Content uploaded by Hakan Sarıçam
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Hakan Sarıçam on Oct 11, 2016
Content may be subject to copyright.
Content uploaded by Çınar Kaya
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Çınar Kaya
Content may be subject to copyright.
IIB INTERNATIONAL REFEREED ACADEMIC SOCIAL SCIENCES JOURNAL
Temmuz – Ağustos – Eylül 2013 Sayı: 11 Cilt: 4 Summer Jul - Aug - Sep 2013 Issue: 11 Volume: 4 Jel: I21
www.iibdergisi.com
ID:286 - K:253
56
TURKISH VERSION OF EMPLOYMENT HOPE SCALE:
THE VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY STUDY
Ahmet AKIN1, M.Ali HAMEDOĞLU2, Çınar KAYA3, Hakan SARIÇAM4
1,2,3 Sakarya University, Education Faculty, Department of Educational Sciences
4 Dumlupinar University, Education Faculty
Abstract: The aim of this research is to examine the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Employment
Hope Scale (EHS; Hong et al. 2012). The sample of this study consisted of 398 (235 female and 163 male) teachers.
The results of confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that the six items loaded on one factors and the one-dimensional
model was well fit (x²=215.29, df=63 p=0.00, RMSEA=.078, NFI=.95, NNFI=.95, CFI=.96, IFI=.96, RFI=.92, GFI=.93,
AGFI=.88, and SRMR=.040). The internal consistency coefficients of two subscales were .85 and .90 respectively, for
the overall scale was.93. In the concurrent validity significant relationship (r= .37) was found between the Employment
Hope Scale and Career Adaptability and Optimism Scale. The t-test results differences between each item’s means of
upper 27% and lower 27% points were significant. The corrected item-total correlations of EHS ranged from .55 to .78.
Overall findings demonstrated that this scale is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing the employment hope. EHS
can be utilized in various areas like workforce management, social policies and leadership research.
Keywords: Employment Hope, Validity, Reliability, Confirmatory Factor Analysis
INTRODUCTION
The individuals’ internal evaluation of own
capabilities has been an area of study espe-
cially since the seminal works of Bandura
(1977) in the psychology literature (Leonard,
2002). Self-sufficiency is one of the concepts
commonly used in areas of social work and
social service policies. When individuals ex-
perience feelings of self efficacy, they pursue
their life goals, make decisions and imple-
ment those decisions in a determined fashi-
on; and self efficacy has a positive effect on
self-sufficiency (Herr and Wagner, 2003).
The term self-sufficiency is more commonly
used in areas of social work and social servi-
ce policies. When the feelings of self efficacy
intensify, individuals pursue their life goals,
make decisions and implement those decisi-
ons in a determined fashion, and self efficacy
has a positive effect on self-sufficiency (Herr
and Wagner 2003).
Self-sufficiency of the individuals is seen as
a general goal of public policies (Hong et al.
2012). Despite this fact, there is no consen-
sus on the exact meaning of the term (Long
2001). The concept is usually evaluated as
an economic and financial output, and it is
one of the high-priority goals in appraising
the success in the sphere of social public po-
licy, especially in the U.S.A. (Hawkins 2005).
Within the framework of the research and
application on workforce development, self-
IIB INTERNATIONAL REFEREED ACADEMIC SOCIAL SCIENCES JOURNAL
Temmuz – Ağustos – Eylül 2013 Sayı: 11 Cilt: 4 Summer Jul - Aug - Sep 2013 Issue: 11 Volume: 4 Jel: I21
www.iibdergisi.com
ID:286 - K:253
57
sufficiency has two dimensions: financial and
psychological; yet there is not enough emp-
hasis on the psychological dimension (Hong
et al. 2009). Haveman and Bershadker (1998)
has conceptualized poverty as “inability to be
self-reliant” and operationalized the term as
“the capability of families to meet some mi-
nimum level of living by means of their own
efforts” (p. 343). Mulroy and Lauber (2004),
in their study evaluating a program with a lo-
gical model, defined self-sufficiency as “in-
dependence from government subsidies” (s.
575). According to Long (2001), for families
to be self-sufficient, they should have an inco-
me that is above the federal poverty level af-
ter the taxes are subtracted, without any form
of financial support, and having some kind
of health coverage (s. 391). The definitions
converge on the notion of being able to meet
family needs without support, yet there is a
lack of clarity on the specific components of
the concept, which induces problems on the
evaluation processes of policies and programs
devised for enhancing self-sufficiency (Haw-
kins 2005; Long 2001).
Bratt and Keyes (1998), in their study on nonp-
rofit housing organizations, have acknowled-
ged the need for a re-conceptualization and
clarification for the construct self-sufficiency
for a better understanding of the programs
and activities of these organizations. These
institutions having components like “personal
responsibility building”, or “skill building for
work”, would be regarded as quite inefficient
when the goal of self-sufficiency is defined
primarily on financial terms; therefore the
term should be broadened as encompassing
non-financial, or psychological components
of self-sufficiency (p. 801). From the pers-
pective of social agencies, employment pos-
sibility, is the result of the supply and demand
interactions in the labor market; and when the
success is assessed with employment, (for ins-
tance as in (Fleischer 2001) ‘‘finding and kee-
ping a job for more than 12 months”), agency
evaluations are conducted by reference to an
external factor, out of their scope (Hong et al.
2012).
Daugherty and Barber (2001), have criticized
the economic self-sufficiency ideal as being
a ‘‘classical liberal philosophical ideal that
inappropriately focuses on a rational and eco-
nomic view of personhood’’; and argued that
this conceptualization would support a wrong
the human will and meaning in the complex
society (p. 662).
