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Abstract

High-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis of chloroform fraction (CF) of cow urine showed rich pool of phenolic acids. Antifungal and antibacterial bioassays of CF have shown its tremendous efficacy against some fungal plant pathogens as well as human pathogenic bacteria at very low concentrations. The CF also inhibited powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) of balsam (Impatiens balsamania) under field conditions during pre- and post-inoculation treatments. HPLC analysis of pre- and post-inoculation-treated plant leaves indicated that CF induced phenolic acid synthesis as compared to control. The results revealed that CF of cow urine has the potential for controlling some important human diseases. The result on balsam powdery mildew is a good signal that CF may also be effective against other plant diseases in the field.

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... Another study showed that after photo-activation, few biogenic volatile inorganic and organic compounds such as CO 2 , NH 3 , CH 4 , methanol, propanol, acetone, and some metabolic secondary nitrogenous products were also formed, and subsequently it became highly acidic in nature as compared to the fresh CU [75]. The presence of many other chemical compounds such as inorganic phosphorus, chloride and dimethylamine along with some reactive compounds like formaldehyde and ketones are reported in the photo-activated CU sample [12]. ...
... Percentage scavenging of DPPH radical was calculated by comparing the absorbance between the CU sample and ascorbic acid as a standard reference sample. It was reported that the DPPH radical scavenging activity of the fresh CU sample increased with increasing concentration [12,137]. Double distilled CU sample exhibited antigenotoxic and anti-clastogenic effect against MnO 2 and Cr +6 induced genotoxicity and clastogenicity in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lymphocytes. ...
Article
The use of cow urine (CU) in treating a variety of illness can be traced back to ancient ages. It has been referred as an important and integral component of Cowpathy – an age-old practice in Indian sub-continent since the Vedic period (1500 BC – 600 BC). The CU contains several important compounds that are essential in maintaining a balance between the well-being of human and the nature. It is composed of about 95 % water and other useful ingredients such as urea, hormones, lyase enzyme, and salts containing Fe, Ca, P, Mn, S, N, and K. In addition, it also contains lactose, cytokine, and amino acid which are the fundamental building blocks of protein. Researchers have developed various processes for the green synthesis of CU concentrate and evaluated its usefulness in treating various diseases owing to its antibacterial and antifungal properties. Further, CU has also shown promising immunity boosting and anti-oxidant characteristics. Even though human civilization has benefited from the use of CU in treating various types illness but the modern scientific understanding of the cause-effect relationships was partly developed in the last few decades. There exists a huge knowledge gap and a comprehensive study on exploring the science and application of CU hasn’t been reported. This paper reviews the historical perspective, compositional analysis, processing, applications, knowledge gap, and future research required in the field of therapeutic usage of CU.
... The cow urine prevents the development of antibacterial resistance by blocking the R-factor, a part of plasmid genome of bacteria. Also, cow urine contains phenolic acids (gallic, caffeic, ferulic, o-coumaric, cinnamic, and salicylic acids) which have antifungal characteristics (Singh et al., 2012) [19] . Deshmukh et al, (2012) [20] found that germtube lengths of Aspergillus spp. ...
... The cow urine prevents the development of antibacterial resistance by blocking the R-factor, a part of plasmid genome of bacteria. Also, cow urine contains phenolic acids (gallic, caffeic, ferulic, o-coumaric, cinnamic, and salicylic acids) which have antifungal characteristics (Singh et al., 2012) [19] . Deshmukh et al, (2012) [20] found that germtube lengths of Aspergillus spp. ...
... mg/L), protein (0.1037 g/L), lactate (3.7830 mmol/L), creatinine (0.9970 g/L), aromatic hydroxyl acid (2.7030mg/100ml), calcium (5.735 mmol/L), phosphorus (0.4805 mmol/L), phenol (4.7580mg/100ml), free volatile phenol (0.7130 mg/100ml) and compound volatile phenol (1.3420mg/100ml) [8]. Cow urine properties such as volatile and non-volatile components which are urea, aurum hydroxide, phenols, carboxylic acid, creatinine, calcium, and manganese are well known for their ability as antimicrobial, antifungal, and germicidal [9]. Moreover, both biogenic volatile inorganic and organic compounds such as methanol, propanol, acetone, CO2, NH3, CH4, and some metabolic secondary nitrogenous products are formed during the distillation process of cow urine [10]. ...
