Content uploaded by Jing Chen
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Jing Chen on Jul 06, 2015
Content may be subject to copyright.
Oriental Insects
Vol. 45, Nos. 2–3, June–September 2011, 146–161
Revision of Neothoracaphis Takahashi with description of a new
species from China (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Hormaphidinae)
Jing Chen
a,b
, Li-Yun Jiang
a
and Ge-Xia Qiao
a
*
a
Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
b
Graduate University of
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
(Received 6 February 2011; final version received 11 May 2011)
The aphid genus Neothoracaphis Takahashi is reviewed, with the descrip-
tion of a new species, Neothoracaphis semicarpifolia sp. nov., on Quercus
semicarpifolia and a newly recorded species, Neothoracaphis elongata
(Takahashi) from China. Neothoracaphis hangzhouensis Zhang was con-
sidered as a junior synonym of Neothoracaphis yanonis (Matsumura), and a
key to the species of Neothoracaphis was provided. Voucher specimens are
deposited with the National Zoological Museum of China, Institute of
Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
Keywords: Neothoracaphis; Hormaphidinae; new species; key to species;
China
Introduction
The aphid genus Neothoracaphis was erected by Takahashi (1958) with two species,
namely, Nipponaphis yanonis Matsumura (Type species) and Thoracaphis tarokoensis
(Takahashi). It was distinguished by its prosoma lacking dorsal papillae and long
setae, abdominal tergites II–VII without submarginal setae, siphunculi absent and
tarsi atrophied or much reduced. In 1958, Takahashi described another genus
Microthoracaphis (Type species: Microthoracaphis elongata Takahashi) and included
four other species, namely, Microthoracaphis glaucae Takahashi, Microthoracaphis
querciphaga Takahashi, Thoracaphis saramaoensis Takahashi and Thoracaphis
sutepensis Takahashi. Tao (1966) transferred Thoracaphis quercicola (Takahashi)
to Neothoracaphis, and described his new genus Microunguis (Type species:
Thoracaphis depressus Takahashi), related to Neothoracaphis and
Microthoracaphis. Ghosh and Raychaudhuri (1973) considered all these three
genera valid, gave generic accounts and keyed species of Microthoracaphis. However,
Eastop and Hille Ris Lambers (1976) considered Microthoracaphis and Microunguis
as synonyms of Neothoracaphis. Ghosh (1988) re-evaluated these and opined that
Microunguis should be regarded as a valid genus because its apterae had distinct tarsi
and claws, and small but distinct siphunculi, which were quite different from
Neothoracaphis. In 1982, Zhang described Neothoracaphis hangzhouensis on
Distylium racemosum from China, which was, however, suspected to be a synonym
*Corresponding author. Email: qiaogx@ioz.ac.cn
ISSN 0030–5316 print/ISSN 2157–8745 online
ß 2011 Taylor & Francis
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00305316.2011.630209
http://www.tandfonline.com
Downloaded by [Institute of Zoology] at 05:51 09 February 2012
of N. yanonis (Matsumura) by Blackman and Eastop (1994) and Remaudie
`
re and
Remaudie
`
re (1997); but as the type specimens were not examined, this is doubtful.
Chakrabarti and Raha (1985) described Neothoracaphis garhwalensis on Quercus
incana and Q. serrata from India.
Herein, a new species, Neothoracaphis semicarpifolia sp. nov., is described on
Quercus semicarpifolia from Tibet, China, and the status of N. hangzhouensis Zhang
as a junior synonym of N. yanonis (Matsumura) confirmed. Thus, there are ten
species now under Neothoracaphis , namely Neothoracaphis elongata (Takahashi), N.
garhwalensis (Chakrabarti and Raha), Neothoracaphis glaucae (Takahashi),
Neothoracaphis quercicola (Takahashi), Neothoracaphis querciphaga (Takahashi),
Neothoracaphis saramaoensis (Takahashi), N. semicarpifolia sp. nov., Neothoracaphis
sutepensis (Takahashi), Neothoracaphis tarokoensis (Takahashi) and N. yanonis
(Matsumura). Neothoracaphis is mainly distributed in East Asia on the host plants
belonging to Fagaceae, mainly Quercus spp., while N. yanonis (Matsumura) also
feeds on Distylium in its life cycle. In China, it is represented by seven species,
namely, N. elongata (Takahashi), N. quercicola (Takahashi), N. saramaoensis
(Takahashi), N. semicarpifolia sp. nov., N. sutepensis (Takahashi), N. tarokoensis
(Takahashi) and N. yanonis (Matsumura).
