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Histomorphological Study of the Effect of Chronic Consumption of Abelmoschus Esculentus and Piper Guineense on the Gastric Mucosa of Albino Wistar Rats
Abstract
The effects of Abelmoschus esculentus (okra) and Piper guineense (black pepper) on the histomorphology of the gastric mucosa of the fundic stomach were investigated. Twenty adult wistar male rats weighing (123-207g), divided into four groups 1, II, III &1V, group 1 as control and groups II, III &IV as experimental groups. The rats in the control group were administered with distilled water, while rats in group II and III were administered with 500mg/kg of Abelmoschus esculentus and 20mg/kg of piper guineense respectively. Group IV received a combination of the two extracts. After 28days of administration of extracts, animals were sacrificed stomach was extracted and processed to paraffin section, cut at 5micron, stained, and observed histopathologically under light microscope. Result showed marked significance of the effect of the single extract of Abelmoschus esculentus, Piper guineense and the combination of both extracts, while the histopathology findings revealed glandular erosion, mucosal erosion, inflammation, ulceration, degeneration of mucosal lining cells and epithelium, degeneration of chief and parietal cells and granulated eosinophilic cells as compared to control group 1. Statistical value in the weight of the body and stomach showed significant value (p<0.05) compared to the control. In conclusion, it is observed that the usage of the two extract as single and combine posed a degree of pathological condition on the gastric mucosa.
... The fruits and leaves of P. guineense are ground and soaked in alcohol with other herbs to prepare concoctions used tor the treat epilepsy, convulsion, and malaria (Abila et al. 1993;Umoh et al. 2013). Previous research has shown that P. guineense extracts are helpful in treating fertility disorders (Mbongue et al. 2005). ...
Consumers demand clean-label food products, necessitating the search for new, natural antimicrobials to meet this demand while ensuring food safety. This review aimed at investigating the antimicrobial properties of black pepper (Piper guineense) against foodborne microorganisms. The existence of foodborne illness, food spoilage, food waste, the resulting negative economic impact of these issues, and consumer interests have all pushed the food industry to find alternative, safe, and natural antimicrobials to be used in foods and beverages. Consumers have also influenced the demand for novel antimicrobials due to the perceived association of current synthetic preservatives with diseases and adverse effects on children. They also have a desire for clean-label products. These combined concerns have prompted researchers at investigating plant extracts as potential sources for antimicrobials. Plants possess many antimicrobial properties; therefore, evaluating these plant extracts as a natural source of antimicrobials can lead to a preventative control method in reducing foodborne illness and food spoilage , inclusively meeting consumer needs. In most regions, P. guineense is commonly utilized due to its potent and effective medicinal properties against foodborne microorganisms.
... Decoctions from the fruits and seeds are used for the treatment of venereal diseases, rheumatism, gastrointestinal diseases and respiratory diseases [9]. It is also used to treat stomach ache [10] and reportedly has oestrogenic and oxytocic activity [11]. ...
In this study, a thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and a high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods were developed for the chemical profiling, qualitative and quantitative analysis of P. guineense extracts. To obtain a chromatogram with satisfactory resolution and favorable retention time, DryLab software was used to simulate and optimize a HPLC method for the analysis of P. guineense extracts. The aim was to achieve the best possible overall resolution while keeping the analysis time and solvent consumption to a minimum. With the optimized method, a total of 16 main components in the extract were separated with favorable resolution. Optimal TLC conditions were also developed using solvents of various solvent strength (ST) and solvent selectivity (PS) values. The mobile phase composition was systematically tested using various proportions of solvents differing in ST and PS values under the same experimental conditions. During the optimization, emphasis was set on achieving the best possible overall separation of the main components of the extracts (for example piperine). In addition, the effects of the developing chamber was tested using three types of unsaturated chamber conditions: horizontal chamber in sandwich configuration, horizontal chamber in non-sandwich configuration and twin-trough vertical chamber. During the study, a TLC method was developed, and the best mobile-phase composition giving favorable resolution of the bands was toluene: ethyl acetate (PS 6-4 corresponding to 60:40 % v/v). The developing chamber conditions did not affect the TLC separation efficacy in the analysis of P. guineense extracts. The HPLC method was applied to determine the percentage content of piperine in P. guineense. The piperine content was 0.43 % w/w, linearity (0.997), interday precision (% relative standard deviation (RSD), 1.6), intraday precision (% RSD, 2.7 – 5.9), recovery (98.4%), limit of detection (0.001 µg /mL) and limit of quantification (0.003 µg /mL).
... The heart, liver, and kidney of the mice treated with AE and ME (2000 mg/kg, p.o) were processed for haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) histopathological staining. Mice did not show any signs of toxicity or death up to a dose of 2000 mg/kg; hence, 1/10th of the dose 200 mg/kg was taken as an effective dose for in vivo pharmacological studies [29, 30]. ...