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Background: Helminth infection occurs due to contact with contaminated soils and poor hygiene practices. Even though there is immense progression in human medicine, infections that occur due to bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites persist as a crucial threat to public health. Over the years, many studies indicated cow urine has antimicrobial activity. Hence, this study looks into anthelminthic property of cow urine in Ascaris spp., and Trichuris spp., eggs. Methods: The soil sample was collected at the riverside, near the toilet area and at the pond area at an aborigine village in Malaysia. Next, floatation technique was used to isolate the helminth eggs and it was identified using a light microscope. The cow urine was prepared as raw cow urine (RCU), evaporated raw cow urine diluted with distilled water (ERCUD), evaporation raw cow urine diluted with saline (ERCUS) and evaporated filtered cow urine diluted with saline (EFCUS).Results: From the soil samples, mainly two types of helminths were found which were Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura. Evaporated cow urine diluted with saline showed the most prominent result in the destruction of helminth eggs.Conclusion: Evaporated cow urine possesses biochemical agents that can be used in the future as anthelmintic agents whereby further studies can be made to explore more possibilities to use cow urine as a potential anthelmintic agent.Keywords: Cow urine; Helminth eggs; Anthelmintic
... Inorganic substances in cow urine such as phosphorus, chloride and dimethylamine may also play an important role. Cow urine prevents the development of antibacterial resistance by blocking the R factor, a part of plasmid genome of bacteria Cow urine contains phenolic acids (gallic, caffeic, ferulic, o-coumaric, cinnamic, and salicylic acids) which have antifungalcharacteristics [22] . Antioxidant property of uric acid and allantoin present in Cow urine correlates with its anticancer effect. ...
... Studies have reported the antibacterial activity of cow urine against a wide spectrum of pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella typhi, Bacillus subtitlis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fragi, Streptococcus agalactiae etc. [5][6][7]. One study claimed that cow urine blocks the transfer of R-factor and prevent the development of antibacterial resistance in bacteria [8]. It is also shown to possess antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, Fusarium lateritium, clinical isolates of Candida species [9,10]. ...
... Cow urine is confirmed to contain antifungal chemicals like phenolic acids (i.e. gallic, caffeic, ferulic, o-coumaric, cinnamic, and salicylic acids) [19]. Farmers in Gonder, Ethiopia, apply cow urine using their innate indigenous knowledge for centuries to protect their crops against pests and diseases. ...
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Indigenous knowledge, developed over generations and owned by communities or individuals within a community, offers alternative strategies and perspectives on resource management and use. However, as emphasized in the contemporary agricultural history of Ethiopia, the most effective indigenous agricultural knowledge has not been well documented and some of them are replaced by modern techniques. This study was therefore conducted to assess and document community-based techniques to control pests and diseases and the practical implications of indigenous farming techniques. A focus group discussion, key informant interviews and semi-structured questionnaires were conducted with 150 farmers. The result showed that a substantial number (92%) of the farming community uses indigenous based plant protection measures. Indigenous farmers (92%) splash liquids made of cow urine to control the adverse effect of fungi. Farmers are also using different seed selection methods for next season planting. About 29% of the farmers do single head-based seed selection prior to mass harvesting, 34% are collected as “Qerm” and 45% select their seeds during threshing. Indigenous farming knowledge varies with the natural feature of the growing location and cropping system, including the rainfall pattern, soil fertility status, crop, and weed type. The observed positive effect of indigenous agricultural practices on crop production substantiates the need to include these essential approaches in the cultivation system along with the modern agronomic techniques. This might reduce the dependency on expensive and pollutant agricultural inputs. However, sociodemographic factors such as educational level, marital status and farming experience have been found as a determinant factor that influences utilization of indigenous farming knowledge. It can be therefore inferred that documenting indigenous knowledge and proving its applicability scientifically could contribute to organically oriented agricultural production and consequently reduce agriculture's contribution to environmental pollution.
... Studies have reported the antibacterial activity of cow urine against a wide spectrum of pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella typhi, Bacillus subtitlis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fragi, Streptococcus agalactiae etc. [5][6][7]. One study claimed that cow urine blocks the transfer of R-factor and prevent the development of antibacterial resistance in bacteria [8]. It is also shown to possess antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, Fusarium lateritium, clinical isolates of Candida species [9,10]. ...
