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Featured Graphic. Lives on the Line: Mapping Life Expectancy along the London Tube Network
... For instance, Cheshire reported life expectancy for various stations of the London Tube. 16 In the United States, researchers have also reported life expectancy for cities organized according to transportation landmarks (https://www.rwjf.org/en/library/infographics/minneapolismap.html). Discrepancies in life expectancy by subway station (or other transportation landmarks) provide valuable information for raising awareness about health inequalities. ...
... Of the 24 subway lines in the Seoul metropolitan area as of January 2020, 23 subway lines and 614 stations were included in the study, with the sole exclusion of a line for magnetic levitation trains. After converting the addresses of subway stations into coordinates, the smallest administrative units within a 200m radius of each station was assigned as the area of that station, as illustrated in Fig. 1. 16 If the station was a transfer station with multiple addresses, the smallest administrative units within a 200-m radius of each location were merged together as the area of the station. For example, lines 2, 4, and 5 intersect at the Dongdaemun History & Culture Park station, and the station address for each line is different. ...
Background:
This study aimed to calculate life expectancy in the areas around 614 subway stations on 23 subway lines in the Seoul metropolitan area of Korea from 2008 to 2017.
Methods:
We used the National Health Information Database provided by the National Health Insurance Service, which covers the whole population of Korea. The analysis was conducted on the level of the smallest administrative units within a 200-m radius of each subway station. Life expectancy was calculated by constructing an abridged life table using the number of population and deaths in each area and 5-year age groups (0, 1-4, …, 85+) during the whole study period.
Results:
The median life expectancy in the areas around 614 subway stations was 82.9 years (interquartile range, 2.2 years; minimum, 77.6 years; maximum, 87.4 years). The life expectancy of areas around subway stations located in Seoul was higher than those in Incheon and Gyeonggi-do, but variation within the region was observed. Significant differences were observed between some adjacent subway stations. In Incheon and Gyeonggi-do, substantially higher life expectancy was found around subway stations in newly developed urban areas, and lower life expectancy was found in central Incheon and suburbs in Gyeonggi-do.
Conclusion:
When using areas around subway stations as the unit of analysis, variation in life expectancy in the Seoul metropolitan area was observed. This approach may reduce the stigma associated with presenting health inequalities at the level of the smallest administrative units and foster public awareness of health inequalities.
... 6 Similar descriptive analyses in the cities of high income countries have frequently been used to advocate for greater attention to health inequalities. For example, inequalities in life expectancy at birth across stations on the Jubilee line of the London Underground (London, UK) 7 have been cited in many policy and media reports. During the most recent municipal election in Madrid, Spain, several candidates commented on inequalities in life expectancy at birth across neighbourhoods in the city, and the topic received extensive media coverage. ...
... 24 A study in Rotterdam, Amsterdam, found that the total inequality in life expectancy at birth between neighbourhoods was around 6 years for both men and women, 20 while a study of inequalities in life expectancy at birth in London, UK, found a 20year range in areas of around of 7000 people. 7 These results in London have been used as advocacy tools, 7 while much narrower gaps in Madrid, Spain, were used as part of the political discussion leading up to the 2015 local elections. 8 However, our results regarding the size of inequality are difficult to compare with previous work because the geographical units we used were large and heterogeneous, which will likely result in narrower gaps. ...
Background:
Latin America is one of the most unequal regions in the world, but evidence is lacking on the magnitude of health inequalities in urban areas of the region. Our objective was to examine inequalities in life expectancy in six large Latin American cities and its association with a measure of area-level socioeconomic status.
Methods:
In this ecological analysis, we used data from the Salud Urbana en America Latina (SALURBAL) study on six large cities in Latin America (Buenos Aires, Argentina; Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Santiago, Chile; San José, Costa Rica; Mexico City, Mexico; and Panama City, Panama), comprising 266 subcity units, for the period 2011-15 (expect for Panama city, which was for 2012-16). We calculated average life expectancy at birth by sex and subcity unit with life tables using age-specific mortality rates estimated from a Bayesian model, and calculated the difference between the ninth and first decile of life expectancy at birth (P90-P10 gap) across subcity units in cities. We also analysed the association between life expectancy at birth and socioeconomic status at the subcity-unit level, using education as a proxy for socioeconomic status, and whether any geographical patterns existed in cities between subcity units.
