Content uploaded by Christos Papatheodorou
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Christos Papatheodorou on Nov 16, 2012
Content may be subject to copyright.
&OXVWHULQJWKH8VHUVRI/DUJH:HE6LWHVLQWR&RPPXQLWLHV
*HRUJLRV3DOLRXUDV #
,QVWLWXWHRI,QIRUPDWLFVDQG7HOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV1&65'HPRNULWRV$JKLD3DUDVNHYL*5*5((&(
&KULVWRV3DSDWKHRGRURX
#
'LYLVLRQRI$SSOLHG7HFKQRORJLHV1&65'HPRNULWRV$JKLD3DUDVNHYL*5*5((&(
9DQJHOLV.DUNDOHWVLV
#
&RQVWDQWLQH'6S\URSRXORV
#
,QVWLWXWHRI,QIRUPDWLFVDQG7HOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV1&65'HPRNULWRV$JKLD3DUDVNHYL*5*5((&(
$EVWUDFW
,QWKLVSDSHUZHDQDO\]HWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRIFOXV
WHULQJ PHWKRGV RQ WKHWDVNRIFRQVWUXFWLQJFRP
PXQLW\ PRGHOV IRU WKH XVHUV RI ODUJH :HE VLWHV
&RPPXQLW\ PRGHOV UHSUHVHQW SDWWHUQV RI XVDJH
RI WKH :HE VLWH ZKLFK FDQ EH DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK
GLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIXVHU.QRZOHGJHRIWKLVW\SHLV
FOHDUO\YDOXDEOHIRUFRPPHUFLDOVLWHVZKHUHHDFK
XVHU LV D SRWHQWLDO FXVWRPHU :H DUJXH WKDW LW LV
HTXDOO\ YDOXDEOH IRU QRQFRPPHUFLDO VLWHV EH
FDXVHLWFDQDVVLVWJUHDWO\LQWKHLPSURYHPHQWRI
WKHVLWH:HHYDOXDWHWKUHHFOXVWHULQJPHWKRGVRQ
XVDJH GDWD IURP D ODUJH VLWH WKDW FRYHUV RQOLQH
UHVRXUFHV LQ &KHPLVWU\ 7KH VL]H RIWKH VLWH DQG
LWV KLJK KLW UDWH LPSRVH D VHULRXV FRQVWUDLQW RQ
WKHVFDODELOLW\ RI WKHPHWKRGV :H DOVRH[DPLQH
WZR ZD\V RI HQFRGLQJ XVDJH GDWD ZKLFK JLYH
FRPSOHPHQWDU\ LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW WKH EHKDYLRU
RIWKHXVHUV)LQDOO\WKHHPSKDVLVLVRQWKHFRQ
VWUXFWLRQ RI PHDQLQJIXO FRPPXQLW\ PRGHOV E\
LGHQWLI\LQJ WKH GHVFULSWLYH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI
FRPPXQLWLHVDWDSRVWSURFHVVLQJVWDJH
,QWURGXFWLRQ
,QWHUHVWLQWKHDQDO\VLVRIXVHUEHKDYLRURQWKH,QWHUQHWKDV
EHHQ LQFUHDVLQJ UDSLGO\ HVSHFLDOO\ VLQFH WKH DGYHQW RI
HOHFWURQLF FRPPHUFH 1HZ FRQFHSWV VXFK DV HOHFWURQLF
FXVWRPHU UHODWLRQVKLS PDQDJHPHQW H&50 ZHE XVDJH
DQDO\VLVDQGZHE PLQLQJ KDYH DSSHDUHG UHFHQWO\ LQ WKH
OLWHUDWXUH$OORIWKHVHVKDUHWKHVDPHJRDOXQGHUVWDQGLQJ
WKH QHHGV LQWHUHVWV DQG NQRZOHGJH RI WKH XVHUV RI :HE
VLWHV7KHPRWLYDWLRQVWHPVIURPWKHIDFWWKDWDGGHGYDOXH
LVQRWJDLQHGPHUHO\WKURXJKODUJHUTXDQWLWLHVRIGDWDRQD
VLWHEXWWKURXJKHDVLHUDFFHVVWRWKHUHTXLUHGLQIRUPDWLRQ
DWWKHULJKWWLPHDQGLQWKHPRVWVXLWDEOHIRUP6HHQIURP
DGLIIHUHQWYLHZSRLQW
³7KHTXDQWLW\RISHRSOHYLVLWLQJ\RXUVLWHLVOHVVLPSRUWDQW
WKDQWKHTXDOLW\RIWKHLUH[SHULHQFH´6FKZDUW]
&RPPHUFHRQ WKH ,QWHUQHWSURYLGHV D XQLTXHRSSRUWXQLW\
IRU EXVLQHVVHV WR PHHW WKHLU FXVWRPHUV DQG DGDSW WKHLU
VHUYLFH WR WKHP 7KH VDPH KROGV IRU VLWHV WKDW SURYLGH
QRQFRPPHUFLDO VHUYLFHV WKH VXFFHVV RI ZKLFK GHSHQGV
ODUJHO\RQWKHLUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHLUXVHUV¶LQWHUHVWVDQG
QHHGV7KHXVH RIWKHFRPSXWHUDVDQLQWHUPHGLDU\LQWKH
SURYLVLRQ RI VHUYLFHV DOORZV WKH FROOHFWLRQ RI WUDQVDFWLRQ
GDWD ZLWK OLPLWHGFRVW DQG HIIRUW+RZHYHU WKH WUDQVIRU
PDWLRQRIWKHVHGDWDWRXVHIXONQRZOHGJHLVQRWVLPSOH
0DFKLQHOHDUQLQJWHFKQLTXHVKDYHEHHQVKRZQWRDGGUHVV
WKLVLVVXH ZHOO OHDGLQJWR WKHFUHDWLRQ RIDVHSDUDWH ILHOG
RI VWXG\ LH WKDW RI NQRZOHGJH GLVFRYHU\ IURP GDWD
.'' 2XU DSSURDFK LV DQ DWWHPSW WR DSSO\ WKH VDPH
LGHDV WR XVDJH GDWD IURP ,QWHUQHWEDVHG VHUYLFHV ,Q WKLV
HIIRUWZH PDNH XVHRI EDVLF FRQFHSWVDQG LGHDV IURPWKH
DUHD RI XVHU PRGHOLQJ 7KH PRWLYDWLRQ IRU ERUURZLQJ
WKHVHLGHDVLV WKHIDFWWKDWD:HEVLWHLVVWLOODFRPSXWHU
EDVHGV\VWHPEHLQJXVHGE\SHRSOHRQWKH,QWHUQHW
,QSDUWLFXODUZHIRFXVRXUZRUNRQWKHFRQFHSWRIDXVHU
FRPPXQLW\2UZDQWZKLFKVHHPVWRDSSO\EHVWWR
