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Territorial Cohesion and Subsidiarity under the European Union Treaties: A Critique of the ‘Territorialism’ Underlying
Regional Studies
Abstract
The European Union competence for territorial cohesion is subject to the subsidiarity principle regulating relations between authorities at various levels, each concerned with a fixed space. The literature describes the underlying view as 'territorialism'. In reality space is relative and each area the point of intersection of numerous configurations. Therefore, territorial authorities cannot deal with all aspects of territorial cohesion, nor can territorial representation be the only source of legitimacy. By enforcing the assumption that decisions by representative bodies as close as possible to citizens safeguard democratic legitimacy, subsidiarity is therefore a stumbling block in the pursuit of territorial cohesion.
... In a complementary manner, Faludi (2006) relates the TC concept with the concept of polycentric development. Likewise, some authors link the TC notion with spatial planning goals and policies, as well as with potential functional territories (Faludi 2013;Luukkonen and Moilanen 2012). ...
... In his seminal analysis of several ESPON projects focused on analysing TC policies, indicators and trends (ESPON, 3.2 -TEQUILA -TIA 2000-2006/Project 4.1.3 -2000-2006/TIP TAP TIA 2007-2013/ARTS TIA 2007-2013/EATIA TIA 2007-2013/ KITCASP 2007-2013/INTERCO 2007-2013/BSR-TeMo 2007-2013, Abrahams (2014) highlights, for instance, a consolidated definition of TC provided by the ESPON INTERCO project, based on six main policy goals: (i) strong local economies ensuring global competitiveness; (ii) innovative territories; (iii) fair access to services, (iv) market and jobs; inclusion and quality of life; (v) attractive regions of high ecological values and strong territorial capital; and (vi) integrated polycentric territorial development. Ultimately, Abrahams (2014) concludes that despite attempts to accommodate different contextual understandings of TC, these ESPON 'projects have maintained the essentialist belief that a concept can be defined according to a set of coherent, essential traits and these traits can be used as the basis for measurement and assessment tools'. ...
... In his seminal analysis of several ESPON projects focused on analysing TC policies, indicators and trends (ESPON, 3.2 -TEQUILA -TIA 2000-2006/Project 4.1.3 -2000-2006/TIP TAP TIA 2007-2013/ARTS TIA 2007-2013/EATIA TIA 2007-2013/ KITCASP 2007-2013/INTERCO 2007-2013/BSR-TeMo 2007-2013, Abrahams (2014) highlights, for instance, a consolidated definition of TC provided by the ESPON INTERCO project, based on six main policy goals: (i) strong local economies ensuring global competitiveness; (ii) innovative territories; (iii) fair access to services, (iv) market and jobs; inclusion and quality of life; (v) attractive regions of high ecological values and strong territorial capital; and (vi) integrated polycentric territorial development. Ultimately, Abrahams (2014) concludes that despite attempts to accommodate different contextual understandings of TC, these ESPON 'projects have maintained the essentialist belief that a concept can be defined according to a set of coherent, essential traits and these traits can be used as the basis for measurement and assessment tools'. ...
Territorial cohesion is a formal EU policy goal since 2010, when it was placed in the Lisbon Treaty, alongside the long-term EU goals of economic and social cohesion. Understandably, by itself, a policy goal is irrelevant if it cannot be assessed. In this light, this article discusses potential methodological approaches to measure territorial cohesion trends in a given territory, their advantages and limitations, based on existing literature. It uses European NUTS 2 and the Portuguese and Polish NUTS 3 as concrete case studies to assess territorial cohesion trends from 2005 to 2020 via a Territorial Cohesion Index. As such, it presents an updated and unique picture on the territorial cohesion trends in Europe and in two specific EU member states, based on available data. It concludes that measuring territorial cohesion trends is challenging mainly due to lack of available data in certain key dimensions of territorial cohesion, but it is possible and needed.
... The debate on territorial cohesion and spatial inequality recognized that regional inequalities have a strong influence on individuals' opportunities [56,72]. Consequently, strengthening economic and social cohesion by reducing disparities between regions is a clear objective of EU policies [36,73]. As part of this objective, TC is about ensuring that people are able to mobilize the inherent features of the areas in which they live to achieve goals of socioeconomic sustainability and social justice. ...
... A territorialised SI approach has several similarities with the concepts of TC, particularly in the way territorialised SI emphasizes inclusion (cohesion) and competitiveness (balanced and polycentric development), as well as the importance of complementarities resulting from multi-scalar interaction of public and private actors (vertical + horizontal coordination). In this view, literature on TC suggests that an integrated approach is needed in order to achieve a balanced and sustainable development-both in socio-economic and ecological terms [36,73,[77][78][79]. This implies better coordination between sectoral policies at horizontal as well vertical levels [75]. ...
... We maintain that a territorialised SI presents several similarities with the concepts of TC, because of the emphasis put on inclusion (cohesion) and competitiveness (balanced and polycentric development), as well as the multi-scalar interaction of public and private actors (vertical and horizontal coordination). Research on TC suggests the need of an integrated approach to pursue a balanced and sustainable development; this requires improved coordination between sectoral policies at horizontal as well vertical levels [73]. A place-sensitive SI strategy can contribute to such an integrated approach and help increase coordination between measures and policy fields. ...
This theoretical paper presents a review of existing literature on the Social Investment (SI) approach to social policy and its underlying and under-explored territorial dimension. The SI approach has been debated and promoted mainly at national and supranational level, while the territorial dimension has been relatively underestimated in the policy as well as in the academic debate. A place-sensitive approach should be included within the analytical framework when addressing the territorial articulation of SI, as territorial-related variables may foster or hinder SI policies. Therefore, we provide a theoretical frame to articulate the territorial dimension of SI, and we discuss relevant points of contact between Social Investment and Territorial Cohesion. First, we provide a critical discussion about Social Investment approach, with the simultaneous aim of highlighting the gaps and the flaws, among which we focus on the territorial dimension of these policies. Second, we argue that this territorial dimension is related to the interaction between four main factors: (1) The reliance on the provision of capacitating services; (2) the process of institutional rescaling; (3) the persistence of spatial inequalities at subnational levels; and (4) the characteristics of the knowledge and learning economy. Third, we explore the relationship between place-sensitive Social Investment and Territorial Cohesion, discussing potential implications for sustainable development. The work is a theoretical reflection based on the HORIZON2020 project COHSMO “Inequality, Urbanization and Territorial Cohesion: developing the European social model of economic growth and democratic capacity”.
... The European Union also unbundles territoriality by challenging the monopoly of state territoriality, making territoriality fluid and dynamic (Burgess & Vollaard, 2006: 1, 7-8;Faludi, 2013bFaludi, : 1308Faludi, -1309. Besides the nation-state's hierarchy and fixed spatial frame, which "takes no account of the multiplicity of arenas, identities, interests and power relations criss-crossing territorial boundaries" (Faludi, 2013a;Faludi, 2014: 180), voluntarism is added, which does account for that multiplicity, but then without requiring the "uniform participa-5 Note that in Figure 4(b) the small straight and larger round arrows that respectively signify the maneuvering others that are encircled and the encircling of territoriality are left out, but this is done merely for the clarity of the figure; meaning, the maneuvering others and encircling are still there, and thus the arrows should be envisioned in this figure too. tion of all territorial subunits" (Ansell, 2004: 227). ...
... 220 Open Journal of Social Sciences tiated its subject collectivity into territorially defined, fixed, and mutually exclusive enclaves of legitimate domination'" (Ansell, 2004: 3). Moreover, with this downwards swirling and unified subordination and totalisation within fixed circles came specifications in what can be called "territorialism", that is, the organisation of the whole macro social space in specific "units such as districts, towns, provinces, countries and regions" (Scholte, 2000: 47;Faludi, 2013aFaludi, : 1595. While this displays the territorial logic most familiar to us, as shown and mentioned above (Figure 2(c) and §2.4), in terms of the guardian and commercial syndrome, it also shows that the territorial affairs became more multifaceted with the nation-state than in the feudal and royal centralised state systems. ...
... Guardian and commercial behaviours differ (see §3.2), even oppose each other Yet, to understand how this plays out in the much more complicated territorial affairs in the European Union today, we first need to take a step back due to the non-territorial background of the commercial syndrome. Besides that concrete spatial reality is not territorial in nature, neither the real-life experiences of people in social space are namely predefined according to territories, with their fixed borders that define the reach of the authorities responsible (Scholte, 2000;Rosenau, 2004: 35;Delanty & Rumford, 2005: 123;Faludi, 2013aFaludi, : 1595. Faludi (2013a: 1601) even holds that "[t]he networks in which citizens live cannot be contained." ...
... It is no surprise, then, that territoriality has garnered much attention by scholars focused on the European Union, with its ever-changing territorial arrangements and experimental governance structures. Due to this attention, major themes in the literature are distinctly related to the European project and processes occurring within and across Member States, including the distribution of competences between various levels of government, subsidiarity and multi-level governance (Faludi 2013), the construction of regional identities (Healey 2006;Paasi 2013) and effects of changing border regimes on border regions (Anderson and O'Dowd 1999). These we describe as the politico-institutional and socio-spatial aspects of territoriality, which align with various scholars' frameworks for analyzing territorial issues, e.g. ...
... These we describe as the politico-institutional and socio-spatial aspects of territoriality, which align with various scholars' frameworks for analyzing territorial issues, e.g. instrumental institutions of control and identity-providing institutions (Blatter 2004), hard and soft spaces Haughton 2009, 2010;Faludi 2013) and regulatory, social-integrative and discursive dimensions (Perkmann 2007). For the purposes of this article, we will focus on issues of governance and territoriality applicable in the EU context over the wider globalization literature, since the European Commission, Council of Europe, Member States and related institutions have been instrumental in shaping a distinct strand of the discourse on territoriality. ...
... Cross-border cooperation, a hallmark of European integration and experimental governance, is an example of multi-level governance operating in new terrains of transnational actors (Perkmann 1999(Perkmann , 2007. Territorialism is enforced through the subsidiarity principle and is therefore fixed upon hard spaces, ignoring real-life experiences of soft spaces (Faludi 2013), whereas the soft spaces of regional identities can be seen as social constructs arising from "plural and contextual discourses" (Paasi 2013) and characterized by "relational complexity" (Healey 2006). The EU contributes intensively to the creation of these soft spaces, e.g. ...
This special issue focuses on the governance of peripheries in CEE from a multiscalar perspective to identify current policy responses and practices at the European, regional, cross-border and local levels. We attempt to unite various paradigms of peripheries by taking a governance approach – paradigms that, when used independently, threaten to further fragment our understanding of non-core territories across CEE. The introductory paper progresses from discussing the territorial basis of peripheries, through rescaling processes and issues of governance, to the introduction of selected papers included in this issue.