Findings:
We found large spatial differences in average life expectancy at birth in Latin American cities, with the largest P90-P10 gaps observed in Panama City (15·0 years for men and 14·7 years for women), Santiago (8·9 years for men and 17·7 years for women), and Mexico City (10·9 years for men and 9·4 years for women), and the narrowest in Buenos Aires (4·4 years for men and 5·8 years for women), Belo Horizonte (4·0 years for men and 6·5 years for women), and San José (3·9 years for men and 3·0 years for women). Higher area-level socioeconomic status was associated with higher life expectancy, especially in Santiago (change in life expectancy per P90-P10 change unit-level of educational attainment 8·0 years [95% CI 5·8-10·3] for men and 11·8 years [7·1-16·4] for women) and Panama City (7·3 years [2·6-12·1] for men and 9·0 years [2·4-15·5] for women). We saw an increase in life expectancy at birth from east to west in Panama City and from north to south in core Mexico City, and a core-periphery divide in Buenos Aires and Santiago. Whereas for San José the central part of the city had the lowest life expectancy and in Belo Horizonte the central part of the city had the highest life expectancy.
Interpretation:
Large spatial differences in life expectancy in Latin American cities and their association with social factors highlight the importance of area-based approaches and policies that address social inequalities in improving health in cities of the region.
Funding:
Wellcome Trust.
... As is the case for other cities, generating local evidence to fill the knowledge gap on existing social inequities in life expectancy at birth in the city of Córdoba is relevant to informing policies to improve health conditions. 17 Examining these issues in Córdoba can both inform local policy while also provide a case study of an emerging medium-sized city in the region. Prior research has suggested substantial heterogeneity of life expectancy and mortality in Latin American cities, 16 18 thus exploring these issues in small areas across heterogeneous cities is important for understanding the need to address them in different urban contexts and development levels, especially as much of the future urban growth in the region will likely be in cities like Córdoba. ...
Objectives
To evaluate variability in life expectancy at birth in small areas, describe the spatial pattern of life expectancy, and examine associations between small-area socioeconomic characteristics and life expectancy in a mid-sized city of a middle-income country.
Design
Cross-sectional, using data from death registries (2015–2018) and socioeconomic characteristics data from the 2010 national population census.
Participants/setting
40 898 death records in 99 small areas of the city of Córdoba, Argentina. We summarised variability in life expectancy at birth by using the difference between the 90th and 10th percentile of the distribution of life expectancy across small areas (P90-P10 gap) and evaluated associations with small-area socioeconomic characteristics by calculating a Slope Index of Inequality in linear regression.
Primary outcome
Life expectancy at birth.
Results
The median life expectancy at birth was 80.3 years in women (P90-P10 gap=3.2 years) and 75.1 years in men (P90-P10 gap=4.6 years). We found higher life expectancies in the core and northwest parts of the city, especially among women. We found positive associations between life expectancy and better small-area socioeconomic characteristics, especially among men. Mean differences in life expectancy between the highest versus the lowest decile of area characteristics in men (women) were 3.03 (2.58), 3.52 (2.56) and 2.97 (2.31) years for % adults with high school education or above, % persons aged 15–17 attending school, and % households with water inside the dwelling, respectively. Lower values of % overcrowded households and unemployment rate were associated with longer life expectancy: mean differences comparing the lowest versus the highest decile were 3.03 and 2.73 in men and 2.57 and 2.34 years in women, respectively.
Conclusion
Life expectancy is substantially heterogeneous and patterned by socioeconomic characteristics in a mid-sized city of a middle-income country, suggesting that small-area inequities in life expectancy are not limited to large cities or high-income countries.
... For first time, it is proposed that Pb in lead-halide perovskite be swapped by Sn 2+ and Ge 2+ cations as both satisfy coordination and charge balance requirements [76,77]. Owing to similar ionic radius (Pb: 1.19 Å, Sn: 1.35 Å) and ns 2 electronic configuration to Pb 2+ , group-14 [78]. ...
Production and management of clean energy in a sustainable manner is a global need. Several methods of energy production have been explored but some of them are accompanied with environmental hazards and toxic materials. One of those several means of sustainable energy production is a perovskite solar cell. Perovskite solar cells have received interest for photovoltaic applications attributed to their verified over 25% power conversion efficiency. Because of the high toxicity associated with lead, it seems a pressing need to clean and remove toxic lead from currently available and future inorganic Perovskite solar cells. Environmental-health hazards are posed by lead-based compounds and devices available for use. This review focuses on the development of lead-free non-toxic perovskite materials based solar cells and other devices. To solve the lead associated toxicity problem, lead can be substituted with nontoxic and environmentally friendly metals like Ti, Sn, Sb, Ge, Bi, and Ag. To further enhance the stability of lead-free perovskites, all-inorganic lead-free perovskites have recently gotten considerable attention. In numerical simulation, the CsSnI3 based perovskite solar cell has the highest power conversion efficiency of 28.97% among all the lead-free perovskite based devices. Extensive review of environmentally friendly and toxicity free perovskites and their applications has been performed. The advantages of lead substituted metals have been discussed. Lastly, critical analysis and discusses is reported on the progress to enhance the efficiency and stability of lead-free perovskite solar cells and devices by energy-band engineering and inorganic transport layers.
