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The Effect of Gender in Improving Body Image and Self Esteem
Abstract
There is considerable agreement that physical activity is associated with improvements in self-esteem and body image perception, however it would seem that these effects are not the same for both genders. This study examines the differences between the sexes on the affect of activity on self-esteem and body image. Self-esteem was measured using the 10- item Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale; body image was assessed by the 23-item Body Cathexis Scale. These questionnaires were given to individuals belonging to three different groups: physical exercise (n=20), computer course (n=20) and no intervention control (n=20). They were administered on two occasions, at the start of the activity and after six weeks. It was found that in males but not in females, Body image perception of individuals in the physical exercise group showed a significant improvement after 6 weeks as measured by the Body Cathexis Scale. Again, for males only, the self-esteem of individuals on the computer course significantly improved as measured by the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale.
... BI relates to individuals' perceptions, feelings, and thoughts about their bodies. 21 Taken together, a great majority of both interventional studies [22][23][24][25][26] and correlational studies [27][28][29][30][31][32] have shown PA to be positively associated with BI, a relationship that was supported in a meta-analysis. 33,34 Specifically, the meta-analysis showed that, compared to nonexercisers, exercisers had a more positive BI, and that there were significant increases in BI scores following an exercise intervention. ...
... Also, BI was found to improve after 6 weeks of exercise training. 29 • Also, we expected that PA would be associated with a lower BMI (Hypothesis 2b). This hypothesis is based on studies showing that BMI decreased significantly after aerobic exercise training, 24 while greater PA has been found to be associated with lower BMI scores. ...
In the present study, we investigated the relationship between physical activity (PA) and self-esteem (SE), while introducing body mass index (BMI), perceived physical fitness (PPF), and body image (BI) in adults (N =264, M =38.10 years). The findings indicated that PA was directly and indirectly associated with SE. BMI predicted SE neither directly nor indirectly, but was directly associated with PPF and both directly and indirectly with BI. Furthermore, PPF was directly related to BI and SE, and a direct association was found between BI and SE. The pattern of results suggests that among a sample of adults, PA is directly and indirectly associated with SE, PPF, and BI, but not with BMI. PA, PPF, and BI appear to play an important role in SE. Accordingly, regular PA should be promoted, in particular, among adults reporting lower SE.
... Moreover, girls with multiple problems including change of school and reaching puberty suffered with the lowest self-esteem. [14][15][16][17] The older adolescent females have a higher selfesteem as compared to younger adolescent females. The girls who study magazines focused at grown women are more dissatisfied with their outlook. ...
In the current scenario that we live in, the bitter truth is that we define beauty by what is on the outside andvisible to the naked eye. The body image of a person plays such a huge role in one’s life that we constantly striveto achieve the perfect body. This has led to various mental, behavioural and emotional issues. Unfortunatelypeople have even lowered their self-esteem. Body image and self-esteem have a great impact on the quality of lifeand well-being of every individual. So the research aims to establish a relationship between body image and selfesteemamong adolescents and young adults.The data was collected using Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale, Body Shape Questionnaire and Body Mass Indexand it was analysed using correlation test. The results show that there exists correlation between body image andself-esteem adolescents and young adults. The study helped occupational therapists plan an intervention withoutstigma or judgment.
... Self -esteem is considered as a primary element of welfare (Rosenberg, 1965). Majority of researchers (McAuley et al., 2005;Griffin, Kirby, 2007), despite the complexity of the problem (Hubbs, Doyle, Bowden, Doyle, 2012;, consider physical activity as beneficial for self -esteem. Analysis of average values and median of SES of the respondents (Table 1) may lead to conclusion that mutual relations between activities and SES are generally favourable. ...
Supplementation is one of the forms of powerlifting training support. It may have an influence on physical parameters of the contenders and may also have an impact on perception of the body and self – esteem. The aim of the study was to assess relationships between age, BMI, data concerning training, supplementation, self – assurance and body value among the contenders practising powerlifting.
51 people who regularly practise powerlifting: 11 women aged 23,5±3,6 and 40 men aged 23,9±8,5 have been examined using self – esteem (SES) and body – esteem (BES) questionnaires. Data concerning age, BMI, training variables and supplementation have been also gathered.
Supplementation is used by 91% of women and 85% of men. Men use more types of supplements than women (p
... Some of the common desires of individuals who engage in sports are improvement within the physical, psychological and psycho-motor domains. Studies(Salokun, 1990(Salokun, , 1994Griffin & Kirby, 2007;Temple & Stanish, 2008) seeking to establish the effects of sports participation on these variables are numerous globally; however, there is a paucity of such studies in Nigeria. While some have reported positive findings, a few others have yielded uncertain results especially with regards to sports like badminton and basketball. ...