... Our analytical strategy focuses on intraindividual changes of subjective economic worries among residents of the three German lignite mining regions, compared to those of other regions in Germany. This approach might, to some extent, suffer from the shortcomings of "methodological territorialism" (Faludi 2013), i.e., our analyses do not control for spatial dependency. These and other limitations of our method will be addressed in the final section of our contribution. ...
... This is also consistent with other studies on this issue (e.g., Brachert et al. 2023). However, it might be argued that such a "methodological territorialism" (Faludi 2013;Walsh 2014) ignores the internal spatial heterogeneity of these regions (Ribbeck-Lampel et al. 2023, pp. 13-14). ...
Market-driven closures of coal mines have typically been associated with negative economic consequences for the affected regions. In Germany, structural policy directed towards ameliorating the negative effects of hard coal decline in the Ruhr area lagged behind the onset of decline, caused major political conflicts, and has been variously criticized for its reactive character that failed to generate a positive image of the future. The phase-out of lignite coal in Germany, in contrast, is policy-driven and accompanied from the outset by compensatory and investment policies that strive to facilitate regional structural change proactively. Against this backdrop, we investigate how the policies of lignite coal phase-out initiated in 2018 and the accompanying public discourse affect the economic worries of individuals in the remaining three lignite coal mining areas in Germany. We focus on the period 2016-2021, using a longitudinal multilevel design based on regional and individual data from the German SocioEconomic Panel (GSOEP). Overall, probabilities of strong economic worries decrease throughout the observed period. Results show that subjective economic worries do not significantly differ between residents of lignite mining regions and those in the rest of the country. Further robustness analyses confirm that the coal phase-out policy has not increased economic uncertainties in the populations of German lignite mining regions. Based on our results, we discuss the need for future research on the effects of policy designs of clean energy transitions on subjective perceptions of the future.
... Moreover, numerous studies have suggested that territorial cooperation have significant positive development impacts associated with the reduction of barrier effects of national borders (Dühr et al., 2010). Many of these impacts are 'soft' in the sense of capacity-building and encouraging informal networking, intergovernmental arrangements and cross-sectoral policy coordination between actors (Böhme et al., 2011;Faludi, 2013;Luukkonen, 2010). ...
... Territorial functionality: reinforcing crossborder/transnational functional regions A functional region is often regarded as bounded space, or geographical area, defined by a set of linkages, interdependencies and interactions (Haggett, 2001). Expectedly, the more integrated and functional a territory, the more cohesive it is (Faludi, 2013). Frequently, functional regions are concerned with the human organisation of space whilst capturing the idea of a territory marked by spatially related human activities (Tomaney, 2009). ...
Understood in some conceptual analysis as a pillar of territorial cohesion and due to its critical role in promoting territorial integration, territorial cooperation is often presented as one of the major positive achievements of European Union (EU) Cohesion Policy. In this context, this article proposes a conceptual framework to assess the contribution of the European Territorial Cooperation process, including the beyond-funding support from the Border Focal Point, to the ultimate goal of EU Cohesion Policy: territorial cohesion. For that, expertise from the leaders of European cross-border associations is used, as well as European Commission officials.
... In formal terms, however, the policy goal of territorial cohesion was only included in a key EU policy goal in the Treaty of Lisbon, which was signed in 2007 and entered into force in 2009 (Colomb and Santinha 2014). In the meantime (2008), the only EU key document on territorial cohesion was published as the Green Paper on Territorial Cohesion (EC 2008a), amid overall EU member states' intention to stimulate discussion, with the hope of some form of consensus emerging (Faludi 2013). But as Chamusca et al. (2022) conclude, many references to the territorial dimension of EU policies are commonly mentioned in several European documents, before and after the publication of the Green Paper on Territorial Cohesion. ...
... In this context, the introduction of the first territorial agenda in 2007 (TA 2007) was considered a crucial step in consolidating territorial cohesion as a key policy goal and, according to Nosek (2017), it highlighted the important role of spatial planning and sustainability in implementing EU policies. Crucially, despite all the EU strategic attempts to translate territorial cohesion into policy actions (Demeterova et al. 2020) or coherent policy packages, taking account of where policies take effect (Faludi 2013) towards more balanced and harmonious territory territorial cohesion trends at the national level, have not yet been achieved in all analysed member states (Medeiros and Rauhut 2020). This first territorial agenda was profoundly preconditioned and influenced by the previously mentioned ESDP (Monzon et al. 2019), which reflects a polycentric development rationale, as well as the support for transnational spatial development strategies for the European territory (Faludi 2006). ...
Territorial cohesion is an EU concept and, in recent decades, several EU policies, such as the EU Cohesion PolicyEU Cohesion Policy, have contributed decisively to promoting territorial developmentTerritorial Development in socioeconomically lagging EU regions. It resembles a European political ideal that collectively we try to achieve, but without knowing very well what it is. However, as several studies have concluded, although at the EU level certain territorial cohesionTerritorial Cohesion trends have been attained in some policy arenas, at the national level there is no clear evidence that EU policiesEU Policies have contributed to achieving territorial cohesion trends in recent decades in EU member statesMember States. In this context, this chapter critically discusses the evolution of EU policies and strategies to promote territorial cohesionTerritorial Cohesion in the EU territory since the implementation of the EU Cohesion Policy (1989). Crucially, it presents a critical overview of policy rationales presented by EU development agendasDevelopment Agendas (e.g. Lisbon, Europe 2020Europe 2020, etc.), the European Spatial Development PerspectiveEuropean Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP), the Green Paper for Territorial CohesionTerritorial Cohesion, as well as the three EU territorial agendasTerritorial Agenda. It concludes that territorial cohesion has never been at the core of EU mainstream development agendas and that the territorial agendas have not yet contributed to inverting this panorama. It also concludes that EU Cohesion PolicyEU Cohesion Policy, with the exception of the current programming period (2021–27) has never included all the crucial dimensions of territorial cohesionTerritorial Cohesion in its main strategic objectives: socioeconomic cohesionSocioeconomic Cohesion+ environmental sustainabilityEnvironmental Sustainability+ territorial cooperationTerritorial Cooperation/governanceGovernance + morphologic polycentricity.
... Moreover, numerous studies have suggested that territorial cooperation have significant positive development impacts associated with the reduction of barrier effects of national borders (Dühr et al., 2010). Many of these impacts are 'soft' in the sense of capacity-building and encouraging informal networking, intergovernmental arrangements and cross-sectoral policy coordination between actors (Böhme et al., 2011;Faludi, 2013;Luukkonen, 2010). ...
... Territorial functionality: reinforcing crossborder/transnational functional regions A functional region is often regarded as bounded space, or geographical area, defined by a set of linkages, interdependencies and interactions (Haggett, 2001). Expectedly, the more integrated and functional a territory, the more cohesive it is (Faludi, 2013). Frequently, functional regions are concerned with the human organisation of space whilst capturing the idea of a territory marked by spatially related human activities (Tomaney, 2009). ...
The chapterCross-territorial Governancediscusses the governanceTerritorial Cohesion aspect of territorial cohesion in the EU which itself is considered as a genuine model ofMulti-level Governance multi-level governance (MLG). During the last 70 years, the EU managed to generate a new discourse on geographic space opposing the nation-state model profoundly connected to the concept of ‘territoriality’ inherited from the modernity. The EU challenges this modernist concept by creating alternative discourses on space represented by a diverse set of governanceGovernance structures, including the criss-crossing international (European UnionEuropean Union (EU), Schengen Zone, Monetary Union, etc.) the transnational (macro-regional strategies) and the local/regional level (EuroregionsEuroregions, twin-cities, European Groupings of Territorial CooperationEuropean Groupings of Territorial Cooperation (EGTCs), i.e. EGTC). In this chapter, the authors position the EGTC within the MLG system of the EU with a focus on the role of the groupings in re-shaping the modernist concept of territoriality (marked with strictly protected borders) by creating a new dimension of cross-border spatial integration stretching over administrative borders. When doing this, the EGTCs contribute to the re-interpretation of European space and generate a new discourse on territoriality—within the frames of a new approach to territorial cohesionTerritorial Cohesion.
... In trying to answer this question, we refer to recent debates about territorial vs. relational perspective on regions and spatial politics (Amin, 2004;Macleod and Jones, 2007;McCann and Ward 2010;Jones and Paasi, 2013). In contrast with the territorial understanding of places as bounded and fixed, proponents of a relational approach emphasise the need for a politics of 'place beyond place' (Massey, et al., 2009), exhort to keep 'regions unbound' (Amin, 2004) and to adopt a networked, trans-local and topological perspective in regional development (Pierce, Martin and Murphy, 2011;Faludi, 2012;Bristow, 2010). The place-based approach, on the other hand, has been extraordinarily innovative in respect to traditional 'top-down' policies, interventions by sectors or 'spatially blind' strategies. ...
... The controversy between relational and territorial understandings of regions and spatial politics have recently captured the attention of many scholars (Massey, 2005;Pierce, Martin and Murphy, 2011;Faludi, 2012;Bristow, 2010;Harrison, 2013). Following the increasing emphasis on spatial imaginaries and ontology, and in line with a substantial 'relational turn' in the study of socio-spatial configurations, many authors have proposed to adopt an open, trans-local and topological perspective in regional policies based on radical regional openness (Massey, et al., 2009;Allen and Cochrane, 2007). ...
Our chapter is a plea to investigate the possible remapping, redesigning and the taking seriously of a more creative development possibility for border landscapes
... However, although there is no exact, precise and universal definition, territorial cohesion is being operationalized and promoted in different scales (national, regional and local), with distinct goals and meanings. Faludi, 2007Faludi, , 2009Faludi, , 2013Luukkonen, 2010;Luukkonen & Moilanen, 2012;Medeiros, 2016;Medeiros & Rauhut, 2020;Ranci, 2011;Robinson, 2005;Van Well, 2012) and policy documents (Green Paper on Territorial Cohesion, Cohesion Reports, Lisbon Treaty, https:// eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A12007L%2FTXT, Strategy 2020 documents, https://ec.europa.eu/eu2020/pdf/COMPLET%20EN%20BARROSO%20%20% 20007%20-%20Europe%202020%20-%20EN%20version.pdf) ...
