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The Determination of Normal Extravert-Introvert Interest Differences
... However, these findings conflict with several studies of other inventories which measure one or more of the Jungian personality type variables. Gray (1948) found bimodality in the distributions of the E-I, S-N, and T-F scales of an inventory that is very similar to the Indicator, the Gray-Wheelwright Psychological Type Questionnaire (Gray, 1947(Gray, , 1948(Gray, , 1949Gray & Wheelwright, 1946), and some indications of bimodality were found in the distributions of other extraversion-introversion scales by Ball (1932), Heidbreder (1926), Neymann (1930, Neymann andKohlstedt (1929), andSchwegler (1929), but not by Campbell (1929), Conklin (1927), nor Root and Root (1932). In addition, Bash (19SS) found marked bimodality in the distributions of a Rorschach extraversion indexarc tan (M/C). ...
Jung's typology implies that the attitudes and functions are (a) stable; (b) categorical or qualitatively dichotomous; (c) interacting; and (d) giving rise to different compounds of surface traits. In addition, it implies that type indeterminacy produces ineffective and maladjusted behavior.
A program of studies aimed at assessing these structural properties of Jung's typology was designed and executed, using a self‐report inventory, the Myers‐Briggs Type Indicator. These studies found that (a) the type classifications had moderate temporal stability; (b) Indicator score distributions showed no marked evidence of bimodality; (c) with one exception, the regressions of other variables on Indicator scales did not change in either level or slope at the zero point of the Indicator scales; (d) the Indicator scales did not interact in relation to other variables; (e) the Indicator scales did not moderate the regression of other variables on one another; and (f) type indeterminacy was unrelated to measures of ineffective behavior and maladjustment.
It was concluded that these findings offer little support for any of the structural properties attributed to the typology. Two possible interpretations of these negative findings were suggested: (a) Jung's typology is not consistent with the real world; or (b) the Indicator does not correspond to the theoretical formulation of the typology; that is, the Indicator does not operationally define the typology. Verification of these interpretations awaits further research.
Recently, attention has been drawn toward an overlooked and nearly forgotten personality type: the ambivert. This paper presents a genealogy of the ambivert, locating the various contexts it traversed in order to highlight the ways in which these places and times have interacted and changed—ultimately elucidating our current situation. Proposed by Edmund S. Conklin in 1923, the ambivert only wasmeant for normal persons in between the introvert and extravert extremes. Although the ambivert could have been taken up by early
personality psychologists who were transitioning from the study of the abnormal to the normal, it largely failed to gain traction. Whether among psychoanalysts, psychiatrists, or applied and personality psychologists, the ambivert was personality non grata. It was only within the context of Eysenck’s integrative view of types and traits that the ambivert marginally persisted up to the present day and is now the focus of sales management and popular psychology
Extraversion and Introversion are the only terms amongst C.G. Jung's typological constructs that have passed into general discourse, albeit in varying interpretations. This paper examines what Jung wrote about this idea in English language publications and some responses of contemporaries in similar publications over a period of roughly thirty years. Jungʼs The Association Method article (1910) begins the period under examination. It is concluded by responses to Virginia Caseʼs book Your Personality–Introvert or Extravert (1941). No publications of Isabel Myers or Katherine Briggs are examined. This period excludes the development of Jungian questionnaires by Briggs and Myers and Gray and Wheelwright in the early 1940s. This paper is a contribution to the history of ideas and does not comprise a review or exposition of Jungʼs Psychological Types and its contents. It seems a little surprising that a theory so technical and so specialised should have come to have so wide a currency. That it has been so swiftly commandeered by many writers is a sign of its appositeness and its value T.M. Davie The 30 or so years following 1910 were a period where the newly established field of psychology was developing as an independent discipline. There was a ferment of ideas and methods, argued articulately for the most part, by a wide range of people. Predominantly males, they were both classically educated and interested in contemporary science. Familiar with the ideas of the past, particularly philosophical ones about human nature, they were also investigating the implications of an evolutionary perspective to human development. Many read and spoke French and German in addition to English; an important, perhaps essential attribute, given the European origins of many personality ideas. Europeans such as Jung were fluent in English. Books and articles produced by this group of people contained references to texts in all these languages, as well as ancient Greek, Latin, some Sanskrit and Chinese and copious Biblical references, the latter not an indicator of belief in the text itself..
