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The Wonderful Toy of 20th Century can be a
Disaster in 21st Century:
Scenario and Policies Regarding Mobile Waste in India
Neeta Sharma1 and Manoj Kumar2
1Department of Computer Science, International Management Centre, New Delhi, India
2Department of Computer Science, Maharaja Surajmal Institute, New Delhi, India
Abstract- The subscribers’ base of mobile phones is increasing
globally with a rapid rate. The sale of mobile phones has
exceeded those of personal computers. India is the second
largest telecommunication network in the world in terms of
number of wireless connections after China. Telecom
companies are ready to tap a large unexplored market in India
with lucrative offerings. Smart phones sale are at its peak. 3G
technology is also ready to play a lead role in mobile
revolution. Due to the low average life of the mobile phones,
lack of awareness among users and in absence of government
policies, mobile waste is accumulating in vast amount in India.
Without a proper system of recycling, the unsafe disposal is
causing a variety of environmental and health problems.
This paper discusses the various issues related to the
worldwide growth of mobile phones, the insecure methods of
disposal and the regulations and policies in India. We intend
to put forward some challenges and advices.
Keywords- Mobile-waste, regulation and government policies
regarding mobile-waste, unsafe disposal of mobile phones,
environmental- hazard.
I. INTRODUCTION
Mobile phones are part of day-to-day life, keeping us in
touch with the people we love or helping us keep up with
events at the office. Every teenager, working person, and
parent seems to have a mobile phone within arm’s reach,
and for good reason. They are not only convenient for
keeping in contact, but also they have proven to be essential
in emergencies. [7]
The first mobile phone was invented in 1973 by Dr. Martin
Cooper at Motorola. The first commercially automated
cellular network First Generation (1G) was launched in
Japan by NTT (Nippon Telegraph & Telephone) in 1979.
Several other countries also launched 1G network in the
early 1980s including UK, Mexico and Canada. The
technology in these early networks was pushed to the limit
to accommodate increasing usage. [8]
In 1990s the Second Generation (2G) mobile phone systems
emerged, primarily using the GSM (Global system for
mobile communications) standard. 2G network is based on
digital transmission rather than the analog transmission of
1G. 2G provides fast and out-of-band phone-to-network
signaling. The first full internet service on mobile phones
was introduced by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in 1999. Later,
Industry began to work on Third Generation (3G)
technology providing high speed IP data networks and
mobile broadband. As the penetration of 2G and 3G phones
have increased many folds in recent years, users are
utilizing mobile phones in their daily lives. Trends show
that there would be an ever increasing demand for greater
data speeds. [8]
3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) Long Term
Evolution (LTE) is the latest standard in the mobile
network technology tree that produced the GSM/EDGE
(Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) and
UMTS/HSPA ( Universal Mobile Telecommunications
System /Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution)network
technologies. [22] Although LTE is often marketed as 4G
which was first proposed by NTT DoCoMo of Japan and
has been adopted as the international standard. [4]
The mobile industry has expanded its reach to every corner
of the earth in recent past. Almost 90% of the entire earth is
under the mobile coverage now.
The telecommunication sector continued to register
significant success during past few years and has emerged
as one of the key sectors responsible for India’s economic
growth. Today, India is the fastest growing telecom market
in the world. Its population is growing, so is the number of
mobile subscribers. India is flooded with telecom operators,
wide range of handsets, lucrative offerings and low budget
plans.
The unexpected growth of the mobile market may generate
tones of mobile waste in near future. The awareness among
the mobile users and mobile industry and the regulation and
policies are the need of the hour.