... The SDH are not equally distributed at local level, generating social inequalities in health. Addressing social inequalities and the differences in the opportunities that people have to improve their health is one of the major challenges faced in health promotion (Borrell & Pasarin Rua, 2004;Chesire, 2012;Reid, 2011;World Health Organization & UN-Habitat 2016). However, removing them is not easy because they are complex, with multiple structural causes and without simple, easy solutions (Fosse, Sherriff, & Helgesen, 2019). ...
Aim:
To design, implement and evaluate a nurse-led capacity building intervention (PromoGOB) for intersectoral action for health at local governments.
Design:
The programme was based on theories of the policy process and organizational change and facilitated by a nurse developing a health broker role. A complex intervention perspective was adopted in carrying out the study. The intervention was evaluated using a mixed method embedded design.
Methods:
Quantitative component relied on a specific questionnaire. This tool, designed and piloted ad hoc, measured the capacity in terms of knowledge, awareness, resources, skills, and commitment, both at sectoral and government levels. For the qualitative component, semi-structured interviews were conducted. These explored the perceived capacity and feasibility and acceptability issues. The programme was initiated at the end of October 2019, and it lasted a total of 5 weeks. Nineteen individuals representing various sectors at a local government in northern Spain participated in the study. The data analysis was concluded by the end of March 2020.
Findings:
PromoGOB positively influenced participants' capacity for addressing health promotion. Awareness component, intersectoral work and the nurse as health broker were essential in the programme. The necessity of political participation was identified as an issue to be prioritized in future studies.
Conclusion:
This study highlights the relevance of capacity building at local governments and the role that nurses can play in it. Further work should be undertaken to continue developing Health in All Policies approach at local level.
Impact:
This study offers a starting point for nurses to get involved in the policy process of health promotion, performing a specific role as health brokers, building capacity at local governments for addressing social determinants of health, and delving into theories and concepts of the Health in All Policies field.
... Inequalities in access to health services are preventable; those who are disadvantaged and difficult to reach are more likely to experience health inequalities and are more likely to have poor health outcomes (Hui et al, 2020). An insightful depiction of how fundamental causes and wider environmental influences can affect health inequality was created using a train station tube map showing differences in children's life expectancy in stations that are only minutes apart; for example, life expectancy of 96.4 years for those born near Oxford Circus while children born around Star Lane have a predicted life expectancy of 75.3 years (Cheshire, 2012). The fundamental differences between these tube stops are access barriers and lifestyle risks. ...
In this article, the first of two, Vanessa Heaslip et al examine the factors that lead to certain groups having poorer health outcomes in the UK
Practice nurses are ideally placed within local communities to have a significant impact on addressing health inequities. However, to achieve this they need to understand the many factors that lead to certain groups having poorer health outcomes. Advances in longevity do not automatically match advances in health and wellbeing across all social groups. In the UK, someone living in a deprived area of England is more likely to die eight and a half years younger than someone living in a more affluent area. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted health inequities faced by ethnic minority groups in particular. This article, the first of two, will define the terminology used, explore access to health services in the UK and present the evidence driving healthcare policy.
... In particular, communicating insights learned from data represents a core function of data translation that stands to influence decision-making. One example of communicating data to decision-makers, as well as the concerned public, is James Cheshire's work on mapping life expectancy along the London underground network [63]. The analogy of changing life expectancy along individual underground tube lines has helped communicate life expectancy data, raising awareness about health inequities. ...
More than a decade after the World Health Organization Commission on the Social Determinants of Health (SDoH), it is becoming widely accepted that social and economic factors, including but not limited to education, energy, income, race, ethnicity, and housing, are important drivers of health in populations. Despite this understanding, in most contexts, social determinants are not central to local, national, or global decision-making. Greater clarity in conceptualizing social determinants, and more specificity in measuring them, can move us forward towards better incorporating social determinants in decision-making for health. In this paper, first, we summarize the evolution of the social framing of health. Second, we describe how the social determinants are conceptualized and contextualized differently at the global, national, and local levels. With this, we seek to demonstrate the importance of analyzing and understanding SDoH relative to the contexts in which they are experienced. Third, we problematize the gap in data across contexts on different dimensions of social determinants and describe data that could be curated to better understand the influence of social determinants at the local and national levels. Fourth, we describe the necessity of using data to understand social determinants and inform decision-making to improve health. Our overall goal is to provide a path for our collective understanding of the foundational causes of health, facilitated by advances in data access and quality, and realized through improved decision-making.
... One of the drivers of such inequalities in Chile has been the social housing policy in place since the 1980s, which has created a segregated periphery, especially, in large metropolitan cities. As a result of segregation, both individual-level socioeconomic characteristics and health are spatially clustered, and substantial differences across neighborhoods emerge, such as major inequalities in life expectancy [26,27]. Although place and individual characteristics can be conceptualized as distinct, they are closely interrelated, because "there is a mutually reinforcing and reciprocal relationship between people and place" [28]. ...