... Territorial justice (an idea launched by Bleddyn Davies in 1969 and amplified in recent years in Geography and Economics by authors such as Soja;Davies, 1969;Soja, 2010) is defined as equity in the territorial distribution of resourcesnamely health, education or housingand combating all forms of segregation (ethnic, economic or otherwise) that have territorial expression. Based on the earlier discussion and considering the key ideas stated in the literature and the various policy documents (EC, 2008(EC, , 2009; European Observation Network for Territorial Development and Cohesion (ESPON), 2004, 2006ESPON 3.22006;ESPON INTERCO, 2011;ESPON TeDi, 2010;Faludi, 2007Faludi, , 2009Faludi, , 2013Luukkonen, 2010;Medeiros, 2016;Van Well, 2012;Waterhout, 2007), five main key dimensions appear as structural for the concept of territorial cohesion, irrespective of the territorial scales: equity, competitiveness, connectivity, environmental sustainability and governance. Therefore, seen as a whole, a cohesive territory is characterized by high and efficient territorial integration patterns that value each of these dimensions. ...
The European Union’s Cohesion Policy aims at strengthening economic, social and territorial cohesion to correct imbalances between countries and regions. However, European Union policy was expressed unevenly, and asymmetries grew at different scales. Therefore, it has raised discussions on territorial cohesion, which looks much different on the ground than in its theoretical design. This paper confronts this conceptual rationale with the perceptions of political decision-makers of the Centro Region in Portugal. Findings point out that public decision-makers in this region understand territorial cohesion more due to good public policies rather than a process itself, demonstrating evident deficits of joint regional action and some overvaluation of local specific problems and competition. Conclusions underline that territorial cohesion’s political agenda and policy design remained too focused on territorial asymmetries within the region. A lack of a strategic regional vision for territorial development is translated into implementing differentiated projects, with no vertical and horizontal coordination, and instead passively responding to European funding requirements. Nevertheless, policymakers commonly accepted that territorial cohesion should be measured considering five main conceptual dimensions, although not highlighting the need to identify and collect indicators to assess it.
... It also includes the reduction of disparities in the access of individuals to the labour market and the reduction of poverty but also the reduction of inequalities between social groups and the phenomenon of social exclusion [6,7]. For the concept of territorial cohesion, it refers to equal spatial access to the labour market, public services, as well as culture and entertainment [8,9]. Thus, it is a concept that extends and reinforces the importance of economic and social cohesion. ...
... These measures in successive programming periods were implemented using the funds from the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) and, complementarily, the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and the European Social Fund (ESF). Based on previous studies [2,5,8,11,13,14,32,33], this paper's hypotheses are that (1) the gap between the different territorial administrative units is widening at the national level, but at the same time, (2) the polarisation within the region (NUTS2) is also widening. This is related to the potential of individual municipalities and regions (local and regional units) resulting from the physical characteristics of these units (such as the size or population). ...
The aim of this paper is to assess the territorial cohesion of municipalities (gminas) in Poland using quantitative data and non-parametric modelling techniques. The full population of 2174 Polish municipalities divided into rural and urban-rural municipalities was examined. The time interval of the study, i.e., 2005–2017, allows us to capture the changes stimulated by the implementation of the cohesion policy, i.e., the programme of socio-economic transformation in Poland, implemented in the programming period 2007–2013. Using the DEA approach, a general decline in the cohesion index value over time was recorded in the period of analysis. The results of estimating autocorrelation measures indicate a progressive tendency to build spatial clusters, where the size of the local administrative unit (municipality), measured by the population potential and spatial location of the municipality significantly affect the cohesion level. It was also found that there are limits of positive influence of the EU income on the possibility of achieving a high level of cohesion, hampered by a limited resource of own funds. The research method in this paper has been empirically validated and can be applied to territorial cohesion studies in other EU countries.
... Az 1992-ben aláírt, az Európai Unió létrehozásáról szóló maastrichti szerződés jelentősége a területi kormányzás előmozdítása szempontjából is kiemelkedő, mely a szubszidiaritás elvének szerződésbe való beemelésében jelenik meg (EP 2018), ez azonban két irányban is értelmezhető. Egyrészt kizárja az Európai Unió beavatkozását olyan területeken, melyek alacsonyabb szinteken (állami, regionális) hatékonyabban elláthatók (competence creep), másfelől biztosítékot jelent a szubnacionális szint bevonására, a decentralizált döntéshozatal előnyben részesítésére (Faludi 2013). Az Amszterdami Szerződés a gazdasági és társadalmi kohézió mellett bevezeti a területi kohézió fogalmát is, amit az új kohéziós fogalom mibenlétéről szóló intenzív vita követett (Manzella, Mendez 2009). ...
... Az Amszterdami Szerződés a gazdasági és társadalmi kohézió mellett bevezeti a területi kohézió fogalmát is, amit az új kohéziós fogalom mibenlétéről szóló intenzív vita követett (Manzella, Mendez 2009). Többen az európai szociális modell "területiesítésének" tekintették (Davoudi 2005), melynek eredményeként mint szakminiszteri állásfoglalás megszületett az Európai Területfejlesztési Perspektíva (European Spatial Development Perspective -ESDP 1999), amely amellett, hogy a területiség jelentőségét hangsúlyozza, az európai régiók közötti funkcionális kapcsolatok koordinációját kívánja elősegíteni (Faludi 2013). Először a Lisszaboni Szerződésben (2007) jelenik meg a 'governance' fogalma, melyet az Unió saját szerveinek működésére és a civil társadalom bevonására alkalmaz (Janin Rivolin 2010). ...
A magyar területfejlesztési politika origójának tekinthető 1996-os területfejlesztési törvény elfogadásakor szervesen illeszkedett az európai területi gondolkodást meghatározó folyamatokba. Az európai területi gondolkodás, a kohéziós politika újabb időszakaiban megjelenő logika, a területi kohézió és területi integráció kérdése, az új eszközök lenyomata azonban már csak részben, vagy egyáltalán nem jelent meg a szabályozásban. A tanulmány célja, hogy Baranya megye példáján bemutassa a magyar területfejlesztési politika korszakait az uniós csatlakozást megelőző évtől napjainkig, mindezt a helyalapú (place-based) területfejlesztési politikai megközelítés érvényesülésén keresztül.
A tanulmány első része áttekintő jelleggel bemutatja a területi kormányzás és a területi kohézió fogalmainak szakirodalmi hátterét, annak jelentőségét az európai integrációs folyamatban, valamint a kohéziós politika szabályozásában, kiemelve a helyalapú szemlélet alkalmazását. A tanulmány második felében, rövid módszertani összefoglalót követően, a Baranya megye esetében meghatározó fejlesztési koncepciók és programok összehasonlító elemzése következik a Fabrizio Barca által vezetett kutatócsoport által kidolgozott jelentésben alkalmazott place-based tipológia alapján. Az alkalmazott kvalitatív elemzés három dimenziója a tervezési folyamatra jellemző dialógus és részvétel; a területi diverzitás és tudás jelenléte a dokumentumokban; illetve a valóságos kapacitással rendelkező területi intézmények megléte. A módszer segítségével kimutathatók a három jól behatárolható korszak hasonlóságai és különbségei, az egyes kritériumok esetében érzékelhető tendenciák, melyek javaslatok megfogalmazására is lehetőséget adnak.
... In the area of territorial policies, over recent decades we have witnessed both the pursuit of institutionalisation, and reorientations highlighting the scattering and malleability of the various meanings of territorial policies. These include the rejection of 'territorialism' (Faludi, 2013(Faludi, , 2016, the ideas of some official reports (Barca, 2009), and applied research (for example the ESPON programme) that proposed different theoretical renewals. Other proposals for territorial development policies explored the ideas of 'soft space' which sought to transcend institutional boundaries (Stead, 2014). ...
... EU policy thus becomes a 'politics of scale' (in Perkmann, 2007, p.255-256) concerning reallocating governance functions from where they were previously located […]. The institution of boundaries goes hand in hand with the establishment of sovereign authority wielding exclusive power over a homogenous territory' (Faludi, 2013(Faludi, , p.1305). ...
The ambitions of the European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP) in relation to the development of European Union space seem to have been dissolved in the notion of territory which has become a key word in EU Cohesion Policy. The term ‘territory’ has been the subject of many debates, from attempts at definitions, to its rejection as a marker of a renunciation of the aspiration to reflect on, and adjust, development to spatial realities. Based on a constructivist definition of the concept of territory, this article argues that it is not possible to separate territory as a ‘container’ from the various realities of space in so far as the two dimensions are closely intertwined. Furthermore, it could be useful to consider these two dimensions in analysing EU space when reflecting on spatial planning at this scale.
... It also should be highlighted the different types of multi-level governance in terms of European integration and consequently Common Strategic Planning. In fact, several studies have deeply analyzed these different types of multi-levelgovernance (see: Hooghe and Marks, 2004;Buis, 2008;Stead and Waterhout, 2008;Faludi, 2013;OTALEX-C, 2013;Rabé et al., 2013;Dominguez, L. and Pires, 2014;Fadigas, 2015Fadigas, , 2017Knieling and Othengrafen, 2015;Medeiros, 2016;Castanho et al. 2017;Kurowska-Pysz et al., 2018;Stverkova et al., 2018;Loures et al., 2018; among many other studies). ...
... In fact, these two typologies of governance can work simultaneously (ESPON, 2013). Furthermore, the Multi-level governance in European territories is usually conceived in terms of Type I -where the levels of government are nested "Russian doll-like" in territorial arrangements (Faludi, 2013). ...
Within European territories, exists a large number of borderlands comprising several Cross-Border Cooperation (CBC) projects and strategies. However, these CBC relationships are known by a high level of complexity. Therefore, the study of all the variables and factors that could influence the success or failure of these CBC projects and strategies are critical to reaching long-lasting territorial sustainability. Contextually, the present paper analyzes the border cooperation of eight CBC projects (seventeen European cities) focusing on the political engagement and transparency. Furthermore, the study allows us to identify and isolate the four main critical factors to consider from a political perspective: (i) Connectivity-Movement between cities; (ii) Political transparency and commitment; (iii) Common objectives and master plans; and (iv) Young and talented people magnet.
... It also should be highlighted the different types of multi-level governance in terms of European integration and consequently Common Strategic Planning. In fact, several studies have deeply analyzed these different types of multi-levelgovernance (see: Hooghe and Marks, 2004;Buis, 2008;Stead and Waterhout, 2008;Faludi, 2013;OTALEX-C, 2013;Rabé et al., 2013;Dominguez, L. and Pires, 2014;Fadigas, 2015Fadigas, , 2017Knieling and Othengrafen, 2015;Medeiros, 2016;Castanho et al. 2017;Kurowska-Pysz et al., 2018;Stverkova et al., 2018;Loures et al., 2018; among many other studies). ...
... In fact, these two typologies of governance can work simultaneously (ESPON, 2013). Furthermore, the Multi-level governance in European territories is usually conceived in terms of Type I -where the levels of government are nested "Russian doll-like" in territorial arrangements (Faludi, 2013). ...