II. ENORMOUS GROWTH OF MOBILE PHONES
The usage of mobile phones has become
ubiquitous in our daily lives. In developed regions every
individual has a mobile phone and its penetration is
drastically increasing in developing countries [21]. "People
here seem to go out of the house with only their mobile
phones and car keys". Today, it has become a Swiss Knife
for though it might not have a corkscrew or a nail cutter but
a mobile is a phone, a data handler and a one-stop gadget
for all entertainment and communication needs. [20]
According to the most recent data from the UN agency
International Telecommunication Union (ITU), more than
half the homes in regions such as Asia, South America than
in Europe and North America, even in rural areas, have a
mobile phone connection. [22]
A. World’s Scenario
The number of mobile phone subscribers has
doubled in the past five years and is expected to grow by 10
percent to 5.6 billion in 2011. The growth in developing
and emerging countries is especially strong. The threshold
of 5 billion mobile phone subscribers will be exceeded this
year for the first time. 800 million persons are already using
the fast UMTS mobile communications standard; an
increase of 37 per cent. In 2011, there will already be more
than one billion UMTS subscribers. [21]
In EU, the number of mobile phone subscribers was
expected to rise to around 650 million by the end of 2010
but it came around 906 million. Germany has the maximum
number of mobile phone connections in the EU: around 111
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million by the end of 2010. Germany is followed by Italy
(87 million), Great Britain (81 million), France (62 million)
and Spain (57 million). There are 220 million mobile
subscribers in Russia and 287 million in the USA. The
number is increasing more in Asia and South America than
in Europe and North America. In China, the number of
mobile phone subscribers has risen by almost 13 percent
this year to around 844 million. This figure is expected to
grow by one-tenth within the next year to 930 million. [22]
Worldwide mobile device sales to end users totalled 1.6
billion units in 2010, a 31.8 percent increase from 2009
(Table I). According to Gartner Inc., smart phone sales to
end users were up 72.1 percent from 2009 and accounted
for 19 percent of total mobile communications device sales
in 2010. [23]
B. Indian Scenario
India is the second largest telecommunication
network in the world in terms of number of wireless
connections after China with more than 752 million mobile
phone subscribers in December, 2010. [24]
In recent times, mobile phones have gained remarkable
popularity in consumer markets across India. India today
serves as a lucrative market for all mobile phone
manufacturers across the world. Apart from the big players
like Nokia, Apple, RIM, HTC, Samsung, LG, Motorola and
Sony Ericsson, the Indian mobile handset makers Lava,
MicroMax, Spice, Karbonn, Videocon and Intex have
flooded the Indian mobile market with wide variety of
mobile handsets.
The popularity of smart phones is also growing and
everybody seems to be interested to replace his old handset
with fully featured smart phone. According to IDC India,
the smart phones sale was expected to touch 6 million units
by end of calendar 2010 in India. [25]
1) 3G will accelerate the Sale of Mobile Phones in India
In 2008, India entered the 3G arena when
Government owned Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited
(BSNL) launched its 3G enabled mobile and data services.
Later, Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd (MTNL) also
launched its services in Delhi and Mumbai. The private
sector service providers such as Tata Docomo, Reliance
Communications, Airtel, and Vodafone have also launched
its 3G services.
3G enhances services such as multimedia and high speed
mobile broadband. It equips the average mobile user with
the ability to watch live TV on his/her mobile handset. One
can also enjoy services such as live streaming, download of
videos for educational or leisure purposes, news, current
affairs and sport content and video messaging all in
addition to the usual voice calling facility.
According to a recent forecast from the Wireless
Intelligence, a service of trade group GSMA Ltd., India is
all set to have 150 million 3G connections by the year 2014.
The growing disposable income, reducing prices of all
variety of mobile handsets, expanding penetration of 3G
and reduced call and data rates has pushed the sale of
mobile phones in India. It is expected to surpass China in
near future and will stand first in terms of mobile
subscribers.
III. MOBILE PHONE AS HAZARD: COMPONENTS
WITH CONSTITUENT & THEIR HEALTH EFFECTS
The Environmental Literacy Council gives a list of the
components in cell phone. The list covers the basic
components of most cell phones [10]. However some
of the components may vary by individual cell phones.
The traces of these components may reach inside the
human body while the regular handling or by inhaling
the dangerous fumes during the unsafe disposal of
mobile waste (m-waste).
1. Screen, a user interface which is usually a liquid
crystal display (LCD).
It contains lead, mercury, plastic etc.
2. Green board, the chips and electronic components
which allow the cell phone to function properly.
It contains lead, nickel, zinc, beryllium, tantalum,
coltan, copper, gold, and other metals.
3. Battery, a device which powers the phone.
It contains lead, acid, nickel, cobalt, zinc,
cadmium, lithium and copper etc.
4. Casing & Keypad, the essential parts of a mobile
phone.
It contains plastics including PVC & brominates
flame retardants.