The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of sport skill acquisition in two selected sports on the self-perception of in-school adolescence. Experimental research design was adopted for the study. The Physical Self-Perception Profile (PSPP, Fox & Corbin, 1989) was administered on 160 participants who took part in an eight week structured exercise intervention using the pre-post-test method. The mean and standard deviation of the pre and post treatment PSPP score of male and female participants in basketball, badminton and control were revealed (= 96.50 ± 12.7; = 80.58 ± 17.49; = 73.83 ± 17.84) and (=100.68 ± 8.94; = 95.71 ± 7.15; = 73.74 ± 17.89), respectively. A Two Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to test for difference among means the result revealed significant effect in the pre and post treatment sport groups (<0.05). To determine the location of the significant effect, a post hoc analysis was carried out (<0.05). The study concluded that basketball and badminton skill training had a significant effect on the self-perception of participants irrespective of sex and age
... Z kolei Griffin i Kirby uważali, że aktywność może poprawić zarówno obraz własnego ciała, jak i poczucie własnej wartości. Jednak dobór środków (rodzaj aktywności, intensywność ćwiczeń etc.) powinien uwzględniać płeć [22]. Wydaje się, że uwarunkowania poczucia własnej wartości są bardzo złożone, zawierające w sobie zarówno aspekty biologiczno-psychologiczne, jak i społeczne [23,24]. ...
Wstęp. Ćwiczenie na siłowni staje się coraz bardziej popularne, zarówno wśród kobiet, jak i wśród mężczyzn. Regularne treningi, poza zmianami morfologicznymi oraz funkcjonalnymi mogą mieć wpływ na zmiany pewnych aspektów psychologicznych, szczególnie dotyczących poczucia własnej wartości oraz postrzegania własnego ciała. Cel. Postanowiono określić poziom poczucia własnej wartości oraz poczucia wartości własnego ciała u osób ćwiczących na siłowni. Ponadto celem badań było zbadanie wzajemnych zależności między tymi rodzajami samooceny oraz ocena wpływu wieku i stażu treningowego na ich poziom u kobiet i u mężczyzn. Materiał i metody. Zbadano 73 osoby regularnie ćwiczące na siłowni: 23 kobiety i 50 mężczyzn. Narzędziem badawczym był kwestionariusz, zawierający Skalę Samooceny Rosenberga (SES) oraz Skalę Poczucia Wartości Własnego Ciała (BES). Wyniki. Zarówno kobiety, jak i mężczyźni ocenili poczucie własnej wartości na poziomie 59% możliwych do uzyskania punktów. Również poczucie wartości własnego ciała i jego składowe były powyżej połowy możliwych do uzyskania punktów. Nie znaleziono korelacji poczucia własnej wartości z poczuciem wartości własnego ciała. Odnotowano silne wzajemne korelacje między składowymi skali BES. Wśród kobiet odnotowano korelację wieku z wynikami SES. Wnioski. Osoby ćwiczące na siłowni mają dobry poziom globalnej samooceny oraz poczucia wartości własnego ciała. Badane rodzaje samooceny nie są wzajemnymi korelatami. Aspekty poczucia wartości własnego ciała są ze sobą skorelowane. Wśród kobiet wiek wpływa dodatnio na poczucie własnej wartości.
... Z kolei Griffin i Kirby uważali, że aktywność może poprawić zarówno obraz własnego ciała, jak i poczucie własnej wartości. Jednak dobór środków (rodzaj aktywności, intensywność ćwiczeń etc.) powinien uwzględniać płeć [22]. Wydaje się, że uwarunkowania poczucia własnej wartości są bardzo złożone, zawierające w sobie zarówno aspekty biologiczno-psychologiczne, jak i społeczne [23,24]. ...
Ziemianek Piotr, Jendrysik Krzysztof, Horodecki Mikołaj, Knapik Andrzej. Poczucie własnej wartości oraz wartości własnego ciała u osób ćwiczących regularnie na siłowni – wyniki badań pilotażowych = Self-esteem and the value of body in people who exercise regularly at the gym - the results of pilot studies. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(11):629-638. eISSN 2391-8306. DOIhttp://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.35712
http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%2811%29%3A629-638
http://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/684942
Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011–2014http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive
Original Text published © The Author (s) 2015. Ziemianek Piotr, Jendrysik Krzysztof, Horodecki Mikołaj, Knapik Andrzej. Poczucie własnej wartości oraz wartości własnego ciała u osób ćwiczących regularnie na siłowni – wyniki badań pilotażowych. Quality in Sport. 2015;1(3):61-69. eISSN 2450-3118.