D SXEOLF :HE VLWH $OWHUQDWLYH DSSURDFKHV DQG RWKHU UH
ODWHGZRUNLVSUHVHQWHGLQ6HFWLRQ$FRPPXQLW\FRUUH
VSRQGVWRDJURXSRIXVHUVZKRH[KLELWFRPPRQEHKDYLRU
LQ WKHLU LQWHUDFWLRQ ZLWK WKH V\VWHP 2XU DSSURDFK WR WKH
FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI FRPPXQLW\ PRGHOV LV WR XVH FOXVWHULQJ
PHWKRGVRQWKHXVDJHGDWDDQGWKHQXVHDSRVWSURFHVVLQJ
PHWKRG WR LGHQWLI\ WKH GLVWLQJXLVKLQJ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI
HDFKFOXVWHU:HJLYHSDUWLFXODUHPSKDVLVRQWKHLQWHUSUH
WDWLRQVWDJHEHFDXVHZHEHOLHYHWKDWWKHGHVFULSWLYHFKDU
DFWHUL]DWLRQ RI D FRPPXQLW\ LQ WHUPV RI D PRGHO LVZKDW
WKHVLWHRZQHUQHHGV6HFWLRQRIWKLVSDSHUH[SODLQVRXU
DSSURDFKIXUWKHU)RUWKHFOXVWHULQJSURFHVVLWVHOIZHXVH
H[LVWLQJWHFKQLTXHVZKLFKDUHEULHIO\GHVFULEHGLQ6HFWLRQ
$Q LPSRUWDQW FULWHULRQ IRU WKH FKRLFH RI D FOXVWHULQJ
PHWKRG LV LWV VFDODELOLW\ WR ODUJH VHWV RI GDWD ZKLFK LV D
UHTXLUHPHQWIRUDQ\PHWKRGWKDWZHKRSHWRDSSO\WRUHDO
OLIH:HEVLWHV ,QWKLVSDSHUZHHYDOXDWHWKUHHFOXVWHULQJ
PHWKRGV RQ D ODUJH VLWH FRQWDLQLQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ IRU UH
VHDUFKHUVLQ&KHPLVWU\6HFWLRQGHVFULEHVWKHXVDJHGDWD
DFTXLUHG IURP WKLV VLWH DQG WKH SUHSURFHVVLQJ WKDW ZH
SHUIRUPHG WR WKHP 6HFWLRQ SUHVHQWV RXU HYDOXDWLRQ RI
WKH WKUHH FOXVWHULQJ PHWKRGV RQ WKH GDWD DQG 6HFWLRQ
FRQFOXGHV RXU ZRUN LQWURGXFLQJ VRPH LQWHUHVWLQJ LVVXHV
WKDWDUHVWLOORSHQ
5HODWHG:RUN
$V PHQWLRQHG DERYH RXU ZRUN IRFXVHV RQ WKH FRQVWUXF
WLRQRIPRGHOVIRUXVHUFRPPXQLWLHVLHJURXSVRIXVHUV
ZLWKFRPPRQEHKDYLRU2QHDOWHUQDWLYHFRQFHSWLVWKDWRI
D SHUVRQDO XVHU PRGHO LH D PRGHO FRUUHVSRQGLQJ WR D
VLQJOH XVHU 3HUVRQDO XVHU PRGHOOLQJ KDV DOUHDG\ EHHQ
VWXGLHG H[WHQVLYHO\ ZLWK WKH XVH RI PDFKLQH OHDUQLQJ
PHWKRGVHJ/DQJOH\-RDFKLPVHWDO3D]
]DQL %LOOVXV 7KHGLIILFXOW\ LQDGRSWLQJWKLV DS
SURDFKIRU :HE VLWHVLVWKH UHTXLUHPHQWIRUXVHU LGHQWLIL
FDWLRQ DW HDFK LQWHUDFWLRQ RI D XVHU ZLWK WKH V\VWHP $O
WKRXJK UHJLVWUDWLRQ SURFHGXUHV KDYH EHHQ DGRSWHG E\
VRPH:HEVLWHVWKHQHHGIRULGHQWLILFDWLRQLVZLGHO\FRQ
VLGHUHGD³VFDUHFURZ´IRUSRWHQWLDOXVHUV$QRWKHUDOWHUQD
WLYHWRFRPPXQLWLHVZKLFKZHKDYHORRNHGDWLQWKHSDVW
3DOLRXUDVHWDOLVWKHFRQFHSWRIDXVHUVWHUHRW\SH
5LFK ZKLFK FRUUHVSRQGV WR D FRPPXQLW\ DVVRFL
DWHG ZLWK FRPPRQ SHUVRQDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH XVHUV
VXFK DV DJH JHQGHU HWF $OWKRXJK VWHUHRW\SHV DUH PRUH
LQIRUPDWLYH WKDQ FRPPXQLWLHV WKH FROOHFWLRQ RI SHUVRQDO
LQIRUPDWLRQH[RJHQRXVWR WKHV\VWHPLQ DZD\WKDWGRHV
QRWYLRODWHWKHSULYDF\RIWKHXVHUVLVDWKRUQ\LVVXH
7KHEURDGHU UHVHDUFK DUHDLQZKLFK RXUZRUNFRQWULEXWHV
PRVWO\LV:HEXVDJHPLQLQJ&RROH\HWDOZKLFK
DSSOLHVGDWDPLQLQJWHFKQLTXHVWR:HEXVDJHGDWDDLPLQJ
WRLGHQWLI\LQWHUHVWLQJXVDJHSDWWHUQV$VLQPRVWDSSOLFD
WLRQVRIGDWDPLQLQJGLIIHUHQWWHFKQLTXHVH[WUDFWGLIIHUHQW
W\SHVRINQRZOHGJHIURPXVDJHGDWD7KLVNQRZOHGJHFDQ
EH FRPELQHG WR SURYLGH D GHWDLOHG SLFWXUH RI WKHYLVLWRUV
RIDVLWH7KHVLWHDGPLQLVWUDWRUFDQXVHWKLVNQRZOHGJHWR
LPSURYH WKH VHUYLFH LQ WHUPV RI LWV SUHVHQWDWLRQ LQ WKH
VLWHHJGLUHFWLQJWKHXVHUVTXLFNO\WRWKHPRVWDSSURSUL
DWHSDJHV RUHYHQE\ VKLIWLQJWKHIRFDO SRLQWVRIWKH VHU
YLFH LH UHDFWLQJ WR WKH YLVLWRUV¶ LPSOLFLW UHTXHVWV 7KH
ZRUNWKDWKDVEHHQSUHVHQWHGVRIDULQ:HEXVDJHPLQLQJ
KDVORRNHGPDLQO\DWWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIDVVRFLDWLRQUXOHV
DQG VHTXHQFH PLQLQJ HJ &RROH\ HW DO %FKQHU
HWDO7KHRQO\ZRUNWKDWZHDUHDZDUHRIXVLQJD
FOXVWHULQJ PHWKRG LV WKDW RI )X HW DO :HH[WHQG
WKLVZRUNE\ORRNLQJDWRWKHUFOXVWHULQJPHWKRGVDQGWZR
GLIIHUHQWZD\VWR HQFRGHWKHGDWD)XUWKHUPRUHZHIRFXV
RQ WKH FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ RI WKH UHVXOWLQJ FOXVWHUV ZKLFKLV
QRWDGGUHVVHGE\)XHWDO
