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Discourse studies: An introductory textbook
... A: Who wants to go shopping? B: You? (Renkema, 1993). ...
... Ellipsis emerges when word or phrase is omitted. The nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis zero-replacements are the divisions of Ellipsis (Halliday & Hassan, 1994 (Renkema, 1993). The third is the Anaphoric Reference and Cataphoric Reference. ...
... →In their spare time, Darrel and Keandra are listening to the music. The possessive adjective, their, is a cataphor designating to the right toward its postcedent Darrel and Keandra (Renkema, 1993). ...
Textuality makes a sequence of sentences a communicative English written text. It, nonetheless, hardly becomes a major theme of foreign language learning in the Indonesian English Writing Classes/context nowadays. This study, therefore, aimed at diagnosing the “incorrect/missing uses of the seven elements of the textuality in the students’ cause and effect essay. Qualitatively, Politeknik Negeri Padang was the locus of the study. The 2nd-year ED students (n=32) were the research participants selected through the convenience sampling techniques. The documentation and observation were the techniques of data collection while the 1967 Corder’s Clinical elicitation was exercised as ways of analysing the data. The findings disclosed that the students missed using nominal substitution and lexical cohesion of repetition and synonym along with incorrectly used verbal and clausal substitution, nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis, anaphoric and cataphoric references, and lexical cohesion of grammatical and lexical collocations. They, however, succeeded in correctly using three different types of conjunctions and coherence though they flopped to utilise the acceptable phrases of drawing a conclusion. Hyponymy, metonymy and antonymy were ignored. In conclusion, the deficiencies made the students’ sequences of sentences flawed and characterless. It, therefore, encourages EFL teacher to place emphasis on teaching textuality in the English Writing Classes.
... DIL is spoken to superiors or used in the formal setting, while CIL is spoken to close people or used in the informal setting. The formulation of DIL and CIL is based on the theories of negative and positive face (Goffman, 1959), negative and positive politeness strategies (Brown&Levinson, 1987), respect and solidarity politeness (Renkema, 1993), and politeness and camaraderie (Jumanto, 2014a). Meanwhile, the formulation of superiors and close people is based on the theories of types of hearer with the aspects of power and solidarity (Brown&Gilman, 1968). ...
... close Indonesian language (CIL) is then made. This assertion on language use as a matter of probabilities to formulate DIL and CIL is in line with the tendency of pragmatic viewpoints on negative and positive face (Goffman, 1959), negative and positive politeness strategies (Brown&Levinson, 1987), respectand solidarity politeness (Renkema, 1993), and politeness and camaraderie (Jumanto, 2014a). This idea is not alone. ...
This article has explored use of the Indonesian language pragmatically within its related theories, and formulated the so-called character language for the national harmony. This descriptive qualitative research employed three main methods, i.e. observation, literature review, and auto-expert judgments and applied two types of assumptions in the development of a new theory, i.e. the empirically logical assumptions and the theoretically critical assumptions. The results of actual and potential data under researchers’ observation and the related theories were then analyzed through a coding technique, which consisted of three steps: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding to come to and present a structured form of the project, the distant and the close Indonesian languages as the main aspects of the character language. The project for the national harmony was then visualized and accounted for towards its predicted efficacy or eligible application through a six-phase projection, namely (1) in-family interaction phase, (2) in-classroom teaching-learning process phase, (3) in-school evaluation phase, (4) in-school re-evaluation phase, (5) in-public verification phase, and (6) in-society selection phase. Each phase with all the parties or the agents involved in this social verbal project was described and justified for its efficacy to contribute to the national harmony. Theoretically, this research develops the application of politeness or face-saving paradigm in pragmatics, while empirically, this research aims to encourage safe verbal interactions towards the national harmony, or international harmony to some extent. Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the Indonesian language pragmatically within its related theories, and to formulate the so-called character language for the national harmony. Theoretical Framework: In this pragmatic social verbal project, the Indonesian language is pragmatically formulated into Distant Indonesian Language (DIL) and Close Indonesian Language (CIL). DIL is spoken to superiors or used in the formal setting, while CIL is spoken to close people or used in the informal setting. The formulation of DIL and CIL is based on the theories of negative and positive face, negative and positive politeness strategies, respect and solidarity politeness, and politeness and camaraderie. Meanwhile, the formulation of superiors (and strangers) and close people is based on the theories of types of hearer with the aspects of power and solidarity. Method: This descriptive qualitative research employed three main methods, i.e. observation, literature review, and auto-expert judgments and applied two types of assumptions in the development of a new theory, i.e. the empirically logical assumptions and the theoretically critical assumptions. The results of actual and potential data under researchers’ observation and the related theories were then analyzed through a coding technique, which consisted of three steps: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding to come to and present a structured form of the project, the distant and the close Indonesian languages as the main aspects of the character language. Results and Discussion: The project for the national harmony was then visualized and accounted for towards its predicted efficacy or eligible application through a six-phase projection, namely (1) in-family interaction phase, (2) in-classroom teaching-learning process phase, (3) in-school evaluation phase, (4) in-school re-evaluation phase, (5) in-public verification phase, and (6) in-society selection phase. Each phase with all the parties or the agents involved in this social verbal project was described and justified for its efficacy to contribute to the national harmony. Research Implications: Theoretically, this research develops the application of politeness or face-saving paradigm in pragmatics, while empirically, this research aims to encourage safe verbal interactions towards the national harmony, or international harmony to some extent. Originality/Value: This character language project proposition has potential contributions for the (inter)national harmony, among others, as pragmatic behaviors or good manners against hate speech and hoaxes, for a guideline for text interactions in the virtual world, and metaphorically as the clothes that we wear in public or in private, within formal or informal situations.
... Deixis, in accordance with Rankema, is a term for linguistic components that make direct references to a certain circumstance. Deictic words must be explained in order for readers and writers or speakers and listeners to share the same perspective [Renkema 1993]. This means that what speakers or writers seek is not always the same as what readers or listeners perceive. ...
... On the other hand, Renkema claims that personal pronouns help to realize person deixis. While speaking in the first person (I), the speaker addresses the listener in the second person (you), and it's possible that they are discussing a third person (he or she) [Renkema 1993]. ...
This paper examines the indexicals in President John Dramani Mahama's speech, which was given on June 3, 2015, amid the flood and fire incident in Ghana, which resulted in the deaths of over 150 people. The speech's use of various indexicals—including their types, frequency, and effects—is covered. The study makes the case that, by using first-person pronouns like "I" and "my," the speaker successfully achieved self-projection and demonstrated empathy in his speech. The speech also used all indexicals, including person, spatial, temporal, discourse, and social, at different rates. Additionally, Deixis was used to make emotive appeals to the audience's emotions, an elusive emotional scale that compels one to support him. Without considering the value of their discourse, politicians frequently employ this tactic to gain the public's trust.
... Kess (1992) states that people"s speech is not only a transmission of information, but they convey their intention with it. Rankema (1993) states that the speech act theory shows the language as a form of acting. Parker (1986) states that speech acts depends highly on the context of their use especially the relation between the speaker and the hearer. ...