Another, important concept relevant for the
study is empowerment, which can be regar-
ded as being an individual psychological
construct; as well as being an “organizational,
political, sociological, economic, and spiritu-
al” one (Rappaport 1987). Becker, Kovach,
and Gronseth (2004) delineated the fact that
an empowerment based definition of self-
sufficiency is required for the evaluation pro-
cesses of services, programs, and work force
development systems, and described the in-
dividual having self-sufficiency as capable
of defining her needs, making decisions and
implementing these decisions and to continue
with managing other needs, having confiden-
ce and being able to find solutions for herself
(p. 332).
IIB INTERNATIONAL REFEREED ACADEMIC SOCIAL SCIENCES JOURNAL
Temmuz – Ağustos – Eylül 2013 Sayı: 11 Cilt: 4 Summer Jul - Aug - Sep 2013 Issue: 11 Volume: 4 Jel: I21
www.iibdergisi.com
ID:286 - K:253
58
In order to understand the outlook in Turkey
about self-sufficiency with regard to social
policies, one can glance at the definition of
neediness in the Code of Social and Econo-
mic Support (SHÇEK, 2011). In this code,
neediness is defined as “absence of property
or income sufficient for providing the person
herself, her spouse and children under her
custody, and parents with a minimum level of
living according to the conditions of the loca-
tion they live (item 4).” Considering the fact
that poverty, an alternative term for needi-
ness, can be regarded as “inability to be self-
reliant” (Haveman and Bershadker 1998); it
can be stated that self-sufficiency is purely
defined in terms of financial resources in the
above quotation from the code. The definiti-
on for the “needy old person” is characterized
by “being in social and economic deprivation
and need for help” in the same code (item 4);
which refers to the social dimension of nee-
diness. After all, in the same code, in the part
describing the service offered to citizens by
social work practitioners, self-sufficiency is
explicitly mentioned as an important objecti-
ve and a quality needed to be developed (item
25); yet, remarkably, this objective is regar-
ded as the professional responsibility of the
practitioner, not as an institutional goal. Hen-
ce, it can be concluded the need for an empo-
werment-based definition of self-sufficiency
is needed, at least in the public social policy
area, in Turkey as well.
Although there exists studies examining the
relationship between psychological resilien-
ce factors [(like self-efficacy (Herr and Wag-
ner 2003) and self-esteem (Kunz and Kalil,
1999)) and economic self-sufficiency; effects
of these factors on psychological aspects of
self-sufficiency remains under-researched
(Hong et al. 2012)].
Addressing this gap in the area, Hong, Sheriff
and Naeger (2009), conducted a qualitative
focus group study on low income job seekers
in order to come up with a “bottom-up” defi-
nition of self-sufficiency. According to their
focus group, self-sufficiency is not primarily
an outcome but it is a process encompassing
skills like: overcoming unrealistic financial
goals, building inner strength and future out-
look, acquiring skills and resources, and then
moving forward toward realistic financial
goals. Hong et al. (2009) offered a definition
of self-sufficiency as “an empowering path
toward a realistic financial goal” (324); and
introduced two key components and six sub-
components: (1) psychological empowerment
(self-worth; self-perceived capability; and fu-
ture outlook) and (2) process of moving to-
ward future goals (self-motivation; utilization
of skills and resources; and goal orientation).
Hong, Polanin, and Pigott (2012) re-named the
psychological dimension of self-sufficiency
as “employment hope” and developed Emp-
loyment Hope Scale (EHS) in order to mea-
sure this construct. In their validation study,
final EHS is composed of 14-items and
psychological empowerment (Factor 1) and
goal-oriented pathway (Factor 2) were found
to be the two main factors in the exploratory
factor analysis (EFA); both factors had high
internal consistency (alphas for Factor1 and
Factor 2 was.90 and .93 respectively and .94
IIB INTERNATIONAL REFEREED ACADEMIC SOCIAL SCIENCES JOURNAL
Temmuz – Ağustos – Eylül 2013 Sayı: 11 Cilt: 4 Summer Jul - Aug - Sep 2013 Issue: 11 Volume: 4 Jel: I21
www.iibdergisi.com
ID:286 - K:253
59
for total EHS) and the final model was well fit
(Hong et al. 2012).
The Turkish version of the EHS which has
been adapted in the present study is a self-
report scale designed for measuring the emp-
loyment hope construct mentioned above.
The EHS scale is an 11-point Likert-type sca-
le with scores ranging from 0 and 10, with 0
denoting (Turkish equivalent of) “Do not ag-
ree at all”; 5 as “Neutral”; and 10, as “Totally
Agree”. Items are sentences about the cogni-
tive and emotional experiences of the respon-
dents like “(1) When working or looking for a
job, I am respectful toward who I am.”, “(13)
Even if I am not able to achieve my financial
goals right away, I will find a way to get the-
re.”; and “(9) I am able to utilize my skills to
move toward career goals.”.
The Employment Hope Scale, as an instru-
ment devised for assessing the psychological
dimension of self-sufficiency, which has suf-
ficient psychometric properties, is presented
to the attention of researchers and practitio-
ners in Turkey for utilization in evaluation
and research activities in various areas like
career counseling, management, social servi-
ces, social policies.
METHOD
Participants
Participants were 398 (235 female and 163
male) teachers who were employed in dif-
ferent schools in Istanbul and Kocaeli, Tur-
key. The departments of these teachers were
psychological counseling and guidance
(n=33), science education (n=32), pre-school
education (n=80), computer and instruction
technology education (n=24), primary edu-
cation (134) and Turkish language education
(n=52), elementary math education (n=43)
and the mean age of the participants was 32.3.