$QRWKHUUHVHDUFKDUHDWKDWLVUHODWHGWR:HEXVDJHPLQLQJ
LVFROODERUDWLYHILOWHULQJ$WLWVRXWVHWFROODERUDWLYHILOWHU
LQJZDVPDLQO\ XVHGLQLQIRUPDWLRQ ILOWHULQJVHUYLFHVDQG
DLPHGWRUHODWHRQHSDUWLFXODUXVHUWRDJURXSRIRWKHUXV
HUVZLWKVLPLODULQIRUPDWLRQQHHGV5HVHDUFKLQFROODERUD
WLYHILOWHULQJKDVEHHQYHU\DFWLYHHJ%DVXHWDO
%DODEDQRYLF 6KRKDP DQG KDV DOVR SURYLGHG
FRPPHUFLDO SURGXFWV 7KHUH LV VXEVWDQWLDO RYHUODS EH
WZHHQ FROODERUDWLYH ILOWHULQJ DQG :HE XVDJH PLQLQJ EXW
WKHUHLV DOVR DQLPSRUWDQW GLIIHUHQFH RIJRDOV&ROODERUD
WLYH ILOWHULQJ LV D XVHUFHQWHUHG DSSURDFK DLPLQJ WR KHOS
WKHXVHUGLUHFWO\ZKLOH:HEXVDJHPLQLQJDLPVWRH[WUDFW
YDOXDEOH NQRZOHGJH IRU WKH V\VWHPRZQHU 7KXV WKHWZR
DSSURDFKHV FRPSOHPHQW HDFKRWKHU 7HFKQLFDOO\ PRVWRI
WKH ZRUN LQ FROODERUDWLYH ILOWHULQJ XVHV LQVWDQFHEDVHG
PHWKRGV ZKLOH :HE XVDJH PLQLQJ DQG LQ SDUWLFXODU RXU
ZRUN LV EDVHG RQ DQ DFWLYHVHDUFK IRU JHQHUDOPRGHOV $
QRWDEOHH[FHSWLRQLVWKHZRUNRI%UHHVHHWDOZKR
XVHGPRGHOEDVHGPHWKRGVIRUFROODERUDWLYHILOWHULQJ7KH
SULPDU\JRDORIWKLVZRUNUHPDLQHGWKHDELOLW\WRKHOSWKH
XVHUVGLUHFWO\UDWKHUWKDQWRDQDO\]HWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRI
WKHPRGHOVWKDWZHUHJHQHUDWHG
&RQVWUXFWLQJ DQG (YDOXDWLQJ &RPPXQLW\
0RGHOV
7KHRULJLQDO GHILQLWLRQ RID XVHU FRPPXQLW\DVVXPHGWKH
LGHQWLILFDWLRQRILQGLYLGXDOXVHUVLHDFRPPXQLW\PRGHO
FRUUHVSRQGHG WR DQ LGHQWLILDEOH JURXS RI XVHUV 6RPH RI
RXU HDUOLHU ZRUN RQ WKLV SUREOHP 3DOLRXUDV HW DO
ZDVEDVHGRQWKHVDPHDVVXPSWLRQ,QWKDWZRUNZHXVHG
FRQFHSWXDO FOXVWHULQJ DOJRULWKPV VXFK DV &2%:(%
)LVKHU DQG ,7(5$7( %LVZDV HW DO WR
EXLOGFRPPXQLW\PRGHOV E\FOXVWHULQJSHUVRQDOXVHUSUR
ILOHV +RZHYHU DV PHQWLRQHG DERYH WKH DVVXPSWLRQ RI
XVHU LGHQWLILFDWLRQ LV XQUHDOLVWLF IRU WKH PDMRULW\ RI WKH
H[LVWLQJ :HE VLWHV 'HVSLWH WKLV FRPPXQLW\ PRGHOV FDQ
VWLOOEH FRQVWUXFWHG RQXVDJH GDWD SURYLGLQJYDOXDEOHLQ
IRUPDWLRQWRWKHRZQHURID:HEEDVHGVHUYLFH,PSOLFLWO\
FRPPXQLW\PRGHOVEXLOWLQWKLVPDQQHUVWLOOFRUUHVSRQGWR
JURXSVRIXVHUVZLWKFRPPRQEHKDYLRUDOWKRXJKRQHPD\
QRWEHDEOHWRLGHQWLI\LQGLYLGXDOFRPPXQLW\PHPEHUV
&RQFHSWXDOFOXVWHULQJDOJRULWKPVFDQVWLOOEHXVHGIRUWKH
FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI WKH PRGLILHG W\SH RI FRPPXQLW\ WKDW ZH
DUHLQWHUHVWHGLQ+RZHYHUWKHUHDUHWZRSUREOHPVLQGR
LQJWKDWDWKHRUHWLFDODQGDSUDFWLFDORQH7KHWKHRUHWLFDO
SUREOHP DULVHV IURP WKH FOXVWHULQJ SURFHVV XVHG E\ FRQ
FHSWXDO FOXVWHULQJ DOJRULWKPV ZKLFK FRQVWUXFWV QRQ
RYHUODSSLQJFOXVWHUV7KLVLVQRWGHVLUDEOHZKHQFOXVWHULQJ
XVHUVLQWRFRPPXQLWLHV VLQFHDXVHU PD\EHORQJWRPRUH
WKDQ RQH FRPPXQLW\ 7KH SUDFWLFDO SUREOHP WKDW ZH HQ
FRXQWHUHG LV WKDW WKH SXEOLFO\DYDLODEOH YHUVLRQV RI WKH
WZR DOJRULWKPV WKDW ZH KDG FRXOG RQO\ KDQGOH VPDOO VHWV
RIGDWD7KLVUHVWULFWLRQZDVSURKLELWLYHIRUWKHZRUNSUH
VHQWHGKHUH 'XH WRWKHVH SUREOHPV ZHGHFLGHGWR H[DP
LQH WKH WKUHH DOJRULWKPV WKDW DUH SUHVHQWHG LQ 6HFWLRQ
ZKLFKDOORZRYHUODSSLQJFOXVWHUVDQGFDQKDQGOHWKHODUJH
TXDQWLWLHVRIGDWDWKDWZHKDYHDYDLODEOH
7KHILQDO JRDO RIRXU DSSURDFK LVD VHWRI PRGHOVZKLFK
FRUUHVSRQG WR EHKDYLRUDO SDWWHUQV IRU GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI
XVHU&OXVWHULQJWKHXVHUVLQWRFRPPXQLWLHVZLWKFRPPRQ
EHKDYLRUDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVLVDILUVWVWHSWRZDUGVWKLVJRDO
EXWGRHVQRWSURYLGHWKHGHVLUHGSDWWHUQV,QRUGHUWRRE
WDLQ WKHVH SDWWHUQV ZH QHHG WR LGHQWLI\ WKH GHVFULSWLYH
FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI HDFK FOXVWHU 7KH ZD\ LQ ZKLFK ZH
DFKLHYH WKLV GLIIHUV IRU GLIIHUHQW FOXVWHULQJ PHWKRGV EXW
WKHXQGHUO\LQJLGHDLVFRPPRQ
$ FRPPXQLW\ PRGHO LV H[SUHVVHG LQ WHUPV RI WKH VDPH
SDUDPHWHUV DV WKH XQGHUO\LQJ XVDJH GDWD )RU LQVWDQFH LI
WKH XVDJH GDWD VLPSO\ UHFRUG WKH SDJHV LQ D VLWH WKDW DUH