Article
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Objective: Cow urine possesses several bioactive properties but the responsible components behind these bioactivities are still far from identified. In our study, we tried to identify the possible components behind the antimicrobial activity of cow urine by exploring the peptidome and metabolome. Methods: We extracted peptides from the urine of Sahiwal cows belonging to three different physiological states viz heifer, lactation, and pregnant, each group consisting of 10 different animals. The peptides were extracted using the Solid Phase Extraction technique followed by further extraction using ethyl acetate. The antimicrobial activity of the aqueous extract was evaluated against different pathogenic strains like S. aureus, E. coli, and S. agalactiae. The safety of urinary aqueous extract was evaluated by haemolysis and cytotoxicity assay on BuMEC cell line. The urinary peptides were further fractionated using HPLC to identify the fraction(s) containing the antimicrobial activity. The HPLC fractions and ethyl acetate extract were analysed using nLC-MS/MS for the identification of the peptides and metabolites. Results: A total of three fractions were identified with antimicrobial activity, nLC-MS/MS analysis of fractions resulted in the identification of 511 sequences. While 46 compounds were identified in the metabolite profiling of organic extract. The urinary aqueous extract showed significant activity against E.coli as compared to S.aureus and S.agalactiae and was relatively safe against mammalian cells. Conclusions: The antimicrobial activity of cow urine is a consequence of the feeding habit. The metabolites of plant origin with several bioactivities are eliminated through urine and are responsible for its antimicrobial nature. Secondly, and the plethora of peptides generated from the activity of endogenous proteases on protein shed from different parts of tissues also find their way to urine. Some of these sequences possess antimicrobial activity due to their amino acid composition.
... [52] Cow's urine contains phenolic acids such as gallic, caffeic, ferulic, coumaric, cinnamic, and salicylic acids. [53] It is a major source of trace elements. [54] Trace elements may interact with products of hydrolysis to form newer organoinorganic complexes. ...
Article
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Bakuchi (Psoralea corylifolia L.) is an herb mainly indicated for the treatment of skin diseases in the classical text of Ayurveda. Before the use of several potent herbs, metals, minerals, and poisonous plants, specific processing is mentioned to be done to minimize the untoward effect of the drug or to make the drug more suitable for further processing as mentioned in Ayurveda classics. Such procedures are considered pretreatment (Shodhana). Although classical texts of Ayurveda have mentioned pretreatment of Bakuchi fruits before their therapeutic use, its internal administration after processing is not prevalent in clinical practice. This pretreatment may be considered as the Shodhana procedure of Bakuchi. Accordingly, data were assembled in the context of pretreatment of Bakuchi from Ashtanga Samgraha, Gadanigraha, Rasoudhhara Tantra, Vrunda Madhava, Anandakanda, Rasakamadhenu, and from published researches. Three procedures, viz. Nimajjana (immersion), Prakshalana (washing with water), and Bharjana (roasting), were mentioned for pretreatment of Bakuchi. Pretreatments are noted as soaking of Bakuchi fruits in Gomutra (cow's urine) or Ardraka Swarasa (juice of Zingiber officinale Rosc.) for 7 or 21 days or Bibhitaka Kwatha (decoction of Terminalia belerica Roxb.) for 1 night and Bharjana (roasting) in Ghee. Blisters occur because of the presence of furanocoumarins like psoralen in formulations, which holds Bakuchi. Pretreatment performed on Bakuchi fruits may derive newer chemical moieties, further rendering it helpful to minimize adverse drug reactions, increase the efficacy of Bakuchi or its containing formulation, and further break the pathogenesis of the disease.
... Cow excreta (bos indicus) represent a significant part of the materials used in Ayurvedic medicine and the properties of cow urine have been particularly studied in India. Cow urine is rich in fatty acids and phenolic acids and has a high antioxidant potential [78][79][80]. The antimicrobial activity of cow urine has been tested in vitro on strains of pathogenic bacteria [80][81][82][83]. ...