Within European territories, exists a large number of borderlands comprising several Cross-Border Cooperation (CBC) projects and strategies. However, these CBC relationships are known by a high level of complexity. Therefore, the study of all the variables and factors that could influence the success or failure of these CBC projects and strategies are critical to reaching long-lasting territorial sustainability. Contextually, the present paper analyzes the border cooperation of eight CBC projects (seventeen European cities) focusing on the political engagement and transparency. Furthermore, the study allows us to identify and isolate the four main critical factors to consider from a political perspective: (i) Connectivity - Movement between cities; (ii) Political transparency and commitment; (iii) Common objectives and master plans; and (iv) Young and talented people magnet.
... I n the last ten years, the European Union has devoted specific attention and resources to the establishment of the so-called macro-regional strategies. Such strategies aim at joining together specific transnational areas according to a functional rather than administrative logic (Faludi, 2013), in order to favour the cooperative and organized solution of common challenges. In particular, the idea is to incentivize coordination and effective management of resources and political instruments according to the 3 NOs approach: no new institutions, no new laws, no new funds (European Commission, 2009, 2013. ...
... Such strategies aim at joining together specific transnational areas according to a functional rather than administrative logic (Faludi, 2013), in order to favour the cooperative and organized solution of common challenges. In particular, the idea is to incentivize coordination and effective management of resources and political instruments according to the 3 NOs approach: no new institutions, no new laws, no new funds (European Commission, 2009, 2013. Both EU members and non-EU countries can be part of a macro-regional strategy, on a voluntary basis. ...
In the last ten years the European Union has devoted specific attention and resources to the establishment of so-called macro-regional strategies, with the aim of joining together particular transnational areas according to a functional rather than administrative perspective. The present work is the first one that – focusing on the youngest EU macro-regional strategy (EUSALP) – highlights strengths and weaknesses of the macro-region in terms of both performance and territorial assets. The analysis is based on an original database gathered at NUTS3 level. Given the geo-morphological heterogeneity of the overall region, the identification of three distinct macro-territorial areas (Plain, Peri-alpine and Alpine) allows a more meaningful analysis, with the final objective of providing some policy suggestions to improve the competitiveness of the whole area through a smart specialization strategy.
... The literature on territoriality can be grouped by political-institutional and socio-spatial perspectives. The former is defined by the state system (Anderson and O'Dowd 1999) and EU principles such as MLG (Faludi 2013) and subsidiarity (Swianiewicz 2010), while the latter pertains to relational constructions of regional identity and complexity (Healey 2006;Paasi 2013). While EU-Member State relations reinforce the state system, they also support power sharing through MLG and e.g. ...
... Territoriaalsust käsitletakse läbi poliitilis-institutsioonilise ja sotsiaal-ruumilise perspektiivi. Esimest iseloomustab rahvusriikide süsteem (Anderson ja O'Dowd 1999) ja sellised kesksed ELi põhimõtted nagu mitmetasandiline valitsemine (Faludi 2013) ja lähimuspõhimõte ehk subsidiaarsus (Swianiewicz 2010), samas kui teine puudutab regionaalse identiteedi ja komplekssuse suhtelisi konstruktsioone (Healey 2006;Paasi 2013). EL ja liikmesriikide vahelised suhted toestavad rahvusriikide süsteemi ning toetavad ühtlasi ka võimu jagamist läbi mitmetasandilise valitsemise ja piiriülese koostöö (Perkmann 2007(Perkmann , 1999, olles heaks näiteks ruumiliste piiride hägustumisest (softening of spaces) võrreldes piiride tugevdamisega. ...
... The concept of subsidiarity is widely used, both in the academic literature 1 (including urban studies and regional sciences: e.g., Dardanelli, 1999;Seliger, 1999;Murphy, 2000;Wise, 2000;Albrechts, 2001;Cameron & Ndhlovu, 2001;Begg, 2008;Minoia et al., 2009;Faludi, 2013;King, 2014;Sheppard & Ritchie, 2016;Rauf et al., 2024) and in the public debate. It is also crucial for many public laws and directives. ...
The discussion on "territorial governance" has gained traction in the last decade. The issue of territorial governance is particularly important because it invites us to revisit certain traditional ideas concerning institutions , their tasks, and the scale and level of intervention. In this regard, a crucial concept is that of "subsidiarity". The concept of "subsidiarity" is widely used both in the academic literature and in the public debate, as well as in laws and directives. This article critically revisits the ideal of subsidiarity. As will be demonstrated, the ideal of subsidiarity can prove decisive for new forms of territorial governance. However, this will only happen if subsidiarity is understood in a truly innovative sense; that is, placing the emphasis (i) (not solely on vertical subsidiarity but, also) on horizontal subsidiarity, and not interpreting the latter (ii) only from a perspective of solidarity, or (iii) only as a services issue, or (iv) only as a form of action agreed and coordinated with public authorities. The point is that, while promoting vertical subsidiarity merely requires "administrative decentralization", promoting horizontal subsidiarity requires a more radical revision of current national, regional and urban realities in a direction characterised by what can be called "multidimensional polycentrism".
... Precisamente, el auge del autoritarismo es la amenaza a la estabilidad ya que fomenta un discurso nacionalista que daña las relaciones interétnicas en un espacio tan diverso, por lo que urge fortalecer el sistema democrático y valores cívicos como medio para asegurar el entendimiento interétnico y legitimar los representantes (Bieber, 2020), respetando las diferentes formas de identidades regionales (Horowitz, 1993;Finlay, 2011). Distintas soluciones políticas como el consociacionalismo (Lijphart, 1977) u otras de poder compartido pueden ser eficaces en situaciones posconflicto al permitir la coexistencia (Baliqi, 2018), pero puede debilitar la cohesión territorial e incentivar la etnocracia (Faludi, 2013). ...
El revisionismo de fronteras y la instrumentalización de la protección de las minorías
étnicas representan amenazas para la estabilidad y seguridad europeas. Los Balcanes Occidentales son candidatos a la adhesión a la Unión Europea, donde perviven identidades múltiples resultado de una composición multiétnica y cuya distribución sobrepasa las fronteras nacionales. Se repasan los principales reclamos territoriales y conflictos políticos: reconocimiento de Kosovo, secesión de la Republika Srpska, influencia croata en Herzegovina, reclamos serbios en Montenegro, autonomía de la región bosníaca del Sandžak, pueblos albaneses en Montenegro, Serbia y Macedonia del Norte, así como la cuestión identitaria macedonia y la multiculturalidad en Voivodina. Es esencial fortalecer la democracia y restaurar la credibilidad en el proyecto europeo
... EU Cohesion Policy has the ultimate goal of promoting a more balanced and harmoniously developed EU territory and respective regions (European Commission, 2022. Put differently, it aims at achieving EU territorial cohesion at the EU and national levels (Faludi, 2013;Monzon et al., 2019). In this context, it would be expected that literature would have deeply analysed the contribution of EU Cohesion Policy to achieving territorial cohesion trends in the EU. ...
Despite being one of the main European Union (EU) policy goals, expressed in the EU treaty and expected to be fostered by EU Cohesion Policy, territorial cohesion is still an under-researched scientific concept and policy process. Against this
background, this special issue provides novel theoretical and practical perspectives on the relationship between EU Cohesion Policy and territorial cohesion, particularly through the analysis of EU Cohesion Policy impacts and its contribution to territorial cooperation processes, regional and urban development strategies, as well as sustainable
transitions.
... European Community institutions have encouraged multifunctionality, which enhances respect for the environment and the capacity to provide ecosystem resources, promote local people, and integrate the rural and urban worlds (Estrategia Territorial Europea 1999;Dwyer et al. 2003;Ploeg and Roep 2003;Stürck and Verburg 2017;Faludi 2013). Diversifying local economies helps reduce conflicts and optimizes benefits, increasing both space and time efficiency (Kato and Ahern 2009). ...
Environmental adaptation assessment on a trail is particularly critical in mountain regions, where factors such as poverty and the difficulty in earning an alternative livelihood, the lack of infrastructure, and a lack of policies and planning are magnified. Mountain trails represent unique paths into the wild. The need for a topographical approach to survey a mountain trail led us to use TruePulse 360B laser technology equipment and digital mapping in order to select and analyze a trail in a forested area based on environmental adaptation assessment. Since ancient times, mountain trails have been pathways to local prosperity because they were used for commercial trade. In the modern world, mountain trails are used for hiking, recreational walks in nature, as a method to bring the new generation close to wild forests by persons in wheelchairs or disabled people (those who are deaf or blind or have Down syndrome, etc.). The aim of this paper is not only to provide a digital map for various tourist teams, especially disabled ones, to use when visiting and exploring the natural beauty near the Wildlife Museum in order to manage the wild trails for the benefit and prosperity of the local community, but also to examine the environmental adaptation of this trail by taking into consideration the protection of nature. The constructing methods of a path, the materials that are used for the pavement and the optical adaptation with the nature are also a goal.
... These are but a few of the key themes raised by contemporary welfare changes in Europe. Amongst these studies, increasing attention has been devoted to territory as a pivotal aspect of welfare recasting, and a new "territorial dimension" of European social policies has been debated (Faludi, 2013;Kazepov & Barberis, 2017). This territorial reorganization is a key component of governance (Gualini, 2006), as it calls for a new way to look at the reconstruction of the state's scalar structures (Bifulco, 2016). ...
Over the last 20 years, suburbanization has gradually turned into a key topic of analysis, whereas welfare policies have faced a significant public reconfiguration towards the local scale of provision and the development of local welfare systems. Combined in such a way, these two statements tell us little, and they appear to be separate and without any relation. This article aims at building the analytical and research interplays between these two topics. In so doing, the article addresses the governance and planning of local welfare services in suburbs, entwined with the post-suburban theoretical frame. By identifying the issues at stake—that is, the governance of welfare and services—the analysis investigates the uneven socio-spatial polarizations that are currently emerging in metropolitan areas. The research bridges a research gap between the unevenness of the suburban expansion and the changing provision of welfare services. The article discusses these insights with three Italian cases from the edges of the three main metropolitan areas: Milan, Rome, and Naples. The empirical discussion, which relies on the outcomes of qualitative fieldwork activities, discusses and compares the differentiation of welfare provision and the relevant diverse “suburban societies” amongst the three contexts. Through this focus, the article points out that a heterogeneous and unequal spatial distribution of basic services and social infrastructures is to be found amongst the constellation of towns located on the outskirts of an urban core.
... Several academic scholars draw a connection between what they describe as the emergence of soft spaces in the context of EU policies and debates related to territoriality, subsidiarity, and multilevel governance (Faludi 2012(Faludi , 2013a(Faludi , 2013b(Faludi , 2014Luukkonen and Moilanen 2012;Allmendinger, Chilla, and Sielker 2014). While territoriality is typically associated with administrative structures and democratic representation in hard spaces, the strive for territorial cohesion at the EU level reflects a need for "spatial thinking" rather than bounded planning (Zonneveld and Waterhout 2005). ...
