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Content and message analysis of online
journalism: some methodological proposals
One of the ways of researching online journalism is the analysis of the message. This
is one of the first trends, especially when hypertext and journalism was studied. We
will talk about the methods and the theoretical approaches used in the last decade and
how to adapt some methodological tools to the study of online journalism, for example
content analysis, discourse analysis (and its different schools) and narratology.
he main goal of this paper is to draw some trends and methods to
analyse to which extent the message is significantly changing due to
the effects of the convergence process, as defined in an ongoing project
funded by the Ministry of Educations and Science of Spain (SEJ2006-14828-
C06-02), and try to explain how the journalistic discourse is built in these times
of convergence. For the immediate future, we propose to carry on a content
analysis and a discourse analysis of both textual and paratextual elements,
and of hypertext, interactivity, multimediality, memory as characteristics of
the digital discourse, from the point of view of disciplines like linguistics,
documentation or semiotics. Our proposal is to apply some methodologies
related to our aim to describe precisely which are the characteristics that define
the (cyber)journalistic products on the Internet, trying so to propose typologies
or even an attempt of criteria to define journalistic genres on the Net.
T
LA HIBRIDACIÓ DE LA INFORMACIÓ
Javier Díaz Noci,
1
Lluís Codina Bonilla
2
Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Lia da Fonseca Seixas
3
University of Bahia
Guillermo López García,
4
Dolors Palau Sampio
5
Universitat de València
Bella Palomo Torres
6
Universidad de Málaga
Anna Tous Rovirosa
7
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
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We want to know how the journalistic products, how news are constructed
on the Internet. This is our main goal, and, in order to do that, we propose an
exhaustive analysis of as much elements of digital news as we can. A group of
specialists is therefore formed to answer this important question; most of us are
teaching online journalism and newswriting in our universities, so, both for
research and for teaching we do need to know precisely which kind of changes
are happening in online newswriting. Content analysis and discourse analysis
will help us to determine these important questions: how are news presented in
the digital environment and what are they informing us about. Which are the
conditions of journalistic work and routines is important as well to understand
why news are this way on the Internet. Therefore, it is absolutely important to
do some research on production condition. We are aware that defining mes-
sage is not the only way (even if a predominant trend in the last decades) to
understand how and why the products we analyse are that way, and that it
is very important to know the production context and routines, as proposed
for online media by a young generation of researchers (Patterson & Domingo,
2008). Coordinated research in ethnography or documentation will help.
Our main hypothesis is that convergence in production is creating some
major changes in newswriting, in the product offered by online media. Due to
the application of characteristics like hypertext, multimedia, interactivity, and
the use of different information sources (probably predominating news agen-
cies), but also taking into account that production routines and rhythm are
very different from those of the other media (as explained in David Domingo’s
doctoral thesis, Inventing online journalism. Development of the Internet as a news
medium in four Catalan online newsrooms < http://www.tesisenxarxa.net/TDX-
1219106-153347/index.html >), the message, the discourse is changing.
Hypernews
One of our main goals is to explain how hypertextual news are constructed,
applying some related methods to the study of discourse and the message.
We have done some research on this subject
8
. Furthermore, we will take into
account the different trends of narratology, beginning from the theories of the
most important names of this discipline: Vladimir Propp, Mikhail Bakhtin,
Roland Barthes, Tzvetan Todorov, Gérard Genette or Claude Bremond, for
example, and, most recently, Mieke Bal. We also try to explain which are the
structures of the hypertextual news, both considered from the point of view of
Teun A. van Dijk’s theories and from the point of view of hypertext theories.