The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015).
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© The Author (s) 2015;
This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland.
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This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial
use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Received: 15.11.2015. Revised 20.11.2015. Accepted: 30.11.2015.
Piotr Ziemianek, Krzysztof Jendrysik, Mikołaj Horodecki
Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu, Śląski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Katowicach,
SKN przy Zakładzie Adaptowanej Aktywności Fizycznej i Sportu
Andrzej Knapik
Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu, Śląski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Katowicach,
Zakład Adaptowanej Aktywności Fizycznej i Sportu
Poczucie własnej wartości oraz wartości własnego ciała u osób ćwiczących regularnie na siłowni – wyniki badań pilotażowych
Self-esteem and the value of body in people who exercise regularly at the gym - the results of pilot studies
Streszczenie
Wstęp. Ćwiczenie na siłowni staje się coraz bardziej popularne, zarówno wśród kobiet, jak i wśród mężczyzn. Regularne treningi, poza zmianami morfologicznymi oraz funkcjonalnymi mogą mieć wpływ na zmiany pewnych aspektów psychologicznych, szczególnie dotyczących poczucia własnej wartości oraz postrzegania własnego ciała. Cel. Postanowiono określić poziom poczucia własnej wartości oraz poczucia wartości własnego ciała u osób ćwiczących na siłowni. Ponadto celem badań było zbadanie wzajemnych zależności między tymi rodzajami samooceny oraz ocena wpływu wieku i stażu treningowego na ich poziom u kobiet i u mężczyzn. Materiał i metody. Zbadano 73 osoby regularnie ćwiczące na siłowni: 23 kobiety i 50 mężczyzn. Narzędziem badawczym był kwestionariusz, zawierający Skalę Samooceny Rosenberga (SES) oraz Skalę Poczucia Wartości Własnego Ciała (BES). Wyniki. Zarówno kobiety, jak i mężczyźni ocenili poczucie własnej wartości na poziomie 59% możliwych do uzyskania punktów. Również poczucie wartości własnego ciała i jego składowe były powyżej połowy możliwych do uzyskania punktów. Nie znaleziono korelacji poczucia własnej wartości z poczuciem wartości własnego ciała. Odnotowano silne wzajemne korelacje między składowymi skali BES. Wśród kobiet odnotowano korelację wieku z wynikami SES. Wnioski. Osoby ćwiczące na siłowni mają dobry poziom globalnej samooceny oraz poczucia wartości własnego ciała. Badane rodzaje samooceny nie są wzajemnymi korelatami. Aspekty poczucia wartości własnego ciała są ze sobą skorelowane. Wśród kobiet wiek wpływa dodatnio na poczucie własnej wartości.
Abstract
Admission. Exercise at the gym has become increasingly popular, both among women and among men. Regular workouts besides morphological and functional changes may affect the amendment of certain psychological aspects, particularly concerning self-esteem and perception of their own body. Objective. It was decided to determine the level of self-esteem and a sense of one's own body in people exercising in the gym. Moreover, the aim of the study was to examine the interrelationships between these types of self-assessment and the assessment of the effects of age and training experience to their level in men and women. Materials and methods. We examined 73 people regularly exercising at the gym: 23 women and 50 men. The research tool was a questionnaire containing the Rosenberg Self-Assessment Scale (SES) and the scale of self-esteem own body (BES). Results. Both women and men assessed self-esteem at the level of 59% of possible points. Also, a sense of one's own body and its components were more than half of the possible points. No correlation was found self-esteem with a sense of your own body. There has been strong correlations between the components of the scale BES. Among women aged noted a correlation with the results of the SES. Conclusions. People exercising at the gym have a good level of global self-esteem and a sense of your own body. Tested types of self-esteem are not mutually correlates. Aspects of self-esteem own body are correlated. Among women age has a positive effect on self-esteem.
Słowa kluczowe: ćwiczenie na siłowni, samoocena, poczucie wartości własnego ciała.
Key words: exercising at a gym, self-esteem, sense of one’s own body.