This article analyses the academic concept of "soft spaces" from the perspective of traveling planning ideas. The concept has its origin in the United Kingdom but has also been used in other contexts. Within European Union policy-making, the term soft planning has emerged to describe the processes of cooperation and learning with an unclear relation to planning. In the Nordic countries, soft spaces are viewed as entangled with the logics of statutory planning, posing challenges for policy delivery and regulatory planning systems. This article highlights the conceptual evolution of soft spaces, specifically acknowledging contextual influences and the changing relation with statutory planning.
... The European Community institutions have encouraged multifuncionality built on respect for the environment, promotion of the local culture, greater integration of rural and urban worlds and the capacity to provide ecosystem resources [6][7][8][9][10]. Diversifying local economies helps reduce conflicts and optimizes benefits, making both space and time more efficient [11]. ...
The modernization of economic activities in mountain areas is conditioned by the physical characteristics of the territory, the weight of activities related to the primary sector, infrastructure deficits, low population density, as well as the declining and ageing population. The response to this situation has involved implementing a certain degree of functional diversification. One of the aspects that has assisted in the expansion of the tertiary sector is leisure and recreational activities. Rural tourism in European mid-mountain regions has emerged as a key element, supported by local development strategies and changing preferences in demand. In the tourism industry, the resources are the raw material, in which landscape plays a leading role. The aim of this prospective study is to evaluate the landscape as a heritage and a tourism resource, focusing on its capacity to reactivate depressed rural areas of inland Spain (mid-mountain areas in the southeast of the autonomous region of Castilla–La Mancha). The study is based on opinions provided by tourists and uses a directed survey as an analytical tool. The results highlight the key role of landscape, especially natural landscape, in the use of such areas for tourism. This, in turn, underlines the need for a greater focus on organizing how the landscape is utilized.
... Die funktionalräumlichen Verflechtungen und die erhöhte Mobilität (einschließlich Migration, Grenzpendlerphänomenen usw.) stellt die Frage danach, ob der ‚Container-Raum' der in Europa etablierten Territorialität noch zeitgemäß ist (s. Faludi 2012, Davoudi 2009, Healey 2010. ...
... Following the previous TA, the second one presented a similar policy rationale to support territorial cohesion in Europe (TA, 2011), which was a new EU goal introduced by the Treaty of Lisbon (Faludi, 2013). For Walsh (2012), the TA provided a significant political endorsement to a placebased policy narrative, as well as to strategic spatial approaches to policymaking. ...
This paper provides new insights into the main pillars of the territorial universe of EU policies, by undertaking a systematic overview of European Union (EU) key territorial development reports, agendas and programmes. These include the European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP), the three Territorial Agendas, and the European Territorial Observatory Network (ESPON) reports. The evidence shows widespread territorialicy, understood as a process of incorporating a territorial driven policy design, implementation and evaluation paradigm, still largely dominated by territorial development and territorial cohesion policy rationales. However, the socioeconomic policy prism continues to dominate the design and analysis of EU policies by EU entities.
... However, if we consider that the decision-makers and CBC representatives promise and announce better life quality standards, and many job opportunities for the local populations with the implementation of such border strategies -i.e., a recurrent situation in many of the Iberian Eurocities projects [28]; therefore, it was expected that those border populations select a higher level of agreement with this affirmation; which is are unfavorable findings for the government officials associated with this typology of activities. Indeed, past investigations confirm these discoveries and perspectives -i.e., [18,19,23,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39] are just some examples. ...
The large number of borderlands existing in European territory contains many ventures of Cross-Border Cooperation (CBC). Nonetheless, the management strategies related to such projects and the sustainable development they bring to the regions still raise many questions. Considering the little knowledge regarding the management and governance of borderland territories, the present research through the analysis of nine CBC projects (eighteen European border cities) aims to provide further insights from a common strategic planning perspective. The study was projected to locals, experts, and technicians related to the border cities' planning. In this regard, the participants were asked through questionnaires about their perceptions and feelings about the success of the border-cooperation projects in their area of residence or work. Thereby, the investigation enabled us to identify and isolate the five essential factors and challenges to consider from a socio-cultural perspective: (i) Sense of belonging and break cultural barriers; (ii) Diverse infrastructural offer-Euro Citizenship; (iii) Better life's quality standards; (iv) Retain young and talented people; and Public participation.
... In essence, the global deterritorialism governance paradigm confronts the national territorial trap and is dubbed by Agnew (1994), as a concrete policy action to reduce the negative effects posed by the presence of national boundaries (Capello, Caragliu, and Fratesi 2018;Lundén 2018). Thus, deterritorialism encourages the exploration of soft, rather than harder spaces (Faludi 2013), in view of the constraints territorialism puts on the pursuit of spatial interrelations (Cotella, Purkarthofer, and Faludi 2020). However, the idea that animates deterritorialism is confronted with the current rise of nationalism (Schertzer and Woods 2020). ...
The beginning of 2020 saw the global spreading of the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to a systematic closure of national borders across the world, which we refer to as the 'covidfencing' panorama. As expected, in Europe, where close to two million commuters cross national borders on a daily basis to work, this new reality has provoked significant setbacks to their lives. Based on evidence already available from several sources, this article presents some of the main impacts of the covidfencing process in the European cross-border (CB) areas. It does so by relating this process to the components of a proposed deterritorialism conceptual framework. In essence, it was possible to conclude that social related components like the sharing of health facilities and the need to work across borders show the existence of a high degree of deterritorialism in several parts of Europe. Nevertheless, more integration and deterritorialism is required everywhere, and simultaneously at the social, economic, physical and institutional levels. Crucially, covidfencing has highlighted the need for improving cross-border cooperation (CBC) with a view to mitigating persistent CB barriers and European integration processes. ARTICLE HISTORY
... Since then, several works have addressed the analysis of this term, giving rise to a broad debate on its meaning. The main contributions made in this regard include: (i) Those that deepen the evolution of the conceptualization of the term, taking into account its French roots [40], the evolution of the European model of society [41], the new forms of governance [42], the principle of subsidiarity [43], and its link with sustainable development [44]; (ii) those that highlight the diversity of paths to define territorial cohesion, giving rise to multiple conceptualizations [45]; (iii) those that focus on the analysis of policy objectives [46] and on the establishment of principles and guidelines for effective policy implementation [47][48][49]; and (iv) those that establish a conceptual interpretation and provide a methodology of analysis [23,35,50]. ...
One of the main consequences of the impacts of the past economic and financial crisis, which began in 2007–2008, has been the increase in inequalities between countries, regions, and territories of the EU. In the rural sphere, these disparities are not only observed in an urban–rural dichotomy, but are also evident between rural–rural territories. In this context, it is relevant to develop research based on the concept of territorial cohesion aimed at overcoming the development challenges faced by different types of rural territories. This paper addresses the empirical analysis of territorial cohesion in the rural areas of Andalusia (Spain), one of the European regions most affected by the economic crisis. To this effect, a methodology was designed that measures the level of territorial cohesion of different types of rural territories and identifies the factors that influence this cohesion in each case. The results show that factors such as employment and innovation, economic diversification, availability of natural resources and environmental quality, or information and communication technologies (ICTs) contribute to territorial cohesion in rural areas.
... Bearing in mind the complexity related to borderlands planning, management, and governance there are several obstacles, opportunities, and challenges that should be considered. Therefore, some challenges related to the Cross-Border Cooperation could be identified within the following themes covered by this monograph: In fact, many studies (for a summary and review see the first chapter of this book, besides Hooghe, and Marks 2004;Sohn, and Giffinger, 2015;Castanho, 2017;Loures et al., 2018) have identified and studied most of the challenges above-mentioned (see: Buis, 2008;Spirkova, and Ivanicka, 2009;Batista et al., 2013;Faludi, 2013;Nicolini and Pinto, 2013;Medeiros, 2015;Vulevic, 2016;Decoville and Durand, 2017;Gualini, 2017;Stverkova et al., 2018;Castanho, 2019;Gamon and Gómez, 2019;Santos, et al., 2019; among many others). ...
Border interactions have reached unprecedented levels in recent decades, not only due to their potential for territorial integration but also considering their role in supranational processes, such as infrastructure construction and planning activities on European territory (Batista et al., 2013; Dominguez and Pires, 2014; Castanho et al., 2016; 2018; 2019, Vulevic et al., 2019; Loures et al., 2019). Nevertheless, experiences of CBC have spread not only in Europe but throughout the world, creating a global network of relationships between people, always trying to create the mutually beneficial scenarios (Domínguez, et al., 2015).
Contextually, borderlands territories are very specific and complex areas, and also very fragile. Thus, their common planning through CBC projects should be deeply analyzed and studied in order to move towards the so-desired sustainable development. In fact, those processes are pivotal to achieve the predefined goals - a common sustainable development and growth. Furthermore, and considering its multidisciplinary, it became crucial to understand this issue from all the different perspectives.
... The transnational character of many pressing issues, such as environmental pollution, natural resource contamination and security, has led to the promotion of new policy scales built around functional logics rather than territorial ones, and characterized by a significant decrease of administrative borders typical of normative interventions (Faludi, 2013). The urgent solutions to issues of common interest and concern called in fact for the consideration of each territory in a wider geographical context and resulted in the emergence of new types of cooperation across large-scale transnational regions (Chilla & Sielker, 2015;Vladova & Knieling, 2016). ...
The European Union has been adopting so-called macro-regional strategies since 2009. Its final goal is to develop an integrated framework to address common challenges and opportunities of particular transnational areas. This paper identifies such growth opportunities in the most recently established macro-area: the European Union Strategy for the Alpine Region (EUSALP). It does so by identifying how to increase efficiency in the exploitation of growth assets, taking into consideration that EUSALP is characterized by a wide productive diversity. This is defined in terms of regional development patterns, conceptualized and empirically detected making use of an original database. The results show that EUSALP can gain greater competitiveness through the better use of existing resources, especially in the touristic development pattern. Further research on cooperation and integration policies for a more effective exploitation of existing abundant resources is suggested.
... In practice, macro-regions are defined on the basis of a functional rather than administrative logic (Faludi, 2013), also taking into account historical and relief features. Their aim to favour the effective and coordinated intervention on specific common transnational challenges. ...
In the last ten years, the European Union has devoted specific attention and resources to the establishment of macro-regional strategies, with the objective of joining together transnational areas to favour the effective and organized management of common challenges. In most macro-regions, however, the identification of strategies to increase competitiveness is a rather difficult task, given the extreme internal diversity in economic activities. Focusing on the youngest macro-regional strategy – EUSALP – this paper highlights the specific combinations of territorial growth assets that allow to overcome the inefficient use of local abundant strategic resources, in line with a “balanced development” approach. The results, obtained on the basis of a database gathered at NUTS3 level, are useful to provide policy suggestions to support the competitiveness of EUSALP through synergies and complementarities, according to a cooperation networks perspective.