YLVLWHG E\ D XVHU ZLWKLQ DQDFFHVV VHVVLRQ WKHFRPPXQL
WLHVZLOODOVREHGHVFULEHGLQWHUPVRIWKHSDJHVLQWKHVLWH
,QDPRUH IRUPDOODQJXDJHJLYHQ DVHWRIERROHDQDWWULE
XWHV$ GHVFULELQJWKHLQVWDQFHV LQWKHGDWDVHWWKH PRGHO
RI D FRPPXQLW\ &
FRQVLVWV RI D VXEVHW RI $ $ ZKLFK
FKDUDFWHUL]HV WKH PHPEHUV RI WKH FRPPXQLW\ LH ZKLFK
DUH XVXDOO\ WUXH IRU WKH PHPEHUV RI WKH FRPPXQLW\ ,I $
GRHVQRWFRQWDLQERROHDQDWWULEXWHVFKDUDFWHULVWLFDWWULEXWH
YDOXHV IRU QRPLQDO DWWULEXWHV RU UDQJHV RI YDOXHV IRU
QXPHULF DWWULEXWHV ZLOO SURYLGH WKH FRPPXQLW\ PRGHO
)RUWKHVDNHRIVLPSOLFLW\ZHXVHERROHDQDWWULEXWHVKHUH
7KHVHOHFWLRQRIWKHGHVFULSWLYHDWWULEXWHVLVGRQHZLWKWKH
DLGRIVLPSOHPHWULFVZKLFKDUHEDVHGRQWKHLGHDWKDWDQ
DWWULEXWHLVVSHFLDOIRUDFRPPXQLW\LILWVIUHTXHQF\ZLWKLQ
WKH FRPPXQLW\ LV VLJQLILFDQWO\ KLJKHU WKDQ LWV IUHTXHQF\
LQWKHZKROHGDWDVHW7KHQDWXUDOFKRLFHRIPHWULFGLIIHUV
IRUGLIIHUHQW FOXVWHULQJPHWKRGV)RU WKHFRQFHSWXDOFOXV
WHULQJ DOJRULWKPV ZH KDYH XVHG D VTXDUHGGLIIHUHQFH
PHDVXUH FDOOHG IUHTXHQF\ LQFUHDVH 3DOLRXUDV HW DO
PRWLYDWHG E\ WKH FDWHJRU\ XWLOLW\ VHDUFK KHXULVWLF
WKDW WKHVH DOJRULWKPV XVH 7KH FKRLFHV IRU WKH FOXVWHULQJ
DOJRULWKPVWKDWDUHXVHGKHUHDUHH[SODLQHGLQ6HFWLRQ
+DYLQJ GHFLGHG RQ D PHWKRG WR REWDLQ WKH FRPPXQLW\
PRGHOV ZH QHHG WR GHFLGH RQ WKH GHVLUHG SURSHUWLHV RI
WKHVH PRGHOV 2XU SULPDU\ REMHFWLYH LV WR SURYLGH XVHIXO
FRPPXQLW\PRGHOV ,Q RUGHUIRU WKH PRGHOVWR EHXVHIXO
WKH\QHHGWREHUHODWLYHO\IHZLQQXPEHUDQGVPDOOLQVL]H
$VD UHVXOW WKHQXPEHU RIPRGHOV DQGWKHLUDYHUDJH VL]H
DUHWZRLPSRUWDQWPHDVXUDEOHFULWHULDIRUWKHVXFFHVVRID
PHWKRG7KHH[DFWILJXUHVIRUWKHVHFULWHULDGHSHQGRQWKH
QDWXUHRIWKHSUREOHPHJWKHVL]HRIWKHDWWULEXWHVHW
+RZHYHU D GLJHVWLEOH VHW RI PRGHOV LV QRW QHFHVVDULO\
LQWHUHVWLQJ :KHQ WKHUH DUH RQO\ VPDOO GLIIHUHQFHV EH
WZHHQ WKH PRGHOV DFFRXQWLQJ IRU YDULDQWV RI WKH VDPH
FRPPXQLW\WKHVHJPHQWDWLRQRIXVHUVLQWRFRPPXQLWLHVLV
QRW LQWHUHVWLQJ 7KXV ZH DUH LQWHUHVWHG LQ FRPPXQLW\
PRGHOV WKDW DUH DV GLVWLQFW IURP HDFK RWKHU DV SRVVLEOH
:H PHDVXUH WKH GLVWLQFWLYHQHVV RI D VHW RI PRGHOV 0E\
WKHUDWLREHWZHHQWKHQXPEHURIGLVWLQFWDWWULEXWHVWKDWDUH
FRYHUHGDQGWKHVL]HRIWKHPRGHOVHW07KXVLIWKHUHDUH
- FRPPXQLWLHV LQ 0 $
WKH DWWULEXWHV XVHG LQ WKH MWK
PRGHO DQG $¶ WKH DWWULEXWHV DSSHDULQJ DW OHDVW LQ RQH
PRGHOGLVWLQFWLYHQHVVLVJLYHQE\WKHIROORZLQJHTXDWLRQ
__
$
$
0HQHVV'LVWLQFWLY =
6LQFHZHDUH LQWHUHVWHGLQDVPDOOQXPEHURIPRGHOVWKDW
DUH GLVWLQFW WKH HPSW\ PRGHO VHW WULYLDOO\ VDWLVILHV RXU
FULWHULD ,Q D PRUH UHDOLVWLF VLWXDWLRQ ZH PLJKW KDYH D
VPDOO VHW RI GLVWLQFW PRGHOV ZKLFK DFFRXQW IRU RQO\ D
VPDOO SDUW RI WKH XVDJH RI WKH V\VWHP ,Q RUGHU WR DYRLG
WKLV SUREOHP ZH LQWURGXFH D IXUWKHU FULWHULRQ WKDW FRXQ
WHUDFWV GLVWLQFWLYHQHVV DQG VL]H 7KH QHZ FULWHULRQ LV WKH
RYHUDOO FRYHUDJH RI WKH FRPPXQLW\ PRGHOV LH WKHSUR
SRUWLRQ RI DWWULEXWHV FRYHUHG E\ WKH PRGHOV ,I $¶ LV WKH
VHWRIDWWULEXWHVDSSHDULQJDWOHDVWLQRQHPRGHOWKHFRY
HUDJHRIWKHVHWRIPRGHOV0LV
$
$
0&RYHUDJH
=
7KH VLPXOWDQHRXV RSWLPL]DWLRQ RI GLVWLQFWLYHQHVV DQG
FRYHUDJH E\ D VHW RI FRPPXQLW\ PRGHOV LQGLFDWHV WKH
SUHVHQFH RI XVHIXO NQRZOHGJH LQ WKH VHW $OO RI WKH IRXU
PHDVXUHVLQWURGXFHGLQWKLVVHFWLRQLHQXPEHURIPRG
HOVDYHUDJHPRGHOVL]HGLVWLQFWLYHQHVVDQGFRYHUDJHDUH
LQGHSHQGHQWRIWKHELDVHVRIWKHFOXVWHULQJDOJRULWKPV)RU
WKLVUHDVRQWKH\FRQVWLWXWHREMHFWLYHFULWHULDDQGWKH\DUH
XVHGLQWKHHYDOXDWLRQRIWKHWKUHHFOXVWHULQJPHWKRGV
,QWURGXFWLRQRIWKH&OXVWHULQJ0HWKRGV
7KLV VHFWLRQ GHVFULEHV EULHIO\ WKUHH FOXVWHULQJ PHWKRGV
WKDW ZH XVH LQ RXU ZRUN 7ZR RI WKHP KDYH EHHQ XVHG
ZLGHO\LQPDFKLQHOHDUQLQJUHVHDUFK7KHVHDUH$XWRFODVV
+DQVRQHWDODQGVHOIRUJDQL]LQJPDSV.RKRQHQ