Insrument
Career Adaptability and Optimism Scale
(CAOS): Career Adaptability and Optimism
Scale was developed Erdoğmuş Zorver and
Korkut Owen (2011). Vocational Outcome
Expectations Scale was used for the criterion
related validity. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO)
measure of sampling adequacy of .95 and a
significant result on Bartlett’s test of spheri-
city χ2= 3274,47 (p< .00, df= 153). Results
confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated
that 18 items yielded one factor and the one-
dimensional model was well fit (x²= 357.76,
sd= 135, RMSEA= .06, CFI= .93, GFI= .90,
SRMR= .04). Factor loadings ranged from .59
to .75. Cronbach alpha internal consistency
coefficient was found as .93. In the concurrent
validity significant relationship (r= .60) was
found between the Career Adaptability and
Optimism Scale and Vocational Outcome Ex-
pectations Scale. Test-retest reliability coeffi-
cient was .85. The psychometric properties of
this instrument suggest that it may be a useful
tool in the further investigation of school to
work transition phenomena associated with
university students and recent graduates and
may provide counselors with an additional
tool to facilitate their work with students ma-
king the transition from university study to
fully employed and productive adults.
Procedure
IIB INTERNATIONAL REFEREED ACADEMIC SOCIAL SCIENCES JOURNAL
Temmuz – Ağustos – Eylül 2013 Sayı: 11 Cilt: 4 Summer Jul - Aug - Sep 2013 Issue: 11 Volume: 4 Jel: I21
www.iibdergisi.com
ID:286 - K:253
60
Primarily translation of the EHS into Turkish
was based on the kind permission of Philip
Young P. Hong (2012). As the first step three
specialists who were a native Turkish speaker
fluent in English translated English version
into Turkish. Discrepancies in initial trans-
lations were addressed with the assistance of
a fourth independent translator. The Turkish
version of the EHS was then translated back
into English by three English-speaking langu-
age specialists who were blinded to the origi-
nal scale and the objective of the study. The
differences between translated versions were
evaluated and a satisfactory compliance with
the original scale was achieved by consensus
of the translators. The completed Turkish ver-
sion was evaluated for cultural concordance
by three academicians from department of
English Language and Literature, controver-
sial items were determined and necessary mo-
difications were done. The updated version
was reevaluated by the original group of ex-
pert reviewers, to finalize the Turkish version
used in this study. After that a study of lan-
guage equivalence was executed and then the
validity and reliability analyses of the scale
were investigated. In this study confirmatory
factor analysis (CFA) was executed to con-
firm the original scale’s structure in Turkish
culture (Büyüköztürk, 2011; Sümer, 2000;
Şimşek, 2007; Yılmaz & Çelik, 2009) Also
concurrent validity, internal consistency reli-
ability, the item-total correlations and the dif-
ferences between mean scores of upper 27%
and lover 27% groups were examined. Data
were analyzed using LISREL 8.54 and SPSS
17.0 package programs.
RESULTS
Construct Validity
The results of confirmatory factor analysis in-
dicated that the model was well fit and
Chi-Square value (x²=215.29, df=63 p=0.00)
which was calculated for the adaptation of the
model was found to be significant. The go-
odness of fit index values of the model were
RMSEA=.078, NFI=.95, NNFI=.95, CFI=.96,
IFI=.96, RFI=.92, GFI=.93, AGFI=.88, and
SRMR=.040. Factor loadings and path diag-
ram of Turkish version of EHS are presented
in Figure 1.1.
IIB INTERNATIONAL REFEREED ACADEMIC SOCIAL SCIENCES JOURNAL
Temmuz – Ağustos – Eylül 2013 Sayı: 11 Cilt: 4 Summer Jul - Aug - Sep 2013 Issue: 11 Volume: 4 Jel: I21
www.iibdergisi.com
ID:286 - K:253
61
Figure 1.1 Factor Loadings and Path Diagram for the EHS
IIB INTERNATIONAL REFEREED ACADEMIC SOCIAL SCIENCES JOURNAL
Temmuz – Ağustos – Eylül 2013 Sayı: 11 Cilt: 4 Summer Jul - Aug - Sep 2013 Issue: 11 Volume: 4 Jel: I21
www.iibdergisi.com
ID:302 - K:190
internal consistency reliability, the item-
total correlations and the differences
between mean scores of upper 27% and
lover 27% groups were examined. Data
were analyzed using LISREL 8.54 and
SPSS 17.0 package programs.
RESULTS
Construct Validity
The results of confirmatory factor analysis
indicated that the model was well fit and
Chi-Square value (x²=215.29, df=63
p=0.00) which was calculated for the
adaptation of the model was found to be
significant. The goodness of fit index
values of the model were RMSEA=.078,
NFI=.95, NNFI=.95, CFI=.96, IFI=.96,
RFI=.92, GFI=.93, AGFI=.88, and
SRMR=.040. Factor loadings and path
diagram of Turkish version of EHS are
presented in Figure 1.1.
