between the study model with its four pillars and economic growth: The study found a number of results indicating a positive impact of economic diversification, entrepreneurship, and public corporate governance on the economic growth of Saudi Arabia, with mixed results on the impact of women's empowerment on economic growth, and based on those results, a set of recommendations were built related to getting out of the oil crisis, encouraging economic diversification and entrepreneurship, and women's economic empowerment.
This paper explored entrepreneurial intentions in the Caribbean adult population using a social cognitive approach. It used the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) Adult Population Survey (APS), which includes questions about entrepreneurial intentions of potential business owners and entrepreneurial perceptions, namely individual, entrepreneurial opportunities and socio-cultural, along with demographic and socio-economic variables. The effect of perceptions along with socio-economic control variables on entrepreneurial intentions was investigated using probit regression models. The results confirm that even after controlling for demographic and socio-economic and country fixed effects, social cognitive perceptions were indeed relevant in explaining entrepreneurial intentions in the region. This study therefore provides insights into understanding entrepreneurship in particular the decision to form a new business through the individual’s perceptions and intentions.
Entrepreneurship and innovativeness are the key factors for determination of economic viability along with preservation of sustainability. Entrepreneurship with innovation is a crucial part of economic improvement and growth and substantial for the steady dynamism of the modern economy. Since entrepreneurship and innovation generate value for the economy through creative destruction, their impacts on GDP growth (annual %) can be examined through anticipatory capacities. Brexit is expected to have serious consequences of generating international entrepreneurship and business opportunities for companies worldwide. This study aims to anticipate economic growth through entrepreneurial activities and innovativeness before and after the Brexit decision. In this study, New Business Density and R&D Expenditure (% of GDP) are handled to make anticipations regarding annual GDP Growth (%) via time series forecasting algorithm. We consider Iceland, Ireland and the UK before and after Brexit decision. Iceland and Ireland are taken into account due to their close relationships with the UK.KeywordsEntrepreneurshipInnovativenessEconomic growthAnticipationGroup Method of Data Handling (GMDH)
This paper explored entrepreneurial intentions in the Caribbean adult population using a social cognitive approach. It used the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) Adult Population Survey (APS), which includes questions about entrepreneurial intentions of potential business owners and entrepreneurial perceptions namely individual, entrepreneurial opportunities, and socio-cultural, along with demographic and socio-economic variables. The effect of perceptions along with socio-economic control variables on entrepreneurial intentions was investigated using probit regression models. The results confirm that even after controlling for demographic and socio-economic and country fixed effects, social cognitive perceptions were indeed relevant in explaining entrepreneurial intentions in the region. This study therefore provides insights into understanding entrepreneurship in particular the decision to form a new business through the individual’s perceptions and intentions.
Based on the triple bottom line of sustainable development, sustainable entrepreneurship has been well studied; however, the existing literature on the measurement of sustainable entrepreneurship is still limited. This paper attempts to quantify sustainable entrepreneurship through three indicators, innovative spirit, entrepreneurial spirit and decision-making spirit, and constructs a new time-varying index of sustainable entrepreneurship by the time-varying coefficient state space equation model. Applying the new time-varying index, this paper studies the impact of sustainable entrepreneurship on Chinese regional economic growth and explores the role of technical R&D and financial intermediary development in the path of influence. The empirical results show following conclusions. First, sustainable entrepreneurship promotes regional economic growth. Second, there exists a positive mediation effect of sustainable entrepreneurship influencing regional economic growth through technical R&D. Third, financial intermediaries have a positive effect on sustainable entrepreneurship, and they play a moderating role in the first half of the path through which sustainable entrepreneurship affects regional economic growth through technical R&D.
Economic growth, as the main distinction of developed and undeveloped economies, plays a drastic role in the context of social welfare. Among all components relating to making-money, no doubt, the entrepreneurial activities affect is the most noteworthy one.
O empreendedor, muito tem sido estudado a partir de perspectivas de seu sucesso, a fim de
identificar características e modelos. Pouco, porém, tem sido desenvolvido no sentido de
estudar o empreendedor antes do início de seu negócio. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho
pretende responder: ―Quais os fatores que compõem o background de um empreendedor?‖.