Article
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Background Despite a widespread aversion towards faeces and urine, animal excreta are used in traditional medicine in many countries since centuries, but records are scattered and few therapeutic uses have been accurately documented while in the current context of emerging zoonoses such records may be of major interest. Methodology In this study, we investigated the therapeutic uses that mahouts in Xayaboury province, Lao PDR make of elephant urine and faeces as well as of the brood chamber that beetles ( Heliocopris dominus ) fashion from elephant dung. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with mahouts on elephant diet, health problems and responses to disease, andwhether they use elephant products. Data were supplemented by interviews with traditional healers. Results Seven respondents reported the use of elephant urine in ethnoveterinary care for elephants and in human medicine in case of diabetes and otitis. 25 respondents reported therapeutic use of elephant faeces (EF) and elephant dung beetle brood chambers. The major indications are gastrointestinal and skin problems. Macerations or decoctions are drunk or used externally as a lotion. The mahouts attribute the therapeutic effectiveness of EFs to their content which includes the remains of many species from the elephant diet which they consider to be medicinal. Discussion The indications of these uses are consistent with pharmacological and clinical studies highlighting the properties of different animals’ urine and faeces and their curative potential tested in vivo. The acknowledgement by the mahouts of medicinal properties of elephant faecal bolus contrasts with the rare justifications of animal material use recorded in zootherapeutic studies, which falls within the symbolic domain. However, numerous studies highlight the preponderant role of the microbiota in physiological processes, raising the hypothesis of a curative action of EF, by rebalancing the user’s microbiota. Conclusion The therapeutic uses of EF preparations despite their possible curative properties are a potential source of zoonotic transmission from elephants to humans. In the current context of globalisation of trade which favours the emergence of zoonoses and in relation with the issue of One Health, it becomes crucial to further document the zootherapeutic practices to prevent emerging diseases. As elephants and local related ethnoethological knowledge are threatened, documenting them is urgent to contribute to their preservation.
... It also enhances the bioavailability of certain drugs (Nishanth et al., 2010). The antibacterial activity of cow urine against many pathogenic bacteria was reported by several researchers (Singh et al., 2012;Rakesh et al., 2013;Nautiyal and Dubey, 2020). However, literatures available on the identification of bioactive compounds are scanty and meagre. ...
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The main emphasis of this study was to identify the bioactive compounds responsible for antibacterial activity of Badri cow urine were isolated by thin layer chromatography. The most effective bioactive fraction was analysed by FT-IR and GC-MS analysis. Among the four major fractions (EW1, EW2, CA1 and CA2) obtained by TLC profiling, EW1 was found most active against bacterial strains viz., Listeria monocytogenes (MTCC657), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC7443), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC424), Klebsiella pneumoniae (MTCC432) and Salmonella typhi (MTCC733). However, Escherichia coli (MTCC118), was found resistant to all the fractions. In FT-IR spectroscopy, functional groups like alcohol, amide, alkene, alkyl halide, polysulfide and phosphate ions were identified. The GC-MS analysis of EW1 fraction exhibited the presence of 12 compounds, of which 1-heneicosanol was found as the major compound. These compounds might be responsible synergistically or individually for antibacterial activity of cow urine. Nine elements namely sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), aluminium (Al), potassium (K) and zinc (Zn), Gold (Au) were measured by ICP-MS analysis.
... It acts as a bio-enhancer of some antimicrobial drugs. [26] The only animal product used as a bio-enhancer with the antimicrobial drugs is cow urine. [27] Studies revealed that the action of rifampicin against E. coli got added up to 5-7 folds when used along with Gomutra and about 3-11 times when used against gram-positive bacteria. ...
Article
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Background: Amavata is a chronic immune‐inflammatory systemic disorder caused by the formation of Ama and its association with Vata at Kaphasthana (joints) and can be simulated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Published evidences show that treatment indicated in Amavata is effective in RA. Increased inflammatory status in RA is suggestive of gut dysbiosis involving gut microbiota (GM). Aim: The aim of the present study was to analyze the influence of diet on GM of RA patients based on Pathya (dietary advice) mentioned for Amavata. Materials and Methods: Laghutrayis such as Bhavaprakasha Samhita, Madhava Nidana and Sharangadhara Samhita, Bhaishajya Ratnavali and Nighantus (Sanskrit glossary) such as Raja Nighantu, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu and Yogaratnakara, Ashtanga Hridaya also different databases were reviewed for Pathya of Amavata. Different databases such as PubMed, Scopus, DHARA, Google Scholar, Science Direct were searched with research papers establishing the role of nonnutritive bioactive components in horse gram, barley, garlic, ginger, drumstick leaves, cow urine and buttermilk in the management of RA were also reviewed. It was found that Pathya influences on the GM by lowering or inhibiting inflammatory markers such as interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), 17 and leukotrines through Bowman‐Birk inhibitors and polyphenolic compounds. Among them, Takra is already a proven probiotic. Gomutra augments B and T lymphocytes, IL-1 and IL-2, strengthening the immune system. Conclusion: It was concluded that Pathya Ahara mentioned for Amavata have a direct link with GM of RA patients. Even though the pharmacological actions have been clinically proven/practised, this review creates evidence for its scientific basis.