Materials and methods
All specimens were collected from the mainland of China by J. Chen, R. Chen, X.T.
Li, Q.H. Liu, Z.H. Luo, G.Q. Ma, G.X. Qiao, Y.C. Ru, Y. Wang, G.X. Zhang, X.N.
Zhang, T.S. Zhong and personnel of Hangzhou Municipal Bureau of Parks and
Zhongshan Botanical Garden. To facilitate observations, some heavily sclerotised
specimens were bleached in 30% H
2
O
2
for more than 8 h before the standard
procedure of preparation. The terminology generally follows Takahashi (1958) and
Ghosh (1988), and the unit of measurements is millimetre. The type material and
other voucher specimens are deposited with the National Zoological Museum of
China, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
Neothoracaphis Takahashi
Neothoracaphis Takahashi, 1958: 1. Type species: Nipponaphis yanonis Matsumura,
1917; by original designation.
Microthoracaphis Takahashi, 1958: 4. Type species: Microthoracaphis elongata
Takahashi, 1958; by original designation.
Diagnosis
In apterae, body oval or elongate oval, flat and strongly sclerotised. Prosoma
consisting of fused head, thorax and abdominal segment I, abdominal segments II–
VII fused and abdominal segment VIII free. Dorsum of prosoma with mosaic
sculptures or corrugated and lacking long setae; abdominal tergites II–VII without
setae, but sometimes with minute circular markings on the submarginal area; and
abdominal tergite VIII with four setae. Venter of prosoma with narrow marginal
area well defined. Eyes with two or three facets in apterae and normal in alatae.
Antennae in apterae unsegmented and on venter of head, in alatae five-segmented,
Oriental Insects 147
Downloaded by [Institute of Zoology] at 05:51 09 February 2012
and with subannular secondary rhinaria. Rostrum very short, two-segmented in
apterae, and normal in alatae. In apterae, fore and middle legs very short, concealed
under body, and without tarsi; hind legs longer, protruding behind body, with
rudimentary unsegmented tarsi bearing a pair of capitate dorsoapical setae, and
claws minute or absent. In alatae, tibia distinctly imbricated and with stiff setae;
dorsoapical setae on second tarsal segment expanded at apex and longer than claws;
and first tarsal chaetotaxy: 3, 3, 2 or 3, 3, 3. Siphunculi absent in apterae and pore-
like in alatae. Cauda knobbed and constricted at the base. Anal plate bilobed. Fore
wings broad, pterostigma short, media once branched and hind wings with two
obliques.
Comments
Neothoracaphis is closely related to Microunguis in several characters, such as
dorsum of prosoma with corrugations or reticulations instead of papillae, lacking
long setae, abdominal tergite VIII with four setae, antennae unsegmented, fore and
middle legs concealed under body and hind legs exposed. Ghosh (1988) thought this
appeared to be more primitive within Nipponaphidini due to its peculiar assemblage
of characters. But these unique reduced characters may also represent apomorphic
condition, hence more studies are required.
Distribution
China, India, Korea, Japan and Thailand
Host plants
Primary host plants are Distylium racemosum, D. chinense; secondary hosts include
Lithocarpus chintungensis, L. edulis and Quercus spp.
Biology
Only the Type species, N. yanonis (Matsumura) forms galls on Distylium and
alternates between Distylium and Quercus. Other species seem to be anholocyclic on
foliage of Fagaceae, mostly on Quercus spp. (Takahashi 1958; Ghosh 1988; Blackman
and Eastop 1994). The absence of heteroecy indicates a loss of primary hosts and
a secondary adaptation to anholocyclic life cycle on the original secondary hosts.