Background
The available evidence of the health effects of urban regeneration is scarce In Latin America, and there are no studies focused on formal housing that longitudinally evaluate the impact of housing and neighborhood interventions on health. The “Regeneración Urbana, Calidad de Vida y Salud” (Urban Regeneration, Quality of Life, and Health) or RUCAS project is a longitudinal, multi-method study that will evaluate the impact of an intervention focused on dwellings, built environment and community on the health and wellbeing of the population in two social housing neighborhoods in Chile.
Methods
RUCAS consists of a longitudinal study where inhabitants exposed and unexposed to the intervention will be compared over time within the study neighborhoods (cohorts), capitalizing on interventions as a natural experiment. Researchers have developed a specific conceptual framework and identified potential causal mechanisms. Proximal and more distal intervention effects will be measured with five instruments, implemented pre- and post-interventions between 2018 and 2021: a household survey, an observation tool to evaluate dwelling conditions, hygrochrons for measuring temperature and humidity inside dwellings, systematic observation of recreational areas, and qualitative interviews. Survey baseline data (956 households, 3130 individuals) is presented to describe sociodemographics, housing and health characteristics of both cohorts, noting that neighborhoods studied show worse conditions than the Chilean population.
Discussion
RUCAS’ design allows for a comprehensive evaluation of the effects that the intervention could have on various dimensions of health and health determinants. RUCAS will face some challenges, like changes in the intervention process due to adjustments of the master plan, exogenous factors –including COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdowns– and lost to follow-up. Given the stepped wedge design, that the study capitalizes on within household changes over time, the possibility of adjusting data collection process and complementarity of methods, RUCAS has the flexibility to adapt to these circumstances. Also, RUCAS’ outreach and retention strategy has led to high retention rates. RUCAS will provide evidence to inform regeneration processes, highlighting the need to consider potential health effects of regeneration in designing such interventions and, more broadly, health as a key priority in urban and housing policies.
... It has long been observed that health is unevenly distributed within cities and across their neighbourhoods. For example, in the United Kingdom and United States of America marked intra-city differentials in life expectancy have been observed across neighbourhoods that are only a train or bus-stop apart (Cheshire 2012, RWJF 2015. Moreover, such differentials in health have persisted across time and change (Dorling et al. 2000). ...
Time as a dimension is beguiling. Philosophy has puzzled over it, physics queried its nature, and popular culture entertained us with its peculiarities. As a construct, time is multifaceted. While we experience time, we are subject to it. We also harness time, and apply it as an instrument and a lens. However, time also represents a means to enrich knowledge of urban health. To achieve this aim will involve accounting for time as well as thinking in time.Thinking in time within urban health draws attention to the evolution of urban contexts, such as neighbourhoods, the life-courses of these settings and, the dynamics between the life-course of people and their health in place, with the life-course of place. Thinking in time also entails attending to the nature of time itself, and the manner by which re-imagining time may transform how urban health is queried.Cross-disciplinary in nature, and trans-disciplinary in its intent, this conceptual review reflects on observational research to consider what has been discovered about neighbourhood effects, and how time features in this information. Furthermore, this review outlines theories and methods for thinking in time to advance understandings of how, why and for whom neighbourhoods matter to health.
... Notes 1. For discussion of life expectancies across the London Tube network see (Cheshire, 2012;Dorling, 2013). 2. See http://www.metrolink.co.uk ...
... The relationship between childhood deprivation and life expectancy is most colorfully depicted in a map of the London Underground created by the geographer James Cheshire in 2012, with life expectancy shown at each Underground stop. 17 Going east on the Central Line for 8 stops, between Oxford Circus and Mile End, life expectancy decreases by 18 years, and crossing the Thames between the Pimlico and Vauxhall stations sees life expectancy drop by 6 years. ...
... Another significant finding was that CABA, the district with the highest net income per inhabitant, had the uppermost inequity indexes of the country. (16) Although data from other studies show high inequity in other important cities, this information had not been reported for Argentina. (15,17) Therefore, the effect of deprivation was more marked in CABA than in the rest of the regions or in the country considered as a whole (for each decile increase of UBN, standardized mortality increased more than in other regions). ...
Background: Although the relationship between premature death and socioeconomic status has been recently reported in Argentina, there are no analyses on the impact of this condition in different regions of the country.
Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the influence of socioeconomic status on the incidence of premature death rate in different provinces of Argentina, from 2000 to 2010.
Methods: An ecological model was used to evaluate standardized premature death rates (≤74 years) during the period between 2000 and 2010. In addition, the relationship between socioeconomic status, measured in deciles of unmet basic needs at geo- graphic departmental level and premature death was examined. The units of analysis were the 512 Argentine departments and the 15 communes of the city of Buenos Aires.