Figure 1.1 Factor Loadings and Path Diagram for the EHS
Empowerment
.56
.71
.85
.88
.84
.73
.69
.57
.90
1
2
3
4
5
6
.88
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Pathway
14
.70
.79
.72
.55
.53
Reliability
The internal consistency coefficient of empo-
werment subscale is .85, and pathway subs-
cale is .90. The overall internal consistency
coefficient of the scale was .93. Test-retest re-
liability coefficient was .71. In the concurrent
validity significant relationship (r= .37) was
found between the Employment Hope Scale
and Career Adaptability-Optimism Scale. The
corrected item-total correlations of EHS ran-
ged from .55 to .78. The t-test results diffe-
rences between each item’s means of upper
27% and lower 27% points were significant
(p<0.001). The item analysis results and desc-
riptive statistics are presented in Table 1.1
IIB INTERNATIONAL REFEREED ACADEMIC SOCIAL SCIENCES JOURNAL
Temmuz – Ağustos – Eylül 2013 Sayı: 11 Cilt: 4 Summer Jul - Aug - Sep 2013 Issue: 11 Volume: 4 Jel: I21
www.iibdergisi.com
ID:286 - K:253
62
Table 1.1 The EHS Item-Total Correlation, t-test results differences between each item’s
means of upper 27% and lower 27% group, and Descriptive Statistics
Item
No
Item-Total Correlation
n(398)
X
Sd rjx
Upper 27% group
n(106)
X
Sd
Lower 27% group
n(106)
X
Sd t
1 8,97 2,11 ,53 9,90 ,35 7,53 2,93 -8,29***
2 9,00 2,05 ,62 9,97 ,21 7,56 2,71 -9,13***
3 8,92 1,82 ,76 9,92 ,29 7,22 2,55 -10,83***
4 8,83 1,85 ,74 9,84 ,49 7,23 2,56 -10,34***
5 7,71 2,53 ,55 9,60 1,15 5,66 2,61 -14,19***
6 8,43 2,20 ,70 9,83 ,63 6,18 2,61 -14,03***
7 8,51 2,19 ,77 9,91 ,31 6,32 2,76 -13,31***
8 8,21 2,22 ,69 9,85 ,57 6,20 2,52 -14,58***
9 8,80 1,88 ,82 9,92 ,26 6,92 2,53 -12,11***
10 8,63 1,93 ,75 9,90 ,29 6,86 2,49 -12,48***
11 8,61 2,03 ,72 9,90 ,52 6,78 2,74 -11,50***
12 8,31 2,23 ,71 9,86 ,64 6,26 2,71 -13,27***
13 7,56 2,63 ,59 9,50 1,09 5,13 2,78 -15,04***
14 7,79 2,68 ,56 9,67 ,94 5,51 3,03 -13,51***
***p<.001
As shown in Table 1.1, for example, employ-
ment hope mean scores of upper 27% group
(9.90) were higher than lower 27% group
(7.53), (t= 8,29) with a significance level of
.001 for item 1.
employment hope mean scores of upper 27%
group (9.50) were higher than lower 27% gro-
up (5.13), (t= 15.04) with a significance level
of .001 for item 13.
DISCUSSION
The purpose of this study was to translate the
EHS into Turkish and examine its psycho-
metric properties. Confirmatory factor analy-
sis demonstrated that the factor structure was
harmonized with the factor structure of the
original scale. Thus, it can be said that the
structural model of the EHS which consists of
two factors was well fit to the Turkish cultu-
re (Bentler and Bonett 1980; Hu and Bentler
1999; Schermelleh-Engel and Moosbrugger
2003; Tabachnick and Fidell, 2007). The in-
IIB INTERNATIONAL REFEREED ACADEMIC SOCIAL SCIENCES JOURNAL
Temmuz – Ağustos – Eylül 2013 Sayı: 11 Cilt: 4 Summer Jul - Aug - Sep 2013 Issue: 11 Volume: 4 Jel: I21
www.iibdergisi.com
ID:286 - K:253
63
ternal consistency reliability coefficients of
the scale were high (Büyüköztürk 2011; Kline
2000; Tabachnick and Fidell, 2007). Reliabi-
lity studies showed that the scale has a stable
construct indicated by good test-retest corre-
lation (Kuzucu, 2008). Reliability coefficients
are consistent with previous research findings
(Hong et al. 2012; Juntunen and Wettersten,
2006; Yakushko and Sokolova, 2010). Con-
sidering that item total correlations having a
value of .30 and higher and significant test re-
sults differences between each item’s means
of upper 27% and lower 27% are generally
considered to be adequate in terms of distin-
guishing between the traits to be measured
for construing item total correlation, it is pos-
sible to state that item total correlations and
t-test result regarding the scales are adequate
(Büyüköztürk 2011; Tabachnick and Fidell,
2007). Namely, as a result of the item-analy-
sis based on the upper 27% group means and
on the lower 27% group means to determine
how efficient the Turkish-version form was in
distinguishing between individuals who have
high and those who have low levels in terms
of the employment hope measured. Overall
findings demonstrated that this scale had high
validity and reliability scores and that it may
be used as a valid and reliable instrument in
order to measure the empowerment-based
self-sufficiency (SS) outcome among low-
income job-seeking clients. Nevertheless,
further studies that will use EHS are impor-
tant for its measurement force.
The Employment Hope Scale, as an instru-
ment devised for assessing the psychological
dimension of self-sufficiency, which has suf-
ficient psychometric properties, is presented
to the attention of researchers and practitio-
ners in Turkey for utilization in evaluation
and research activities in various areas like
education, management, social services, soci-
al policies, and leadership.
REFERENCES
BANDURA, A., (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward
a Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change.
Psychological Review, 84(2):191-215
BECKER, J., KOVACH, A. C., & GRON-
SETH, D. L., (2004). Individual empo-
werment: How community health wor-
kers operationalize self-determination,
self-sufficiency, and decision-making
abilities of low-income mothers. Journal
of Community Psychology, 32, 327-342.
BENTLER, P. M., & BONET, D. G., (1980).
Significance tests and goodness of fit
in the analysis of covariance structures.
Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588-606.
BRATT, R. G., & KEYES, L. C., (1998). Chal-
lenges confronting nonprofit housing or-
ganizations’ self-sufficiency programs.
Housing Policy Debate, 9, 795-824.
BÜYÜKÖZTÜRK, Ş., (2011). Sosyal bilimler
için veri analizi el kitabı. Ankara: Pegem
Akademi yayınları.