A. Key to species – apterous viviparous females
1. Fore and middle legs without tarsi, hind legs with rudimentary tarsi.......... 2
All legs with rudimentary tarsi......................................................................5
2. Dorsum of prosoma with polygonal mosaic sculptures entirely ...............
................................................................................................... N. quercicola
Dorsum of prosoma with polygonal mosaic sculptures except on median
area ................................................................................................................3
3. Body large, 0.9–1.0 mm long; frontal margin prominently
indented .................................................................................... N. tarokoensis
Body 0.5–0.8 mm long; frontal margin scarcely or slightly indented............ 4
148 J. Chen et al.
Downloaded by [Institute of Zoology] at 05:51 09 February 2012
4. Polygonal mosaic sculptures on prosoma small and compact; a few mosaic
sculptures present on muskelplatten; margin of prosoma with many small
slightly indented wax pores .................................... N. semicarpifolia sp. nov.
Polygonal mosaic sculptures on prosoma rather large and sparse; no mosaic
sculptures present on muskelplatten; margin of prosoma without wax
pores ............................................................................................... N. yanonis
5. Dorsum of prosoma with distinct polygonal mosaic sculptures, apparently
extending to marginal areas but not distinct on narrow median
area ......................................................................................... N. garhwalensis
Dorsum of prosoma ridged, corrugated or nearly smooth...........................6
6. Body elongate; dorsum of prosoma nearly smooth, with a distinct median
ridge...............................................................................................................7
Body oval; dorsum of prosoma corrugated entirely or submarginally, median
ridge absent or indistinct...............................................................................8
7. Median ridge of prosoma uniformly pale, with four prominent
constrictions ........................................................................... N. saramaoensis
Median ridge of prosoma with transverse furrows dark and
sclerotic, separating four paler regions in between, without prominent
constrictions .................................................................................. N. elongate
8. Dorsum of prosoma distinctly corrugated over the entire
surface ..................................................................................... N. querciphaga
Dorsum of prosoma only corrugated submarginally ....................................9
9. Body large, 0.8–1.0 mm long; hind legs yellow ..............................N. glaucae
Body relatively small, 0.6 mm long; hind legs black .................. N. sutepensis
B. Descriptions/taxonomic accounts of species
1. Neothoracaphis elongata (Takahashi) (new record for China) (Figures 1–3)
Microthoracaphis elongata Takahashi, 1958: 5; Ghosh and Raychaudhuri, 1973: 162.
Specimens examined
China: Four apterous viviparous females, Yunnan (Wenquan Town, altitude
1980 m), 19 November 2009, no. 23871, on Quercus sp., Coll. J. Chen.
Distribution
China (Yunnan) and Japan
Host plants
Quercus myrsinaefolia, Q. paucidentata and Q. sessilifolia
Biology
Apterae are black, with little white wax mid-dorsally in life (Figure 3), and live on the
leaves of evergreen Quercus spp. all the year around (Takahashi 1958).
Oriental Insects 149
Downloaded by [Institute of Zoology] at 05:51 09 February 2012
2. Neothoracaphis garhwalensis Chakrabarti and Raha
Neothoracaphis garhwalensis Chakrabarti and Raha, 1985: 90.
Distribution
India
Host plants
Quercus incana and Q. serrata
Biology
This species infects the leaves and is often attended by ants (Chakrabarti and
Raha 1985).
3. Neothoracaphis glaucae (Takahashi)
Microthoracaphis glaucae Takahashi, 1958: 6; Ghosh and Raychaudhuri, 1973: 162.
Distribution
Japan
Figures 1–3. Neothoracaphis elongata. (1–2) Apterous viviparous female: (1) dorsal view of
body and (2) dorsal view of body. Ecology: (3) apterous adult on the leaf of Quercus sp., with
little wax mid-dorsally. Scale bars – 0.1 mm.
150 J. Chen et al.
Downloaded by [Institute of Zoology] at 05:51 09 February 2012
Host plant
Quercus glauca
Biology
Apterae are black, with much wax mid-dorsally and live throughout the year on the
leaves (Takahashi 1958).
4. Neothoracaphis quercicola (Takahashi) (Figures 4–7)
Astegopteryx quercicola Takahashi, 1921: 93; 1923: 147; 1924: 94.