Résumé On a donné seize mesures de “persévération” à 78 étudiants universitaires. L'intercorrélation moyenne entre ces mesures a été pratiquement de nulle signifiance. Ces résultats, avec l'examen critique des autres investigations dzns ce domaine, donne la conclusion à l'auteur qu'il n'y a pas encore de l'evidence satisfaisante de la présence d'un grand facteur collectif de “pérséveration” ou “inertia mentale.” Céci ne veut pas dire que la “persévération” comme grand facteur collectif a été réfutée, car i1 est tout à fait possible que les mesures employées soient entièrement insuffisantes pour la mesure de la persévération elle-même, libre des éléments étrangers qui tendent à annuler le résultat pour la persévération. Il se montre quelque évidence dans cette étude de la présence d'un petit facteur collectif de persévération motrice qui corrobore les résultats de Hargreaves et de Bernstein à cet égard. On a développé une mesure de dépression-exaltation à employer avec des sujets normaux laquelle a montré un coefficient corrigé de validité de 0,95, P.E. 0,03, et un coefficient de constance Brown-Spearman (pair et impair) de 0,78, P.E. 0,08. La corrélation moyenne entre l'introversion, mesurée par le Test D'Intérêt Conklin de l'Extroversion-Introversion, et ces mesures de persévération a été de 0,03, P.E. 0,08. Ces résultats ne soutiennent pas du tout l'hypothèse que lapersévération a une relation avec la dépression et que lapersévération peut être identifiée avec l'introversion. Referat Man gab 78 Collegestudenten 16 verschiedene Messungen des “Verharrens” (perseveration). Die durchschnittliche Wechselbeziehung zwischen diesen Massen war so gering, dass die Berechnung der tetraden Differen zen fast bedeutungslos wird. Diese Ergebnisse zusammen mit einer kriti schen Prüfung anderer Untersuchungen dieses Gebietes, führen den Ver fasser zur Schlussfolgerung, dass es bis jetzt noch keine befriedigende Beweise für das Bestehen eines umfassenden Gruppenfaktors, “des Verharrens,” oder der “geistigen Trägheit” (“mental inertia”) gibt. Das be deutet aber nicht, dass das Fehlen des “Verharrens” als umfassender Grup penfaktor bewiesen wurde; denn es ist ganz wohl möglich, dass die ange wandten Masse ganz unzulänglich sind für die Messung des Verharrens überhaupt, abgesehen von fremden Elementen welche das Mass des Ver harrens aufzuheben trachten. In der vorliegenden Arbeit liegt etwas Beweismaterial vor für die Existenz eines engern Gruppenfaktoren motorischen Verharrens, welches die Ergebnisse von Hargreaves und Bernstein in dieser Hinsicht bestätigen. Es wurde ein Mass für depressive und frohe Erregung für normale Personen entwickelt, welches einen korrigierten Gültigkeitskoeffizienten von 0,95, mk einer Fehlerquelle (P.E.) von 0,03, und einen Brown-Spearman Zuverlässigkeitskoeffizienten (gerade gegen ungerade) von 0,78 mit Fehlerquelle von 0,08 aufweist. Die durchschnittliche Korrelation zwischen Introversion, gemessen mit dem Conklin Extraversion- Introversion-Interessen-Test, und diesen Massen des Verharrens war 0,03 mit Fehlerquelle von 0,08. Diese Ergebnisse unterstützen die Hypothese in keiner Weise, dass das Verharren mit Depression in Beziehung stehe, und dass das Verharren mit Introversion identifiziert werden könne.
The conflicting meanings with which many psychoanalytic terms are used has led the author to think that a systematization of the concepts and their relations is much needed. This article is such an attempt. Specifically, in a recent review of the literature, the author found the well known term "introversion" sometimes used as though it indicated a morbid form of behavior and that only, with the implication that the corresponding or ambivalent form, extroversion, is normal and always so. Other, allied concepts--projection and introjection for example--are also explored.
The presentation of a test for detecting abnormal behavior, developed from Woodworth's "Psychoneurotic Inventory," in an attempt to find persons in need of mental hygiene and to provide an instrument which would give a fairly precise quantitative measure of the degree and kind of deviation from the normal. The use of the test thus far has been very gratifying. "Whether it has found
all in need of this attention or not is, of course, undeterminable; but it has found a large number for whom there has been a distinct need for orthosis and who would otherwise probably never have been noticed until something serious had occurred." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
In one series of experiments forty jokes were arranged by ten subjects by the order-of-merit method; in another series the same jokes were arranged by ten other subjects by the scale-of-values method. The correlation between the final two orders was 0.55. A closer examination of the statistical data indicated that the scale-of-values method was a better index of the immediate emotional response to the situation. From Psych Bulletin 20:06:00474. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The terms "introvert" and "extrovert" may be defined as follows: "(1) Introvert: An individual in whom exists an exaggeration of the thought processes in relation to directly observable social behavior, with an accompanying tendency to withdraw from social contacts. (2) Extrovert: An individual in whom exists a diminution of the thought processes in relation to directly observable social behavior, with an accompanying tendency to make social contacts." Descriptions of introversion and extroversion are given from Jung, McDougall, Nicoll, Allport, Kempf, Wells, and Kinkle; and data collected by the author are presented. The paper also contains a theoretical discussion upon the origin of introversion and extroversion. It concludes with the general question as to whether introverts and extroverts belong to types. From Psych Bulletin 22:01:00142. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Freyd's list of introvert traits was applied as a rating scale to 900 students at the University of Minnesota. Of these a random sample was chosen and made the basis of this study. Although the study is merely preliminary and exploratory the results seem to justify the following statements: (1) Introverts and extroverts are not distinct types, but belong to a single mixed type of which introversion and extroversion are extremes; (2) the central tendency of the group shows an appreciable deviation toward extroversion, according to the scale used; (3) individuals tend to rate themselves as more introverted than their associates judge them to be; (4) there is greater agreement between self-ratings and associates' ratings than between the ratings of two associates; and (5) on the basis of statistical analysis, Freyd's list is justified as an instrument for distinguishing between introverts and extroverts. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The Scale of Values Method for Studies in Genetic Psychology. Univ. of Oregon Pub
- Conklin
- Edmund
Conklin, Edmund S. The Scale of Values Method for Studies in Genetic Psychology. Univ. of Oregon Pub. 1923, 2, No. 1 36 p.