... Furthermore, they were supported by collective action; they did not just consume a place, as may be the case in recreational spaces, such as parks, but actively shape and maintain it. These results support Faludi (2012) in his argument that many experiences and emotions are not linked to, or delineated by, abstract spatial boundaries, but to personal associations, developed through exchange within social networks. They also support the findings of Albrecht and Smithers (2018) that consumers and producers value their participation in AFIs for different reasons. ...
... In those contexts where decentralization schemes have helped to lessen ethnic conflict in the short-term, the process may yet produce regional political parties over the long-term that undermine state-building and mobilize ethnic differences (Brancati, 2006). More immediately, decentralized decision-making undermines the territorial cohesion of the state, converting state-level decisions into fragmented cross-local and multi-scalar competition (Faludi, 2013). ...
Peaceful resolution of the Kosovo-Serbia conflict has remained elusive for two decades. Numerous proposals have attempted to settle the question of Kosovo’s status to create a polity at peace internally and with its neighbors, and ready for integration into an enlarged Europe. Since the declaration of Kosovo’s independence in 2008, the primary means of resolving Serbia’s territorial claim has been through the process of decentralization: devolving political authority onto newly drawn Serb majority municipalities. The result of EU-sponsored Belgrade-Prishtina dialogues were the April 2013 and August 2015 Agreements, which would allow a Community of Serb-majority municipalities to create a new governmental entity, segregating Kosovo along internal ethnoterritorial borders. This article uses the concept of ethnopolitical territoriality to critically examine (a) the historical origins of local borders to govern Kosovo’s multi-ethnic space and (b) the new borders drawn by the strategy of decentralization.
... Both types of governance can coexist, however (ESPON, 2013). Multi-level governance in Europe is most often conceived in terms of Type I where levels of government are nested «Russian doll-like» in territorial arrangements (Faludi, 2013). Table II. ...
Nowadays, Cross-Border Cooperation projects and strategies, as well as sustainability principles, are a key element for every political speech, round tables or summits. However, how are they being applied on the field? Citizens of border areas are increasing their life standards? Studies carried out on Iberian territories verifies the unsustainability of some of those regions and the non-impacts on inhabitant’s life´s quality. Europe 2020 Horizon are just after the corner, which leads to several questions: After EU 2020 agenda, what’s will be the next steps? Will similar approaches be carried out? Or we will verify a change in the methods used by such strategies? In this regard, Iberian border territories and their strategies will be analyzed, highlighting the Cross-Border Area of the Euro-city Elvas – Badajoz – Campo–Maior. Results based on publics perceptions already shows the failure of such strategies in the region, leading to the differentiation of the approach between scenarios. Through the present research will be presented some hypothesis for a well-planned long-term sustainable territory.
Keywords: Cross-Border Cooperation (CBC), Border areas, EU 2020, Spatial planning, Sustainable development.
Hoy en día, las estrategias y proyectos de Cooperación Transfronteriza (CBC), así como los principios de sostenibilidad, son un elemento clave de discurso político, mesas de debate o conferencias. Con todo, ¿cómo son esas estrategias aplicadas en el terreno? Investigaciones científicas llevadas a cabo en territorios Ibéricos verificaron la insostenibilidad de algunas de esas regiones y la falta de impactos en la calidad de vida de las poblaciones. El Horizonte Europa 2020 esta justo a la vuelta, lo que nos conducen a las cuestiones: ¿Después de la Agenda 2020 de Europa, cuáles serán los próximos pasos que se tomarán? ¿Abordajes similares serán llevados a cabo? ¿O se verificarán cambios en ese sentido? A este respecto, territorios Ibéricos de frontera y sus estrategias de desarrollo territorial serán analizadas, particularmente el área transfronteriza de la Eurociudad Elvas – Badajoz – Campo–Maior. Resultados basados en percepciones publicas ya han demostrado el fracaso de tales estrategias, llevando a la necesidad de nuevos abordajes. A través del presente estudio serán expuestas las hipótesis para alcanzar un correcto planeamiento, así como para una sostenibilidad territorial a largo plazo.
Palabras-clave: Áreas de frontera, Cooperación Transfronteriza (CBC), Desarrollo sostenible, EU 2020, Ordenación territorial.
... This understanding of territory, although it underpins the contemporary political order, today appears obsolete because it is unsuited to the social and economic dynamics of a shifting world, moving at a faster pace. This is why certain authors would like to see a 'variable geometry' in territorial development matters, pointing to institutional territories as being so many obstacles to the achievement of innovating spatial development projects and to a better fit between planning and development and the actual socio-economic functioning of spaces in the setting of globalisation. 1 In this context, the alternative concept of soft space, pursued by several researchers in recent years, the origin of which is highly contextual (see below), is increasingly 1 See in particular Allmendinger et al. (2015) and Faludi (2013). ...
The term 'territory' is today widely used. The academic literature on spatial planning often presents the notion of territory via definitions that restrict it to legal spaces unsuited to the need to adjust spatial planning and development action to the real modes of functioning of spaces in the context of globalisation. As a result, certain authors chose a different approach to space, by way of the notion of soft/hard spaces. This paper sets out to propose an alternative viewpoint to this dichotomy by returning to an academic issue, which aimed to define the notion of territory in geography.
... The vagueness of the concept (Faludi, 2013a), together with its many interpretations and the lack of a widely accepted methodology for measuring and analyzing territorial cohesion in a given territory, has piqued the interest of the scientific community, which has embarked on its analysis with the intention of contributing new knowledge to the subject (See Faludi, 2004Faludi, , 2006Faludi, , 2007Faludi, , 2010Faludi, , 2013aFaludi, , 2013bDavoudi, 2005;ESPON, 2006ESPON, , 2011Böhme et al., 2008Camagni, 2008;Schön, 2009;Van Well, 2012;Othengrafen et al., 2013;González et al., 2015;. ...
Territorial cohesion is a concept that is generating growing interest in both the academic-scientific and political arenas. This paper presents an approach to the analysis of territorial cohesion and, more specifically, proposes a definition of the concept and its dimensions in order to empirically test the approach on the Colombian departmental model. To this effect, a methodology was designed that, by using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to calculate composite indices, measures and evaluates the level of territorial cohesion in Colombian departments from a multidimensional and integrative perspective, and identifies the factors that influence that cohesion. The results could provide useful data for policy makers in the design of public policies to influence
factors that facilitate more balanced and inclusive territorial development. This is especially relevant in light of
the recent signing and ratification of the Peace Agreement in November 2016, given that the Colombian
Government is currently in the process of designing policies that have the potential to promote cohesion within its territories.
... In this the city region is defined by commuting zones that include rural peripheries and a city might be constructed through polycentric relationships between smaller cities and towns. This method also addressed the issues of alignment with governance and the relationship with smaller constituent areas identified as communes or neighbourhoods.The formal adoption of the EU policy to support the practical development and operation of FEAs and neighbourhoods was finally agreed in the EU Common Provisions Regulation (CPR) (EU) No 1303/2013 (CEC 2013a) and provides a new means of integrating sectoral and spatial policy(Faludi, 2013) and powers to enforce its application within each member state. The CPR provides common objectives, methodologies and institutional structures. ...
This article uses the tools of agenda setting, statecraft and scalecraft to examine the policy persistence that has underpinned the emergence of sub-regional scales of government implemented through combined authorities from 2017. It considers the ways in which polices have been framed and drawn upon and the uses of statecraft to implement EU legislation in England, and it discusses the emergence of new strategic spatial planning as part of this process.
This paper classifies and organizes geographical studies on decentralization, focusing on the decentralization of authorities, financial resources and government. As a premise, the geographical implications of decentralization are considered. It then compares the research trends between the Anglophone world and Japan, clarifies the achievements and presents new research issues. The achievements of Japanese geographical research on decentralization are as follows: (1) In the decentralization of authority, research focuses on regional disparities in public services and the concept of territorial justice. (2) In the decentralization of financial resources, research focuses on regional characteristics and horizontal intergovernmental relations for the allocation of revenue and expenditure. (3) In the decentralization of government, studies focusing on scale and horizontal political competition have accumulated for municipal mergers and wide-area administration. The issues and contributions from geography are as follows: (1) In the decentralization of authority, as there is a lack of research on the spatial scope of public service provision and spillovers, clarification of the basic theory of decentralization through such research and the construction of a system in which public services could be shared among local governments. (2) In decentralization of financial resources, as research on expenditure has been lacking in recent years, realization of efficient and sustainable administrative and financial management through examination of the impact of regional characteristics on expenditure. (3) In the decentralization of government, the shortage of human resources in local governments is seen as a problem, and the mismatch between the transferred authority and human resources needs to be resolved.
The aim of this thesis is to demonstrate the added value of macro-regional strategies for European spatial development. Based on interviews with stakeholders of the macro-regional strategy of the European Union in the Baltic Sea Region (EUSBSR) and in the Danube Region (EUSDR), it is argued that the macro-regional strategies can contribute to European spatial development on five levels. First, they enable the discussion and establishment of certain fields of political action at the transnational level. Secondly, they represent a format for experimental governance and thus contribute to filling ‘policy gaps’. Thirdly, they can serve as an important instrument of
6
multi-level and meta-governance at the transnational level. Fourth, they also have an important foreign policy dimension through the involvement of EU third countries and their contribution to strengthening the European Union at the international level. Fifthly, the long-term cooperation structures that are established and strengthened within the framework of macro-regional governance contribute to Europeanisation. Based on these findings, it is argued that the macro-regional strategies make a significant contribution to territorial cohesion, which is a key objective of European spatial development. At the same time, however, the macro-regional strategies are also characterised by challenges and limitations in their capacities for action. The empirical results show interesting development paths for overcoming these challenges, which can guarantee the success of the macro-regional strategies in the future. From a conceptual point of view, the results contribute to a better understanding of soft spaces and to the debate between territorialism and relationalism in general.
This study discusses what implications territorial governance has on the governmental and territorial nature of the European Union (EU). The EU increasingly addresses governance on a territorial basis to improve its territorial integrity and coherence. It seeks to set up horizontal and vertical cooperation between different governmental levels and strengthen the institutionalization of territories. This way of governing is bounded by the EU’s territory, thereby a single overarching political scale emerges. In this framework, perusing into the documents on spatial development and territorial state/agenda of the EU and the available literature, the study suggests that the spaces of governance in the EU, considered as territorial, are interwoven, and this structure is attached to a supranational territory.