Glyphina saitamaensis Shinji, 1923: 302.
Specimens examined
China: Eight alate viviparous females and three fourth instar alatoid nymphs, Hubei
(Enshi City, Mount Tianchi, altitude 1500 m), 23.x.1977, no. 6706, on Quercus
acutissima, Coll. G.X. Zhang; four alate viviparous females, one second instar
nymph and two fourth instar alatoid nymphs, Yunnan (Ruili City, altitude 1171 m),
2.xii.2009, no. 24086, on Q. acutissima, Coll. J. Chen and G.Q. Ma; eighteen
apterous viviparous females, Yunnan (Ruili City, altitude 1171 m), 2.xii.2009, no.
24087, on Q. acutissima, Coll. J. Chen and G.Q. Ma; nine apterous viviparous
females, Yunnan (Kunming City, altitude 1998 m), 5.xii.2009, no. 24109, on Quercus
sp., Coll. J. Chen and Z.H. Luo; two alate viviparous females, Guangxi (Nanning
City), 24.xii.1981, no. Y3284, on Q. acutissima, Coll. Y.C. Ru.
Distribution
China (Guangxi, Hubei, Taiwan and Yunnan)
Host plants
Quercus acutissima and Q. variabilis
Biology
This species forms a large colony on the upper and lower surface of leaves. Apterae
are black, nymphs are yellow and covered with much white wax, alatae have black
cephalothorax and yellow brown abdomen (Figures 6–7). In Taiwan, this species is
recorded to live parthenogenetically all the year around on the lower surface of
leaves of Q. variabilis, and alatae are produced in November to March (Takahashi
1931).
5. Neothoracaphis querciphaga (Takahashi)
Microthoracaphis querciphaga Takahashi, 1958: 6; Ghosh and Raychaudhuri,
1973: 163.
Oriental Insects 151
Downloaded by [Institute of Zoology] at 05:51 09 February 2012
Distribution
Japan
Host plant
Quercus myrsinaefolia
Biology
Apterae are black and live throughout the year on the leaves of Q. myrsinaefolia in
Japan (Takahashi 1958).
6. Neothoracaphis saramaoensis (Takahashi) (Figures 8–11)
Thoracaphis saramaoensis Takahashi, 1935: 88.
Comments
Some specimens (no. 23778) have a pair of indistinct large oval pores at the middle
part of anterior prosoma (Figure 8), which is consistent with the original description
Figures 4–7. Neothoracaphis quercicola. Apterous viviparous female: (4) dorsal view of body.
Alate viviparous female: (5) dorsal view of body. (6–7) Ecology: (6) aphids on the leaf of
Quercus acutissima and (7) apterous adults. Scale bars – 0.1 mm.
152 J. Chen et al.
Downloaded by [Institute of Zoology] at 05:51 09 February 2012
(Takahashi 1935). Besides, some specimens (nos. 23743 and 23738) possess a pair of
large round pores at the middle part of anterior prosoma, horn-like and much paler;
and have two large oval pale pores on abdominal tergites II–VII (Figure 9), which is
not mentioned in the original description; but the present name saramaoensis to be
followed. Taking into account the wax secretion in living specimens, these oval pores
should be wax gland plates.
Specimens examined
China: Five apterous viviparous females, Yunnan (Jingdong County, Mount Ailao,
altitude 2470 m), 9.xi.2009, no. 23738, on Lithocarpus chintungensis, Coll. J. Chen
Figures 8–11. Neothoracaphis saramaoensis. (8–9) Apterous viviparous female: (8) dorsal view
of body and (9) dorsal view of body, with a pair of large pale round pores at the middle part of
anterior prosoma and two large oval pale pores on abdominal tergites II–VII. (10–11)
Ecology: (10) aphids on the leaf of Lithocarpus chintungensis and (11) the immature and
apterous adult with white wax. Scale bars – 0.1 mm.