As professor Van Dijk did in his book News as discourse, we will try to explain
if the structures (macro and microstructures) of news remain the same after
all these years and if hypertextual construction has introduced some kind of
changes in this structures. We will try to determine whether this micro- and
macrostructures corresponds or not to some typical hypertextual structures,
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CONTENT AND MESSAGE ANALYSIS OF ONLINE JOURNALISM: SOME METHODOLOGICAL PROPOSALS
649
and if these structures are represented on the interface. If online journalism is
to be considered as a database structure and retrieval system, we will need to
study the way interfaces interact, the hypertextual structure laying in this data-
base, and the paratextual elements of design used to present the interface to the
user. And, after all, whether all these changes are creating a particular rhetoric
of online news (on rhetorics, we will follow Heinrich Lausberg, Bice Mortara
Garavelli and, as a researcher especially interested in hypertextual rhetorics,
Tomás Albadalejo). We continue thus the research line theoretically exposed in
Introduction and chapter 2 of our Manual de redacción ciberperiodística.
We need to determine not only how online news are constructed, ordered
and presented; we also need to know what are they informing about. We will
thus need to apply, firstly, some research on rhetorics to determine the parts of
the news discourse, and the resources used by online journalism. We will need
to do some research on the mechanism of textual cohesion and coherence, in
the way, for example, Irandé Costa Antunes or Ingeborg Villaça have done in
Brazil, applying their methods to online news (as, i.e, Costa Antunes did for
editorial stuff). Professor Martin Engebretsen’s works on hypertextual news
coherence will be encouraging for out research as well (Engebretsen, 2000).
Discourse analysis will be carried out: both Teun A. van Dijk’s works and
Patrick Charaudeau and Dominique Maingueneau’s works have been applied to
media, so we will try to apply their methods as well to online news.
Finally, we will try to find out whether we can propose a typology of online
news (online cybertext, using Espen Aarseth words) and whether a catalogue of
criteria to define online information genres can be offered as well.
Our approach to the subject in multidisciplinar, applying both qualitative and
quantitative methods. Due to the training and knowledge of the members of the
group, we can apply some related methodologies to the study of the same objects.
We propose a stratified sample system to analyse the different stages of
the online media studied, to complete a longitudinal study of three years. The
minimum level of reliability is 95%. To determine the size of the sample, we
will first determine the number of unities we will analyse; for every edition
of an online media, we have to check it out three times a day, to measure the
changes and renovation of the news. We will apply the codification during
periods of three months twice a year (six times all along the research project),
except if some major change (i.e., redesign) is noticed in one of the media. For
every period of time (three months) this is 92 days and the entries (three times
a day), 276 items, the objective public or size of population. As sampling will
be stratified by proportional affixation, reliability level 95% and a ± 5% sample
error, the following formula will be applied:
N= Np/1+(Np-1)·Em
2
/Z
2
·p.q
(N= sample size; Np: population size; Em, sampling error, Z=reliability level (1,96 for 95%), and p.q. proportions,
taking into account the worst one, usually 0,25).
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Content analysis
One of the most usual methodologies in social science, and particularly in
the study of communication and media (Bruce Berelson was the pioneer), is
content analysis. This analysis allows us to “examine scientifically both sig-
nificance (subject analysis) and significants (procedure analysis) of any text”
(Igartua & Humanes, 2004: 76).
In this research, due to the used we will do of some other methods better for
style analysis, for example, and due to the lack of pertinence of an ideological
or framing research (also usual in content analysis) we will use content analysis
for just thematic items: how online media makes a map or reality in the front
page; which themes appear most commonly and which is the space dedicated
to them. Three complementary perspectives will be used:
a) A generic overview of section structure as proposed by any medium,
differences between them and catalogue criteria.
b) Comparison and thematic adscription of the front-page news, and
relevance criteria.
After selecting some relevant items, a comparison of the treatment given to
each subject in the different online media analysed.
Narratology and mediological analysis
The methodology consists on analysing online newspapers trying to determine
which kind of narratology and thematic recurrence strategies are being used
in nowadays news. Towards this objective, we will try to determine the use of
invariable ingredients (Calabrese 1987; Villanueva, 1991) and analyse them
in a multidisciplinary perspective, using the mythological comparatism (Lévi-
Strauss, 1958; Ginzburg, 1989; Dumézil, 1970, Nagy, 2006), Rastier’s textual
analysis and thematology (Brunel, Dabézies, 1992; Guillén, 1985 and 1998),
myth in media (Silverstone, 1981);
Identify the homological structural features using semiotics, formalism (Eco,
1984; Calabrese, 1987; Greimas, 1979; Propp, 1928) and narratology (Genette,
1982), in order to distinguish features that are inherent to hypertextual narra-
tive from thematic recurrence in the culture and artistic production;
Distinguish features inherent to online journalism as a media, apart from
these other traditional invariants and features.