After almost two decades of life, the EJSD has come to an important shift in its organisation. This piece is the expression of the editorial team’s wish to guide the readers through the changes that have occurred, both in the journal’s editorial structure and in its technical arrangement. At the same time, it is an occasion to highlight the ideas upon which the new direction are founded.
The concept of territorial cohesion has gained importance in the context of the development of the European Union’s regional policy, but definitions of the concept vary enormously. The article uses the concept of spatial development supporting economic and social aspects of cohesion and, on this basis, constructs a multidimensional index of territorial cohesion based on five dimensions (economic, demographic, infrastructural in two approaches and environmental) of the phenomenon. The measure was applied to the total population of municipalities (2175) in rural areas in Poland in the years 2005-2017. The aim of the study was to assess the territorial cohesion of municipalities in Poland in static and dynamic terms and use econometric tools to identify the potential convergence of cohesion and determine the effect of “catching up”, according to Jeffrey G. Williamson [1965], where municipalities with a higher level of cohesion are followed by municipalities with a lower level. The results of previous studies conducted at different regional levels indicate an increase in income polarization in rural areas and the creation of islands of convergence, where the regions with the highest and lowest wealth become similar intra-group but not inter-group. The results indicate a decrease in relative territorial cohesion in rural areas in Poland in 2005-2017 at a municipality level and a tendency to the formation of spatial clusters of entities with similar levels of the characteristic. They do not allow to confirm the view of convergence of cohesion between entities with different levels of the characteristic.
The concept of active subsidiarity advocated by the European Commission has important implications for European Union (EU) regional policy. This article examines the main tenets of active subsidiarity and how they relate to competing notions of territory and key regional policymaking instruments for the 2021–27 programme period. It finds that territory matters in EU regional policy, as clearly defined nested regional boundaries provide an important framework for engaging sub-national-level actors and bringing EU policymaking closer to citizens. However, a stronger recognition of territory is required if policymakers are to effectively implement active subsidiarity and place-based territorial governance policymaking models.
The European Commission proposed the community-led local development (CLLD) approach as a specific tool for place-based local development, offering a unique chance for an integrative use of European Structural and Investment Funds on a sub-regional level. But in Finland, as in most countries of the EU, the adoption of CLLD has so far been limited. Providing an insight into the rationales and the ways of reconfiguring the ‘original’ CLLD concept in Finland, this paper contributes to debates concerning a place-based approach to local development in the context of the European Union’s Cohesion Policy. It particularly addresses the persistent questions of what is gained and what is lost through adjusting a top-down policy instrument to diverse national and local situations? Despite its emphasis on a multi-scalar and cooperative application, the Finnish approach is by design mono-funded, remaining administratively and geographically distinct, and thus cannot serve as a truly integrated local development tool as envisioned by the EU. However, across governance scales and cross-cutting networks, processes of learning and policy negotiation have taken place, which are crucial in the creation of ‘place-based’ variants of the ‘European’ place-based approach.
Kosovo es un Estado parcialmente reconocido con una gran variedad de minorías étnicas, donde la relación albanesa-serbia es la que ocasiona más tensiones. La propuesta de intercambio de territorios para corregir la frontera entre Serbia y Kosovo presenta como beneficio el reconocimiento mutuo y la normalización de relaciones, pero entraña el riesgo de abrir la caja de Pandora de las revisiones fronterizas en los Balcanes. El artículo incluye un repaso de las relaciones entre Serbia y Kosovo con una abundante selección de notas de prensa. Analiza dicha propuesta y refleja la situación actual de los territorios y debate su idoneidad. Concluye que la UE debería ofrecer claridad y un compromiso firme y tangible de progreso para afianzar su credibilidad, a la vez que apoyar la democratización para favorecer su integración europea.
Far from signalling the optimal organisational design and legislative framework for stimulating cross-border, transnational and interregional cooperation processes across Europe, the European Grouping of Territorial Cooperation (EGTC) affects various aspects of multi-level governance. In accepting this, this chapter discusses potential benefits of EGTCs as a tool to boost cross-border multi-level governance, based on the analysis of the EGTC implemented strategies. This chapter proposes a novel conceptual framework to classify cross-border EGTCs based on their contribution to reducing border barriers and increasing the: (i) strategic, (ii) intermediary and (iii) rogue type of territorial capital of the cross-border region. It concludes that only a few ongoing EGTCs have been effective enough to respond to the main territorial development issues faced by the cross-border regions they cover. In this context, the author suggests a strategic makeover of several EGTCs with a view to concentrating on specific, rather than generic, strategic policy goals. In particular, several EGTCs' strategic foci should shift to reducing border barriers and promoting cross-border or transnational spatial planning.
Territorial cohesion and internal cohesion of Inner Areas:
why does the local governance matter.
The 2007 Lisbon Treaty stimulated new discourses related with the concept of territorial cohesion. The importance of adopting a place-based approach to such policies has emerged, considering the people that live in specific places at the core of the discourse. As a consequence, not only multi-level governance, but also the complex internal organizational structures of communities (local governance) do matter.
In the framework of the Italian cohesion policy, specifically within the National Strategy for Inner Areas, this article discusses the governance structures of an experimental area, the Simeto Valley in Sicily, arguing the importance of adopting specific organizational structures and processes of local learning for successful outcomes of place-based cohesion policies.
During the last years, scholars have broken up dichotomies that have shaped our understanding of cross-border cooperation. In geography, the confrontation between a territorial and a relational reading of space has given way to approaches that stress their dialogue. In political science, a struggle between a focus on government and governance has shifted towards a recognition of their coexistence. In this sense, cross-border networks no longer appear as antipodes to territorial borders, scalar relationships, sectoral differentiation and political hierarchies. Rather, they constitute and condition each other. While both geography and political science stress how connections mingle with patterns of exclusion and subordination, scholars rarely bring spatial and institutional accounts together. This paper aims at bridging the gap between spatial and institutional approaches of cross-border cooperation. With regard to theory, it embeds similarities in their ontological focus on structures and strategies in a strategic-relational approach. Empirically, the paper examines the EU macro-regional strategy for the Alpine space. The conclusions imply that the macro-regional strategy embodies a dynamic balance of spatial and institutional boundlessness and boundaries.
Since its foundation the European Union has gradually developed policies that are aimed at achieving increased economic and social cohesion. This book examines the most recent of these, the concept of territorial cohesion. Territorial cohesion is the pursuit of balanced development, competitiveness, sustainable development, and good governance. These concerns are most readily addressed by the formulation of spatial strategies under the umbrella of spatial planning, that brings together a multitude of public and private actors in a process that requires cohesion, coherence and co-operation. This book traces the development of spatial planning at European level and argues that spatial planning can become a vehicle, not only for territorial cohesion, but for EU policy generally.
Definition As with terms like 'society' and 'nature', space is not a commonsense external background to human and social action. Rather, it is the outcome of a series of highly problematic temporary settlements that divide and connect things up into different kinds of collectives which are slowly provided with the means which render them durable and sustainable.
Zusammenfassung Die Programmatik der aktuellen europäischen Regionalpolitik lässt sich als Ergänzung von Remediävalisierungsprozessen begreifen,
die im Verhältnis zwischen EU-Mitgliedstaaten und EU seit Jahrzehnten stattfinden. Greifbar werden sie in einer doppelten
Konterkarierung des Prozesses, der den modernen europäischen Staat konstituiert hat. Prämoderne Muster werden erkennbar erstens
in der administrativen Ergänzung der Grenzlinie durch den Grenzsaum und zweitens in der perspektivischen Konstituierung dieses
Grenzsaums als eines Raumes mit gemeinsamer, grenzüberschreitender Mentalität.
The reallocation of authority upward, downward, and sideways from central states has drawn attention from a growing number of scholars in political science. Yet beyond agreement that governance has become (and should be) multi-level, there is no consensus about how it should be organized. This article draws on several literatures to distinguish two types of multi-level governance. One type conceives of dispersion of authority to general-purpose, nonintersecting, and durable jurisdictions. A second type of governance conceives of task-specific, intersecting, and flexible jurisdictions. We conclude by specifying the virtues of each type of governance.
EU territorial governance is a concept now familiar to European planners and decision makers. However, the lack of an official definition makes its relationship with planning activities and processes in the EU member countries unclear. Looking back at the recent history of various attempts to factor territory into the EU policy agenda, this article proposes a systematic review of institutional documents regarding, in a direct or indirect manner, EU territorial governance. The aim of the article is to assess the positioning of this concept in an institutional perspective from direct sources, in order to discuss possible implications for planning in the context of European integration.
The message of this paper is twofold: (a) the pursuit of territorial cohesion, the importance of which the new European Constitution recognises, requires coordination of national planning systems; and (b) subsidiarily, a Community principle usually invoked to counteract it, should instead become the principle underlying a feasible and effective form of such coordination at the EU (European Union) level. Indeed, the Constitution should at least encourage planners to discuss principles of good EU territorial governance by addressing the performance of statutory planning systems in the common area of territorial cohesion. In brief, these principles might be termed vertical subsidiarily, horizontal subsidiarity, and the coordination between subsidiarity and cohesion.
Characteristic of the discussion on territorial cohesion is that over time its potential implications have become wider and wider. Also, there seems to be no limit to the number of scales to which it can be applied. The aim of this paper is to show how the abstract idea of territorial cohesion could be rendered more concrete. For this purpose we use the notion of 'territorial capital'. We also emphasise the role of spatial visions, especially as regards political decision making. However, for this to come true, future visions should be developed in a fundamentally different way from that in which the current generation of transnational spatial visions are being formulated.
Liesbet Hooghe and Gary Marks distinguish between contrasting visions from various literatures, which they label Type I and Type II multi-level governance. Type I multi-level governance echoes federalist thought, conceiving the dispersion of authority as being limited to a 'limited number of non-overlapping jurisdictional boundaries at a limited number of levels'. In this view, authority is relatively stable and analysis is focused on individual governments rather than specific policies. Type II multi-level governance provides a vision of governance that is 'a complex, fluid, patchwork of innumerable, overlapping jurisdictions'. Here, jurisdictions are often overlapping and tend to be flexible as demands for governance change.
ing, Urban and Mobility Studies, The Netherlands (A.K.F.Faludi@tudelft.nl), has been a chronicler of European spatial planning since the early-1990s. He has studied the ESDP and is continuing to do so with its various applications and follow-ups. Pointing out options for the further pursuit of the ESDP agenda, he has taken on the mantle of a self-appointed one-man pressure group. However, this pro-active stance does not imply favouring any one planning model or any one of the institutional ac-tors involved over the others. Thus the author identifies neither with the European Commission nor with France, The Netherlands or Germany – being the Member States that have taken most of the initiatives during the ESDP process.