Oriental Insects 153
Downloaded by [Institute of Zoology] at 05:51 09 February 2012
and Z.H. Luo; six apterous viviparous females, Yunnan (Jingdong County, Mount
Ailao, altitude 2470 m), 9.xi.2009, no. 23743, on L. chintungensis, Coll. J. Chen and
Z.H. Luo; four apterous viviparous females, Yunnan (Jingdong County, altitude
1916 m), 11.xi.2009, no. 23778, on Fagaceae, Coll. J. Chen and Z.H. Luo.
Distribution
China (Yunnan and Taiwan) and Japan
Host plants
Lithocarpus chintungensis, L. edulis, Quercus glauca and Q. variabilis
Biology
This species occurs on the under surface of leaves; the immatures are yellow brown,
and apterae adults are black, with much wax mid-dorsally and white wax thread
along the entire body margin; at the middle of anterior part of prosoma, a pair of
horn-like white wax present, and behind the hind end, there is white wax secretion
(Figure 11).
7. Neothoracaphis semicarpifolia sp. nov. (Figures 12–24)
Apterous viviparous females
Body oval, flat and strongly sclerotised, 0.640–0.798 mm long, 0.453–0.601 mm wide
(Figures 12 and 14).
Figures 12–13. Neothoracaphis semicarpifolia sp. nov. Apterous viviparous female: (12) body,
with dorsum in left, venter in right, scale bar – 0.1 mm and (13) hind tarsus, scale bar –
0.05 mm.
154 J. Chen et al.
Downloaded by [Institute of Zoology] at 05:51 09 February 2012
Mounted specimens
Body dark brown; rostrum, cauda and anal plate pale. Prosoma consisting of fused
head, thorax and abdominal segment I, abdominal segments II–VII fused and
abdominal segment VIII free. Margin of prosoma with many small slightly indented
wax pores (Figures 12 and 18). Venter of prosoma with narrow marginal area well
defined by a distinct furrow. Pleuromarginal area of prosoma dorsum with
many distinct polygonal mosaic sculptures, small, compact and scarcely protuberant
Figures 14–22. (14–20) Neothoracaphis semicarpifolia sp. nov. Apterous viviparous female:
(14) dorsal view of body; (15) antennae; (16) muskelplatten; (17) mosaic sculptures; (18) wax
pores on margin; (19) hind tarsus; and (20) anal plate. (21–22) Mosaic sculptures on the same
scale: (21) N. semicarpifolia sp. nov. and (22) N. yanonis. Scale bars – 0.1 mm.
Oriental Insects 155
Downloaded by [Institute of Zoology] at 05:51 09 February 2012
(Figures 12, 14 and 17). Median area of prosoma pale, irregular in shape, smooth
with only a few wrinkles, and boundary indistinct (Figure 14). Muskelplatten
distinct, forming radial pattern with a few mosaic sculptures (Figures 12 and 16).
Abdominal tergites II–VII with polygonal mosaic sculptures submarginally (Figures
12 and 14). Cauda and anal plate with spinulose sculptures. Prosoma without long
dorsal setae, two pairs of minute setae present between eyes, and posterior margin of
head dorsum, pro-, meso-, metanotum and abdominal tergite I each with a pair of
minute submarginal setae; abdominal tergites II–VII lacking setae; tergite VIII with
four dorsal setae (Figure 12). Eyes two-faceted (Figures 12 and 14). Antennae very
small, unsegmented and placed ventrally, 0.028–0.035 mm long, 0.038–0.044 as
long as body (Figures 12 and 15). Rostrum very short, two-segmented. Legs smooth,
trochanter and femur fused. Fore and middle legs very short, concealed under body,
without tarsi (Figure 12). Hind legs longer, protruding behind body, with
rudimentary tarsi (Figures 12 and 14); hind trochanter and femur 0.086–0.096 mm
long; hind tibia 0.088–0.100 mm long, 0.126–0.151 as long as body; hind tarsi
unsegmented, with two small conical reduced claws at apex and a pair of capitate
dorsoapical setae (Figures 13 and 19). Siphunculi absent. Cauda knobbed,
constricted at the base, with five to seven setae. Anal plate bilobed, each lobe with
four to six setae (Figure 20). Genital plate broad round, with two anterior setae and
four to six setae along the posterior margin.