Linguistic studies attempt to cover all issues, whether social, legal, linguistic, medical or even technological. Since social issues are the most important issues that need to be focused on, this study is devoted to analyse one distinctive social issue i.e., divorce Hence, divorce, as a main important social issue, is a controversial topic, since it varies among religions and cultures, in addition to its different legislations among countries. Therefore, this study attempts to analyse socio-pragmatically the speech act of divorce in religious and legislative texts, namely, the Quranic and Biblical texts and legislations of both Iraq and Britain. This study aims to examine the socio-pragmatic factors that influence divorce in religious and legislative texts and to compare between the two languages in terms of divorce socio-pragmatically in religious and legal laws. The researchers use a qualitative method of research. The model employed in this study is that of Austin"s felicity conditions (1965) and Grice"s cooperative principle (1975). The results of this study reveal that socio-pragmatic factors have an essential role on affecting, performing and expressing divorce across religions and cultures. It is also found that the same speech act is performed differently across cultures employing different felicity conditions while submitting to the same maxims with different results. جام ـــ واس عت ـــ ط مجلــــــــت التربيــــــت كليــــــــت الع ــ دد و الحادي األ ربعون ال الجزء ابع ر / الثاني تشرين / 2020 التشريعية و الدينية النصوص في الطالق لخطاب اجتماعية تداولية اسة در المستخمص أو لغوية قانونية، اجتماعية، كانت اء سو ، القضايا جميع تغطية المغوية اسات الدر تحاول عمييا التركيز يجب التي القضايا أىم ىي االجتماعية القضايا أن بما ، لذلك تكنولوجية. حتى أو طبية الطال فإن ، ثم ومن احدة. و اجتماعية قضية لتحميل مخصصة اسة الدر ىذه فإن قضية ه باعتبار ، ق و ئيسية ر و ميمة اجتماعية لمجدل مثير موضوع ىو ، باإلضافة ، الثقافات و األديان بين يختمف ألنو االجتماعي البعد تحميل اسة الدر ىذه تحاول ، لذلك البمدان. بين المختمفة يعاتو تشر إلى-التداولي ا النصوص أي ، يعية التشر و الدينية النصوص في الطالق الفعال من كل يعات وتشر اتية التور و آنية لقر االجتماعية امل العو اسة در الى اسة الدر ىذه تيدف يطانيا. وبر اق العر-عمى تؤثر التي التداولية وتداوليا اجتماعيا الطالق بخصوص المغتين بين نة المقار و ، يعية التشر و الدينية النصوص في الطالق يس القانونية. و الدينية انين القو الى اضافة البيانات ووصف لفحص النوعية البحث يقة طر الباحث تخدم (أوستن في السعادة ظروف ىو اسة الدر ىذه في المستخدم النموذج اسة. الدر ىذه في ة المختار 5691) (التعاوني يس جر ومبدأ 5691 نتائج تكشف الكالم. الكالم نفس من الثقافات بين االختالفات إلظيار) اال امل العو أن اسة الدر ىذه جتماعية-عبر الطالق عمى التأثير في أساسية قاعدة ليا اغماتية البر عبر مختمف بشكل تنفيذه يتم نفسو الكالم اء إجر أن ا ً أيض ووجد عنو. التعبير و أداؤه و الثقافات و األديان مختمفة. نتائج مع اعد القو لنفس الخضوع و المختمفة السعادة ظروف تستخدم التي الثقافات
... Data praktis wacana (intertekstualiti) akan di kategori berdasarkan cara sumber teks lain diintertekstualitikan iaitu representasi wacana, metawacana, pra-andaian, penafian, dan ironi. Sementara data interdiskursiviti akan di kategori berdasarkan pengelasan jenis wacana oleh Renkema (1993) Berkatalah ia (Jibril) "Beritahu kepadaku tentang ihsan." (Nabi Muhammad SAW) menerangkan: "(Ihsan ialah) kamu mengerjakan ibadah kepada Allah SWT seolah-olah kamu melihat-Nya, sekiranya kamu tidak dapat melihat-Nya (memang kamu tidak dapat melihat-Nya) sesungguhnya Dia (Allah SWT) melihat kamu..." (Sahih Muslim, hadith 106). ...
PENGENALAN Para pengkaji wacana percaya bahawa sesuatu teks wacana lazimnya terbina hasil gabungan daripada pelbagai sumber/maklumat daripada teks lain serta kombinasi beberapa jenis wacana. Fairclough (1992) mengemukakan dua jenis intertekstualiti iaitu intertekstuali nyata (intertekstualiti) dan Intertekstualiti dalam Wacana Muamalat Intertextuality in Muamalat Discourse MohaMad Fitri MohaMad YusoFF, Zaitul aZMa Zainon haMZah, PabiYah haji MaMing @ PabiYah toklubok & hjh. nor aZuwan Yaakob AbstrAk Perkembangan muamalat dalam kerangka sistem ekonomi konvensional telah membuahkan praktis sosial tersendiri memandangkan muamalat merupakan risalah Allah yang perlu dipatuhi oleh umat Islam. Perbahasan terhadap keperluan umat Islam kembali kepada sistem muamalat amat rancak dilakukan, namun penelitian terhadap wacana muamalat masih belum dilakukan secara kritis bagi mengenal pasti praktis sosial muamalat dan cara wacana muamalat memperteguh praktis sosial tersebut. Justeru makalah ini adalah bertujuan untuk; 1) Mengenal pasti praktis sosial wacana muamalat yang dimanfaatkan dalam kerangka sistem ekonomi konvensional; dan 2) Menjelaskan praktis wacana muamalat (intertekstualiti) dalam kerangka sistem ekonomi konvensional. kajian ini merupakan kajian kualitatif yang menggunakan pendekatan Analisis Wacana kirtis (AWk) Fairclough. sebanyak 3 buah teks Penyataan Pengerusi dan 4 buah teks Ulasan Operasi Pengarah Urusan bank Islam Malaysia berhad (bIMb) yang dikumpul dari tahun 2009 hingga tahun 2012 dijadikan sebagai bahan kajian. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa praktis sosial yang dimanfaatkan dalam wacana muamalat adalah Ihsan. Praktis sosial ini mempengaruhi praktis wacana muamalat khususnya dari aspek intertekstualiti. Hal ini terbukti apabila penyisipan unsur 'metawacana' secara eksplisit lebih ketara berbanding elemen intertekstualiti yang lain. kajian ini juga mendapati bahawa AWk berjaya membongkar pertalian dialektikal antara praktis sosial muamalat (Ihsan) dengan praktis wacana (intertekstualiti). kata kunci: Wacana muamalat; praktis social; analisis wacana kritis; kerangka sistem ekonomi konvensional AbstrACt the development of muamalat within the framework of conventional economic system has resulted in a particular social practice as muamalat is seen as Allah's risalah (words) that must be obeyed by every Muslim. recently, the issue of the need for Muslims to shift back to muamalat has frequently being debated, however the study on muamalat discourse to identify muamalat social practice and the way muamalat discourse strengthens this social practice has yet to be critically conducted. therefore this study aims to; 1) Identify the social practice of muamalat discourse benefits within the framework of conventional economic system; and 2) Explain the practice of muamalat discourse (intertextuality) within the framework of conventional economic system. This is a qualitative study using Fairclough Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) approach. Three texts from Chairman's Statements and four Islam Malaysia Bank berhad (bIMb) Managing Director's Operational Review Texts collected from 2009 until 2012 are used in this study. The results of this study show that the social practice which benefits from muamalat discourse is Ihsan (courtesy). This social practice influences muamalat discourse practice particularly in the aspects of intertextuality. This is proven with the infusion of metadiscourse elements explicitly which is more apparent than other intertextuality elements. This study has succeeded in exposing the dialectical relationship between muamalat social practice (Ihsan) with discourse practices (intertextuality). keywords: Muamalat discourse; social practice; Critical Discourse Analysis; conventional economic system framework intertekstuali konstitutif (interdiskursiviti). Intertekstuali nyata merujuk kepada sumber teks-teks lain yang dimanfaatkan dalam membina wacana yang baru. Sementara Intertekstuali konstitutif merujuk kepada jenis-jenis wacana atau genre yang dimanfaatkan ke dalam wacana yang baru. Idris Aman (2006, 2010) melihat intertekstualiti sebagai soal kesalingteksan dalam wacana yang baru
... Python comes with a large library of standard modules that can be used to build new programs. Python can help you save a significant amount of time that would otherwise be spent on compilation 16,17,18 . ...