... It acts as a bio-enhancer of some antimicrobial drugs. [26] The only animal product used as a bio-enhancer with the antimicrobial drugs is cow urine. [27] Studies revealed that the action of rifampicin against E. coli got added up to 5-7 folds when used along with Gomutra and about 3-11 times when used against gram-positive bacteria. ...
Article
Full-text available
Background: Amavata is a chronic immune‑inflammatory systemic disorder caused by the formation of Ama and its association with Vata at Kaphasthana (joints) and can be simulated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Published evidences show that treatment indicated in Amavata is effective in RA. Increased inflammatory status in RA is suggestive of gut dysbiosis involving gut microbiota (GM). Aim: The aim of the present study was to analyze the influence of diet on GM of RA patients based on Pathya (dietary advice) mentioned for Amavata. Materials and methods: Laghutrayis such as Bhavaprakasha Samhita, Madhava Nidana and Sharangadhara Samhita, Bhaishajya Ratnavali and Nighantus (Sanskrit glossary) such as Raja Nighantu, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu and Yogaratnakara, Ashtanga Hridaya also different databases were reviewed for Pathya of Amavata. Different databases such as PubMed, Scopus, DHARA, Google Scholar, Science Direct were searched with research papers establishing the role of nonnutritive bioactive components in horse gram, barley, garlic, ginger, drumstick leaves, cow urine and buttermilk in the management of RA were also reviewed. It was found that Pathya influences on the GM by lowering or inhibiting inflammatory markers such as interleukin‑6 (IL‑6), 17 and leukotrines through Bowman‑Birk inhibitors and polyphenolic compounds. Among them, Takra is already a proven probiotic. Gomutra augments B and T lymphocytes, IL‑1 and IL‑2, strengthening the immune system. Conclusion: It was concluded that PathyaAhara mentioned for Amavata have a direct link with GM of RA patients. Even though the pharmacological actions have been clinically proven/practised, this review creates evidence for its scientific basis.
... CU prevents the development of antibacterial resistance by blocking the Rfactor, a part of plasmid genome of bacteria (Chauhan and Singhal, 2006). CU contains phenolic acids (gallic, caffeic, ferulic, ocoumaric, cinnamic, and salicylic acids) which have antifungal characteristics (Singh et al., 2012). Antioxidant property of uric acid and allantoin present in CU correlates with its anticancer effect. ...
Article
Full-text available
Cow urine therapy and all traditional practices from Indian systems of medicine have a strong scientific base. The cow has proved to be a boon in the areas of agriculture, science and technology, industry, energy, medicine etc.for the development of any nation, in addition being eco-friendly in nature. In the present study the antibacterial and antifungal potentials of cow urine were investigated. Total 9 pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacterial and fungal cultures were used as test organism against three different cow urine samples. Fungal culture includes Aspergillus sp, Rhizopus sp, Mucor sp, Penicillium sp, Alternaria sp, Macrophomina sp and bacterial culture include Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas sp, Streptococcus sp. The highest zone of inhibition was shown against Aspergillus sp while the smallest zone of inhibition was shown against Macrophomina sp in fresh cow urine. The highest zone of inhibition was shown against Aspergillus sp while the smallest zone of inhibition was shown against Pseudomonas sp in photo activated cow urine. The highest zone of inhibition was shown against Bacillus subtilis while the smallest zone of inhibition was shown against Pseudomonas sp in sterile cow urine.Based on cumulative effect against the test organism, the raw urine sample was found to be the most efficient inhibiting all the 9 test cultures but the activity was reported low against fungi compared bacteria.
... As this was an in vitro experimental study, similar outcomes may be anticipated when cow's urine is used practically in treating candidiasis. The antifungal property of cow's urine can be explained by the presence of non-volatile active constituents [2,5,6,9] like phenolic acids which are found abundant in the chloroform fraction of cow's urine when subjected to high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis [10], the antioxidant property [3,7] and the ability to reduce germination of spore [8]. However, the exact mechanism of action of cow's urine in inhibiting the growth of fungi is still not well known and needs to be explored. ...