Stylistic analysis
This methodology takes as a reference the point of view of stylistics and prag-
matics, in order to know how journalist’s point of view is fixed in cybertexts.
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651
A series of pragmastylistic indicators (Hickey (1987, 1989), H. Calsamiglia i A.
Tusón (2001), V. Salvador (1995, 2000, 2003), S. Gutiérrez (1997), C. Fuentes
(1999), G. Corpas (1996), C. Kerbrat-Orecchioni (1986), J. M. Castellà (1992) o
L. Núñez Ladevéze (1991) will be used:
1) Focal strategies that allow the author of news to underline some elements
of the phrase. This part of the study includes a research on the changes
on syntagmatic order and emphasis constructions.
2) Procedure to keep or transform the semantic representations. This part
of the research will use the analysis of such a resource like anaphora of
co-reference and value substitutions, argumentative connectors used to
establish causality or consequence relationship of the facts.
3) Election of words, pre-fabricated discourse –locutions, i.e.– orality and
colloquialism.
4) Introduction of reported discourse: strategies used by the author to intro-
duce some other voices.
5) Metaphor and irony as main rhetorical figures.
Hypertext
The concept and the implementation of hypertext information systems are
in the core of the digital information in general, and in the core of the World
Wide Web.
However, the digital journalism has made a weak adoption of the hypertext
principles and techniques, since now. Recently, there are new tendencies in the
digital journalism towards the more complete implementation of hypertext
techniques and concepts in the representation of the news and in the explana-
tion of the reality.
In this sense, a new methodology will be developed to analyse the new
concept of the hypertext in the digital newspapers to detect tendencies, patrons
and the best practices. Particularly, the methodology will attempt to analyze
and discover a new dimension of interactivity: the several ways the citizens can
make contributions to the new digital journalism.
To assume this objective, first several of the best international digital
journals will be analysed to detect tendencies around the use of hypertext
techniques and, in general, the implementation of different kinds of
interactivity. Second, an articulated system of evaluation of the hypertext
and interactive systems in digital journals will be developed. Third, this
methodology of evaluation will applied to a comparative analysis of the
best Spanish digital newspapers and to obtain conclusions and, eventually,
refine the methodology. The final objective is the development of a standard
methodology available to other national and international researchers as one
of the contributions of this research.
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Paratextual elements (design)
Linguists like Argyle (1978) or Benavides (1999) have clearly appointed that to
a great extent the communication process is non-verbal or more than verbal;
how things are said is at least as important as what is said. Due to the lack of
such researches, some authors have criticized it (Gray, 2004). This perspective
justifies a research on the paralinguistic discourse as practised in the latest form
of journalism: online journalism, to complete the other approaches mentioned
in this memory.
Analysing content representation (Riffe [et al.], 1998; Creer and Mensing,
2003; Li, 2004) allows us to discover the influence of established hierarchies
(Knox, 2007) or how content is as important as typographical choices, location
of the textual and paratextual elements, use of design marks (titles, summaries,
etc.), selective application of colour and, in general, all the elements displayed
to enhance the reader’s interest and guide the reading act as well as necessary
resources to obtain a global interpretation of discourse (Mealing, 2003).
This part of our research will we completed designing concrete tools and
methods to analyse the iconic element, and especially multimedia applications
(Wang, 2006).