Results: Socioeconomic status was significantly associated with premature death rate in Argentina during the study period. A linear gradient was observed between premature death and socioeconomic status in all provinces and regions. However, the slope index of inequality varied significantly between departments. While the absolute difference in standardized premature death rate between the extreme components of socioeconomic status was 10 deaths (range: 7.81-12.36) per 10,000 persons pers year in all Argentina, in the city of Buenos Aires this difference was 61 deaths (range: 53-69). The Southern communes of Buenos Aires were the areas with the highest social and health inequalities of Argentina.
Conclusions: Although social inequity had a significant impact on premature death rate throughout Argentina during the study period, the city of Buenos Aires was the most unequal region.
... El otro hallazgo destacable reside en que la CABA, el distrito con mayor producto bruto por habitante, registró los índices más elevados de inequidad del país. (16) Si bien datos provenientes de otros estudios muestran niveles elevados de inequidad dentro de ciudades importantes, esta información no se había reportado para el caso de la Argentina. (15,17) De esta manera, el efecto de la deprivación fue más marcado en la CABA que en el resto de las regiones o en el país considerado en su conjunto (por cada decil de aumento de las NBI la mortalidad estandarizada aumentó más que en otras regiones). ...
Introducción: Aunque recientemente se reportó la relación entre la muerte prematura y la condición socioeconómica en laArgentina, no existen análisis sobre el impacto que dicha condición tiene en distintas regiones del país.Objetivo: Describir el impacto que la condición socioeconómica presentó sobre la incidencia de muerte prematura en las distintasprovincias de la Argentina durante el período 2000-2010.
Material y métodos: Se utilizó un modelo ecológico, que evaluó las tasas estandarizadas de muerte prematura (≤ 74 años)durante el período 2000-2010. Asimismo, se examinó la relación entre la condición socioeconómica medida en deciles denecesidades básicas insatisfechas por departamento geográfico y la muerte prematura. La unidad de análisis fueron los 512departamentos de la Argentina y las 15 comunas de la ciudad de Buenos Aires.
Resultados: La condición socioeconómica estuvo significativamente asociada con la muerte prematura en la Argentina durante el período analizado. En todas las provincias y regiones se observó un gradiente lineal entre la muerte precoz y la condición socioeconómica. Sin embargo, la pendiente de desigualdad entre los componentes de la condición socioeconómica varió significativamente entre los distintos departamentos. Mientras que en toda la Argentina la diferencia absoluta en la tasa estandarizada de muerte prematura entre los componentes extremos de condición socioeconómica fue de 10 muertes (rango:7,81-12,36) por cada 10.000 personas por año, en la ciudad de Buenos Aires esa diferencia fue de 61 muertes (rango: 53-69).Las comunas del sur de la ciudad de Buenos Aires fueron las zonas con mayor desigualdad social y sanitaria de la Argentina.
Conclusiones: Aunque la inequidad social tuvo un impacto significativo en la muerte prematura en todo el período en toda la Argentina, la ciudad de Buenos Aires se mostró como la región más desigual.
... Another significant finding was that CABA, the district with the highest net income per inhabitant, had the uppermost inequity indexes of the country. (16) Although data from other studies show high inequity in other important cities, this information had not been reported for Argentina. (15,17) Therefore, the effect of deprivation was more marked in CABA than in the rest of the regions or in the country considered as a whole (for each decile increase of UBN, standardized mortality increased more than in other regions). ...
Background: Although the relationship between premature death and socioeconomic status has been recently reported in Argentina, there are no analyses on the impact of this condition in different regions of the country. Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the influence of socioeconomic status on the incidence of premature death rate in different provinces of Argentina, from 2000 to 2010. Methods: An ecological model was used to evaluate standardized premature death rates (≤74 years) during the period between 2000 and 2010. In addition, the relationship between socioeconomic status, measured in deciles of unmet basic needs at geographic departmental level, and premature death was examined. The units of analysis were the 512 Argentine departments and the 15 communes of the city of Buenos Aires. Results: Socioeconomic status was significantly associated with premature death rate in Argentina during the study period. A linear gradient was observed between premature death and socioeconomic status in all provinces and regions. However, the slope index of inequality varied significantly between departments. While the absolute difference in standardized premature death rate between the extreme components of socioeconomic status was 10 deaths (range: 7.81-12.36) per 10,000 persons per year in all Argentina, in the city of Buenos Aires this difference was 61 deaths (range: 53-69). The Southern communes of Buenos Aires were the areas with the highest social and health inequalities of Argentina. Conclusions: Although social inequity had a significant impact on premature death rate throughout Argentina during the study period, the city of Buenos Aires was the most unequal region. © 2016, Sociedad Argentina de Cardiologia. All rights reserved.