2XU SUHVHQWDWLRQ RI WKRVH WZR PHWKRGV LV D VKRUW
VXPPDU\ RI WKH GHVFULSWLRQV RQH FDQ ILQG LQ WKH RULJLQDO
UHIHUHQFHV 7KH WKLUG PHWKRG LV D IDLUO\ QHZ RQH ZKLFK
ZHKDYHDOVRPRGLILHGWRVRPHH[WHQW,WLVFDOOHGFOXVWHU
PLQLQJ 3HUNRZLW] (W]LRQL DQG LW ZLOO EH SUH
VHQWHGLQPRUHGHWDLOWKDQWKHRWKHUWZR
$XWRFODVV
$XWRFODVV LV DQ XQVXSHUYLVHG FODVVLILFDWLRQ DOJRULWKP XV
LQJPL[WXUHPRGHOLQJDVWKHEDVLFFOXVWHULQJPHWKRGVXS
SOHPHQWHG E\ D %D\HVLDQ PHWKRG IRU GLVFRYHULQJ HIIL
FLHQWO\WKHRSWLPDOFODVVHVLQODUJHGDWDVHWV$VDOOXQVX
SHUYLVHG FODVVLILHUV LWV JRDO LV WR ILQG WKH PRVW SUREDEOH
FODVVGHVFULSWLRQVRIDGDWDVHW6SHFLILFDOO\WKHDOJRULWKP
FRQVLGHUVWKDWHDFKFODVV&
KDVLWVRZQSUREDELOLW\GLVWUL
EXWLRQ7
,WVIXQGDPHQWDOPRGHOLVWKHILQLWHPL[WXUHGLV
WULEXWLRQ ZKLFKGHDOV ZLWK WZRPDLQ SUREDELOLWLHV LWKH
LQWHUFODVVSUREDELOLW\RIDQLQVWDQFH;
EHLQJDPHPEHURI
FODVV &
3; » & DQG LL WKH FODVV SUREDELOLW\ RI RE
VHUYLQJWKHLQVWDQFHDWWULEXWHYDOXHV;
FRQGLWLRQDORQWKH
DVVXPSWLRQWKDW;
LVDPHPEHURI& 3; _; »&
$XWRFODVV SHUIRUPV WZR OHYHOV RI VHDUFK L WKH PRGHO
OHYHO VHDUFK ZKLFK GHWHUPLQHV WKH QXPEHU RI FODVVHV -
DQGDOWHUQDWH FODVV PRGHOVIRU HDFK 7
DQG LL WKHVHDUFK
IRU PD[LPXP SRVWHULRU SDUDPHWHU YDOXHV ZKLFK GHWHU
PLQHV IRU DQ\ IL[HG 7
WKH VHW RI WKH FRUUHVSRQGLQJ SD
UDPHWHUVWKDWDUHPD[LPDOO\SUREDEOH
$Q LPSRUWDQW GLIIHUHQFH RI $XWRFODVV WR RWKHU XQVXSHU
YLVHGFODVVLILHUVLV WKDWLWGRHVQRWDVVLJQLQVWDQFHVWRWKH
FODVVHV 6LQFH LW KROGV WKDW QR ILQLWH DPRXQW RI HYLGHQFH
FDQ GHWHUPLQH DQ LQVWDQFHV FODVV PHPEHUVKLS LW XVHV D
ZHLJKWHG DVVLJQPHQW ZHLJKWLQJ RQ WKH SUREDELOLW\ RI
FODVV PHPEHUVKLS $V H[SODLQHG DERYH WKLV SUREDELOLVWLF
DVVLJQPHQW RI LQVWDQFHV WR FODVVHV LV YHU\ VXLWDEOH WR
FRPPXQLW\PRGHOLQJ
$XWRFODVVKDVDEXLOWLQPHWULFWRDVVLVWLQWKHGHVFULSWLYH
FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ RI WKH FOXVWHUV LH WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI
FRPPXQLW\PRGHOV7KLV PHWULFLVFDOOHG LQIOXHQFHDQGLW
LVGHILQHGIRUDQDWWULEXWHD
DQGDFODVV& DVIROORZV
_
ORJ
_
_
D3
&D3
D3
&D3
&D, =
7KLV LV D PHDVXUH RI KRZ LPSRUWDQW DQ DWWULEXWH LV IRU D
SDUWLFXODU FODVV 7KH FRPPXQLW\ PRGHO VKRXOG FRQVLVW RI
WKHDWWULEXWHVZLWKWKHKLJKHVWLQIOXHQFHYDOXHV7KHTXHV
WLRQWKDWDULVHVLVKRZPDQ\DWWULEXWHVWRNHHSSHUPRGHO
&OHDUO\QHJDWLYHLQIOXHQFHYDOXHVLQGLFDWHWKDWWKHDWWULE
XWHVKRXOGQRWEHXVHGLQWKHPRGHO:HGHFLGHGWRLQYHV
WLJDWHWKLVSDUDPHWHU IXUWKHUE\QRUPDOL]LQJWKHLQIOXHQFH
YDOXH ,
D _& ,D _& PD[ ,D _& DQG H[DPLQLQJ WKH
HIIHFWRIGLIIHUHQWWKUHVKROGYDOXHV
,Q WKH GHVFULEHG H[SHULPHQWV ZH XVHG WKH SXEOLFGRPDLQ
SURJUDP$XWRFODVV&YHUVLRQIRU:LQGRZV17
GRZQORDGHG IURP WKH IROORZLQJ :HE VLWH
KWWSLFZZZDUFQDVDJRYLFSURMHFWVED\HVJURXSDXWRFODVV
6HOI2UJDQL]LQJ0DSV
7KH VHOIRUJDQL]LQJ PDS 620 PHWKRG LV RQH RI WKH
PRVW SRSXODUQHXUDO QHWZRUN DSSURDFKHVWR XQVXSHUYLVHG
OHDUQLQJ :H XVH WKH EDWFK LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI WKH 620
LQFOXGHGLQWKH,QWHOOLJHQW0LQHUVRIWZDUHE\,%0
620SHUIRUPVD NPHDQVW\SHRI FOXVWHULQJE\WU\LQJWR
LGHQWLI\ SURWRW\SH YHFWRUV IRU WKH N FOXVWHUV 3URWRW\SHV
DFWDVFHQWHUVRIJUDYLW\IRUWKHFOXVWHUVDQGWKHLUSRVLWLRQ
LQWKHLQSXWVSDFHLVRSWLPL]HGLWHUDWLYHO\7KLVSURFHVVLV
FRPPRQ WR D ODUJH IDPLO\ RI RWKHU FOXVWHULQJ PHWKRGV
+RZHYHU WKH SRZHU RI 620 OLHV LQ LWV DELOLW\ WR VHDUFK
HIILFLHQWO\IRUWKHRSWLPDOSURWRW\SHV7KLVLVDFKLHYHGE\
DOORZLQJ QHLJKERULQJ FOXVWHUV WR DIIHFW WKH FKRLFH RI D
QHZSURWRW\SHYHFWRU 7KHHQGUHVXOW LVVLPLODUWR D9R
URQRL WHVVHOODWLRQ RI WKH LQSXW VSDFH WKH ERXQGDULHV RI
ZKLFK DSSUR[LPDWH WKH WKHRUHWLFDO %D\HVLDQ GHFLVLRQ
ERXQGDULHV ,Q WKLV VHQVH WKH 620 PHWKRG SURYLGHV D
GLIIHUHQWSDWKWRWKHVDPHGHVWLQDWLRQDV$XWRFODVVGRHV