DAUGHERTY, R. H., & BARBER, G.M.,
(2001). Self-sufficiency, ecology of work,
and welfare reform. Social Service Revi-
ew, 75(4), 662-675.
IIB INTERNATIONAL REFEREED ACADEMIC SOCIAL SCIENCES JOURNAL
Temmuz – Ağustos – Eylül 2013 Sayı: 11 Cilt: 4 Summer Jul - Aug - Sep 2013 Issue: 11 Volume: 4 Jel: I21
www.iibdergisi.com
ID:286 - K:253
64
ERDOĞMUŞ ZORVER, C., & KORKUT
OWEN, F. ,(2011). Kariyer Uyumu ve
İyimserliği Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi. XI.
Ulusal Psikolojik Danışmanlık ve Reh-
berlik Kongresi, 27 Eylül 2011, İzmir.
FLEISCHER, W., (2001). Extending lad-
ders: Findings from Annie E. Casey
foundation’s jobs initiative. Baltimore,
MD: Annie E. Casey Foundation.
HAMEDOĞLU, M. A., AKIN, A., KAYA, M.,
SARIÇAM, H., GEDIKSIZ, E., ÖZDE-
MIR, E., & ÇITEMEL, N., (2012, De-
cember). The validity and reliability of
the Turkish version of the Employment
Hope Scale (EHS). Paper presented at the
International Chaos, Complexity and Le-
adership Symposium (ICCLS 2012), De-
cember, 20-22, Ankara, Turkey.
HAVEMAN, R., & BERSHADKER, A.,
(1998). Self-reliance as a poverty criteri-
on: Trends in earnings-capacity poverty,
1975-1995. American Economic Review,
88, 343-347.
HAWKINS, R. L., (2005). From self-
sufficiency to personal and family sus-
tainability: A new paradigm for social
policy. Journal of Sociology and Social
Welfare, 32, 77-92.
HERR, T., & WAGNER, S. L., (2003). Self-
efficacy as a welfare-to-work goal: Emp-
hasizing both psychology and economics
in program design. Chicago, IL: Project
Match - Families in Transition Associa-
tion.
HONG, P. Y. P., SHERIFF, V. A., & NAE-
GER, S. R., (2009). Bottom-up definiti-
on of self-sufficiency: Voices from low-
income jobseekers. Qualitative Social
Work, 8, 357-376.
HONG, P. Y. P., POLANIN, J.R., & PIGOTT,
T.D. (2012). Validation of the Employ-
ment Hope Scale: Measuring Psychologi-
cal Self-Sufficiency Among Low-Income
Jobseekers. Research on Social Work
Practice, 22(3), 323-332.
HU, L. T., & BENTLER, P. M., (1999). Cu-
toff criteria for fit indexes in covariance
structural analysis: Conventional criteria
versus new alternatives. Structural Equa-
tion Modeling, 6, 1-55.
JUNTUNEN, C. L., & WETTERSTEN, K.
B. (2006). Work hope: Development and
initial validation of a measure. Journal of
Counseling Psychology, 53, 94-106.
KEMER, G., (2006). The role of self-efficacy,
hope, and anxiety in predicting university
entrance examination scores of 11th gra-
de students. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Li-
sans Tezi, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi,
Ankara.
KLINE, P., (2000). Handbook of psychologi-
cal testing. London: Routledge.
KUNZ, J., & KALIL, A., (1999). Self-esteem,
self-efficacy, and welfare use. Social
Work Research, 23(2), 119-126.
KUZUCU, Y. ,(2008). Duygusal farkindalık
düzeyi ölçeğinin uyarlanmasi: Geçerlik
ve güvenirlik çalişmaları. Türk Psikolo-
IIB INTERNATIONAL REFEREED ACADEMIC SOCIAL SCIENCES JOURNAL
Temmuz – Ağustos – Eylül 2013 Sayı: 11 Cilt: 4 Summer Jul - Aug - Sep 2013 Issue: 11 Volume: 4 Jel: I21
www.iibdergisi.com
ID:286 - K:253
65
jik Danısma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3(29),
51-64.
LEONARD, D. C., (2002). Learning theories:
A to Z. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
LONG, D. A. ,(2001). From support to self-
sufficiency: How successful are prog-
rams in advancing the financial indepen-
dence and well-being of welfare recipi-
ents? Evaluation and Program Planning,
24, 389-408.
MULROY, E. A., & LAUBER, H., (2004). A
user-friendly approach to program evalu-
ation and effective community interventi-
ons for families at risk of homelessness.
Social Work, 49, 573-586.
RAPPAPORT, J., (1987). Terms of empower-
ment/exemplars of prevention: Toward a
theory for community psychology. Ame-
rican Journal of Community Psychology,
15, 121–148.
SHÇEK. (2011). Sosyal ve Ekonomik Des-
tek Yönetmeliği. http://www.shcek.gov.
tr/sosyal-hizmetler-ve-cocuk-esirgeme-
kurumu-sosyal-ve-ekonomik-destek-
yonetmeligi.aspx. Accessed 11 Dec 2012.
SCHERMELLEH-ENGEL, K., & MOOSB-
RUGGER, H., (2003). Evaluating the fit
of structural equation models: Tests of
significance and descriptive goodness-of-
fit measures. Methods of Psychological
Research Online, 8(2), 23-74.
SÜMER, N., (2000). Yapısal eşitlik modelle-
ri: Temel kavramlar ve örnek uygulama-
lar. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 3(6), 49-74.
ŞİMŞEK, Ö. F., (2007). Yapısal Eşitlik Mo-
dellemesine Giriş: Temel İlkeler ve Lisrel
Uygulamaları. Ekinoks Yayınları, Anka-
ra.