... Sobre la categoría mensajes de Twitter, hay que explicar que el estudio del texto como tal, siempre fue un campo del saber en dónde no existe aún una unanimidad de ideas para categorizarlas, la teoría de este trabajo se basó en los mejores investigadores del texto, como los estudios de Werlich (1979), él lo categorizó como textos instructivos, argumentativos, explicativos, narrativos, y descriptivos, en cambio Renkema (1993) identificó solo tres tipos, los textos argumentativos, narrativos e informativos. Obsérvese que Werlich y Renkema coinciden en los tipos argumentativos y narrativos. ...
... Social deixis is a reference to distinguish socially specifically against speech partners or aspects of the relationship between speakers and speakers. Renkema (1993: The speech is directed from the first person (I, I) to the listener, the second person (you, you, you, you) and the person the speaker is talking about is the third person (he, he, he, they). Giergji (2015: 137) explains that spatial deixis describes the place being discussed is relative. ...
Deixis is the study of speech acts produced by speakers either directly or in writing. Language as a communication tool is a form of communication in the form of words or expressions that function as pointers or deixis. This study aims to describe the use of deixis in the novel Kala by Syahid Muhammad and Stefani Bella. This study used a qualitative descriptive method. The data of this research is the content of the text of the novel Kala which contains deixis. The source of the research data is the novel Kala which is divided into five types, namely (1) persona deixis, (2) place deixis, (3) time deixis, (4) discourse deixis, and (5) social deixis. Data collection techniques using document studies. The data analysis technique uses five steps, namely re-reading carefully, collecting data from the contents of the novel, underlining the contents of the story related to deixis elements, describing the findings of researchers in the novel and concluding the results of the research. The results of the analysis of the research data found that there were 8,550 deixis, namely 2,593 persona deixis which were divided into 324 first persona deixis, 430 second persona deixis, 230 third persona deixis, 89 first singular persona deixis, 76 first persona deixis fruit, second person singular deixis 267, second person plural deixis 121, third person singular deixis 143, third person plural deixis 92. There are 682 place deixis. There are 555 time deixis, 16 discourse deixis, and 240 social deixis.
... Cohesion is considered as a type of relationship that holds between parts of a text, usually expressed by specific markers. In this regard, Renkema (1993) states that a text can get its connectivity by cohesion and there are some relations that all languages have which, in one way or another, help in the formation of that unity. One of such relations is that of cohesion which makes the transition from one sentence to another smooth and flexible. ...
Cohesion is well known as the study of the relationships, whether grammatical and/or lexical, between the different elements of a particular text by the use of what are commonly called 'cohesive devices'. These devices bring connectivity and bind a text together. Besides, the nature and the amount of such cohesive devices usually affect the understanding of that text in the sense of making it easier to comprehend. The present study is intendedto examine the use of grammatical cohesive devicesin relation to narrative techniques. The story of Joseph from the Holy Quran has been selected to be examined by using Halliday and Hasan's Model of Cohesion (1976, 1989). The aim of the study is to comparatively examine to what extent the types of grammatical cohesive devices and their frequencies and densities are affected by thetechniques of narration, namely, internal and external or as commonly known as conversational and narrative. The researcher has come into the conclusion that the grammatical cohesive devices form one third of the story and accordingly, they affect the structure and interpretation of the text. Moreover, thegrammatical cohesive devices are more frequent in the conversational part when compared to the narrative part. It is also concluded that the endophoric reference is the dominant category in the conversational and narrative parts of the story, unlike the exophoric that can be identified only in relation to the background knowledge of the outside situation.
... According to Renkema (1993), the second person refers to the addressee or listener who has received the message from the first person "I." He continues by stating that observing the manner in which the first and second person communicate demonstrates the unique nature of their relationship. ...
This pragmatic study strives to investigate how the personal and discoursal deixis of Von der Leyen's speech in the conference of world leaders on climate change are represented. It is hoped that the study uncovers these concepts through the use of language. As a result, the researchers employ a quantitative-qualitative approach of analysis depending on Levinson's (1983) model of deixis distribution in the selected utterances. The researchers select the speech of Von der Leyen to be under scrutiny. The findings of the quantitative analysis show that personal deixis are more frequent than discourse deixis by (65%). It also shows that "we" is the most commonly used personal pronoun by (48%). As for the qualitative analysis, it is found that introducing the personal deixis indicate solidarity among the whole nations to protect the world from the environmental crisis.
... The way they are used by interlocutors is what determines what they stand for. According to Renkema (1993 The security personnel is not concerned whether the customer feels embarrassed that he is marched out of the banking hall. He only wants to please those who employed him, perhaps in order to retain his job. ...
This paper explores the communication strategies employed by service providers in Nigeria banks to gain new and retain their old customers. This is done by looking at the discourse features inherent in banking interactions. The researcher was given the impetus to undertake this study because of the uniqueness exhibited in banking and business discourse. One could easily have drawn a conclusion that, as expected of every business interaction, the banking interaction would be without fuss because of the training employees receive on human relations, but these findings reveal that this is not always the case. However, the fact that employees have more successful interactions is one that cannot be denied, and this success can be attributed to the application of politeness strategies by bank staff. Brown and Levinson’s (1987) politeness theory serves as theoretical framework. Eleven texts from bank employee-customers interactions were purposively selected and subjected to content analysis in order to reveal linguistic strategies employed in them. It is realised that bank employees adopt features like inclusion, directness, informality, face saving features like avoidance of questions, politeness markers, hesitation and taciturnity when interacting with customers. It is also observed that bank employees use hesitation mostly to avoid making absolute statements which could affect customers’ negative face. Also, face saving strategies are the most used as employees do everything to save customer from embarrassment and make them feel good. Inclusion strategies by bank employees serve as vital retention device. This affects the choice of code and kinship terms used by bank employees when relating with customers. In the face of the heat with customers, bank employees resort to taciturnity as an avoidance strategy so that they are not held by their words. Politeness markers like ‘please’ are used even where they do not seem necessary and sorry is not commonly used. In all, bank employees’ attempt to treat their customers as kings in line with their training.