Article
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Background: Increase in resistance of Candida species, to routinely used antifungal agents has necessitated the quest for new drugs. Few studies have revealed that cow's urine can suppress the growth of pathogenic fungi. However there is no published report on antifungal effects of cow's urine on clinical Candida isolates. Objective: The present study aims at exploring the antifungal potential of cow's urine on clinical isolates of Candida species. Material & methods: In this in-vitro experimental study four standard strains and 37 clinical isolates of Candida species were tested for their susceptibility to amphotericin B, fluconazole and voriconazole, by disk diffusion method. Detection of MIC of cow's urine for the Candida isolates was done by agar dilution method using 20-50% concentration of cow's urine. Results: Clinical isolates of Candida albicans n = 22 (59.5%) Candida glabrata n = 6 (16.2%), Candida tropicalis n = 3 (8.1%) and other Candida species n = 6 were tested for their antifungal susceptibility. Among them, 18.9% were resistant to voriconazole, 24.3% to amphotericin B and 35.1% to fluconazole. Statistically significant association was observed between susceptibility of voriconazole and that of cow's urine (p = 0.045). C.albicans ATCC14053, Candida parapsilosis ATCC22019 and 75.7% of clinical isolates of Candida were susceptible to cow's urine. Conclusions: Cow's urine distillate has concentration dependent inhibitory effect on Candida species and is effective on the isolates that are either resistant or sensitive to the routinely used antifungal agents.
... In addition to the antimicrobial effects of NaCl, other properties of a food such as its pH can exert a significant influence on the ability of bacteria to grow (Tienungoon, Ratkowsky, Mcmeekin, & Ross, 2000). It has been shown that acids, including formic, acetic, ascorbic, and lactic can effectively prevent the growth of foodborne pathogens (C alix- Lara et al., 2014;Singh et al., 2012). There are many instances where reduced pH and NaCl were more effectively antimicrobial together than when used separately. ...
Article
The growth response of Cronobacter spp. to different levels of NaCl and pH was investigated using response surface methodology. Brain heart infusion (BHI) broth containing 0 to 10% (w/v) NaCl at pH values of 4.5 to 8.0 was inoculated with a cocktail of 5 Cronobacter spp. The mixtures were incubated at 37°C and were sampled at intervals of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 hr. Cronobacter spp. were recovered on tryptose soy agar and response surface methodology was employed to investigate the effect of NaCl, pH or their combination on growth and viability. At pH ≤ 5.0, the viability of Cronobacter spp.was reduced below the detection limit after 4 h. In addition, ≥6% NaCl significantly affected Cronobacter spp. growth. However, the interactive effects of pH at 5.5 and 2 to 4% NaCl reduced Cronobacter growth. The response surface analysis indicated that combining NaCl with pH would cause a significantly greater reduction in Cronobacter viability than would be caused by each factor alone. These results showed that Cronobacter may be controlled in food products by concentrations of NaCl ≤4% at pH values ≤5.5. Practical applications Cronobacter spp. have been isolated from a wide range of foods including cheese, meat, grains, herbs, spices, fermented bread, tofu, infant foods, and fermented beverages Cronobacter spp. have a remarkable ability to survive under a variety of environmental stresses including those involving low water activity (aw), acidic pH, osmotic challenge, and mild heating. In the current study, the results showed that the growth of Cronobacter in food products could be controlled by the combined effect of NaCl and pH at concentrations of NaCl ≤ 4% at pH values ≤ 5.5.
... CU contains phenolic acids (gallic, caffeic, ferulic, o-coumaric, cinnamic, and salicylic acids) which have antifungal characteristics [22]. ...
... CU contains phenolic acids (gallic, caffeic, ferulic, o-coumaric, cinnamic, and salicylic acids) which have antifungal characteristics [22]. ...