Notes
1. Javier Díaz Noci, teaching currently at the
Pompeu Fabra University (Barcelona, Spain),
has done some research on hypertext and
newswriting. He was the main researcher of a
coordinated project funded by the Ministry of
Technology of Spain (BSO2002-04206-C04-01,
-02, -03 and -04) and he has been the main
researcher of a sub group of the ongoing project
funded by the Ministry of Education of Spain
SEJ2006-14828-C06-02. His first book on the
subject (the first one to be published in Spain
about online journalism) was written in 1996:
El periodismo electrónico. Barcelona: Ariel. From
then onwards, he has published many books
and articles on this subject: La escritura digital.
Hipertexto y construcción del discurso informativo
en el periodismo electrónico (Bilbao, 2002);
Manual de redacción ciberperiodística (2003),
as a coordinator with Ramón Salaverría; and
articles like “Hypertext and newswriting: a
methodological approach” (2004), “El juego de
la información. Tecnología del hipertexto, teoría
de juegos y su aplicación en el Periodismo”
(2002), “El discurso periodístico digital: hacia
el hipertexto informativo” (2001), “Hipertexto
y redacción periodística ¿un nuevo campo de
investigación?” (2005), etc. Javier Díaz Noci has
been the coordinator of an international project,
“Journalism on the Internet. A comparative
study Spain-Brazil”, funded by the Ministry
of Science and Education of Spain (2006-
2008), and published as coordinator the book
Metodologia para o estudo dos cibermeios: estudo
da arte e perspectivas (Salvador de Bahia, 2008)
[Methodology for the study of online media: state
of the art and perspectives]. An abridged version
of this book to be published in English by the
University of the Basque Country.
2. Lluís Codina, expert in documentation,
hypertext and digital publishing and informa-
tion retrieval. One of his main research lines
is the World Wide Web, the digital media and
the semantic Web. Author of a couple of books
about the e-books (1996) and the e-books and
the Web (2000), and of some many books and
articles on digital documentation and the Web.
Expert in hypertext theory and in journalistic
databases as well, he has written many articles
and contributions on this subject. He is the
creator of hipertext.net, an online site and jour-
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653
nal dedicated to discuss all kind of papers on
hypertext. He has directed an online master on
digital edition, and taken part and coordinated
as a main researcher so many projects on these
subjects.
3. Lia Da Fonseca Seixas is the author of a
recent doctoral thesis defended in 2008 in the
Federal University of Bahia (Brazil), entitled Por
uma outra classificação. Uma proposição de critérios
de definição de gêneros jornalísticos por impressos e
digitais. Author of some articles and chapters
on genres and e-media, her curriculum vitae
is at http://lattes.cnpq.br/6178587093376509.
She maintains an active blog at http://generos-
jornalisticos.blogspot.com/.
4. Guillermo López García teaches at the
University of Valencia (Spain). He works on
public opinion and journalism on the Web.
Author of six books and thirty articles and
chapters. Two of his books are electronic and
for free on the Internet: the last one is Los
cibermedios valencianos: cartografía, características
y contenidos [Valencian cybermedia: cartography,
characteristics and contents] (http://www.
cibermediosvalencianos.es/cibermedios.pdf).
5. Dolors Palau is the author of a doctoral thesis
defended in 2008 in the Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, entitled Estudi pragmaestilístic
de la premsa escrita diària. Trets i usos estilístics
en les distintes modalitats genèriques dels diaris
d’informació general. [Pragmastylistic study of daily
newspapers].
6. Bella Palomo has focused her line of
research on digital journalism. Author of
The online journalist: from revolu-
tion to evolution (2004), she has written
several articles about cybermedia’s
design; the relationship between the
Internet and the journalists, and
more recently, the citizen journalism.
Member of national research pro-
grams about these topics, she has been
visiting scholar at the University of Washington
and Rutgers.
7. Anna Tous Rovirosa doctor in journalism,
author of a thesis strongly based on narratology,
mediology and thematic recurrence: El text
audiovisual: anàlisi des d’una perspectiva
mediològica [The audiovisual text: analysis from a
mediological perspective] 2008, applied to fiction
but equally applicable to non-fiction, which is
the case. During the last year, she has published
some articles on this subject. Her doctoral thesis
can be consulted: http:// www.tesisenxarxa.net/
TDX-0129109-151302/
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