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[Study on the chemical constituents in the fruit of Harrisonia perforata]
Abstract
To study the chemical constituents in the fruit of Harrisonia perforata.
The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by means of chromatographic techniques and their structures were elucidated by analysis of spectroscopic data and physicochemical properties.
Eight compounds were isolated and identified as caryolane-1,9beta-diol (1), gallic acid (2), 4-O-ethylgallic acid (3), syringic acid ethyl ester (4), protocatechuic acid (5), stigmasterol (6), beta-daucoster (7), beta-sitosterol (8).
Compounds 1, 3 - 5 and 7 are isolated from this plant for the first time. Compounds 1, 3 and 4 are isolated from this genus for the first time.
... Protocatechuic acid (Figure 1) can be found in raspberry, Cardiospermum halicacabum, and Harrisonia perforate [1,191,192]. It is one of the major metabolites of dietary anthocyanins [193] and has been implicated as having lifespan lengthening [194] cognitive improving [195] diabetic ameliorating and anti-inflammatory [196] functions. ...
... Protocatechuic acid (Figure 1) can be found in raspberry, Cardiospermum halicacabum, and Harrisonia perforate [1,191,192]. It is one of the major metabolites of dietary anthocyanins [193] and has been implicated as having lifespan lengthening [194] cognitive improving [195] diabetic ameliorating and anti-inflammatory [196] functions. ...
Background:
Naturally occurring polyphenols found in food sources provide huge health benefits. Several polyphenolic compounds are implicated in the prevention of disease states, such as cancer. One of the mechanisms by which polyphenols exert their biological actions is by interfering in the protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathways. PKC belongs to a superfamily of serine-threonine kinase and are primarily involved in phosphorylation of target proteins controlling activation and inhibition of many cellular processes directly or indirectly.
Scope of review:
Despite the availability of substantial literature data on polyphenols' regulation of PKC, no comprehensive review article is currently available on this subject. This article reviews PKC-polyphenol interactions and its relevance to various disease states. In particular, salient features of polyphenols, PKC, interactions of naturally occurring polyphenols with PKC, and future perspective of research on this subject are discussed.
Major conclusions:
Some polyphenols exert their antioxidant properties by regulating the transcription of the antioxidant enzyme genes through PKC signaling. Regulation of PKC by polyphenols is isoform dependent. The activation or inhibition of PKC by polyphenols has been found to be dependent on the presence of membrane, Ca(2+) ion, cofactors, cell and tissue types etc. Two polyphenols, curcumin and resveratrol are in clinical trials for the treatment of colon cancer.
General significance:
The fact that 74% of the cancer drugs are derived from natural sources, naturally occurring polyphenols or its simple analogs with improved bioavailability may have the potential to be cancer drugs in the future.
OBJECTIVE: To study the anti-inflammatory active constituents of Mangifera indica L. seed kernel. METHODS: The compounds were isolated by silica gel column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and ODS column chromatography.Their structures were elucidated by spectral analyses and physicochemical properties. The anti-inflammatory activities of selected isolated compounds were evaluated as inhibitory activities against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 cell lines by Griess reaction. RESULTS: Eight compounds were obtained from n-butanol fraction oi Mangifera indica L. seed kernel, whose structures were elucidated as 4-O-ethylgallic acid (1), gallic acid (2), citric acid(3), 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloylglucose(4),1,3, 6-tri-O-galloylglucose(5), hyperoside(6), quercetin-3-O-rhamnopyranoside(7), and mangiferin(8). Compounds 1, 2 and 4-8 exhibited potent inhibitory effect on NO production in LPS-induced macrophages, especially compounds 6 and 8 showed the best inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 16.5 and 19.5 μmol·L-1, respectively. CONCLUSION: Compounds 1 and 3-8 were obtained from Mangifera indica L.seed kernel for the first time.Compounds 1, 2 and 4-8 are the anti-inflammatory active constituents oi Mangifera indica L.seed kernel.Compounds 6 and 8 are the most potent anti-inflammatory active constituents.
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