)RU WKH WDVN RI FRPPXQLW\ PRGHOLQJ HDFK FOXVWHU FRUUH
VSRQGVWRDFRPPXQLW\DQGFRPPXQLWLHVWKDWDUHFORVHWR
HDFK RWKHU WHQG WR KDYH VLPLODU PRGHOV :H FRQVWUXFW
FRPPXQLW\ PRGHOV XVLQJ WKH VDPH PHWULF DV ZH GR IRU
$XWRFODVV LH LQIOXHQFH 2QH WHFKQLFDO GLIILFXOW\ ZLWK
620LVWKDWRQHQHHGVWRVSHFLI\DIL[HGQXPEHURIFRP
PXQLWLHV ,Q SUDFWLFH WKLV QXPEHU GRHV QRW QHHG WR EH
DFFXUDWH EXW LW QHHGV WR EH ODUJH HQRXJK WR FRYHU WKH
QXPEHURIUHDOFRPPXQLWLHVLQWKHGDWD,%0
&OXVWHU0LQLQJ
7KH FOXVWHU PLQLQJ DOJRULWKP LV D VLPSOH JUDSKEDVHG
FOXVWHULQJ PHWKRG &OXVWHU PLQLQJ GLVFRYHUV SDWWHUQV RI
FRPPRQEHKDYLRUE\ORRNLQJIRUDOOIXOO\FRQQHFWHGVXE
JUDSKVFOLTXHVRIDJUDSKWKDWUHSUHVHQWVWKHXVHUVFKDU
DFWHULVWLF DWWULEXWHV ,W VWDUWV E\ FRQVWUXFWLQJ D ZHLJKWHG
JUDSK*$(:
: 7KHVHWRIYHUWLFHV$FRUUHVSRQGVWR
WKHGHVFULSWLYHDWWULEXWHVXVHGLQWKHLQSXWGDWD7KHVHWRI
HGJHV ( FRUUHVSRQGV WR DWWULEXWH FRRFFXUUHQFH DV RE
VHUYHGLQWKHGDWD)RULQVWDQFHLQWKH:HEVLWHRQ&KHP
LVWU\WKDW ZH H[DPLQHLI WKHXVHUYLVLWV SDJHVFRQFHUQLQJ
2UJDQLF &KHPLVWU\ DQG 3RO\PHUV DQ HGJH LV DGGHG
EHWZHHQWKHUHOHYDQWYHUWLFHV7KHZHLJKWVRQWKHYHUWLFHV
:
DQG WKH HGJHV : DUH FRPSXWHG DV WKH DWWULEXWH IUH
TXHQFLHV DQG DWWULEXWH FRRFFXUUHQFH IUHTXHQFLHV UHVSHF
WLYHO\(GJHIUHTXHQFLHVDUHQRUPDOL]HGE\GLYLGLQJWKHP
ZLWKWKH PD[LPXP RIWKH IUHTXHQFLHV RIWKH WZR YHUWLFHV
WKDW WKH\ FRQQHFW 7KH HIIHFW RI QRUPDOL]DWLRQ LV WR UH
PRYH WKH ELDV IRU DWWULEXWHV WKDW DSSHDU YHU\ RIWHQ LQ DOO
XVHUV7KHUHVXOWLQJJUDSKLVJLYHQLQ)LJXUH
7KH FRQQHFWLYLW\ RI WKH JUDSK LV XVXDOO\ YHU\ KLJK )RU
WKLVUHDVRQZH PDNHXVHRIDFRQQHFWLYLW\WKUHVKROGDLP
LQJ WR UHGXFH WKH HGJHV RI WKH JUDSK ,Q RXU H[DPSOH LQ
)LJXUHLI WKHWKUHVKROGHTXDOVWKHHGJH,QRUJDQLF
&KHPLVWU\%LRFKHPLVWU\LVGURSSHG
7KH FOXVWHU PLQLQJ PHWKRG ZDV LQWURGXFHG LQ WKH
3DJH*DWKHU V\VWHP 3HUNRZLW] (W]LRQL 7KH DO
JRULWKPWKDWZHXVHGLIIHUVLQWZRZD\VIURPWKHRULJLQDO
DOJRULWKPD3DJH*DWKHUGRHVQRWQRUPDOL]HWKHZHLJKWV
:
DQGELWUHVWULFWVLWVVHDUFKWRFOLTXHVRIVL]HNDQGWR
FRQQHFWHGFRPSRQHQWV'HVSLWHWKHODUJHWKHRUHWLFDOFRP
SOH[LW\RIWKHFOLTXHILQGLQJSUREOHPLQSUDFWLFHWKHDOJR
ULWKP WKDW ZH LPSOHPHQWHG %URQ .HUERVFK LV
IDVW
7KHHIILFLHQF\RIWKHDOJRULWKPDOORZHGDIXOOLQYHV
WLJDWLRQRIWKHHIIHFWRIWKHFRQQHFWLYLW\WKUHVKROG
²²²²²
2UJDQLF
&KHPLVWU\
,QRUJDQLF
&KHPLVW
U
\
3RO
\
PHUV
,QGXVWULDO
&KHPLVWU\
%LRFKHPLVWU\
)LJXUH1RUPDOL]HGJUDSKIRUFOXVWHUPLQLQJ
,QFRQWUDVWWRWKHRWKHUFOXVWHULQJPHWKRGVVXFKDV$XWR
FODVV DQG 620 WKH FOXVWHUV JHQHUDWHG E\ FOXVWHU PLQLQJ
JURXSWRJHWKHUFKDUDFWHULVWLFIHDWXUHVRIWKHXVHUVGLUHFWO\
(DFKFOLTXHGLVFRYHUHGE\FOXVWHUPLQLQJLVDOUHDG\DEH
KDYLRUDO SDWWHUQ 7KHUHIRUH WKHUH LV QR QHHG WR SRVW
SURFHVVWKHFOXVWHUVWRFRQVWUXFWGHVFULSWLYHPRGHOV
'HVFULSWLRQRIWKH8VDJH'DWD
)RU WKLV H[SHULPHQW ZH XVHG WKH DFFHVV ORJV RI WKH VLWH
³,QIRUPDWLRQ 5HWULHYDO LQ &KHPLVWU\´
KWWSPDFHGRQLD
FKHPGHPRNULWRVJU
ZKLFK FRQVLVWV RI D IHZ WKRXVDQG
SDJHV ZLWK D KLJK KLW UDWH 7KH ORJ ILOHV FRQVLVWHG RI
:HEVHUYHU FDOOV ORJ ILOH HQWULHV DQG FRYHUHG
WKH SHULRG EHWZHHQ -DQXDU\ DQG $XJXVW (DFK ORJ
HQWU\ UHFRUGHG DFFHVV GDWH DQG WLPH WKH YLVLWRU¶V ,3 DG
GUHVVDQGGRPDLQQDPHDQGWKHWDUJHWSDJH85/
,QRUGHUWRFRQVWUXFWDWUDLQLQJVHWIRUWKHFOXVWHULQJDOJR
ULWKPVWKHGDWDLQWKHORJILOHVSDVVHGWKURXJKWZRVWDJHV
RI SUHSURFHVVLQJ )LUVW ZH H[WUDFWHG DFFHVV VHVVLRQVDQG
WKHQ ZH WUDQVODWHG WKH SDWKV UHFRUGHG LQ WKH DFFHVV VHV
VLRQVLQWRDWWULEXWHYHFWRUV
$FFHVV VHVVLRQV ZHUH H[WUDFWHG IURP ORJ ILOHV XVLQJ WKH
IROORZLQJSURFHGXUH
*URXSLQJWKHORJVE\GDWHDQG,3DGGUHVV
6HOHFWLQJDWLPHIUDPHZLWKLQZKLFKWZRKLWVIURPWKH
VDPH ,3 DGGUHVV FDQ EH FRQVLGHUHG WR EHORQJ LQ WKH
VDPHDFFHVVVHVVLRQ
*URXSLQJ WKH SDJHV DFFHVVHG E\ WKH VDPH ,3 DGGUHVV