TABACHNICK, B. G., & FIDELL, L. S.,
(2007). Using multivariate statistics(5th
ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
TUNCAY, T., & ERBAY E., (2006). Sosyal
Hizmetin Temel Hedefi: Sosyal Adalet.
Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 17(1), 53-70.
YILMAZ, V., & ÇELIK, H. E., (2009). Lisrel
ile Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi-I: Temel
Kavramlar, Uygulamalar, Programlama.
Pegem Akademi Yayınları, Ankara.
YAKUSHKO, O., & SOKOLOVA, O. ,(2010).
Work hope and influences of career de-
velopment among Ukranian college stu-
dents. Journal of Career Development,
36, 310-323.
IIB INTERNATIONAL REFEREED ACADEMIC SOCIAL SCIENCES JOURNAL
Temmuz – Ağustos – Eylül 2013 Sayı: 11 Cilt: 4 Summer Jul - Aug - Sep 2013 Issue: 11 Volume: 4 Jel: I21
www.iibdergisi.com
ID:286 - K:253
66
İŞ UMUDU ÖLÇEĞI (İUÖ) TÜRKÇE FORMU:
GEÇERLİK VE GÜVENİRLİK ÇALIŞMASI
Özet: Umut, geleceğe uyum sağlamak için bireye güç veren, gelecekle ve yaşadığı anla ilgilen-
mesini ve anlam bulmasını sağlayan, pozitif bakış açısı ve iyi oluşu destekleyen, başkalarıyla
ilişkiyi sürdürmeye yardım eden dinamik bir güçtür (Kemer, 2006; Akt. Hamedoğlu ve diğer-
leri, 2012). İş umudu kavramı umut kavramından türetilmiş olmasına rağmen farklı manalar
içermektedir. TUIK 2013 Ocak verilerine bakıldığında her 100 gençten 21’i işsizdir, yani bu
gençler her an elde edilebilecek iş fırsatlarına paralel olarak iş umudu içinde yaşamlarına de-
vam etmektedirler. Fakat Türkiye’de umut ile ilgili yapılmış çalışmalar incelendiğinde iş umu-
du ile ilgili bir ölçme aracına rastlanmamıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı Hong, Polanin & Pigott
(2012) tarafından geliştirilen İş Umudu Ölçeğini Türkçeye uyarlamak ve ölçeğin geçerlik ve
güvenirlik analizlerini yapmaktır. Yöntem: Bu araştırma üç ayrı ilde, farklı okullarda görev
yapan toplam 398 öğretmen üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Öğretmenler farklı branşlarda olup; yaş-
ları 23 ile 43 yaş arasında değişmekte ve yaş ortalaması 32.3 olan öğretmenlerin 235’i (% 59)
kadın ve 163’ü erkektir (% 41). Kullanılan ölçme araçları: Çalışmada veri toplamak amacıyla
İş Umudu Ölçeği Türkçe formunun yanı sıra ölçüt (uyum) geçerliliği için Kariyer Uyum ve
İyimserlik Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca demografik bilgilere ulaşmak için Kişisel Bilgi Formu
dağıtılmıştır. (Career Adaptability and Optimism Scale): Kariyer Uyum ve İyimserlik Ölçeği,
Erdoğmuş Zorver ve Korkut Owen (2011) tarafından geliştirilmiştir. Ölçüt bağıntılı geçerlik
için Mesleki Sonuç Beklentisi Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) örneklem uy-
gunluk katsayısı .95 Bartlett’s sphericity test sonucu χ2= 3274,47 (p< .00, sd= 153) olarak bu-
lunmuştur. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonucu 18 maddeli ve tek faktörlü modelin uyum indeksi
değerlerinin (x²= 357.76, sd= 135, RMSEA= .06, CFI= .93, GFI= .90, SRMR= .04) olduğu
gözlenmiştir. Madde faktör yükleri .59 ile .75 arasında sıralanmaktadır. Cronbach alpha iç tutar-
lık güvenirlik katsayısı. 93 olarak hesaplanmış. Ölçüt bağıntılı geçerlik için Kariyer Uyum ve
İyimserlik Ölçeği ile Mesleki Sonuç Beklentisi Ölçeği arasında (r= .60) ilişki bulunmuştur. Test
tekrar test geçerlik katsayısı ise .85 olarak tespit edilmiş. Bu sonuçlara göre ölçeğin geçerli ve
güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğu söylenebilir. İşlem: İş Umudu Ölçeğinin uyarlama çalışması
için ölçeği geliştiren Philip Young P. HONG ile e-mail yoluyla iletişim kurulmuş ve ölçeğin
uyarlanabileceğine ilişkin gerekli izin alınmıştır. Ölçeğin Türkçeye çevrilme süreci belli aşa-
malardan oluşmaktadır. Öncelikle ölçek İngiliz Dili ve Edebiyatı ve Filoloji bölümü mezunu 4
IIB INTERNATIONAL REFEREED ACADEMIC SOCIAL SCIENCES JOURNAL
Temmuz – Ağustos – Eylül 2013 Sayı: 11 Cilt: 4 Summer Jul - Aug - Sep 2013 Issue: 11 Volume: 4 Jel: I21
www.iibdergisi.com
ID:286 - K:253
67
dil uzmanı tarafından Türkçeye çevrilmiş ve daha sonra bu Türkçe formlar tekrar İngilizceye
çevrilerek İngilizce ve Türkçeyi bilen 17 kişiye uygulanarak iki form arasındaki tutarlılık ince-
lenmiştir. Yine aynı öğretim üyeleri elde ettikleri Türkçe formlar üzerinde tartışarak anlam ve
gramer açısından gerekli düzeltmeleri yapmış ve denemelik Türkçe form elde edilmiştir. Son