Abelmoschus esculentus L. (ladies finger, okra) is a well-known tropical vegetable, widely planted from Africa to Asia and from South Europe to America. In the present study, we investigated the in vitro antioxidant capacity and in vivo protective effect of the aqueous and methanolic seed extracts of Abelmoschus esculentus against scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment using passive avoidance task and acute restraining stress-induced behavioural and biochemical changes using elevated plus maze (EPM) and forced swimming test (FST) in mice. Our results demonstrated that the pretreatment of mice with aqueous and methanolic seed extracts of Abelmoschus esculentus (200 mg/kg, p.o.) for seven days significantly (íµí± < 0.01) attenuated scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in the passive avoidance test. In addition, these extracts significantly reduced the blood glucose, corticosterone, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels elevated by acute restraint stress and also significantly increased the time spent in open arm in EPM and decreased the immobility time in FST. It has also been revealed that these extracts showed a significant antioxidant activity and no signs of toxicity or death up to a dose of 2000 mg/kg, p.o. These results suggest that the seed extracts of Abelmoschus esculentus L. possess antioxidant, antistress, and nootropic activities which promisingly support the medicinal values of ladies finger as a vegetable.
The effects of Piper guineense seeds (Piperaceae) on conception of mice (Mus musculus) were investigated. Thirty sexually mature mice (3 weeks old) were distributed in plastic cages with each cage containing two females and one male animal. Similar cages and same number of animals were set up as controls. Animals were fed a mixture of feed with extracts of P. guineense seed at various test concentrations (10, 20, 30 and 40 mg/kgBW). Controls were fed similar ration of normal diet without extract. The experiment lasted for 42 days, consisting of 21 days of feeding with extracts with males and females mice staying together in cages, and 21 days of feeding without extracts but male and female animals kept in separate cages to stop further sexual behavior. All the female mice in the control cages gave birth to young ones between the 28 and 35th day of the test periods but no animal in the test group showed signs of pregnancy and none had implantation of fetus in the womb. Histopathology sections of testis and ovary of test animals showed inflamed cells of the gonads compared to normal cells in the controls. Three alkaloidal amides (Piperanine, ,-dihydrowasanine and isobutyl-(E,E)-2,4-decadienamide) were isolated by HPLC analysis of the extracts. On the bases of the results obtained, it was concluded that seeds of P. guineense contain substances that interferes with conception in mice.
A method for the investigation of the acute toxicity of an unknown chemical substance, with an estimation on the LD50, is described. Using this, it is possible to obtain with 13 experimental animals adequate information on the acute toxicity and on the LD50. This method has no limitations and applies to drugs, agricultural and industrial chemicals. It can be used for every route of administration.
To study the effects of piperine (Pip) on several experimental gastric ulcers in rats and mice.
The gastric mucosa damage was induced by stress, indometacin, HCl, and pyloric ligation in rats or mice. The number of gastric ulcers, the volume and acidity of gastric juices, and pepsin A activity were detected.
Pip 25, 50, 100 mg/kg ig protected animals from gastric ulceration in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibitory rates were 16.9%, 36.0%, and 48.3% in stress ulcers; 4.4%, 51.1%, and 64.4% in indometacin ulcers; 19.2%, 41.5%, and 59.6% in HCl ulcers; 4.8%, 11.9%, and 26.2% in pyloric ligation ulcers, respectively; Pip inhibited the volume of gastric juice, gastric acidity, and pepsin A activity.
Pip has the protective effects against gastric ulceration.
The antifungal activity of the ethanol extract of the seeds of Piper guineense and some of its fractions obtained by column chromatography was investigated using filamentous fungi and yeasts. The results indicated a significant antifungal effect. No toxic effect was observed in mice treated per os with the extract.
We have characterised the effects of piperine, a pungent alkaloid found in black pepper, on the human vanilloid receptor TRPV1 using whole‐cell patch‐clamp electrophysiology.
Piperine produced a clear agonist activity at the human TRPV1 receptor yielding rapidly activating whole‐cell currents that were antagonised by the competitive TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine and the non‐competitive TRPV1 blocker ruthenium red.
The current–voltage relationship of piperine‐activated currents showed pronounced outward rectification (25±4‐fold between −70 and +70 mV) and a reversal potential of 0.0±0.4 mV, which was indistinguishable from that of the prototypical TRPV1 agonist capsaicin.
Although piperine was a less potent agonist (EC 50 =37.9±1.9 μ M ) than capsaicin (EC 50 =0.29±0.05 μ M ), it demonstrated a much greater efficacy (approximately two‐fold) at TRPV1.
This difference in efficacy did not appear to be related to the proton‐mediated regulation of the receptor since a similar degree of potentiation was observed for responses evoked by piperine (230±20%, n =11) or capsaicin (284±32%, n =8) upon acidification to pH 6.5.
The effects of piperine upon receptor desensitisation were also unable to explain this effect since piperine resulted in more pronounced macroscopic desensitisation ( t 1/2 =9.9±0.7 s) than capsaicin ( t 1/2 >20 s) and also caused greater tachyphylaxis in response to repetitive agonist applications.
Overall, our data suggest that the effects of piperine at human TRPV1 are similar to those of capsaicin except for its propensity to induce greater receptor desensitisation and, rather remarkably, exhibit a greater efficacy than capsaicin itself. These results may provide insight into the TRPV1‐mediated effects of piperine on gastrointestinal function.
British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 144 , 781–790. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706040
The useful plants of West Tropical Africa Crown Agents, London Ekanem, A., Obiekezie, Antiparasitic effects of leaf extract of piper guineense on the jurveules of hetorobranchus longitilis (cuvier and valencieness)
- J Dalziel
Dalziel, J., (1937): The useful plants of West Tropical Africa. Crown Agents, London Ekanem, A., Obiekezie, Antiparasitic effects of leaf extract of piper guineense on the jurveules of hetorobranchus longitilis (cuvier and valencieness). Afr. J