... These words, although they are synonym and related, have differences in usage and meaning whose function are more purposive and contextual (Löbner, 2002) and discourse analysis which is closely related to "lexical cohesion" of reiteration: repetition, synonymy, hyponymy, metonymy, antonymy; and collocations: grammatical collocations and lexical collocation. The lexical cohesion defined by Renkema, however, strongly deals with connection based on the words used and has no relationship at all between grammatical and semantic notions (Renkema, 1993). The studies put emphasis on words, definitions, meaning relations, and shades of meanings whose major functions are to understand human expressions through language. ...
The accuracy of selecting learning strategies and the intensive uses of e-dictionaries in Early Childhood Education are the critical points of interest in enhancing preschool children’s linguistic intelligence and digital skills. The facts are both have not yet been priority scales in the children’s ELT programs, however. This study, therefore, aimed at diagnosing the effects of this research on the children’s linguistic intelligence and digital skills. Observation and field-note were the techniques of collecting the data, the (Bogdan Biklen, 2006) model was a technique of data analysis while triangulation was used to verify the data. The 25 preschool children were judgementally selected as research participants. The finding indicated that this study practically affects the children’s linguistic intelligence of “word smarts, “lexical meaning smarts,” “semantic meaning smarts” and “grammatical word order smarts,” “digital awareness,” “digital competence,” “critical thinking skills (HOTS),” and 4C skills. In conclusion, this research enables the children to make connections between known and new words, to distinguish shades of word’s meaning, help them become word choosy, and ease them to gradually understand spoken and written language along with the abilities to talk and write themselves. It also enhances the children knowledge and understanding of related lexis and vocabulary skills, assists them to make connection and predictions, and improve comprehension.
... Es decir, se propone ver el lenguaje de una forma dinámica e interactiva, como lenguaje en uso, porque ya no es visto como un paquete conceptual simbólico aislado de la actividad humana, sino en ejecución (Brown y Yule, 1983). Así, se imprime la idea de estudiar las expresiones en momentos de actuación verbal, porque expresar implica el empleo del lenguaje entre individuos que desempeñan un papel en una actividad o institución humana (Schiffrin, 1994;Renkema, 1993). ...
El análisis del discurso (AD) en la enseñanza de la educación superior representa un reto importante para los docentes, particularmente para aquellos que desempeñamos nuestra labor en el área de las ciencias del lenguaje. Ya sea desde la educación media superior o en el trayecto de la formación universitaria, los estudiantes suelen encontrar dificultad para abstraer la complejidad de este concepto, y ello se agudiza en contextos donde los estudiantes sólo han tenido visos teóricos, casuales o sin profundización. Ante este escenario, los docentes solemos buscar alternativas para que los estudiantes logren la interiorización de conceptos tan abstractos como contexto, discurso, participantes, canal, etc. y, a su vez, conciban herramientas para iniciar adecuadamente una investigación con perspectiva de AD. Es por lo anterior que se presenta una modesta discusión sobre el acercamiento al AD mediante el uso de una disciplina emergente denominada agnotología, la cual está orientada al estudio de la ignorancia, particularmente aquella que es producida deliberadamente.
... Language is a tool of communication that use signs. The study of signs is Pragmatics, and the investigation of relationship beetween form and function in verbal communication is isourse analysis, a branch of Pragmatics (Renkema, 2012) In this simple article, I will divide the kinds of sentence based on different point of view: syntactic point of view, and semantic point of view. ...
A sentence is a grammatically complete string of words expressing a complete thought. ThIs concept means tgat tgere wukk be kujekt varuiys strubg if wirds . This various string of words will cause different kinds of sentence. The kinds of sentence can be studied from syntactic and semantic point of view.This article discusses the kinds of sentence from syntax ad semantic point of view. It tries to discuss what kind of sentence a sentence belongs to. The discussion is based on theory of syntax and theory of semantics and takes a concclussion.A sentence which has one clause and it is ended by a full stop and the speaker asserts its proposition will be a simple sentence, a statement sentence and a declarative sentence as well. Besude these, it may also belong to an analytic sentence if it is necessarily true as the result of the sense of the words in it.
... (Levinson, 1983). Also, "presupposition" comes from philosophy of logic, where it refers to a certain sort of tacit knowledge (Renkema, 1993). Presupposition does not introduce any new communication; rather, it includes background information that the interlocutors take for granted (Perl, 2020). ...
This research was conducted with attention to the examination of presuppositions in the journal articles published by non-native English writers’ case study Kurdish researchers. The study mainly intends to highlight the presupposition triggers, the nature of presupposition, and recognition of presupposition triggers in a particular presupposition in publications by Kurdish scholars. The significance of the thesis is to lead people to understand presuppositions in the writing language and to learn more about how presuppositions are triggered by native Kurdish writers. Students of linguistics may benefit from this research. The outcomes of the study are expected to be theoretically and practically helpful and relevant, especially for those specialized. The research focuses on publications by non-native English writers or authors from the Kurdistan region of Iraq. There is a plan to compile the journal text from 2000 to 2021. The researcher in this research relies on theories of presupposition triggers by Levinson. This paper intends to provide a comprehensive scrutiny of journal papers. A descriptive, yet qualitative study is thereby adopted for randomly selected articles by non-native English writers from Kurdish writers. During the data analysis of the 10 articles by non-native writers in relation to all thirteen categories of presupposition triggers, which have been identified in the Kurdish writers’ articles, a number of conclusions are reached. The most prominent finding is that definite description is the most presupposition trigger that is found. However, verbs of judging have the least appearance.
... By contrast, pragmatic presuppositions, proposed by Stalnaker (1970), refer to the assumptions or beliefs whose truth are taken for granted by the speaker in communication. In other words, pragmatic presuppositions concern the relationship between the speaker and the appropriateness of a sentence in context (Levinson 1983), and comprise that non-asserted information which, from the speaker's view, is part of the common ground for all participants in the communicative event (Abbott 2000;Renkema 2004). This presupposition is not triggered by lexical items, but rather by common knowledge. ...
This paper examines a number of proverbs in English and Persian to shed light on certain pragmatic issues involved in translation. By analyzing three sets of data within the pragmatic framework, we found that the translatability of proverbs should be characterized as a continuum, rather a clear-cut dichotomy. Depending on the universality or culture-specificity of background cultural information associated with proverbs, three main categories, namely translatables, semi-translatables, and untranslatables are proposed. These categories fall along different points on a postulated continuum of translatability. Our study also shows that implicatures and presuppositions, when applicable to translatability, influence it in an incontrovertible manner. On top of this, the indubitable role of metaphor in the conceptualization of proverbs, and as a result, on the translatability of them is acknowledged.
... For decades linguists have proposed various models of argumentation analysis. A significant development was the publication by the English philosopher, Stephen Toulmin (1958 cited in Renkema, 2004) of a model which could be used for the analysis of argumentation in everyday language. In Toulmin's approach, the main issue is not the logical form of an argument but the question of how an argument is structured. ...
Recent issues on social and politics have become so influential in Indonesia that people are divided and become increasingly intolerant. In the era of intolerance it is quite right to rediscoverand analyse arguments of the late K.H. Abdurrahman Wahid, the fourth president of Indonesia that earned his reputation as an international religious scholar, a defender of pluralism, and a champion of humanity. This paper presents a discourse analysis on argumentative devices used byAbdurrahman Wahid in his English articles published at www.gusdur.net. Wahid used the eight argumentative devices masterfully in his articles. Evaluative expressive expressions were the most frequent argumentative device (31%). Wahid tended to show his value judgments bluntly, either positive or negative, to comment or react to current issues under discussion. Such an emotional tendency potentially came from Wahid’s own point of view that was based on things which were ideal for him, not on objective analyses made by other people.