aşamada bu form, psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik ve ölçme ve değerlendirme alanındaki 2
öğretim üyesine inceletilerek görüşleri doğrultusunda bazı değişiklikler yapılmıştır. Hazırlanan
Türkçe form çoğaltılarak üniversite öğrencilerine gerekli açıklama yapıldıktan sonra uygulan-
mış ve formlar toplanarak, verilerin bilgisayar ortamına aktarılması sağlanmıştır. İş Umudu Öl-
çeğinin yapı geçerliği için elde edilen verilere doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (DFA) yapılmıştır. Bu
çalışmada DFA kullanılmasının nedeni orijinal formun faktör yapısının MEB’de çalışan Türk
öğretmenler üzerinde doğrulanıp doğrulanmadığını incelemektir (Büyüköztürk, 2010; Sümer,
2000; Şimşek, 2007; Yılmaz ve Çelik, 2009). Uyum indekslerinde genelde olduğu gibi GFI,
CFI, NFI, RFI ve IFI için > .90, RMSEA < .08 ve SRMR için < .05 ölçüt olarak alınmıştır (Hu
& Bentler, 1999). Ortalama ve toplam puanlar arasındaki ilişkileri tespit etmek için Pearson
Momentler Korelasyon Analizi uygulanmıştır. İş Umudu Ölçeğinin geçerlik ve güvenirlik ana-
lizleri için SPSS 17 ve LISREL 8.54 programları kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Doğrulayıcı faktör
analizi (DFA): Ölçeğin yapı geçerliliği için 398 öğretmenden elde edilen verilere uygulanan
doğrulayıcı faktör analizinde iki boyutlu modelin uyum indeksi değerleri: (x²=215.29, sd=63
p=0.00; RMSEA=.078, NFI=.95, NNFI=.95, CFI=.96, IFI=.96, RFI=.92, GFI=.93, AGFI=.88,
ve SRMR=.040) olarak bulunmuştur. Ölçüt geçerliliği: Ölçeğin ölçüt geçerliği çalışmasında
İş Umudu Ölçeği ile Kariyer Uyum ve İyimserlik Ölçeği arasında pozitif (r= .37) ilişki olduğu
görülmüştür. Güvenirlik: İş Umudu Ölçeğinin Cronbach alfa iç tutarlık güvenirlik katsayısı öl-
çeğin bütünü için .93, psikolojik güçlendirme alt boyutu için .85, amaç yönelimli yol alt boyutu
için .90 olarak bulunmuştur. Ayrıca ölçeğin test-tekrar test güvenirliği için ölçek 23 gün ara ile
aynı çalışma grubundan 74 öğretmene tekrar uygulandığında, iki uygulama arasındaki korelas-
yon katsayısı .71 olarak bulunmuştur. Madde analizi: Yapılan analiz sonucunda ölçeğin düzel-
tilmiş madde-toplam korelasyonları 55 ile .78 arasında sıralanmaktadır. Ayrıca toplam puanlara
göre belirlenmiş %27’lik alt ve üst grupların madde puanlarındaki farklara ilişkin t değerlerinin
ise 8.29 (p< .001) ile 15.04 (p<. 001) arasında değiştiği görülmüştür. Tartışma ve Öneriler:
Çalışmanın genel amacı doğrultusunda İş Umudu Ölçeğinin geçerliği: Faktör analizi, ayırt edici
geçerlik ve benzer ölçek geçerliği ile belirlenmiştir. Faktör analizi sonucunda ölçeğin iki boyut-
lu olarak uyum verdiği görülmüştür. Ayırt edici geçerlik çalışması sonucunda ölçekte yer alan
14 maddenin alt grupla üst grubu birbirinden anlamlı düzeyde ayırt ettiği görülmüştür. Benzer
ölçek geçerliği (ölçüt geçerliği) çalışması sonucunda ise ölçeğin geçerli olduğu sonucuna va-
rılmıştır. Bu üç geçerlik çalışmasından elde dilen sonuçlar, araştırma literatüründe önerilen ve
kabul edilebilir aralıklar arasında bulunmaktadır (Büyüköztürk, 2011; Tabachnick and Fidell,
2007). İş Umudu Ölçeğinin güvenirlik çalışmaları sonuçlarına bakıldığında ise Cronbach-alfa,
IIB INTERNATIONAL REFEREED ACADEMIC SOCIAL SCIENCES JOURNAL
Temmuz – Ağustos – Eylül 2013 Sayı: 11 Cilt: 4 Summer Jul - Aug - Sep 2013 Issue: 11 Volume: 4 Jel: I21
www.iibdergisi.com
ID:286 - K:253
68
madde toplam korelasyonu katsayıları ile test-tekrar test yöntemiyle elde edilen korelasyon
katsayılarının kabul edilebilir düzeyde olduğu görülmektedir. İş Umudu Ölçeğinin geçerlik ve
güvenirlik çalışmalarından elde edilen bulgular, Türkçe ’ye uyarlanan 11’li (“0” Kesinlikle
Katılmıyorum; “5” Nötr; “10” Kesinlikle Katılıyorum) Likert puanlamaya sahip, 14 maddelik
ölçeğin yetişkinlerin ve çalışanların iş umut düzeylerini geçerli ve güvenilir bir şekilde ölçmek
amacıyla kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: İş umudu, geçerlik, güvenirlik, faktör analizi
I
IIB INTERNATIONAL REFEREED
ACADEMIC SOCIAL SCIENCES JOURNAL
Temmuz – Ağustos – Eylül 2013 Sayı: 11 Cilt: 4 Summer Jul - Aug - Sep 2013 Issue: 11 Volume: 4
www.iibdergisi.com
ISSN: Print 2146-5886 Online 2147-172X
II
TABLE OF CONTENTS
AN APPLIED EXAMPLE OF THE EFFECT OF TV
COMMERCIALS, A REASON FOR TURKISH
CONSUMER’S PREFERANCE FOR ORGANIC