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In the grim scenario where presently about 70% of pathogenic bacteria are resistant to at least one of the drugs for the treatment, cue is to be taken from traditional/indigenous medicine to tackle it urgently. The Indian traditional knowledge emanates from ayurveda, where Bos indicus is placed at a high pedestal for numerous uses of its various products. Urine is one of the products of a cow with many benefits and without toxicity. Various studies have found good antimicrobial activity of cow’s urine (CU) comparable with standard drugs such as ofloxacin, cefpodoxime, and gentamycin, against a vast number of pathogenic bacteria, more so against Gram-positive than negative bacteria. Interestingly antimicrobial activity has also been found against some resistant strains such as multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrobial action is enhanced still further by it being an immune-enhancer and bioenhancer of some antibiotic drugs. Antifungal activity was comparable to amphotericin B. CU also has anthelmintic and antineoplastic action. CU has, in addition, antioxidant properties, and it can prevent the damage to DNA caused by the environmental stress. In the management of infectious diseases, CU can be used alone or as an adjunctive to prevent the development of resistance and enhance the effect of standard antibiotics.
... When used in combination with some botanical extracts, cow urine effectively inhibited growth of Rhizoctonia spp., Fusarium spp., Sclerotinia spp., Phytophthora spp., and Colletotrichum spp. in vitro [12]. Cow urine contains phenolic acids (gallic, caffeic, ferulic, o-coumaric, cinnamic, and salicylic acids) which have antifungal characteristics [13]. However, it remains to be established whether the antifungal activity is a result of one or a combination of these phenolic acids. ...
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An in vitro assay was carried out to establish if cow urine at different concentrations (500 µL/mL, 300 µL/mL, 200 µL/mL, and 100 µL/mL) can be used to control the growth of F. lateritium, the fungal agent causing Fusarium bark disease in coffee. The growth characteristics selected were conidial germination, germ tube length, mycelial growth rate, and sporulation. Copper oxychloride 50% W.P. was the standard, distilled water was the negative control, and undiluted cow urine was the positive control. The undiluted cow urine was most effective in inhibiting fungal growth with the rest of the cow urine concentrations showing dose dependent efficacy compared to the negative control (P < 0.01). Copper oxychloride had the highest efficacy of all treatments with the exception of the inhibition of mycelial growth where undiluted cow urine had higher efficacy and sporulation where efficacy was comparable to undiluted cow urine. There is potential for the use of cow urine as a means of controlling Fusarium bark disease with other advantages being availability, low cost, and limited environmental damage.
Article
Background: A study has been conducted on ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi), a herb with therapeutic properties. Two formulations, SATVYK ark (made with water) and PURNDHENU ark (using cow urine as a solvent), have been compared. Objectives: The research includes evaluating the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of ajwain seeds; Hence, this article involves the phytochemical evaluation of Ajwain seeds and other qualitative evaluation aspects such as TLC of two different marketed ajwain ark formulations. Methods: TLC was obtained using Toluene: Ethyl acetate (9.3:0.7, v/v/v) as mobile phase and Silica gel plates as stationary phase. Based on these there is a comparative study of these two marketed ark formulations with MINITAB software version 19. Result: Macroscopic evaluation, microscopic evaluation and powder characteristics of seeds of Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague were performed and Physico-chemical parameters of two different marketed ark formulations were also evaluated. Using various chemical tests Preliminary phytochemical analysis has been carried out. Conclusion: The method suggests both formulations are viable, leaving the choice dependent on factors like patient preferences and therapeutic goals.
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Background and Objective: The current "-amylase and "-glucosidase inhibitors in clinical use such as acarbose, miglitol and voglibose are associated with undesirable side effects such as hypoglycemia, flatulence and diarrhoea due to the inhibitory effect of gastrointestinal digestion which limits their use in the treatment of diabetes when compared to the active principles of plant origin. This study explores the antidiabetic enhancing property of Alternanthera sessilis with cowʼs urine as compared to aqueous extract. Materials and Methods: The aqueous and cowʼs urine extract of Alternanthera sessilis was prepared by maceration and both extracts were subjected for in vitro "-amylase inhibitory activity. The obtained data were compared and analysed by MS office excel. Results: Cow urine has enhanced the time of hydrolysis of starch by "-amylase, which in turn exhibited an inhibitory effect on the "-amylase enzyme. Conclusion: From the research work it was revealed that cowʼs urine extract shows promising "-amylase inhibitory activity compared to aqueous extract. The cowʼs urine distillate as a solvent for the extraction and compare the "-amylase inhibitory activity of cowʼs urine extract with aqueous extract and analyze the bio-enhancing effect on bio-active principles of aqueous extract
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