Reference as a cohesive device is tackled differently between languages that descend from different families. Reference in English is assumed to be more cohesive than Arabic in the literary texts as argued by Moindjie (2015) The corpus in this study is collected from business and economic texts drawn from World Bank Blogs and follows Halliday and Hassan's (1976) cohesion analysis scheme where reference plays a major role. The study is an attempt to explore the reference behavior qualitatively in this specific genre and an examination of the postulation that reference depends on particular language peculiarities rather than translators' choices. It reveals that the business and economic genre shows a similar behavior of reference to the literary genre and that the same factors affect the three types of reference, namely, personal, demonstrative, and comparative reference. These factors are syndeton, asyndeton, hypotaxis, concreteness and abstractness and other interchangeable items in addition to the oblique procedures, including transposition and modulation, where systematic equivalence cannot be found in the translation.
This research paper investigates the use of politeness strategies in the speeches of King Abdullah II of Jordan at the 75th, 76th, and 77th sessions of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA). Using a qualitative research design, the study examines how various politeness strategies, as outlined by Brown and Levinson (1987), are employed in the King's speeches to achieve diplomatic goals. The analysis focuses on both the types of politeness strategies-positive, negative, bald on-record, and off-record-and the functions they serve in advancing Jordan's diplomatic agenda. The study draws on the transcripts of three speeches delivered on through convenience sampling. Findings reveal that positive politeness strategies are used to foster unity and collective responsibility, particularly in addressing global challenges such as COVID-19, climate change, and food insecurity. Negative politeness strategies emerge in discussions of sensitive issues like the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, aiming to minimize imposition on the international audience while advocating for peaceful solutions. Off-record strategies are employed to indirectly criticize global inaction, while bald on-record strategies convey clear, unambiguous positions, particularly regarding the two-state solution for the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. The research concludes that King Abdullah II strategically balances these politeness tactics to engage international stakeholders, promote Jordan's interests, and encourage global cooperation, all while maintaining diplomatic decorum.
This study aimed to identify the types of grammatical and lexical cohesion in the BBC news Instagram post caption. The descriptive qualitative method was used in this study. The data sources were taken from BBC news Instagram post caption start from July 1st 2022 until June 30th 2023. The data was analysed using theory of Halliday and Hasan (1976) about grammatical and lexical cohesion. Based on the results of the analysis, the types of grammatical cohesion were found in Instagram captions were: reference with used 14 data, substitution 1 data, ellipsis 3 data, and conjunction 5 data. The results showed that the most dominant type of grammatical cohesion is reference. The types of lexical cohesion were found reiteration with used 13 data and collocation 4 data. The most dominant type of lexical cohesion is repetition. The total data of analysis grammatical and lexical cohesion in the BBC news Instagram caption are 40 data and all types were found in this analysis.
... effectively convey information. In his influential work, Levinson (1983) provides an extensive classification system for deixis, including several domains such as person, place, temporal, social, and discourse. This article utilizes Levinson's model as a theoretical framework to analyze the usage of deixis in the children's short story "Sleeping Beauty". This study employs a descriptive-qualitative approach to analyze the use of deixis within the given concise narrative and follows a series of consecutive steps, including data gathering, deixis identification, list creation, five-group classification, and analysis. The study concludes that diexis are not only found in the real every day verbal exchanges but also in literary genre, namely, children fictions and short stories. In addition, all five types of deixis are employed in the selected short story. Those types of deixis are person, place, time, social, and discourse deixis. The findings reveal that person and place deixis are the most prominent deixis and discourse deixis are the least used diexis in the short story.
This article attempts to interpret the interactivity between force of utterance and aggravating and mitigation circumstances during the ICTR sentencing process. This process which is essential in determining whether the judges’ evaluative comments aimed to address aggravation and mitigation circumstances are predictive of the ensuing sentences. The data for this article were accessed from the 1995-2000 Basic Documents and Case Law CD-ROM of the then International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) in Arusha, Tanzania, focusing on the then thirteen (13) completed cases retrievable from http://www.ictr.org. Informed by the Speech Act Theory and using Wordsmith to determine the frequency of linguistic terms at airing aggravation, the study was done on seventy-two thousand words, paying attention to interpreting the language used to address aggravating and mitigating circumstances. Findings show that emotive evaluations are not a major characteristic in sentencing, and where in use, they do not predict the harshness of punishments given.
The aim of this paper is to examine types of deictic and non-deictic categories used by the Petty trader on the Douala-Melong highway. It also looks at the role they play in the marketing of goods. This work stems from the fact that indexical expressions of person, time, place, discourse, social and non-indexical expressions such as prayers, songs, facial expressions and body language play an important role in the dissemination of information. This is because they extend and give further explanations where nonverbal communication is limited; thereby become more effective. This study is of great value in language use in the sense that it demonstrates how Petty traders use deictic and non-deictic categories to woo potential customers to buy what they are selling. This research uses a qualitative research design. This is because the researcher culled some messages from Petty traders hawking on the Douala-Melong highway in the month of August and September, 2023. Insight was drawn from Levinson’s (1983) theory of deixis. The findings indicated that five types of indexical expressions; person, time, place, discourse and social were used. The study also demonstrated the use of non-deictic expressions such as prayers, songs, body language and facial expressions. These elements helped in persuading the public to buy what these Petty traders market.
Pengiriman informasi melalui wacana lagu campursari menjadi salah satu pilihan ketika pandemi Covid-19 berlangsung. Keberadaan musisi campursari yang dikenal luas masyarakat menjadi faktor efektivitas penggunaan wacana lagu sebagai sarana komunikasi berbasis seni. Penelitian ini berusaha mengeksplorasi bagaimana informasi terkandung dalam wacana lagu campursari dibangun guna menyebarluaskan informasi tentang virus Covid-19 di awal masa pandemi. Teori linguistik yang berbasis pada konteks sosial penggunaan bahasa dipergunakan dalam penelitian ini. Dalam penelitian ini, wacana lagu campursari diposisikan sebagai wujud komunikasi verbal dari pengirim pesan kepada sasaran. Data penelitian ini adalah dua wacana lagu campursari karya Didi Kempot yang dipopulerkan pada masa awal pandemi tahun 2020. Metode analisis kontekstual dipergunakan untuk menjelaskan pola skema dan kandungan informasi wacana. Hasil penelitian ini berupa karakteristik pola skema wacana dan ragam kandungan informasi wacana lagu campursari pada masa awal pandemi di Indonesia.
This study aims to analyze the dominant language style used by the Hosts and Katy Perry's exclusive interview on Tonight Show so that readers can distinguish the use of language styles appropriate to the situation and conditions. The type of language style that helps the researcher analyze is divided into five styles; formal, consultative, casual, and intimate styles. The research’s objective is to determine the dominant language style used by the Hosts and Katy Perry's Exclusive Interview on the Tonight Show. The researcher uses descriptive qualitative research to analyze the utterances towards a conversation on the video. This was in line with Joos's characteristics in conveying information through intonation, pronunciation, grammar, sentences, and words that correspond to each type of language style. The type of language style that is dominantly used by the Hosts and Katy Perry in the Exclusive Interview is casual style because the sentences spoken in the talk show conversations are dominant in using short and simple ones.