PRODUCT, ON CONSUMER PERCEPTION 1-21
Sefer GÜMÜŞ
A GENERAL LOOK TO THE SOCIAL
RESPONSIBILITY PROJECTS OF SOME
WELL-KNOWN CORPORATE COMPANIES IN
TURKEY 22-33
Ceyhun C. KILINC, Mehmet SAHIN, Alper ATES
COMPARISON OF ANGER SITUATIONS
OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS WHO DO SPORT
ACTIVELY AND THOSE WHO DO NOT 34-44
Erdal ZORBA, Nigar YAMAN, Serdar TOK,
Menzure YAMAN, Nurullah ÇELİK, Eda GÖKÇELİK
MODERN INTERPRETATIONS OF OTTOMAN
COURT FABRIC’S DESIGNS IN TURKISH FASHION
DESIGN 45-55
Tülay GÜMÜŞER
TURKISH VERSION OF EMPLOYMENT HOPE
SCALE: THE VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY
STUDYEDUCATION CLASSES 56-68
Ahmet AKIN, M.Ali HAMEDOĞLU, Çınar KAYA,
Hakan SARIÇAM
THE CLASSIFICATION OF TURKISH FOLK
DANCES IN TERMS OF MOVEMENT 69-78
Kürşad GULBEYAZ
USE OF MATERIALS IN THE EDUCATION
SYSTEM OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE THE
EXAMPLE OF THE JOURNAL OF: ÇOCUK DOSTU 79-95
Mehmet ÖZDEMİR
THE MEDIATION EFFECT OF WORK / LIFE
CONFLICT IN THE RELATIONSHIP OF WORK
LOAD AND PERFORMANCE FEEDBACK WITH
GENERAL LIFE SATISFACTION 96-121
Özlem İLHAN KAYALIBAĞ, Işık ÇİÇEK, Mithat KIYAK
III
CHIEF EDITOR
Murat KORKMAZ
ASSISTANT CHIEF EDITOR
Gülten HERGÜNER
Nur DİLBAZ ALACAHAN
Gökşen ARAS
Fatma TEZEL ŞAHİN
Adalet KANDIR
EDITOR
Metin YAMAN
Nezahat GÜÇLÜ
Halil İbrahim BAHAR
Ayhan AYTAÇ
Murat ERCAN
Işık BAYRAKTAR
Erdal ZORBA
Serdar TOK
Mutlu TÜRKMEN
Hülya Gülay OGELMAN
Fatih ÇATIKKAŞ
Yener ÖZEN
Çetin YAMAN
Aylin ZEKİOĞLU
ASSISTANTS OF EDITORS
Nurgül ÖZDEMİR
H.Arif TUNCEZ
Yener ATASEVEN
Gülten BULDUKER
SYSTEM EDITORS AND MANAGERS
Serdar TOK
Fatih ÇATIKKAŞ
TECHNICAL EDITOR
Burhan Maden
burhanmaden@gmail.com
FIELD EDITORS
Ahmet AKŞİT
Barış KARAELMA
Barış KAYA
Çiler HATİPOĞLU
E. Görkem KAYAALP ERSOY
Ebru ÖZGÜR GÜLER
Esin ÖZKAN
Eva ŞARLAK
Hakan SARIBAŞ
Hava ÖZKAN
İbrahim YILMAZ
Kerime ÜSTÜNOVA
Nevin KOYUNCU
Neylan ZİYALAR
Özlem CANKURTARAN ÖNTAŞ
Ruhet GENÇ
Seda ŞENGÜL
Serkan EKİZ
Sevgi MORALI
Siret HÜRSOY
Solmaz ZELYUT
Tuğçe TUNA
Ülkü GÜNEY
Valide PAŞAYEVA
Yasemin İNCEOĞLU
Naim DENİZ
IV
Distinguished Readers,
Science and scientific researches are as old as human history. Many inter-related sciences renovate
themselves each passing day, and produce works that are useful for humanity and the universe. Together
with the change in research techniques and technology, technicality, quality and differences have started
to make their presence felt. Researches and scientific studies that have been conducted in many fields
from past to present are entering into our lives more quickly. Researches conducted in various fields and
data obtained as a result of these researches are put at other researchers’ disposal. Our journals serving
as a bridge in reaching the scientific researches to you, esteemed readers and researchers, provide them
to you via today’s conditions and the facilities brought by technology. We included a total of 8 articles
in this volume of the journal. As of this volume, we won’t publish the referee list upon the request of
the referees. Our journal has entered into GenamicsJournalSeek and J-Gate international indices with
this volume. Our journal pursuing its publication at a fast pace with a multidisciplinary concept accepts
publication from 108 different disciplines and sub-disciplines. With this volume, a total of 56 scientists
from national and international fields have participated in the board of referees. We thank all scientists
due to their participation. Moreover, the quality and technicality of the publications sent to our journal
are gradually improving. We want to express the felicity for these studies. The fact that the publications
coming from particularly Turkish republics increase points out that our journal is internationally known,
and its scientific quality and technicality is gradually increasing. We feel honored with the requests
concerning the publication of notifications, accepted in many national and international congresses, in
our journal and offers of cooperation. Our next 12th volume will be published in December, 2013. We
thank our authors who always stand by us with their studies, referees of the volume, board of editors and
members of our editorial board, and wish you welfare until seeing you in the next volume.
Ali Serdar YÜCEL
V