5. Adapter, a device to charge the cell phone’s battery.
It contains plastics including PVC, ceramic
capacitor, electrolytic capacitor etc. [19]
Table I. Worldwide Mobile Device Sales to End Users in 2010 (Thousands of Units) [23]
Company 2010
Units 2010Market Share (%) 2009
Units 2009 Market
Share (%) Difference in %
from 2009 - 2010
Nokia 461,318.2 28.9 440,881.6 36.4 4.64
Samsung 281,065.8 17.6 235,772.0 19.5 19.21
LG Electronics 114,154.6 7.1 121,972.1 10.1 -6.41
Research In Motion 47,451.6 3.0 34,346.6 2.8 38.16
Apple 46,598.3 2.9 24,889.7 2.1 87.22
Sony Ericsson 41,819.2 2.6 54,956.6 4.5 -23.91
Motorola 38,553.7 2.4 58,475.2 4.8 -34.07
ZTE 28,768.7 1.8 16,026.1 1.3 79.51
HTC 24,688.4 1.5 10,811.9 0.9 128.34
Huawei 23,814.7 1.5 13,490.6 1.1 76.53
Others 488,569.3 30.6 199,617.2 16.5 144.75
Total 1,596,802.4 100.0 1,211,239.6 100.0 31.83
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Table II. Mobile Phone Component’s Constituent and Their Health Effect [12][16][17][19].
Constituent Health effects
Lead (Pb)
Damage to central and peripheral nervous systems, blood systems and kidney.
Affects brain development of children.
Mercury (Hg) Chronic damage to the brain.
Respiratory and skin disorders due to bioaccumulation in fishes.
Beryllium(Be) Develops carcinogenic (lung cancer) and skin diseases such as warts.
Inhalation of fumes causes chronic beryllium disease or beryllicosis.
Plastics including PVC Burning produces dioxin. It causes reproductive and developmental problems.
Interfere with regulatory hormones & damage to immune system.
Brominated flame
retardants (BFR) Disrupts endocrine system functions.
Cadmium (Cd) Toxic irreversible effects on human health, accumulates in kidney and liver.
Causes neural damage.
Lithium (Li) Shortness of breath, Cough, vomiting & weakness.
Cobalt (Co) Vomiting and nausea & Vision problems.
Heart problems & Thyroid damage.
Nickel (Ni) Birth defects & Lung embolism.
Allergic reactions such as skin rashes & Heart disorders.
Zinc (Zn)
Too much zinc can cause stomach cramps, skin irritations, vomiting, nausea &
anemia.
IV. DISASTROUS SCENARIO OF MOBILE PHONES
WASTE Discarded mobile phones create an avalanche of
toxic e-waste. According to British newspaper ‘The
Independent’, there are already 11,000 tons of unused
cellular phones in the United Kingdom that have not yet
been disposed of. These electronic products are made with
highly toxic metals and other chemicals that leach into the
earth when discarded. [5]
ABI Research (a market intelligence company) estimates
that, in addition to shorter handset replacement cycles and a
greater demand for cheaper phones will cause the recycled
handset market to be worth $3 billion by 2012, with
recycled phone shipments numbering above 100 million.
[5]
Hard-rock mining of copper, silver, gold and other
materials extracted from electronics is considered far more
environmentally damaging than the recycling of those
materials.
Guiyu in the Shantou region of China, Delhi and Bangalore
in India as well as the Agbogbloshie site near Accra, Ghana
have electronic waste processing areas. Uncontrolled
burning, disassembly, and unsafe disposal cause a variety of
environmental problems such as groundwater
contamination, atmospheric pollution, or even water
pollution either by immediate discharge or due to surface
runoff (especially near coastal areas). It also creates health
Fig.1 Typical components of a mobile phone. [26]
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2200
problems among those who are directly and indirectly
involved in the methods of processing the m-waste.
Opponents of the trade argue that developing countries
utilize methods that are more harmful and more-wasteful.
An expedient and prevalent method is simply to toss
equipment onto an open fire, in order to melt plastics and to
burn away unvaluable metals. This releases carcinogens and
neurotoxins into the air, contributing to acrid and lingering
smog. These noxious fumes include dioxins and furans.