Para isso, desenvolveu-se por objetivo geral o estudo das características de background que
constituem os empreendedores, através da investigação de quais fatores aparecem como
constituidores de background; a proposição de um modelo de background dos
empreendedores e o teste deste modelo de forma empírica. A pesquisa foi operacionalizada
em quatro etapas. A primeira delas, bibliográfica e bibliométrica objetivou elencar os
construtos presentes na literatura. Na sequência, desenvolveram-se entrevistas com oito
especialistas e um grupo focal com oito empreendedores. Destas três etapas criou-se o modelo
conceitual de background do empreendedor. Logo após, a quarta etapa da pesquisa testou este
modelo de forma empírica através de entrevistas com doze empreendedores. O resultado desta
etapa levou a reformulação do modelo conceitual para um modelo dividido entre seis eixos, a
saber: (a) Aspectos familiares: estrutura familiar; maneira como a pessoa foi criada; o fato de
ter um empreendedor na família; e estímulos ou desestímulos a empreender. (b) Lugar de
nascimento e/ou criação: a cultura do lugar – se propensa ou não ao empreendedorismo;
oportunidades de trabalho na região (índices de desemprego); e aspectos legais como barreiras
ou facilitadores ao empreendedorismo. (c) Aspectos de educação formal – o estímulo ao
empreender em: educação infantil, séries iniciais, ensino fundamental e ensino médio; ensino
técnico; ensino superior; pós-graduação lato e stricto sensu; e programas de educação
empreendedora. (d) Aspectos sociodemográficos: mobilidade; e gênero; (e) Aspectos de
atividade profissional: ter trabalhado antes de empreender; a experiência com alguma
atividade, gerando know-how; e experiência negativa com chefes anteriores. (f) Aspectos de
fé e/ou religião: professar uma religião; e crer na direção e ajuda divina para empreender. O
modelo fica como contribuição gerencial, para utilização de recrutadores, como contribuição
da pesquisa em empreendedorismo, por ter olhado para o empreendedor antes do seu negócio
e como contribuição da teoria em empreendedorismo, pela entrega reunião do mapeamento
das características que compõem o background empreendedor.
Palavras-chave: background; história; empreendedor.
From a regional entrepreneurial ecosystem perspective, we theoretically interpret and empirically testify the mutual promotions between inclusive finance, entrepreneurship, and development. To do so, a two‐period overlapping generation model is introduced to interpret the mechanism, and then a panel vector auto‐regression model based on 31 provinces (and municipalities) in China from 2005 to 2016 is constructed. We find that: (a) Due to the development‐promoting ability, self‐reinforcing ability and multiplying effect, it is possible and worthy to construct a sustainable developing system. (b) However, an insufficient human capital endowment might be a critical obstacle, which is revealed as a precondition of this sustainable system. (c) Moreover, it is necessary to promote sustainable development of financial inclusion and entrepreneurship, due to the lack of directly promoting effect from economic development. (d) Thus, governmental complement is indispensable because of polarization led by the endowed wealth gap, and continuous promotion is appealed due to the transforming lag of mutual promoting feedback.
People of a county might be extremely capable to start a business but probably, because of some adverse environmental conditions, they will not be able to launch an appropriate business. Hence, it seems that considering both individual and environmental factors together will be helpful to present a guideline for people to run an efficient business.
Przedsiębiorczość jest dość powszechnie traktowana jako czynnik decydujący
o rozwoju gospodarczym, jednak jej analiza znajduje się poza głównym nurtem
myśli ekonomicznej. W konsekwencji nie istnieje jedna ogólnie akceptowana
teoria przedsiębiorczości czy nawet sama jej definicja, a obszar zagadnień poruszanych
w ramach tych badań jest bardzo szeroki. Jednym z nurtów w analizach
przedsiębiorczości jest określanie czynników, które decydują o wyborze formy aktywności
zawodowej między byciem przedsiębiorcą a pracownikiem etatowym.
Za jedną z determinant podejmowania decyzji o aktywności przedsiębiorczej
uważa się dostęp do kapitału finansowego. Ze względu na niedoskonałość rynku
finansowego nie wszystkie przedsięwzięcia przedsiębiorcze mogą liczyć na uzyskanie
kapitału pożyczkowego koniecznego do ich prowadzenia. W związku z tym
przedsiębiorca jest zmuszony do zaangażowania własnych środków finansowych
w prowadzoną przez siebie firmę, co powoduje, że osoby posiadające kapitał finansowy z większym prawdopodobieństwem stają się przedsiębiorcami, natomiast
pozostali podejmują zatrudnienie najemne.
Badanie czynników wpływających na przedsiębiorczość wydaje się szczególnie
istotne w odniesieniu do krajów o niższym poziomie rozwoju gospodarczego,
czyli na przykład w Polsce w okresie transformacji. Skuteczne pobudzenie
przedsiębiorczości może bowiem przyczynić się do podniesienia konkurencyjności
i stopnia rozwoju gospodarczego. Jednocześnie w potocznej opinii uzyskanie
kredytów na uruchomienie działalności gospodarczej jest bardzo trudne i kosztowne,
stąd analiza faktycznego oddziaływania barier finansowych na przedsiębiorczość
w Polsce wydaje się interesująca zarówno z teoretycznego, jak i praktycznego
punktu widzenia.
Zatem celem artykułu jest ocena oddziaływania barier finansowych na przedsiębiorczość
przy wykorzystaniu modelu wyboru zajęcia zawodowego na przykładzie
polskiej gospodarki w latach 1996–2004. Przyjęto założenie badawcze
wskazujące na to, że wysokość oszczędności i kredytów gospodarstw domowych
i przedsiębiorstw w sektorze bankowym stanowią determinantę przedsiębiorczości,
przy czym zależność ta ma charakter odwrotnie proporcjonalny. Weryfikacja
hipotezy badawczej nastąpiła poprzez analizę ekonometryczną zależności między
badanym zmiennymi, w szczególności poprzez zastosowanie przyczynowości
Grangera i analizy funkcji regresji.