Effective communication is crucial for professionals in humanitarian and technical fields. One aspect of communication that is often overlooked is phatic dialogue, which is studied by linguists and cultural experts. However, there is limited research on the practical aspect of developing phatic dialogue skills, particularly in relation to studying English. This study aims to explore students' understanding of the importance of small talk in interpersonal communication, as well as assess students' proficiency in phatic dialogue in the context of journalism. The research involved surveys and tests conducted with students, and traditional statistical methods. The preliminary findings reveal varying levels of knowledge about the significance of small talk in social communication, as well as differences in the development of phatic dialogue skills among students. The results will inform the author's proposed methodology for evaluating the quality of small talk, which will be used as the basis for designing exercises to enhance phatic dialogue skills among journalism students.
Effective communication is crucial for professionals in humanitarian and technical fields. One aspect of communication that is often overlooked is phatic dialogue, which is studied by linguists and cultural experts. However, there is limited research on the practical aspect of developing phatic dialogue skills, particularly in relation to studying English. This study aims to explore students' understanding of the importance of small talk in interpersonal communication, as well as assess students' proficiency in phatic dialogue in the context of journalism. The research involved surveys and tests conducted with students, and traditional statistical methods. The preliminary findings reveal varying levels of knowledge about the significance of small talk in social communication, as well as differences in the development of phatic dialogue skills among students. The results will inform the author's proposed methodology for evaluating the quality of small talk, which will be used as the basis for designing exercises to enhance phatic dialogue skills among journalism students.
This study adopts the Hallidayan Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), specifically the textual metafunction, to explore cohesion in Ghanaian and American Presidential Inaugural Addresses (PIAs). The SFL theory is aided by the corpus-assisted approach to text analysis. In all, sixteen PIAs given by different presidents from the American and Ghanaian contexts constitute the corpus for the study. The findings revealed that both Ghanaian and American presidents make use of all the four grammatical cohesive devices as texture creation agents in their inaugural speeches. However, these cohesive agents were deployed at different frequencies. Unlike their Ghanaian counterparts, the American presidents chose grammatical cohesive devices that were comparatively more diverse. The findings have implications for the SFL theory and other research works on texture in political discourse in general and PIAs in particular.
Small talk is defined as an informal dialogue or conversation that does not cover an important topic of conversation. It is a polite conversation about insignificant matters. To date, the small talk function of Arab and Malay communication has not been clearly understood due to a lack of research in this field. This study compares the part of small talk in Arab and Malay communication based on three communication phases: beginning, middle, and closing. The study is descriptive and employs a qualitative approach. The data from the small talk was analyzed using Malinowski's Phatic Communion Theory (1923). The researchers obtained data from an Arabic drama called "أوراق الزمن المر" and a Malay drama called "Nur 2". ATLAS.tiV9 was used to analyze and code small talk expressions. The findings revealed similarities and differences in the small talk function used in each conversation phase between Arab and Malay communication. Regarding the use of small talk in the middle stage of communication, the Arab and Malay communities are similar. Among the differences, the Arab community was discovered to like to interrupt conversations with small talk while having a conversation. In contrast, the Malay community rarely interrupts conversations with small talk while interacting. Overall, this study discovered that the Arab community demonstrated a broader function of small talk than the Malay community. This study will likely benefit both the field of intercultural communication as well as the use of small talk in learning and teaching Arabic as a foreign language.
This study aimed to determine the types of cohesive devices utilised in the recount text writing of Tenth-grade students at MAN Huta Godang during the academic year 2022/2023 and to identify the most prevalent form of cohesive device. The data was taken from 5 students writing. The study employed a qualitative descriptive method that includes cohesive devices in students' writing. It was found that the types of grammatical cohesion were reference, conjunction, and ellipsis. The most frequently used type of grammatical cohesion is the reference. Students who recount text writing using grammatical cohesion can be in the "fair" category with a percentage of 30.2%. The study suggests students should be aware that merely including a large number of cohesive elements in an essay does not guarantee that the essay will demonstrate or even produce cohesiveness; rather, the cohesive elements must be used in a logical and consistent manner throughout the text. Keywords: Discourse Analysis, Cohesive Devices, Recount Text.
This study is aimed to classify a text into four types of grammatical cohesion and to explain the conditions concerning each of their occurrences in the text. It uses the theory by Halliday and Hasan about cohesion (1976) as its main theory. The data of this study, which is the text of a novel, was collected by using documentation method. Then, the data analysis was conducted using qualitative method. Finally, the data analysis was presented using an informal method in the form of descriptions and explanations based on the four types of grammatical cohesion. The analysis results show the classifications of all the four types of grammatical cohesion along with each of their sub-categories found in the data. Additionally, it also includes the explanations concerning the occurrences of those types of grammatical cohesion within the data.
Cohesion is the relation between one sentences and another sentence, it refers to the meaning in the sentence. Cohesion is divided into twotypes; grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion. This research analyzegrammatical and lexical cohesion types in the song lyric of Q1 Album by Gamaliel.The objectives of this research were to identify the kinds of grammatical and lexicalcohesion found in the song lyric and to know the most dominant type found.Descriptive qualitative method was used to classify and analyze the data. Thisresearch applied the theory of Halliday and Hasan to identify the types ofgrammatical and lexical cohesion. The researcher found 217 cohesion items whichconsist of 181 references, 1 substitution, and 16 conjunction in grammaticalcohesion. While in lexical cohesion, there are 11 reiteration (9 repetitions, 1synonym, and 1 general word) and 8 collocations. The most dominant type ofgrammatical cohesion is personal reference with 121 items or around 55.7% andrepetition with 9 items or around 4.1% in lexical cohesion.
Since news headlines are design to grab the reader's attention, specific language variants are used to meet the two objectives of the news headlines writing process: conciseness and informativeness. While the second criteria necessitate a reversion to pragmatics, the first can be satisfied with a few grammatical variations. Presupposition a pragmatic construct that is used to the news producers' advantage since it enables readers and listeners to easily grasp headlines and assess their value. To understand how presupposition affects news interpretations, this study looks into and evaluates the presupposition triggers found in news headlines. To that goal, coronavirus-related news articles are chosen for analysis. Sixty-six headlines are picked, including 29 from Fox News and 37 from BBC News. The findings show that lexical presupposition triggers show significant occurrences in both Fox news and BBC news. Due to the nature of the stories covered, iterative verbs are used often.
This paper studies the translation shifts in three Arabic translations of an English novel to emphasize the role these shifts may play in the change of the social setting of original story. The data reveal a tendency in translation towards improving the main narrator's social relationship and intimacy with characters, while increasing the non-intimate relationship between the outside frame narrator and characters. The data suggest two explanations for the shift: (i) translator's representation of his/her apprehension of the original story or probably his/her involvement with events of the original (Levý 2011, Eco 2008) and (ii) the translator's orientation to produce a more standardized language or style (Toury 1995/2012).