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The open method of coordination (OMC) has increased the competence of the European Union to regulate areas where the traditional Community legislative processes are weak, or where new areas require coordination of Member State policy, either as part of the spillover of the integration project as a result of economic and monetary union, or as a result of the case law of the European Court of Justice. The OMC is viewed as an aspect of new, experimental governance, which is part of the response by the EU to regulatory shortcomings. This article explores the normative aspects of the OMC using case studies. The article examines the conditions in which the OMC emerges, the conditions upon which it thrives, and the claims that are made for its effectiveness as a new form of governance.
The reallocation of authority upwards, downwards, and sideways from central states has drawn attention from a growing number of scholars in the social sciences. Yet beyond the bedrock agreement that governance has become (and should be) multi-level, there is no convergence about how it should be organized. This paper draws on various literatures in distinguishing two types of multi-level governance. One type conceives of dispersion of authority to multi-task, territorially mutually exclusive jurisdictions in a relatively stable system with limited jurisdictional levels and a limited number of units. A second type of governance pictures specialized, territorially overlapping jurisdictions in a relatively flexible, non-tiered system with a large number of jurisdictions. We find that both types co-exist in different locations, and we explain some facets of this co-existence.
The relationship between globalisation, sovereignty, power and security is now more inextricably linked in the normally competing scholarly literatures of International Relations than at any time in the recent past. Trends in contemporary world order can only be understood by an examination of the changing nature of the relationship between sovereignty and security under conditions of economic globalisation. The context in which such a sweeping statement can be made is, of course, the world since 9/11. This article presents paradoxes of global interdependence to argue that the present world order has already been broken for years and that globalisation has led us into an even more chaotic era, in which the leading world powers and institutions only pretend they can cope. Instead of working through interdependence, the world is becoming increasingly divided through different power centres like the US, Europe and China. Rather than offering one-off solutions and grand-bargains for the inequalities of power in the globalised world, this essay prescribes the need to improve global diplomatic endeavours as nations, corporations, or faiths can only learn to respect one another’s power and values by sharing and negotiating knowledge.
Argues that regional planning should be taken more seriously by national policy-makers. Presents some considerations on drawing up a regional planning strategy for Europe. The approaches available to achieving this aim, criteria for selecting regions of 'European significance', and the elements required in such a plan are stated.-R.Land
During the early stages of the involvement of the EC/EU in spatial planning, it was not clear whether an intergovernmental approach should be followed or one that would establish a prominent role for the European Commission. A compromise reached in 1994 decided that the ESDP would be prepared by an informal committee, comprised of representatives of the Member States and the Commission, Since this committee is chaired by the country holding the rotating Presidency of the European Council, one could say that the ESDP is being prepared by a 'roving band of planners'.
Dominant approaches to the transformation of Europe ignore contemporary social theory interpretations of the nature and dynamics of social change. Here, Delanty and Rumford argue that we need a theory of society in order to understand Europeanization. This book advances the case that Europeanization should be theorized in terms of:• globalization • major social transformations that are not exclusively spear-headed by the EU • the wider context of the transformation of modernity. This fascinating book broadens the terms of the debate on Europeanization, conventionally limited to the supersession of the nation-state by a supra-national authority and the changes within member states consequent upon EU membership. Demonstrating the relevance of social theory to contemporary issues and with a focus on European transformation rather than simplistic notions of Europe-building, this truly multidisciplinary volume will appeal to readers from a range of social science disciplines, including sociology, geography, political science and European studies.
How can one convince potent nation-states to put their sovereignty at risk in common European policies? EU cohesion policy, now one-third of the EU budget, provides such a puzzle. Until 1988 the European Commission shared out money to national governments with few strings attached. Since the reform of 1988, national governments are required to negotiate with the Commission and regional authorities on how to use the money. Has this European-wide policy eroded national sovereignty in favour of a stronger role for the Commission and more power for Europe's regions? The first part of this book probes into the policy dynamics at the European level. In the second part, eight country studies evaluate the impact of uniform EU policy on territorial relations by comparing policy making before and after reform. The concluding section explains persistent variation in EU cohesion decision making and implementation.
This book examines how and to what extent the European Employment Strategy and the Open Method of Coordination (OMC) on Social Protection and Social Inclusion have influenced national labour market and social welfare policies. Focusing on the implementation of the OMC in different national environments , this book examines how the proposals and targets of the OMC are interpreted and implemented within the context of existing national employment and welfare regimes. At a theoretical level and on the basis of national case studies, the book considers how OMC objectives, guidelines, targets, and recommendations may reshape the domestic institutional framework, how learning and participation of governmental bodies are organized across different hierarchical levels, and how non-state actors may be involved in the formulation and implementation of national reform plans. The authors conclude that the OMC has contributed significantly to both substantive and procedural reforms, in spite of the many institutional barriers to Europeanization in this policy area. Featuring comparative case studies across a number of European states, this book will be of interest to students and scholars of sociology, political science, public policy, and international relations.
Cohesion policy is by far the largest development policy of the EU. The present paper examines the debates regarding place-neutral versus place-based policies for economic development. Many of the previously accepted arguments have been called into question by the impacts of globalisation and a new response to these issues has emerged, a response both to these global changes and also to non-spatial development approaches. The study unveils that the serious limitations in the availability of evidence on cohesion policy results have certainly played a relevant role in discouraging public debate, as have the limitations of the reporting system.
This policy paper offers the personal perspectives of a practitioner in EU regional policy. It is written from the perspective of experience of delivery in the United Kingdom. Although the equal validity of other perspectives is fully acknowledged, they are not included here. The paper raises questions about the current function and operation of EU regional policy and about the future. It suggests ways of reforming that policy to make it more relevant and effective in relation to contemporary economic and social developments within and across member states. The article is designed to be accessible for readers without a detailed or technical knowledge of EU regional policy.
With intensified globalization, and more specifically European integration, the ground is shifting under established political institutions, practices, and concepts. The European Union (EU), however, is usually conceived in traditional 'realist' or 'functionalist' terms which obscure the possibility that distinctly new political forms are emerging; or, alternatively, some self-styled 'postmodernists' speculate implausably about a 'Europe of the regions' replacing the 'Europe of states'. In contrast, I argue for 'new medieval' and 'postmodern' conceptualizations of territoriality and sovereignty, which recognize that geographic space is becoming more complex and 'relative': conventional political concepts based on 'absolute' space are increasingly problematic for understanding the political complexities of contemporary globalization. Here 'postmodernity' may mean something different from what some postmodernists think it means: trot, for instance, a federalized 'United States of Europe' where regions and regionalism replace nations and nationalism, nor simply an intergovernmental arrangement of sovereign states, but something quite distinct-'arrested federalization' and an 'intermediate' arrangement distinct in its own right rather than 'transitional'. In this paper I sketch transformations of sovereignty from 'medieval to modern', and from the 'modern' to the allegedly 'postmodern'. I focus on the 'unbundling' of territorial sovereignty, which has reputedly gone furthest in the EU. However, even here the process is partial and selective, with globalization affecting different state activities unevenly. Contemporary configurations of political space are a complex mixture of new and old forms, the latter continuing to exist rather than being tidily removed to clear the ground for new polities. The EU itself is still territorial, and in many respects traditional conceptions of sovereignty remain dominant, whether exercised by the member states or by the EU as a whole. Moreover there are problems both with the elusive notion of postmodern, and with the historical analogies of new medievalism. Nevertheless, despite problems and qualifications, these concepts are useful for exploring the possibility of radical transformations, not just with respect to the 'actors' of global and local politics, but to the space-time of the 'stage' on which they operate.
James Rosenau considers whether multi-level governance can serve as a 'prime mechanism' to steer the tensions of 'fragmegration' in constructive directions. Fragmegration, a contraction of the terms 'fragmentation' and 'integration', refers to the 'diverse and contradictory forces that can be summarized in the clash between globalization, centralization, and integration on the one hand and localization, decentralization and fragmentation on the other'. The process of fragmegration stimulates the need for new and relevant forms of governance. Rosenau suggests that the concept of multi-level governance, while having many virtues, can be both 'misleading and imprisoning' and 'does not allow for a full analysis of the complexity of the emergent political world. As such, Rosenau makes the case for the alterative conceptualization of 'Spheres of Authority'.
This paper explores the roots of territorial cohesion thinking in the ‘European model of society’. There is much to do about this model. Some regard it as a liability for European competitiveness. The Barroso Commission wants to safeguard the model by, albeit temporarily, giving priority to growth. There are those – not only in Europe, but also on the other side of the Atlantic – arguing that the European model forms a solid basis for a highly competitive economy. In these debates, ‘European model’ stands for moderating the pursuit of economic growth with concerns for social welfare and equity, sustainability and good governance. Before elaborating, the paper summarises the discussion about territorial cohesion and the struggle over current EU policy. Then the paper backtracks to the ideas of Jacques Delors responsible for injecting the European model into the integration discourse. What follows is an account of four reports in the wake of the hapless Lisbon Strategy, all invoking the European model. The paper concludes with reflections on territorial cohesion policy and the European model.
In order to contribute to a better understanding of multi-level governance, this article compares two different types: joint decision-making between Federal and Länder governments in Germany and intergovernmental relations between EU, national governments and regions. It is argued that the two-level structure of intergovernmental relations in the German federal system is more burdened by veto positions of individual governments than the multi-level structure of EU governance. Whereas intergovernmental relations in German regional policy are organized as multilateral negotiations, its European counterpart supports regionalization and consists of differentiated and loosely coupled arenas. Moreover, it separates redistributive decisions from developmental policies and stimulates cooperation between public and private actors. Finally, multi-level governance in the EU is composed of a mixture of cooperation, hierarchy and competition. If we take it for granted that the number of veto points correlates to the efficiency of decision-making, then the EU multi-level governance is in a better shape than the German joint policy-making. However, the latter is part of EU structures and influences the success of European regional policy.
The European Dream: How Europe's Vision of the Future is Quietly Eclipsing the American Dream Toward an ontology for global governance Strong demand, huge supply: governance in an emerging epoch
- Rifkin J Ny
- J N Rosenau
- Ny Rosenau
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Conceptions of Space and Place in Strategic Spatial Planning Rethinking Europe: Social Theory and the Implications of Europeanization
- Hanover
- S Davoudi
- I Strange
- Routledge
- London
- G Delanty
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White Paper on Multilevel Governance (Own Initiative Report) CONST-IV-020
- Committee Of The Regions
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Experimentalist Governance in the European Union: Towards a New Architecture Territory, Authority, Rights: From Medieval to Global Assemblages Globalization: A Critical Introduction
- Oxford
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A New Treaty: A New Role for Regions and Local Authorities Committee of the Regions Management: Theory and Practice
- Committee Of The Regions Ny
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- Dorothea Rohn
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