... A large body of research in non-diseased populations suggests that PA can predict one's body image, with greater PA levels generally predicting greater satisfaction with one's body (Arbour & Martin Ginis, 2008;Burgess, Grogan, & Burwitz, 2006;Griffin & Kirby, 2007;Henry, Anshel, & Michael, 2006;LePage & Crowther, 2010;Lowery et al., 2005;Martin Ginis, Eng, Arbour, Hartman, & Philips, 2005;Reel et al., 2007;Sorenson, Anderssen, Hjerman, Holme, & Ursin, 1997;Tiggemann & Williamson, 2000;Williams & Cash, 2001). In their meta-analysis of 121 published and unpublished studies, Hausenblas and Fallon (2006) found significant associations between PA and improved body image across several types of research design, including correlational studies, single group studies (i.e., compared pre-versus post-exercise intervention), and interventions (i.e., exercise versus non-exercise groups, compared post-exercise intervention). ...
... A female's perception of her physical appearance, including body build, size, weight, and other aspects, form an integral part of overall self-esteem (Griffin & Kirby, 2007). Males tend to have a significantly higher level of self-esteem and physical appearance self-concept, with females having a more difficult time accepting their physique (Davis, 1997;Marsh, Perry, Horsely, & Roche, 1995). ...
The purpose of this study was to compare self-esteem, locus of control and perfectionism among athlete female and male students of athletes with non-athlete male and female students. The research method was comparative. The statistical population was all male and female athlete students in the 12th Olympiad of Sport Games in Tehran in August 2014, of which 92 were selected randomly and were matched by 92 non-athlete female and male students from Tehran, Shahid Beheshti, Allame Tabatabai and Qom universities in terms of demographic variables including age, gender, level of education and marital status. To collect the data, Cooper Smith's self-esteem questionnaire and Nowicki-Strickland locus of control questionnaire and positive and negative perfectionism tests of Terry-Short et al were used. Two-factor multivariate variance analysis showed that there is a significant difference between athlete and non-athlete subjects in their locus of control and self-esteem variables. But in gender comparisons, women and men have only a significant difference in the variable of the locus of control. The analysis of gender-based interactions with group showed that there is a significant difference between male and female athletes compared to non-athlete men and women only in variable of locus of control. There was no significant difference between athletes and non-athletes and women and men as well as athletic interaction and gender regarding the perfectionism variables.
Focus of the Research
TtL was set up in 2010, to assist people with SpLDs and low self-esteem by providing them with a free diagnostic assessments and DMSS for adults. The primary focus of the research is whether TtL clients suffer from low self-esteem and how do they think TtL affects their self-esteem.
Outline of the Research Process
This research was set-up for five adults with ages ages ranging from 41-60+; all experiencing SpLDs. The research data is gathered in the form of a case study. In Phase 1, the Pre-intervention stage, Rosenberg self-esteem scales [RSES] was used. In Phase 2, clients took part in the Dual-Multi Sensory Session [DMSS] (not included in the research). In Phase 3, clients were individually interviewed, methods chosen to gain information includes structured interviews, personal accounts, Self-Assessment Manikin Diagram [SAM Diagram] with the Likert Scale [LS] combined. Phase 4 involves the Post-intervention [RSES]. Finally, Phase 5, is the focus group, where participants choose specific questions to answer further.
Outcomes and Recommendations.
The results show that when all five clients came to TtL, their self-esteem was low in Phase 1: Pre-intervention stage [RSES]; however, by Phase four: Post-intervention stage [RSES], the clients’ self-esteem was high. The analysis of the clients pre and post diagnosis indicates that their self-esteem improved once diagnosis was given. Discussion with clients indicated that procedures within TtL led to ‘less stress’ and clients ‘enjoyed it’. From the DMSS, the reflections show that once the intervention was delivered and clients participated in designing their programme, which aids in the development of their own self-image, client’s self-esteem improved. Participants referred their time at TtL a ‘journey’ and ‘it’s important to treat the whole of the person and not the Learning Difficulty’[LD] as comments showed that TtL ‘provided the right support’
The recommendations from the report did not come from the clients, but came from the author, as the clients did not make any recommendations in improving the services. What the authors did recommend was a more detailed look into the DMSS, as more clients with different SpLD’s were registering with TtL and They note that it would be advisable to research behind conditions to ensure that the sessions were catered for. In addition, they say that it may be useful for the author to become qualified as a counsellor to ensure that the care of the clients always comes first.
Professional practice.