Bonfire refuse can be disposed of quickly into drainage
ditches or waterways feeding the ocean or local water
supplies. [1]
The raw materials in a cell phone, such as gold, copper
coils, aluminium and other metals are worth money but to
extract these, the printed boards are basically cooked;
releasing arsenic, mercury, lead and other toxins which
harm the body. Inhaling, or regular handling of e-waste can
result in damage to the brain, nervous system, lungs, and
kidneys. Dr Venkatesh, in his address to a Hazardous
Materials Seminar held recently in Bangalore explained that
the estimated costs associated with lead poisoning amongst
children in India are over $600 million per year. [2]
In China, India, Ghana and other developing regions
thousands of men, women, and children are employed in
highly polluting areas using primitive and unsafe recycling
technologies to extract the metals, toners, and plastics from
cell phones and other electronic waste. Recent studies show
that 7 out of 10 children in these regions have too much
lead in their blood. [1]
A recent study by the Chittaranjan National Cancer
Institute, Kolkata, found that people in Delhi are about
twice as likely to suffer from lung ailments as those in the
countryside. Doctors blame on smelting the huge amount of
electronic and mobile waste for the increasing lung ailments
among the poor workers. [27]
V. REGULATION AND POLICIES: OTHER
COUNTRIES V/S INDIA
Recycling and disposal of e-waste may involve
significant risk to workers and communities. A great care
must be taken to avoid unsafe exposure in recycling
operations and leaching of material such as heavy metals
from landfills and incinerator ashes. Scrap industry and
USA EPA (Environment Protection Agency) officials agree
that materials should be managed with caution, and
environmental dangers of unused electronics have not been
exaggerated. [1]
A. Regulation Regarding E-Waste in Developed World
The U.S. government supports many local and
statewide cell phone recycling programs. These programs
reuse parts of cell phones that are useful in other electronic
devices. They also refurbish cell phones and other
electronic devices for use in schools or for low-income
families who cannot afford new phones. Government-
supported programs (like donation, E-recycling etc. [20])
may be found on the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency website (see Resources). [9]
According to Thomsen, about 100 million people upgrade
to new phones each year in Europe alone, even though the
average handset has a life of 5 years.
The European Union (EU), Japan, South Korea, Taiwan
and several states of the USA have introduced legislation
making producers responsible for their end-of-life products.
The EU has banned the use of certain hazardous substances
in electrical and electronic products from July2006, to
facilitate safer recycling. [13]
California has taken recycling one step further than the
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) with the
introduction of the California Cell Phone Recycling Act in
2004. The act requires cell phone retailers to accept all cell
phones from consumers for recycling. As a result, about 3.6
million phones or 25% of the phones sold in California
were reused in 2008. [10]
Other U.S. states considering similar legislation include
Illinois, Mississippi, New Jersey, New York, Vermont and
Virginia, while the Canadian provinces of British
Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and New Brunswick are
likely to jump on the mandatory cell phone recycling
bandwagon soon. [11]
B. Regulation Regarding E-Waste in India
The unfortunate part is that while developed countries
have a proper system for recycling of disposed e-devices,
such a system is lacking in India. It's not just about a
system, even awareness on recycling e-waste is lacking in
the second largest mobile market in the world. In India,
there are no specific environmental laws or guidelines for
m-waste or e-waste. None of the existing environmental
laws have any direct reference to electronic waste or refer
to the way it is handled as being hazardous. However, as
some components of electronic waste fall under the
'hazardous and 'non-hazardous' ( Hazardous waste that
poses substantial or potential threats to public health or the
environment [15] such as batteries, switches etc, and non-
hazardous waste like plastic, circuit board etc. [14]) waste
categories; they are covered under the purview of 'The
Hazardous Waste Management Rules, 2003'. This
regulation defines hazardous waste as "any waste which by
reason of any of its physical, chemical, reactive, toxic,
flammable, explosive or corrosive characteristics causes
danger or is likely to cause danger to health or environment,
whether alone or when on contact with other wastes or
substances." As per the guidelines for environmentally
sound management of e-waste, Maharashtra ranks first
followed by Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh,
West Bengal, Delhi, Karnataka, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh
and Punjab in the list of e-waste generating states in India.
In these guidelines, the Ministry of Environments and
Forests' central Pollution Control Board has proposed the
extended producer responsibility (EPR) as an environment
protection strategy. This makes the producer responsible for
the entire life cycle of the product, especially for take back,
recycle and final disposal. Thus, the producers'
responsibility is extended to the post consumer stage of the
product life cycle. This needs to be included in the
legislative framework making EPR a mandatory activity
associated with the production of electronic and electrical
equipment over a period of time. [6]
VI. INDUSTRIES’ INITIATIVE IN INDIA
Many organizations in India are trying to put in order
the way recycling is done in the country. These
organizations collect e-waste through their collection
centres and transport them to recycling plants. Once the
scrap reaches a plant, metallic and non metallic components
are separated. Telecom giants such as Nokia, LG and Tata
Teleservices (TTSL) have now started generating
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awareness about the issue. Nokia has started a 'take back'
scheme in various cities wherein mobile phone users can
dispose their used handsets and accessories, regardless of
the brand, at recycling bins in Nokia Priority Dealers and
Nokia Care Centers. Nokia had collected close to 16 tones
of e-waste (mobile phones and accessories) till April this
year as part of their 'take back' campaign started in January
2009. Nokia's ‘Planet Ke Rakhwale’ community already
has a member base of 20,000 people. On the other hand,
recycling companies such as Attero Recycling work with
various companies including telecom giants such as LG and
TTSL. They also try to touch base with the informal sector
and try to minimize damage to the environment and to
human health by open air burning [6]. Dell, E-Parisaraa,
Green India Recycling Pvt. Ltd., Trishyiraya Recycling
India Private Limited and many other companies also
contributing for collecting e-waste.