Holotype
Apterous viviparous female, China: Tibet (Linzhi City, 29.88323
N, 93.42537
E,
altitude 3330 m), 2.viii.2010, no. 25730-1-1-1, on Quercus semicarpifolia, Coll. G.X.
Qiao, Q.H. Liu, Y. Wang and R. Chen; paratypes: nine apterous viviparous females,
data same as holotype.
Etymology
The new species is named after the specific name of host plant, semicarpifolia.
Comments
The new species is closely related to N. yanonis, but differs as follows: polygonal
mosaic sculptures on prosoma small and compact (Figure 21) (in yanonis: rather
large and sparse – Figure 22, on the same scale as Figure 21); a few mosaic sculptures
present on muskelplatten (Figure 16) (in yanonis: no mosaic sculptures present on
muskelplatten – Figure 25); living body with white wax thread around the entire
margin (Figure 24), and margin of prosoma with many small, slightly indented wax
pores (Figure 18) (in yanonis: living body without wax marginally – Figure 32) and
margin of prosoma without wax pores (Figure 25).
Host plant
Quercus semicarpifolia
156 J. Chen et al.
Downloaded by [Institute of Zoology] at 05:51 09 February 2012
Biology
This species occurs on the under surface of leaves, and is covered with more
white wax mid-dorsally, and white wax thread around the entire margin (Figures 23
and 24).
8. Neothoracaphis sutepensis (Takahashi)
Thoracaphis sutepensis Takahashi, 1941: 22.
Distribution
China (Taiwan), India and Thailand
Host plant
Quercus sp.
Biology
Apterae are black with more white wax mid-dorsally, and occur on the under surface
of leaves (Takahashi 1941).
9. Neothoracaphis tarokoensis (Takahashi)
Thoracaphis tarokoensis Takahashi, 1937: 15.
Distribution
China (Taiwan)
Figures 23–24. Neothoracaphis semicarpifolia sp. nov. Ecology: (23) aphids on the leaf of
Quercus semicarpifolia and (24) apterous adults with much white wax mid-dorsally and white
wax thread around the entire margin.
Oriental Insects 157
Downloaded by [Institute of Zoology] at 05:51 09 February 2012
Figures 25–32. Neothoracaphis yanonis. (25–26) Apterous viviparous female: (25) dorsal view
of body and (26) small circular markings on venter of body. (27–28) Alate viviparous female:
(27) dorsal view of body and (28) dorsal view of body, syntype of N. hangzhouensis Zhang.
(29–32) Ecology: (29) galls on the leaves of Distylium chinense; (30) alatae in the gall; (31)
aphids on the leaf of Quercus aliena ; and (32) apterous adults with much white wax dorsally.
Scale bars – 0.1 mm.
158 J. Chen et al.
Downloaded by [Institute of Zoology] at 05:51 09 February 2012
Host plant
Quercus spinosa
Biology
Apterae are black with more white wax mid-dorsally, and occur on the under surface
of leaves (Takahashi 1937).
10. Neothoracaphis yanonis (Matsumura) (Figures 25–32)
Nipponaphis yanonis Matsumura, 1917: 56; Monzen, 1934: 18; 1954: 56.
Nipponaphis distylii Pergande sensu Essig and Kuwana, 1918: 109.
Nipponaphis distyfoliae Takahashi, 1920: 115.
Neothoracphis hangzhouensis Zhang in Zhang and Zhong, 1982: 20; 1983: 109; Tao,
1999: 22. syn. nov.
Comments
Galls of N. yanonis on Distylium are very common in China and the alate viviparous
females well described. In 2009, the apterous viviparous females on Quercus were
collected from China (Yunnan) for the first time. The Chinese specimens of
alienicola correspond well to the original description (Takahashi 1958), while some
specimens (nos. 23766 and 24044) show many small circular markings on venter of
bodies (Figure 26). The syntype of N. hangzhouensis Zhang (Figure 28) was
examined, and it reveals only slight differences in measurements with N. yanonis
(Matsumura) (Figure 27), and thus not clearly distinct. Hence, N. hangzhouensis
Zhang as a junior synonym of N. yanonis (Matsumura) proposed herein.