This research has taught the author that the work done since 2010 has been a success, in relation to both the care of the clients at TtL and the provision of information in the care of dyslexic people with low self-esteem within a community setting can be used within an educational setting. It is the method which is the most important factor in dealing with the care of people with dyslexia. As one client states: [MD1] ‘treat the person and not the LD’. This is the way that all clients were treated. As a dyslexic individual myself, I take care of clients how I wished to be treated, as a mentor, I never treat the LD.
The current study was an expansion of one by Cash, Novy, and Grant in 1994, in which responses of 101 female nursing students were examined for associations between reasons for exercise, frequency of exercise, and body-image satisfaction. In the current study, 78 male and 100 female undergraduates between the ages of 18 and 25 years (M = 21.2, SD=1.9) from various majors completed a demographics/frequency of exercise survey, two body-assessment inventories, and the Reasons for Exercise Inventory of Silberstein, Striegel-Moore, Timko, and Rodin. Contrary to Cash, et al.'s findings, only health and fitness reasons were predictive of women's frequency of exercise, and women's dissatisfaction with specific bodily attributes was not significantly related to any reasons for exercising; however, like women in their sample, the current students who experienced more situational body dissatisfaction exercised for appearance and weight control. Sex comparisons indicated similar dissatisfaction with specific bodily attributes among men and women, but values were not significantly associated with any reasons for exercising. Women reported higher situational body dissatisfaction and exercising for appearance-related reasons more than men. Current participants may represent a more diverse group than previously tested, and the inventory's factor structure may not be generalizable to men and women.
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between physical exercise and self-esteem in breast cancer survivors using Sonstroem and Morgan's (1989) exercise and self-esteem model (EXSEM). Participants were 64 women from four breast cancer support groups. Each participant completed a battery of self-administered questionnaires that assessed exercise participation, physical competence, physical acceptance, and global self-esteem. Pearson correlation analyses demonstrated that physical acceptance, physical competence, and exercise participation each had significant zero-order relationships with global self-esteem. Multiple regression analysis determined that these three constructs together explained 46% of the variance in global self-esteem. Consistent with hypotheses, path analysis showed that the significant relationship between exercise participation and global self-esteem was mediated entirely by physical competence. It was concluded that the EXSEM may be a viable framework for examining the mechanisms by which physical exercise may influence self-esteem in breast cancer survivors.
The study examines differences in body image between active and inactive people, and between active and inactive men and women. A random sample of 1555 Norwegians between the ages of 18 and 67 completed the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ). In addition, body mass index and discrepancies between actual and desired weight (WDIS) and height (HDIS), were calculated. The subjects were classified into inactive, low-, moderate-, and high active men and women. Analyses showed that almost all groups of active men and women compared to their inactive counterparts, evaluated physical appearance, fitness, and health significantly better, were significantly more satisfied with different parts of their bodies, and were significantly more concerned with fitness and health. Active men were significantly more satisfied with weight and height, and less concerned with weight than inactive men. No such differences were obtained among the groups of women. Moderate- and high active men and women evaluated their bodies better than low active men and women. Low- and moderate active men evaluated physical appearance, fitness, and health significantly better than low- and moderate active women. No such gender differences were obtained among inactive and high active subjects. Women in all four groups were significantly more concerned with appearance, health, and weight, and were significantly less satisfied with weight and most parts of their bodies than their male counterparts.
The purpose of this research was to explore the effectiveness of exercise in reducing body image concerns of female college students. Women enrolled in an aerobic exercise course or in a social psychology course at a medium sized university report ed their social physique anxiety an~ body esteem at the begin ning and end of the semester. For women in the aerobic exer cise classes, social physique anxiety decreased and body esteem increased over the course of the semester. Social physique anxiety and body esteem did not change significantly for those in the (nonexercising) social psychology classes. The ~ researchers concluded that participation in aerobic exercise programs may help to improve the body image of female col lege students. Based upon these results further investigation of the mechanisms by which exercise influences body image is warranted.
Self-esteem, the evaluative manner in which one judges herself or himself; forms the foundation of emotional well-being. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of Mexican American female adolescents' self-esteem with body image, exercise behavior, and bodyfatness. Two hundredfifty-four subjects, ranging in agefrom 13 to 15 years, were drawn from a predominantly Mexican American population located in the LowerRio Grande Valley region of Texas. Data were gathered through a self-report instrument consisting of self-esteem, body image, and exercise involvement scales and anthropometric measures. Results indicated significant positive relationships between self-esteem and body image and exercise involvement and a significant negative relationship between self-esteem and bodyfatness. Body image,followed by exercise, exerted the strongest explanatory power of subjects'self-esteem scores. Findings suggest that a degree of body distortion exists in female Mexican American adolescents.