... In many cases, it seems, such efforts rest on an elitist model of knowledge production, in which scholars come to know the world in ways that others cannot and then work to translate their findings into more accessible formats for other, less scholarly folk. Innovative examples of efforts to communicate health inequalities and the social determinants of health in accessible ways include, for example, the London tube and Glasgow metro maps of life expectancy (McCartney, 2011;Cheshire, 2012) and Bambra's (2015) 'football league table of health inequalities performance'. The aim of such research is to draw public attention to the impact of structural and material inequalities on people's health, an aim that appears to be underpinned by an assumption that, if decision makers and the public only knew more about the structural and material inequalities underlying health inequalities, they would do more to address them. ...
Health inequalities research has shown a growing interest in participatory ways of working. However, the theoretical ideas underpinning mainstream approaches to participation remain underexplored. This article contributes to theorising participatory practice for the kind of egalitarian politics to which many of those focused on reducing health inequalities are committed. First, we argue that the ambitions of participatory practice should be concentrated on ‘overcoming alienation’, rather than ‘attaining freedom from power’. An over-emphasis on negative freedom may help to explain a worrying confluence between participatory democracy and neo-liberal marketization agendas – we look instead to traditions of participatory practice that emphasize positive freedom and capacities for collaboration. Second, we discuss some such perspectives though consideration of critical pedagogy, but highlighting the role of materialised relations of authority, spaces, objects and encounters. Third, we explore the relationship between objectivity and alienation, arguing that participatory politics, against alienation, can look to reclaim objectivity for participatory, lively, practice. We then seek to show that participatory practice can play a role in creating common knowledge and culture, and in fostering a sense of public ownership over objective knowledge and institutions concerned with health. We conclude by asking what this looks like in practice, drawing some ‘rules of thumb’ for participatory practice in health inequalities research from existing inspiring examples.
... A commonly repeated illustration of such inequalities is that moving east on the underground along the Jubilee line, life expectancy between the boroughs of Westminster and Tower Hamlets drops at an average rate of 1 year of life per underground station (Atkinson, 2006). Figure 3 reproduces a popular map of such stark differences in life expectancy around each underground station in central London published by UCL Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis (CASA) (Cheshire, 2012). Using this map's metrics to assign neighbourhood life expectancy (at birth) to each underground station, the starker and closest contrast happens to be on the Victoria line. ...
Lead‐free halide perovskites have been developed as an alternative to lead‐based perovskite materials. Bi‐based halide perovskites Cs2AgBiCl6 and Cs3Bi2Cl9 are synthesized through the hydrothermal method and investigated their photoelectrochemical properties toward water splitting. The formation of the halide perovskites is confirmed by XRD, Raman spectroscopy, SEM, EDAX and XPS techniques. Optical properties are measured by UV‐Vis spectroscopy and Mott‐Schottky plots confirmed that both the materials are p‐type semiconductors with a bandgap of 2.72 eV and 3.05 eV for Cs2AgBiCl6 and Cs3Bi2Cl9 respectively. The photocurrent density of water oxidation on Cs2AgBiCl6 and Cs3Bi2Cl9 are 10 μA/cm2 and 6 μA/cm2 at 0.9 V (vs Ag/AgCl) respectively and both are highly stable over 300 sec under chopped condition and also the photoelectrocatalyst stable over 10 h during the chronoamperometry studies. The experimental data shows that the photoelectrochemical water splitting activity of Cs2AgBiCl6 is better than Cs3Bi2Cl9. This work suggests these materials will be a potential candidate for green hydrogen and oxygen production using solar energy. Highly stable Lead‐free bismuth‐based double perovskites (Cs2AgBiCl6 and Cs3Bi2Cl9) were synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method. Synthesized materials were further characterized by different physicochemical techniques, confirming the successful formation of the phase pure perovskites. These perovskite materials were further used as photoanode in the photoelectrochemical water splitting application. Here Cs2AgBiCl6 and Cs3Bi2Cl9 showed the photocurrent density of 10 μA/cm2 and 6 μA/cm2 at 0.9 V (vs Ag/AgCl) respectively. Also, both materials showed excellent photostability.
Background:
Life expectancy in the United States has declined since 2014 but characterization of disparities within and across metropolitan areas of the country is lacking.
Methods:
Using census tract-level life expectancy from the 2010 to 2015 US Small-area Life Expectancy Estimates Project, we calculate 10 measures of total and income-based disparities in life expectancy at birth, age 25, and age 65 within and across 377 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) of the United States.
Results:
We found wide heterogeneity in disparities in life expectancy at birth across MSAs and regions: MSAs in the West show the narrowest disparities (absolute disparity: 8.7 years, relative disparity: 1.1), while MSAs in the South (absolute disparity: 9.1 years, relative disparity: 1.1) and Midwest (absolute disparity: 9.8 years, relative disparity: 1.1) have the widest life expectancy disparities. We also observed greater variability in life expectancy across MSAs for lower income census tracts (coefficient of variation [CoV] 3.7 for first vs. tenth decile of income) than for higher income census tracts (CoV 2.3). Finally, we found that a series of MSA-level variables, including larger MSAs and greater proportion college graduates, predicted wider life expectancy disparities for all age groups.