Specimens examined
China: Six fundatrices, five first instar nymphs, five second instar nymphs and three
third instar alatoid nymphs, Zhejiang (Hangzhou City, altitude 200 m), 5.v.1979, no.
5602, on Distylium sp., Coll. G.X. Zhang and T.S. Zhong; two apterous viviparous
females and forty eight alate viviparous females, Zhejiang (Hangzhou City, altitude
200 m), 23.v.1975, no. 5791, on Distylium sp., Coll. T.S. Zhong; twenty alate
viviparous females, Shanghai City, 7.vi.1975, no. 5936, host unknown, Coll. T.S.
Zhong; seven apterous viviparous females, Yunnan (Jingdong County, altitude
1911 m), 10.xi.2009, no. 23766, on Quercus aliena, Coll. J. Chen and Z.H. Luo; six
apterous viviparous females, Yunnan (Jingdong County, altitude 1913 m),
11.xi.2009, no. 23793, on Q. aliena, Coll. J. Chen and X.N. Zhang; fifteen apterous
viviparous females, Yunnan (Kunming City), 29.xi.2009, no. 24044, on Quercus sp.,
Coll. J. Chen and Z.H. Luo; two alate viviparous females, Zhejiang (Hangzhou City,
altitude 200 m), 21.v.1965, no. Y902, on Distylium racemosum, Coll. personnel of
Hangzhou Municipal Bureau of Parks; twenty one alate viviparous females, Jiangsu
(Nanjing City), 16.vi.1987, no. Y7114, on Distylium sp., Coll. personnel of
Zhongshan Botanical Garden; six alate viviparous females, Hunan (Jishou City),
Oriental Insects 159
Downloaded by [Institute of Zoology] at 05:51 09 February 2012
21.v.2009, no. Y8893, on D. chinense, Coll. X.T. Li; four alate viviparous females,
Hunan (Jishou City), 4.v.2010, no. Y8970, on D. chinense, Coll. X.T. Li.
Distribution
China (Hunan, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Yunnan and Zhejiang), Korea and Japan
Host plants
Primary host plants: Distylium racemosum and D. chinense; secondary hosts: Quercus
aliena, Q. dentata, Q. mongolica var. grosseserrata and Q. serrata.
Biology
Host alternating between Distylium and evergreen Quercus. Small galls are induced
on leaves of Disylium in late March, spherical, protruding from both sides of leaves,
and with a pointed bottom; these galls develop to its full size in late May, about
0.6 cm long and 0.5 cm in diameter; mature galls (Figure 29) are red and split at
bottom in late May to June. Alate fundatrigeniae emerge from the galls and migrate
to Quercus spp., with black cephalothorax and yellow brown abdomen (Figure 30).
Apterae on the under surface of Quercus leaves black, covered with more white wax,
and are attended by ants sometimes (Figures 31 and 32). In October to November,
alate sexuparae return to Distylium and produce abundant sexuales on the under
surface of leaves.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to R. Chen, X.T. Li, Q.H. Liu, Z.H. Luo, G.Q. Ma, Y.C. Ru, Y.
Wang, G.X. Zhang, X.N. Zhang, T.S. Zhong and personnel of Hangzhou Municipal Bureau
of Parks and Zhongshan Botanical Garden for their collections. They also thank C.P. Liu and
F.D. Yang for specimen processing. This study was supported by the National Natural
Sciences Foundation of China (nos. 30830017 and 31061160186), National Science Funds for
Distinguished Young Scientists (no. 31025024), National Science Fund for Fostering Talents
in Basic Research (no. J0930004) and grants (no. O529YX5105) from the Key Laboratory of
the Zoological Systematics and Evolution of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the
Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China (MOST GRANT
no. 2006FY110500).
References
Blackman RL, Eastop VF. 1994. Aphids on the world’s trees. An identification and
information guide. London (UK): CAB International, Wallingford in association with
the Natural History Museum. p. 987.
Chakrabarti S, Raha S. 1985. New genus and two new species of aphids (Homoptera:
Aphididae) infesting oaks in northwest India. Ann Zool. 39:87–92.
Eastop VF, Hille Ris Lambers D. 1976. Survey of the world’s aphids. The Haque
(The Netherlands): Dr. W. Junk b.v., Publishers. p. 573.