ZLWKLQWKHVHOHFWHGWLPHIUDPHWRIRUPDVHVVLRQ
,Q RUGHU WR VHOHFW WKH DSSURSULDWH WLPHIUDPH ZH JHQHU
DWHG WKH IUHTXHQF\ GLVWULEXWLRQ RI WKH SDJH WUDQVLWLRQV LQ
PLQXWHV $FFRUGLQJ WR WKLV GLVWULEXWLRQ WUDQVLWLRQV IURP
RQHSDJHWRDQRWKHUPDGHZLWKDWLPHLQWHUYDOORQJHUWKDQ
RQHKRXUKDGYHU\ORZIUHTXHQF\7KXVDVHQVLEOHGHILQL
WLRQRIWKHDFFHVVVHVVLRQLVDVHTXHQFHRISDJHWUDQVLWLRQV
IRUWKHVDPH,3DGGUHVVZKHUHHDFKWUDQVLWLRQLVGRQHDWD
WLPHLQWHUYDOVPDOOHUWKDQRQHKRXU%DVHGRQWKLVGHILQL
WLRQRXUORJILOHVFRQVLVWHGRIDFFHVVVHVVLRQV
&RQFHUQLQJ WKH WUDQVODWLRQ RI DFFHVV VHVVLRQV WR DWWULEXWH
YHFWRUV ZH H[DPLQHG WZR DOWHUQDWLYH DSSURDFKHV ,Q WKH
ILUVWDSSURDFKHDFKDWWULEXWHLQWKHYHFWRUUHSUHVHQWHGWKH
SUHVHQFH RI D SDUWLFXODU SDJH RI WKH :HE VLWH LQ WKH VHV
VLRQ,QWKHVHFRQGDSSURDFKZHXVHGWUDQVLWLRQVEHWZHHQ
SDJHVUDWKHUWKDQLQGLYLGXDOSDJHVDVWKHEDVLFSDWKFRP
SRQHQWV ,Q ERWK FDVHV WKH DWWULEXWH YHFWRU FRQVLVWHG RI
ERROHDQ IHDWXUHV UHSUHVHQWLQJ ZKHWKHU DQ DWWULEXWH D
SDJHRUDWUDQVLWLRQZDVSUHVHQWLQDVHVVLRQRUQRW
7KHUH ZHUH SDJHV LQ WKH VLWH WKDW ZHUH YLVLWHG DW
OHDVW RQFH &OHDUO\ WKH QXPEHU RI DOO SRVVLEOH WUDQVLWLRQV
EHWZHHQWKHVHSDJHVLVSURKLELWLYHO\ODUJH(YHQWKHQXP
EHU RI GLIIHUHQW WUDQVLWLRQV WKDW DSSHDU LQ WKH ORJ ILOHV LV
YHU\ODUJH7KXVZHQHHGHGDPHWKRGWRUHGXFHWKHQXP
EHURI DWWULEXWHV LQERWK H[SHULPHQWV 7KLVUHGXFWLRQ ZDV
DFKLHYHGE\ H[DPLQLQJ WKHIUHTXHQF\ GLVWULEXWLRQV RIWKH
SDJHV DQG WKH WUDQVLWLRQV IURP RQH SDJH WR DQRWKHU 7KH
WZR GLVWULEXWLRQV ZHUH KLJKO\ VNHZHG LH WKHUH ZDV D
VPDOO QXPEHU RI YHU\ IUHTXHQW SDJHV DQG WUDQVLWLRQV
7KXVZH GHFLGHG RQD FXWRIIIUHTXHQF\ RIIRU SDJHV
DQG IRU WUDQVLWLRQV ZKLFK ZHUH WKH SRLQWV ZKHUH WKH
FRUUHVSRQGLQJ GLVWULEXWLRQV ZHUH EHFRPLQJ IODW $GGL
WLRQDOO\ ZH UHPRYHG DOO WUDQVLWLRQV IURP D SDJH WR LWVHOI
$V D UHVXOW SDJHV DQG WUDQVLWLRQV VXUYLYHG WKLV
VHOHFWLRQDQGZHUHXVHGWRIRUPDWWULEXWHYHFWRUV:HDOVR
WULHGDPHWKRGWKDWXVHV0XWXDO,QIRUPDWLRQDVDFULWHULRQ
IRUVHOHFWLQJDWWULEXWHVIRUXQVXSHUYLVHGOHDUQLQJ6DKDPL
0RUH WKDQ RI WKH DWWULEXWHV VHOHFWHG E\ WKLV
PHWKRG ZHUH ZLWKLQ WKH KLJKIUHTXHQF\ UDQJH WKDW ZH
VHOHFWHG+RZHYHUVRPHRIWKHDWWULEXWHVWKDWZHUHHOLPL
QDWHG ZHUH FOHDUO\ LPSRUWDQW HJ SDJHV FRYHULQJ PDMRU
UHVHDUFK DUHDV RI FKHPLVWU\ VXFK DV SKDUPDFHXWLFDO
FKHPLVWU\ )RU WKLV UHDVRQ ZH SUHIHUUHG WKH VLPSOH IUH
TXHQF\WKUHVKROGDSSURDFK
7KHWKUHHFOXVWHULQJ PHWKRGVZHUHDSSOLHG WRERWKUHSUH
VHQWDWLRQV RI WKH GDWD ,Q WKH ILUVW UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ WKH UH
VXOWLQJPRGHOIRUDFRPPXQLW\LVDJURXSRISDJHVZKLFK
DUHSRSXODUIRUXVHUVZLWKLQWKHFRPPXQLW\,QWKHVHFRQG
UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ HDFK FRPPXQLW\ PRGHO LV D VHW RI SDJH
WUDQVLWLRQV7KH SDJHEDVHGUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ SURYLGHVVWDWLF
PRGHOVRI XVHU LQWHUHVWVVLPLODU WR WKHXVHU SURILOHVXVHG
LQFROODERUDWLYHILOWHULQJ)RULQVWDQFHRQHFRPPXQLW\RI
FKHPLVWVPD\EHIRXQGWREHLQWHUHVWHGLQRUJDQLFFKHPLV
WU\ SRO\PHUV DQG ELRFKHPLVWU\ 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG WKH
WUDQVLWLRQEDVHG UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ SURYLGHV QDYLJDWLRQDO
PRGHOV ZKLFK VKRZ WKH SDWKVWKURXJK WKH VLWHWKDW XVHUV
XVXDOO\ IROORZ )RU LQVWDQFH RQH FRPPXQLW\ PD\ VWDUW
IURP WKH ,QGH[ SDJH WKHQ PRYH WRD KLJKOHYHO FDWHJRU\
DQGWKHQ QDYLJDWHKRUL]RQWDOO\ WKURXJKWKHWKHPDWLF FDWH
JRULHV%RWKW\SHVRIPRGHODUHRILQWHUHVWLQDQLQIRUPD
WLRQ UHWULHYDO VLWH OLNH WKH RQH ZH DUH H[DPLQLQJ ,Q WKLV
UHVSHFW WKH WZR UHSUHVHQWDWLRQV FDQ EH VHHQ WR SURYLGH
FRPSOHPHQWDU\NQRZOHGJH
(YDOXDWLRQ5HVXOWV
(DFKRIWKHWKUHHFOXVWHULQJPHWKRGVSUHVHQWHGLQ6HFWLRQ