Age and gender effects in 10 physical self-concept scales for elite athletes and nonathletes were based on responses from 899 participants in 4 age cohorts (grades 7–10 in high school) who completed the same instrument 4 times during a 2-year period. A multicohort-multioccasion design provides a stronger basis for assessing developmental differences than a cross-sectional comparison collected on a single occasion or a longitudinal comparison based on responses by a single age cohort collected on multiple occasions. Across all 10 physical self-concepts there were substantial differences due to group (athletes > nonathletes), gender (males > females), and gender × group interactions (athletes
Compared a broad cross-section of 36 male and 47 female elite athletes (aged 15–28 yrs) to a normative sample of 2,436 nonathletes (aged 13–48 yrs) on the 13 self-concept scales of the Self-Description Questionnaire III (SDQ—III). Athletes had substantially higher Physical Ability self-concepts than did nonathletes, but no significant differences were found on Physical Appearance self-concepts. There were smaller differences favoring athletes on social scales, global esteem, and the total self-concept. Group differences were not significant for the academic scales and emotional self-concept, but nonathletes had marginally higher spiritual and honesty self-concepts. Gender differences in esteem for elite athletes mirrored gender differences found for nonathletes. Results support the construct validity of SDQ responses. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
35 female undergraduates were randomly assigned to either a weight training, running, or control group for 16 wks. Controls were engaged in a variety of other physical activities. Ss were pre- and posttested with the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale, the Bem Sex-Role Inventory, and an attitude questionnaire. Self-esteem increased significantly for both the weight training and running groups, while a loss of self-esteem occurred for the control group. Also, after adjustment for uneven starting scores for the 3 groups, the weight training Ss showed significant gains in self-esteem as compared to the controls. Physiological gains in strength and in cardiovascular fitness occurred for the weight training and running groups, respectively. Results show the psychological as well as physiological benefits that may accrue to women as they begin entering exercise activities that have traditionally been reserved for men. (French, Spanish, German & Italian abstracts) (26 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The present study compared the body and weight satisfaction, self-esteem, and depression of Chinese male and female university students in Hong Kong and the United States and assessed the impact of these ratings on compensatory behavior such as dieting and exercise.
Self-report measures were administered to 501 Chinese participants in the language of their university's locale.
Females reported significantly more body dissatisfaction and depression, and males reported greater weight dissatisfaction (the majority of men wishing to be larger). Overall, Chinese subjects in Hong Kong reported significantly more body and weight dissatisfaction, lower self-esteem, higher depression, more dieting, and less exercise as compared to their counterparts in the United States.
Asian students in this study mirrored gendered patterns previously reported in Caucasian samples with respect to the relation of body image, self-esteem, and mood. For both sexes, there appeared to be a caricatured mimicking of the bodies perceived to be associated with the dominant culture--men wanted to be larger while the women wanted to be even more petite.
The relation between physical exercise and psychological health has increasingly come under the spotlight over recent years. While the message emanating from physiological research has extolled the general advantages of exercise in terms of physical health, the equivalent psychological literature has revealed a more complex relation. The paper outlines the research evidence, focusing on the relation between physical exercise and depression, anxiety, stress responsivity, mood state, self esteem, premenstrual syndrome, and body image. Consideration is also given to the phenomena of exercise addiction and withdrawal, and implications for exercise prescription are discussed.
The purpose of the present study was to develop a method of appraising the feelings of an individual towards his body and to ascertain whether or not variables derived from these appraised feelings are significant for personality theory." On the basis of results obtained on a scale designed by the authors, the following conclusions were reached: (1) Split-half reliabilities of the scale were satisfactory. (2) Feelings of the body are commensurate with feelings about the self. (3) Low body-cathexis is associated with anxiety concerning pain, disease, or bodily injury. (4) Low body-cathexis is associated with in-security.
Significant correlations were found between measured (and estimated) size of selected aspects of the female body, and cathexis for those parts. The mean self-rated ideal size for weight, waist, and hips was significantly smaller than the mean measured (and estimated) size of these parts, while the ideal bust measurement was larger than the obtained average bust measurement. Cathexis ratings for five body parts were found to vary with the extent of deviation of measured (and estimated) size from self-rated ideal size.
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Psychological Dynamics of Sport and Exercise, 2 nd Ed. United States: Human Kinetics
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Foundations of exercise and mental health Morgantown, WV: Fitness information technology
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