Essig EO, Kuwana SI. 1918. Some Japanese Aphididae. Proc Calif Acad Sci. 8:35–112.
160 J. Chen et al.
Downloaded by [Institute of Zoology] at 05:51 09 February 2012
Ghosh AK. 1988. The fauna of India and the adjacent countries (Homoptera: Aphidoidea)
Part 4 Subfamilies: Phloeomyzinae, Anoeciinae and Hormaphidinae. Calcutta (India):
Zoological Survey of India. p. 429.
Ghosh AK, Raychaudhuri DN. 1973. Studies on the aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae)
from eastern India XV. A study of Nipponaphis Pergande and related genera with
descriptions of a new genus and eight new species from eastern India Part I. Kontyu
ˆ
.
41:148–165.
Matsumura S. 1917. A collection of essays for Mr. Yasushi Nawa. Gifu. 3:56.
Monzen K. 1934. Some contributions to the knowledge of the new and recorded species
of the gall producing aphids. Bull Sci Res Alumni Assoc Morioka Coll Agr Forest.
9:13–34.
Monzen K. 1954. Revision of some Japanese Hormaphidinae (Aphididae), with the
descriptions of new genus and species. Ann Rep Gakugei Facul Iwate Univ. 7:46–60.
Remaudie
`
re G, Remaudie
`
re M. 1997. Catalogue of the World’s Aphididae. Paris (France):
Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique. p. 473.
Shinji O. 1923. New aphids from Saitama and Morioka. Zool Mag. 35:301–309.
Takahashi R. 1920. On some species of the genus Nipponaphis Pergende (Aphididae,
Hemiptera). Bull Brooklyn Entomol Soc. 15:115–116.
Takahashi R. 1921. Aphididae of Formosa, Part 1. Special Report of the Agricultural
Experiment Station, Government of Formosa, No. 20. Taihoku (Formosa): Agricultural
Experiment Station, Government of Formosa. p. 97.
Takahashi R. 1923. Aphididae of Formosa, Part 2. Report of the Department of Agriculture
Government Research Institute Formosa. Formosa: Department of Agriculture
Government Research Institute Formosa. 4:1–173.
Takahashi R. 1924. Aphididae of Formosa, Part 3. Report of the Department of Agriculture
Government Research Institute, Formosa, Japan, No. 10. Taihoku (Formosa): The
Institute. p. 121.
Takahashi R. 1931. Aphididae of Formosa, Part 6. Report of the Department of Agriculture
Government Research Institute, Formosa, Japan, No. 53. Taihoku (Formosa): The
Institute. p. 127.
Takahashi R. 1935. Three new aphids of the genus Thoracaphis van der Goot (Hem.). Proc R
Entomol Soc Lond Ser B Taxon. 4:86–89.
Takahashi R. 1937. Additions to the aphid fauna of Formosa (Hemiptera), IV. Philippine
J Sci. 63:1–19.
Takahashi R. 1941. Some injurious insects of agricultural plants and forest trees in Siam and
Indo-China, I Aphididae. Report of the Department of Agriculture Government
Research Institute, Taiwan, Nippon (Japan). No. 78. Taihoku (Taiwan): The Institute.
p. 27.
Takahashi R. 1958. Two new genera of Aphididae from Quercus in Japan (Homoptera). Bull
Univ Osaka Prefecture Ser B. 8:1–7.
Tao CC. 1966. Revision of Chinese Hormaphinae, Aphididae, Homoptera. Q J Taiwan Mus.
19:165–179.
Tao CC. 1999. List of Aphidoidea (Homoptera) of China. Taiwan Agricultural Research
Institute Special Publication. 77:1–144.
Zhang GX, Zhong TS. 1982. New species and subspecies of Chinese Aphidoidea.
Sinozoologia. 2:19–28.
Zhang GX, Zhong TS. 1983. Economic insect fauna of China, Fasc. 25, Homoptera:
Aphidinea, Part I. Beijing (China): Science Press. p. 387.
Oriental Insects 161
Downloaded by [Institute of Zoology] at 05:51 09 February 2012