Conclusions:
Sociodemographic and policy factors likely help explain variation in life expectancy disparities within and across metro areas.
The world’s mega trends of land-use and landscape development are discussed, which are urbanization and land-use intensification, particularly considering their negative consequences for the ecological as well as the socio-economic environment. Trade-offs of land-use intensification such as the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services, eutrophication, soil and water contamination and its implications for human health, soil erosion, water consumption, soil salinization and desertification, climate change, and socio-economic impacts are qualitatively and quantitatively assessed. As another mega trend of landscape development, so far not sufficiently recognized by global environmental policy, land abandonment is outlined. Examples and figures from all over the world are stated.KeywordsAbandonmentEcosystem degradationLand-use intensificationMega trends of land-use changeUrbanization
This book critically examines 'smart city' discourse in terms of governance initiatives, citizen participation, and policies which place emphasis on the 'citizen' as an active recipient and co-producer of technological solutions to urban problems. The current hype around 'smart cities' and digital technologies has sparked debates in the fields of citizenship, urban studies, and planning surrounding the rights and ethics of participation. It has also sparked debates around the forms of governance these technologies actively foster. This book presents new sociotechnological systems of governance that monitor citizen power, trust-building strategies, and social capital. It calls for new data economics and digital rights for a city founded on normative ideals rather than neoliberal ones. It adopts a prescriptive approach, arguing that a 'reloaded' smart city should foster citizenship as a new set of civil and social rights and the 'citizen' as a subject vested with active and meaningful forms of participation and political power. Ultimately, the book questions the utility of the 'smart city' project for radical municipalism, proposing a technological enough but more democratic city - an 'intelligent city', in fact. Offering useful contributions to 'smart city' initiatives for the protection of emerging digital citizenship rights and socially accrued benefits, this book will draw the interest of researchers, policymakers, and professionals in the fields of urban studies, urban planning, urban geography, computing and technology studies, urban politics, and urban economics.
O crescente interesse pela temática da geografia e saúde em diversas áreas do conhecimento tanto no âmbito acadêmico quanto nos serviços públicos tem estimulado espaços para a discussão. O Simpósio Nacional de Geografia da Saúde (GeoSaúde), o maior sobre o tema no Brasil, teve sua primeira edição em 2003 realizada em Presidente Prudente – SP. Em 2015, a sétima edição foi realizada em Brasília – DF e foi fruto da parceria entre a Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) e o Institut Français de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD). Teve mais de 300 participantes de todos os estados brasileiros e de 15 países. Colocando o Distrito Federal na rede nacional e internacional da geografia da saúde.
Neste contexto, o Seminário Internacional Geografia & Saúde: Teoria e Método na atualidade, realizado em 2018 também em Brasília, visou contribuir para o fortalecimento e a consolidação da inserção de pesquisadores, professores e alunos da UnB e do Distrito Federal na rede global de Geografia da Saúde. O evento teve como parceiros para sua realização a UnB, o IRD e a Fiocruz e reuniu professores, pesquisadores e profissionais em torno da visão europeia e latino americana sobre os métodos e teorias aplicados a geografia da saúde, resgatando seu histórico, analisando o cenário atual e buscando vislumbrar os desafios futuros a partir de um olhar geográfico sobre a saúde. Em seu público o evento contou com a participação de geógrafos e sanitaristas, mas também de epidemiologistas, sociólogos, antropólogos, enfermeiros, biólogos, arquitetos e diversos outros profissionais e estudantes de disciplinas que privilegiam o olhar social e ambiental sobre a saúde.
O seminário dispôs de financiamento da Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Distrito Federal (FAP-DF), do IRD, da International Geographical Union (IGU) e da UnB e contou com palestrantes nacionais e internacionais de diversas universidades e institutos de pesquisas brasileiros, latino-americanos e europeus, entre eles: Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo (UFES), IRD (França), Maastricht University (UM, Holanda), Universidade de Havana (UH, Cuba) e Universidad de San Juan (UNSJ, Argentina).
Este e-book é fruto do Seminário Internacional Geografia & Saúde: Teoria e Método na atualidade e contou com a parceria da equipe do Laboratório de Geografia, Ambiente e Saúde (LAGAS/UnB) para a sua elaboração. Os textos aqui apresentados são produtos das palestras ministradas durante o evento e procuram ilustrar de diversas maneiras a diversidade de análises sobre as inter-relações entre o ambiente e a saúde, baseadas essencialmente sobre o papel das relações espaço-temporais e também na mobilização de ferramentas e métodos geográficos para um olhar inovador do conhecimento a ser integrado nas abordagens científicas.