This research aimed to provide descriptive accounts of the use of paragraph cohesion in the textbook in learning materials for an essay writing class at UNM Makassar. This research employed a qualitative approach with descriptive data exposure. Qualitative research is research that aims to describe research results. This research analyzes and reveals various qualitative information with a detailed description through cohesion in this textbook. The research design used is descriptive-analytical. This design is a research design that describes the research objectively. Researchers observe in-depth and conduct an in-depth analysis of the object of research. In the application of this research design, the first thing the researcher did was to collect data and references relevant to the object of research, sort and categorize the data found, process the data, and then present the data objectively following the results of interruptions to the object of research conducted. The findings showed. The data analysis presentation consists of (1) cohesion, which includes grammatical cohesion (reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction), and lexical cohesion, which includes repetition, synonym, antonym, hyponym, and collocation. In this textbook, cohesion has an influential role in the learning activity. It is suggested that it is significant to In the preparation of textbooks, it is recommended to study the presentation of the learning material to make it easier for students to understand. To facilitate students' understanding of the material, each paragraph of the learning material in the textbooks of the essay writing course at UNM should pay more attention to cohesion. Keywords: Cohesion, Essay Writing, Qualitative Research.
This research aims to describe politeness strategies performed by Piers Morgan and Donald Trump in an interview held on the 25th of January 2018 at the World Economy Forum in Davos, Switzerland. It is used the theory of politeness strategies proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987). This research employs a descriptive qualitative method by taking the transcription of the interview. The data analysis reported that the participants of the interview employed positive and negative politeness strategies to save one another’s faces. The result of the research shows that the participants of the interview attempt to decrease and keep the social distance between them through positive and negative politeness strategies. As a journalist, Piers Morgan tries to handle the conversation to run smoothly. He employs more negative politeness strategies than Donald Trump who has higher social status as the President of the USA. In this event, powerless participants need to be more polite than powerful participants.
This paper aims to examine the student-translators’ difficulties and strategies in translating culturally-bound quotations from English language into Bahasa Indonesia. Quotations taken from famous/important people pose many cultural aspects that raise a question of whether these student-translators are able to cope with the cultural issue. Framing within translation studies, notably from Mason (1997) and translation procedures from Newmark (1988), the study employs a case study with descriptive analysis method. The analysis from documents, questionnaire and interviews suggests that culturally-bound words and expressions posit difficulties not only because they are taken without contexts, but also because the students have insufficient knowledge of the culture. The difficulties were then overcome by implementing translation strategies ranging from paraphrasing to adding explanations. This finding necessitates the needs to prepare student-translators with exposure to literary works and quality time for practice and guidance.
Hombre de acción y de reflexión, maestro de muchas generaciones, ha sabido hacer de la docencia una actividad proyectada más allá de las aulas, en el mundo académico internacional, pero también en diferentes espacios del ámbito nacional donde resultaba indispensable que un humanista de su talla convocara voluntades al servicio de la nación. La celebración, el afecto, el reconocimiento, son las razones que constituyen el vínculo de quienes se hacen presentes en este libro de homenaje a Luis Jaime Cisneros. Son los mismos argumentos de nuestra Universidad y de su Facultad de Letras y Ciencias Humanas. Este libro ha resultado un espacio estrecho para dar acogida a todos aquellos que, en nuestro país y en el resto del mundo, sienten comprometidos su gratitud y su cariño con el maestro Cisneros. Innumerables afectos, trabajos compartidos y experiencias que marcaron de manera positiva y definitiva trayectorias académicas, han emanado y siguen surgiendo del contacto con la persona entrañable y admirable de Luis Jaime Cisneros.
The Team Based Project learning style aims to mold students' conceptual and procedural knowledge together with their mindset. Through the use of this paradigm, learning activities involve people actively debating and working together to solve issues. To create a learning model that can enhance students' understanding and proficiency in speaking, the team-based project learning model was created. The goal of this research was to develop a set of syntax for the Team Based Project learning model, which was implemented in spoken learning courses in the Indonesian Language and Literature Education Study Program, FPBS UPI. This model is based on digital literacy. Research and development using the Dick and Carey model is the methodology employed. Ten stages were involved in the research process. The research process for the development of the Dick and Carey pattern are (1) identifying the need to formulate goals, (2) analyzing the subject matter, (3) analyzing the learner and the context of using the learning model, (4) describing ability goals, (5) developing assessment instruments, (6) developing learning models, (7) developing and selecting teaching materials, (8) compiling and conducting formative evaluations, (9) revising learning programs, and (10) compiling and conducting summative evaluations. Based on the research results, learning to speak using the Team Based Learning model based on digital literacy is declared effective. Students have a positive response to learning and students actively interact, discuss, ask questions, and work together in solving problems.
Este libro, editado por Pablo Quintanilla, Carla Mantilla y Paola Cépeda, es el resultado de un ingente número de horas de estudio y discusión realizado por los integrantes del Grupo Interdisciplinario de Investigación Mente y Lenguaje, entre los años 2010 y 2013. El libro está conformado por dos partes principales. En la primera parte, los miembros del Grupo elaboraron una investigación conjunta para explicitar las intersecciones entre la psicología, la lingüística y la filosofía, entrecruzando dos ejes: el desarrollo y la evolución tanto de los procesos de cognición social como del lenguaje. Esta sección tiene como finalidad generar un terreno transdisciplinario, de manera que los métodos, evidencias y hallazgos de las tres disciplinas puedan dialogar entre sí y mostrar un panorama interconectado del estado de la cuestión en las tres disciplinas que nos convocan. En la segunda parte del libro se publican artículos —en principio independientes— de los miembros del Grupo así como de investigadores invitados a colaborar con esta publicación. Cada artículo defiende una tesis en torno al tema del libro, pero ellos no pretenden formar un conjunto y pueden leerse de manera separada. Esta parte se divide en cuatro secciones: la evolución de la cognición social, el desarrollo y la estructura de la misma, la evolución del lenguaje, y el desarrollo y la estructura del mismo. El objetivo de esta segunda parte no es ofrecer una teoría unificada, sino varias posturas, a veces complementarias y en ocasiones discrepantes, sobre el tema común
This study examines the politeness strategies of the characters in the Princess Diaries movie. The data were utterances of Mia and her grandmother, the main characters in the Princess Diaries movie. The analysis is based on Scollon and Scollon's politeness theory. As a result, the researcher found that Mia and Her Grandmother employed two types of politeness: involvement and independent strategies. Mia used twenty politeness strategies, including four involvement strategies and sixteen independent strategies. Her grandmother, on the other hand, employed fifteen politeness strategies: twelve involvement strategies and three independent strategies. This study may inspire additional researchers to investigate politeness strategies not only in two characters but also in various films, theories, or methods. Additionally, it is hoped that research on politeness strategies will expand our understanding of how linguistic aspects, particularly in English, are applied.
В статье обосновывается положение о том, что личные местоимения содержат в себе информацию о социальном статусе референтов. Местоимения, являясь основным средством выражения личного дейксиса, т е. основным классом слов, отражающим указание на лицо, в том числе их социальные характеристики и статусные отношения, играют значительную роль в когнитивной системе языка и реализации им коммуникативно-прагматической функции. Рассмотрение местоимений с точки зрения их отражательной специфики подтверждает обоснованность вывода о том, что они образуют особую группу языковых знаков, выполняющих в высказывании индивидуализирующие функции, реализующиеся на базе указательности/дейктичности.