VI. CONCLUSION & SUGGESTIONS
The problem of accumulating m-waste must be
addressed immediately otherwise it will lead to deceases
and casualties of our people. Not only the Government and
Industries, but the Citizens also have a very important role
to play. We are suggesting some immediate steps to tackle
the proper disposal of m-waste. [6].
A. Responsibilities of the Government
1. Governments should set up regulatory agencies in
each district, which are vested with the responsibility
of coordinating and consolidating the regulatory
functions of the various government authorities
regarding hazardous substances.
2. Existing laws concerning e-waste disposal be
reviewed and revamped. A comprehensive law that
provides mobile and e-waste regulation and
management and proper disposal of hazardous
wastes is required. Such a law should empower the
agency to control, supervise and regulate the relevant
activities of government departments.
3. Control risks from manufacture, processing,
distribution, use and disposal of electronic wastes.
4. Encourage beneficial reuse of e-waste. Also set up
programs to promote recycling among citizens and
businesses.
5. Government should enforce strict regulations against
dumping e-waste in the country by outsiders and
industries which do not practice waste prevention
and recovery in the production facilities. Where the
laws are flouted, stringent penalties must be
imposed.
6. Government should encourage and support NGOs
and other organizations to involve actively in solving
the nation's e-waste problems.
7. Government should explore opportunities to
collaborate with manufacturers and retailers to
provide recycling services [12].
8. Innovative programs should be encouraged, like
sending the SMS regarding the safe disposal to all
those mobile users who are using the same handset
for a longer period of time.
B. Responsibility and Role of Industries
1. Companies can and should adopt waste minimization
techniques, which will make a significant reduction in
the quantity of e-waste generated and thereby
lessening the impact on the environment. It is a
"reverse production" system that designs
infrastructure to recover and reuse every material
contained within e-wastes metals such as lead, copper,
aluminum, gold, plastics, glass and wire. Such a
"closed loop" manufacturing and recovery system
offers a win-win situation for everyone. Less of the
Earth will be mined for raw materials, and
groundwater will be protected.
2. Manufacturers, distributors, and retailers should
undertake the responsibility of recycling/disposal of
their own products.
3. Standardize components for easy disassembly.
4. Utilize technology sharing particularly for
manufacturing and de-manufacturing.
5. Encourage / promote / require green procurement for
corporate buyers.
6. Use label materials to assist in recycling (particularly
plastics) [12].
C. Responsibilities of a Citizen
1. E-wastes should never be disposed with garbage
and other household waste. This should be
segregated at the site and sold or donated to various
organizations.
2. Customers should opt for upgrading their cell
phone to the latest versions rather than buying new
equipments.
3. NGOs should adopt a participatory approach in
management of e-waste [12].
D. Safe Technique for Metal Recovery & Encourage the
Reuse
1. Waste can be recovered on-site, or at an off-site
recovery facility, or through inter industry exchange.
To reclaim the waste material, a number of physical
and chemical techniques are available such as
reverse osmosis, electrolysis, condensation,
electrolytic recovery, filtration, centrifugation etc.
For example, a printed-circuit board manufacturer
can use electrolytic recovery to reclaim metals from
copper and tin-lead plating bath [12].
2. The existing and potential technologies that might be
used for the metal recycling include mechanical
processing, pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy,
biohydro-metallurgy or a combination of these
techniques. Of these techniques, hydrometallurgical
approach is often used due to energy efficient and
flexible to a variation in the metal contents [3].
To encourage phone reuse, Green Mobile (Green Mobile in
partnership with the Friends of the Earth -which is an
organization dedicated to the care of our planet; and
Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) has created the
UK’s first environmentally friendly mobile phone service.
By joining Green Mobile, a mobile user agree to hold on
his/her existing handset for just one more year and in return
organization donate £15 to EIA or Friends of the Earth
[28]) asks new customers to keep using their old handset
and rewards them with a lower rate than can be offered by
companies that subsidize new phones each year [5].
The prevalence of recycled phones is expected to increase
as the problem of e-waste enters the public consciousness
and stricter regulations force more companies to tackle the
problem [5].
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