Os autores e participantes deste e-book estão associados à rede construída como parte do projeto JEAI-GITES (Jovem Equipe Associada ao IRD - Gestão, Indicador e Território: Ambiente e Saúde no Brasil) coordenado entre 2015 e 2018 pelas professoras-pesquisadoras Helen Gurgel (UnB) e Anne-Elisabeth Laques (IRD). O Programa JEAI (Jeunes Equipes Associées) é uma iniciativa do IRD voltada para o surgimento ou fortalecimento de equipes de pesquisa de países do Sul, no âmbito de parcerias científicas com unidades de pesquisa do IRD. O JEAI-GITES buscou fortalecer o lugar da geografia da saúde na elaboração de sistemas de melhoria do conhecimento, vigilância e alerta, de modo a integrar as disparidades espaciais das condições de saúde com a dinâmica socioambientais dos territórios. Em continuidade a esse programa atualmente a UnB, a FIOCRUZ e o IRD coordenam em parceria o LMI-Sentinela (Laboratório Misto Internacional - Observatórios Transfronteiriços do Meio Ambiente, Clima e Doenças Vetoriais).
Dessa maneira buscamos contribuir com o movimento de valorização das análises geográficas das adversidades à saúde, em busca de estratégias de superação para seus desafios, além de estabelecer um espaço para o debate sobre teoria e método no contexto contemporâneo. Trazendo e divulgando as novidades e atualidades do que vêm ocorrendo no nível nacional e internacional, com destaque para o cenário europeu (França e Holanda) e latino americano (Brasil, Cuba e Argentina).
Despite the fact that urbanisation, population ageing and international migration constitute major societal developments of our time, little attention has been paid to studying them together in a comprehensive manner. In this paper, we argue that, when treating age and ethnicity as practical processes for addressing and identifying with social groups, it is necessary to do so from a ‘doing’ perspective. The question we ask focuses on which social memberships are made relevant or irrelevant in residential environments and how that relevance or irrelevance is established. Drawing upon a quantitative study among individuals of Turkish migrant origin living in Vienna, Austria, we find that it is rather common for the respondents to have been assigned to multiple intersecting social groups and that they were treated unfairly in their own neighbourhoods. However, such ascriptions do not necessarily correspond to objective categorisations of research or subjective identifications. Hence, the discrimination that is present in a neighbourhood does not necessarily lead to decreased place attachment or a diminishing sense of home. In fact, we find that the ‘satisfaction paradox’ is quite common in environmental gerontology and that it may actually intersect with the ‘immigration paradox’. Applying processual intersectionality is not only fruitful for research, it can also improve the conceptualisation of age-friendly cities.
From a complexity science perspective, urban health and well-being challenges emerge due to the complexity of urban systems. Adverse urban health outcomes emerge from failing to respond to that complexity by taking a systems approach in knowledge and action which would open opportunity spaces for human agents to create benefits which in turn would generate salutogenic health and well-being outcomes. Lessons learned from complexity science suggest that adverse urban health outcomes emerge from a poor understanding of their complexity and from not engaging with them in a transdisciplinary, integrated fashion. A conceptual framework is presented which combines systems models from the natural and social sciences and explains how opportunities for advancing health and well-being can be co-created. The framework demonstrates that taking a systems approach is a necessary cognitive response from learning the lessons of complexity science and from understanding that humans are an inextricable part of the systems they aim at understanding and managing. Such response is at the core of systems intelligence. The implications are far reaching for the science of urban health and well-being.
Understanding the need and the lines of the increasing numbers of older residents within the rapidly changing urban environment becomes a priority of urban architects, social gerontologists, city planners, and decision-makers. The aim of this study is to assess the possible association between the living conditions and the urban environments, where aging process is experienced. We propose also a model for secondary analysis of datasets provided by city registry offices that aims to realize a decision support system focused on detailed geo-mapping representation of the city of Genoa, Italy.
As more people move into urban environments, so grows the negative impacts of city living on human health. Yet we need not be passive victims of this relationship; governments and communities can take steps to make things work better and ensure improved health outcomes. This chapter explores the concept of the Healthy City and the scale of the global challenges being faced. It draws on case studies from Africa, Europe, and South America that focus on successes in improving physical activity and nutrition, to show how these challenges can be overcome.
Most extrapolative stochastic mortality models are constructed in a similar manner. Specifically, when they are fitted to historical data, one or more series of time-varying parameters are identified. By extrapolating these parameters to the future, we can obtain a forecast of death probabilities and consequently cash flows arising from life contingent liabilities. In this article, we first argue that, among various time-varying model parameters, those encompassed in the Cairns-Blake-Dowd (CBD) model (also known as Model M5) are most suitably used as indexes to indicate levels of longevity risk at different time points. We then investigate how these indexes can be jointly modeled with a more general class of multivariate time-series models, instead of a simple random walk that takes no account of cross-correlations. Finally, we study the joint prediction region for the mortality indexes. Such a region, as we demonstrate, can serve as a graphical longevity risk metric, allowing practitioners to compare the longevity risk exposures of different portfolios readily.