The role of cohesive ties in text is the topic of this paper. More specifically, this study focuses on the notion of cohesiveness and transitional indicators in literary texts. The paper argues that it is easier to understand literary texts if one pays attention to how the different parts of the language work together. When an author uses transitional cues to convey a particular notice, readers are effectively kept engaged. The reader plays a significant player in the game of literary writing process. Text cohesion analysis shows the way which a particular piece of information is read and interpreted. This study examines the utilization of grammatical cohesive ties in Charles Dickens's Great Expectations. Thus, Great Expectations is analysed in terms of its linguistic cohesion based on the model selected for this purpose which is Hallidy and Hasan's (1976/ 1985) model which has been proved to be a successful tool for literary discourse studies. The results indicate that there are skilful and powerful cohesive strategies employed in the novel by Dickens. In turn, this chiefly operates in the achievement of the novel as a whole and plays a vital role to its overall coherence.
تبحث الدراسة فی الهیاکل المعاملات للهجة الموصل العربیة أثناء جائحة فیروس کورونا. تستخدم المعاملة بوصفها وحدة تحلیلیَّة، وتتکون هذه الوحدة من أَجزاء متمیزة: المعلومات والاستنباط والتوجیه، تم اعتماد نهج "رسمی"، باستخدام العدید من الأَمثلة المستمدة من المحادثات المسجلة وملاحظات العمل المیدانی، تحلل الدراسة بیانات التفاعل من أَجل العثور على إِجراءات المتحدثین الأَصلیین للغة العربیة الموصلیَّة المنطوقة، أَی أَنَّ الدراسة تفحص نتائج المتفاعلین للوصول إلى الوظائف التی تخدمها أَقوالهم، ومن المتوقَّع أَنَّ تتأثر بنیة المعاملة فی لغة الموصل العربیة، وعلى غرار تلک الموجودة فی اللغة الإنجلیزیة ، ومن بین أُمور أُخرى، بجنس المشارکین وطرائق تفاعلهم، وتتناول الدراسة بعض الهیاکل ذات الصلة بتحلیل هیکل المعاملات. ثم Sacks وآخرون. (1974). تقدم الدراسة نظرة عامة عن التأثیرات التی تؤثر على اللغة فی أَوقات الأزمات، وتکمن المشکلة فی أَنَّ محادثات أَهل الموصل عکست بعض هیاکل المعاملات الجدیدة وإجراءات المحادثة أثناء الوباء، کما تهدف الدراسة إلى فحص عینات مختارة من مجتمع الموصل العربی لمعرفة إلى أی مدى طبَّق شعب الموصل هذه الهیاکل بینهم، وتثیر الدراسة بعض التساؤلات ، على سبیل المثال، إلى أَی مدى ساعد الوباء فی تحقیق هیاکل معاملات جدیدة مختلفة ؟ وتفترض الدراسة أَنَّ المواجهات العرضیة فی لغة الموصل قد مرَّت بتغیرات فی الإشارات اللفظیة بسبب تأثیر جائحة کوفید -19 کما تفترض أَنَّ العدید من هیاکل المعاملات الجدیدة قد تم تحقیقها من شعب الموصل العربی، وأَخیرًا توصَّلت الدراسة إِلى بعض النتائج والاستنتاجات التی ساعدت فی تأکید الفرضیات المطروحة، ویقترن هذا بالأَبحاث المستقبلیَّة فضلًا عن بعض الآثار اللغویة التی نأمل أَن تکون ذات قیمة للباحثین.
p> Latar belakang : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan: (1) Aspek gramatikal dalam wacana lisan talk show ILC, (2) Mendeskripsikan aspek leksikal pada wacana lisan talk show ILC, (3) Mendeskripsikan kepaduan wacana lisan yang didukung oleh aspek kohesi gramatikal dan leksikal pada talk show ILC.
Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif deskriptif. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini berupa siaran talk show ILC. Teknik pengumpulan data dengan mengguanakan metode simak dan teknik catat. Teknik analisis dengan menggunakan metode ditribusional dilanjutkan dengan teknik ganti dan teknik lesap.
Hasil: Hasil penelitian ini, menunjukkan bahwa wacana lisan talk show ILC merupakan sebuah wacana yang padu karena didukung oleh penanda kohesi gramatikal dan leksikal. Dalam wacana lisan talk show ini ditemukan adanya empat aspek kohesi gramatikal yaitu, referensi, substitusi, elifsis dan konjungsi. Kohesi gramatikal ini didominasi oleh penggunaan referensi sebanyak 1092 (64,19%), kemudian aspek konjungsi 519 (30,515), aspek substitusi 62 (3,64%), dan elifsis 28 (1,64%). Selain itu, dalam wacana lisan talk show ILC ini juga terdapat aspek kohesi leksikal yaitu, repetisi sebanyak 214 (66,66%), sinonim 24 (7,47%), antonim 28 (8,72%), kolokasi 16 (6,92%), hiponim 20 (6,23%), dan ekuivalensi 21 (6,54%).
Kata kunci: aspek gramatikal, aspek leksikal, wacana lisan, talk show ILC
This paper proposes a construction of a children-friendly language within in-family interaction context. The term children-friendly here refers to the building of their language with character, i.e. a language elaboration by involving language use as a matter of probabilities. The elaboration of the children-friendly language is seen from the aspects of power and solidarity from the parents to the children and considers politeness for superiors (distant language) and camaraderie for close people (close language). The close Indonesian language and the distant Indonesian language in this construction employ different topics and particularly-elaborated utterances which are formality-based, directness-based, and meaning-based. Formality-based utterances are elaborated into informal and formal utterances, directness-based into direct and indirect utterances, and meaning-based utterances into literal and non-literal utterances. Different topics in this children-friendly language construction are also thoroughy differentiated into safe and common topics and personal and private topics. Examples of safe and common topics are family, work, and sports. Examples of personal and private topics are religion, status of marriage, and salary. Safe and common topics are not dangerous, and personal and private topics are touchy and dangerous. The former topics are involved in distant language, while the latter topics are elaborated for close language. The proportion of the close Indonesian language and the distant Indonesian language to be introduced to and learned by children is carefully set and given accounts, i.e. bigger portion on close language than that on distant language. Close language utterances as well as the topics are formulated in such a way that children should get verbally close to their parents, siblings, relatives, and close communities. Meanwhile, distant language utterances as well as the topics are also formulated in such a way that children should respect superiors or even strangers they meet for the first time. This paper advocates the theories on face , politeness strategies , respect and solidarity, and politeness and camaraderie , with elaborate types of hearer in the aspects of power and solidarity. This paper is empirically trying to encourage early stage of politeness for children, hence preparing them to have a basis for developing their character language and for their early learning to create harmony in their interpersonal and social encounters.
Against the backdrop of the many social ills affecting the country, South Africa continues to makestrides in the creation of a non-racist, non-sexist and non-violent society. The media’s role inthis endeavour is important. Hence, this research examined whether the media in South Africaoffered alternatives to violence in their coverage of the municipal protests recorded between 2009and 2011. The research revealed that the media’s coverage of these protests was narrow andpartial. In order for the coverage to be holistic, it is critical that the media go beyond reportingthe violence, its causes and its effects to offering alternatives to violence. However, offeringalternatives to violence is not the magic tool to prevent or even stop violence – it is a professionalactivity that highlights the key issues the media could focus on in order fully to inform the audiencein the public interest. It is also about socially responsible media.
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