This study aims to investigate the role played by public governance in the relation between entrepreneurship and economic growth in the United Arab Emirates (henceforth UAE). To achieve its goals, the study used a time series that extends from (1996-2015), a span of 20 years. The study came up with the following results: there was a positive impact of entrepreneurship activities on the economic growth in UAE within the framework of the public governance. Based on the previous results, the study came up with a set of recommendations that focuses on supporting entrepreneurship activities that play a significant role in the economic growth.
Life History Theory (LHT) predicts a monotonous relationship between affluence and the rate of innovations and strong correlations within a cluster of behavioral features. Although both predictions can be true in specific cases, they are incorrect in general. Therefore, the author's explanations may be right, but they do not prove LHT and cannot be generalized to other apparently similar processes.
We review the literature on the nexus between entrepreneurship and economic growth and investigate the reasons for its inconclusive early findings. We trace them to the evolution of nations from the managed economies to the entrepreneurial economies and various discrepancies, both in the proxies used to measure entrepreneurship as well as in the settings within which this relationship has been explored. We also find that notwithstanding the continued assertion of a lack of empirical evidence on entrepreneurship-led economic growth, post-2004 research on the theme has fairly conclusively established the positivity of this relationship in the developed world and the persisting debate on this issue reflects just a lack of its awareness. We provide a synthesis of findings of the most recent research, discuss the unresolved issues, point to future research directions and analyse the implications of our findings for practice.
The current financial crisis is affecting the entire operations of the modern enterprise. The main objective of this study is to identify and evaluate whether the current trend of downsizing impacts Internal Controls, Internal Auditors and Internal Audit departments. We will evaluate whether ‘downsizing’ may lead to less compliance with corporate governance best practices, as well as laws and regulations or excessive risk‐taking. The Internal Audit department has a multiple role to play in today’s downsized organizational environment. Moreover, “reengineered via downsizing” Internal Audit Departments are often tasked with special projects in which they may play a role that requires the extensive application of consulting skills and competences. Internal Auditors direction towards economy, effectiveness and efficiency is a valuable input for every company that adopts change management.
Key words: Corporate Governance, Downsizing, Internal Controls, Internal Audit, Reengineering
JEL classification: D23
Over the last three decades, governments and international organizations such as the World
Bank, the IMF, etc. have been trying to reduce poverty. Despite this, today, almost 2.5 billion
people still live in poverty. Entrepreneurship is seen by many as a way to reduce poverty in all
types of economies. Further, entrepreneurship facilitators can play an important role in
creating a suitable environment for business activities, hence increasing entrepreneurial
activities. This paper provides an insight into how entrepreneurial activity and
entrepreneurship facilitators (Government, Incubators, and Financial Institutions) help in
improving the business environment in all countries across the World and hence contributing
to poverty alleviation. To investigate this, the Human Development Index (HDI) is used as a
surrogate measure for poverty. Secondary data for Entrepreneurship (Entrepreneurial
Facilitators, Entrepreneurial Activities, Governance Factors, Social Factors and Economic
Factors) and Poverty (HDI)) were collected for the period of 2005 to 2016. Countries analysed
are grouped as high-income countries, high medium-income countries, medium-income
countries and low-income countries. The study found that there is a positive and significant
relationship between entrepreneurial activity and the changes in Human Development Index
(HDI) across all countries studied over the 12 year period. It also found that the presence of
good entrepreneurial facilitators improves the capacity of entrepreneurial activity which
reduces poverty as measured by the HDI. It adds to the body of knowledge by using HDI as a
new tool to analyze the impact of entrepreneurial activity in a country. Finally, its findings
suggest that entrepreneurial activity may have less impact on poverty alleviation in poor
countries.
AUTHORS Colin D. Reddy https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6657-1071 http://www.researcherid.com/rid/F-6977-2019 ARTICLE INFO Colin D. Reddy (2019). Crosscountry start-up rates and formal incentives: a moderated mediation model of economic development and societal legitimacy. Abstract Though current research identifies which institutions are important as boundary conditions for entrepreneurship, questions remain about how they actually influence national entrepreneurial activity, particularly through start-ups. Specifically, the authors attempt to answer the following question: How do formal incentives influence the start-up rates across countries? Through a conceptual framework where formal incentives and societal legitimacy represent formal and informal institutions, respectively , the authors contribute to existing knowledge about national start-up activity by showing both the mechanism and conditions under which formal incentives increase the start-up rate. First, it is argued that formal incentives influence the start-up rate indirectly through the market opportunities available through economic development. Second, it is argued that these formal and informal institutions substitute for one another. The arguments are confirmed with a panel dataset on 57 countries from the World Bank Group Entrepreneurship Surveys and Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. A key implication of the findings is that early efforts at stimulating economic development , for example, by incentivizing foreign investments in new technology, can also kickstart the entrepreneurial activity as much as entrepreneurial activity also contributes to economic development in return.
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