ZHUH DSSOLHG WR WKHXVDJH GDWD IURPWKH VLWH ³,QIRUPD
WLRQ 5HWULHYDO LQ &KHPLVWU\´ XVLQJ ERWK W\SHV RI GDWD
UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ 7KH UHVXOWV LQ WKLV VHFWLRQ H[DPLQH WKH
EHKDYLRURIWKHWKUHHPHWKRGVLQWHUPVRIWKHIRXUFULWHULD
LQWURGXFHGLQ6HFWLRQQXPEHURIFRPPXQLWLHVDYHUDJH
VL]H RI FRPPXQLW\ PRGHOV GLVWLQFWLYHQHVV DQG FRYHUDJH
6XEVHFWLRQVDQGSUHVHQWWKHUHVXOWV6XEVHFWLRQ
H[SODLQVKRZ WKHVH UHVXOWVFDQ EH XVHGWR FKRRVHWKH GH
VLUHG VHW RI FRPPXQLW\ PRGHOV DQG 6XEVHFWLRQ LOOXV
WUDWHVWKHXVHRIWKHPRGHOVE\WKHVLWHDGPLQLVWUDWRU
1XPEHUDQG6L]HRI&RPPXQLW\0RGHOV
$XWRFODVVGHFLGHVDXWRPDWLFDOO\RQWKHQXPEHURIFOXVWHUV
WKDW LW FUHDWHV GXULQJ WKH PRGHOOHYHO VHDUFK )RU WKH
SDJHEDVHG UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ $XWRFODVV FUHDWHG FRPPX
QLWLHVZKLOHIRUWKHWUDQVLWLRQEDVHGUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRQO\
%RWKQXPEHUVDUHUHDVRQDEO\ORZEXWRQHQHHGVWRFRP
ELQHWKHVHZLWKWKHDYHUDJHVL]HRIFRPPXQLW\PRGHOVLQ
RUGHUWRMXGJH ZKHWKHUWKHUHVXOWV DUHXVDEOH7KHFKRLFH
RILQIOXHQFHWKUHVKROGKDVDGUDPDWLFHIIHFWRQPRGHOVL]H
%RWKLQ WKH SDJHEDVHGDQGLQ WKHWUDQVLWLRQEDVHGUHSUH
VHQWDWLRQV WKHUH LV D ODUJH QXPEHU RI DWWULEXWHV LQ HDFK
PRGHOWKDWKDYH YHU\ORZLQIOXHQFHYDOXHV$VDUHVXOWDW
WKUHVKROGOHYHORIWKHUHDUHMXVWDERYHDWWULEXWHVSHU
PRGHOZKLFKFRUUHVSRQGVWRDERXWRIWKHDWWULEXWHVHW
)RUWKHWUDQVLWLRQEDVHGUHSUHVHQWDWLRQZKHUHWKHQXPEHU
RIPRGHOVLVVPDOOWKLVVKDUSIDOOLVERXQGWRKDYHDVLJ
QLILFDQWHIIHFWRQFRYHUDJH
)RUWKH620PHWKRGDVPHQWLRQHGLQ6HFWLRQZHKDG
WRIL[WKH QXPEHURIFRPPXQLWLHV)RUERWKW\SHVRIUHS
UHVHQWDWLRQ ZH DVNHG IRU FRPPXQLWLHV WR EH FRQ
VWUXFWHGFKRVHQWREHVOLJKWO\KLJKHUWKDQWKHODUJHUQXP
EHU RI FRPPXQLWLHV JHQHUDWHG E\ $XWRFODVV 6LPLODU WR
$XWRFODVV WKH QXPEHU RI LQIOXHQWLDO DWWULEXWHV LQ HDFK
FRPPXQLW\LVYHU\VPDOO6HWWLQJWKHWKUHVKROGWRWKH
DYHUDJHVL]HRIWKHFRPPXQLW\PRGHOVLVOHVVWKDQ
,Q WKH FOXVWHU PLQLQJ DOJRULWKP WKH JUDSKFRQQHFWLYLW\
WKUHVKROG DIIHFWV WKH QXPEHU DV ZHOO DV WKH VL]H RI WKH
FRPPXQLW\PRGHOV)RUVPDOOYDOXHVRIWKHWKUHVKROGWKH
JUDSKLVKLJKO\FRQQHFWHGDQGFRQWDLQVPDQ\FOLTXHV,WLV
UHDOO\ DERYH WKH WKUHVKROG YDOXH WKDW WKH QXPEHU RI
FOLTXHVGURSVWRPDQDJHDEOHOHYHOVEHORZ7KHHIIHFW
LVDOPRVWLGHQWLFDOIRUERWKW\SHVRIUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ$WWKH
VDPH WLPH WKH DYHUDJH VL]H RI WKH JHQHUDWHG PRGHOV LV
YHU\ VPDOO )RU WKUHVKROG YDOXHV DERYH DOPRVW DOO
FOLTXHVDUHSDLUVRISDJHVRUWUDQVLWLRQV7KHUHVXOWRIWKLV
SKHQRPHQRQ LV WKDW WKH DVVRFLDWLRQV IRXQG EHWZHHQ WKH
DWWULEXWHV DUH UHDOO\ FRRFFXUUHQFH SDWWHUQV UDWKHU WKDQ
VXEVWDQWLDOSDJHJURXSVRUWUDQVLWLRQVHTXHQFHV
'LVWLQFWLYHQHVVDQG&RYHUDJHRIWKH0RGHOV
$VH[SODLQHGLQ6HFWLRQDPHDVXUDEOHLQGLFDWLRQWKDWD
VHWRIFRPPXQLW\PRGHOVLVLQWHUHVWLQJFDQEHREWDLQHGE\
RSWLPL]LQJ WKH GLVWLQFWLYHQHVV DQG WKH FRYHUDJH RI WKH
PRGHOV 7KH FRYHUDJH PHDVXUH FDSWXUHV DOVR WKH FRP
ELQHGHIIHFWRQWKHQXPEHUDQGWKHVL]HRIWKHPRGHOV)RU
LQVWDQFHORZFRYHUDJHLVXVXDOO\REVHUYHGZKHQERWKWKH
QXPEHU DQG WKH VL]H RI WKH PRGHOV DUH VPDOO 6LQFH ZH
DUHLQWHUHVWHGLQWKHFRPELQHGRSWLPL]DWLRQRIGLVWLQFWLYH
QHVV DQG FRYHUDJH ZH ZRXOG OLNH WR SUHVHQW WKH UHVXOWV
DORQJ WKRVH WZR GLPHQVLRQV LQ D FRPELQHG PDQQHU $
JRRGFKRLFHIRUVXFKDSUHVHQWDWLRQLVWKHXVHRI5HFHLYHU
2SHUDWLQJ &KDUDFWHULVWLF 52& FXUYHV 52& FXUYHV DUH
FRPPRQO\ XVHG IRU FRVWVHQVLWLYH FODVVLILFDWLRQ WDVNV
VXFKDVPHGLFDOGLDJQRVLVLQRUGHUWRSUHVHQWWKHWUDGHRII
EHWZHHQ WZR W\SHV RI HUURU HJ RYHUGLDJQRVLV DQG XQ
GHUGLDJQRVLV7KHWZRW\SHVRIHUURUDUHPHDVXUHGE\WZR
FRUUHVSRQGLQJPHDVXUHVFDOOHGVHQVLWLYLW\DQGVSHFLILFLW\
$ 52& FXUYH LV D SORW RI VHQVLWLYLW\ DJDLQVW
VSHFLILFLW\ $GDSWLQJ WKLV LGHD WR RXU PHDVXUHV ZH SORW
FRYHUDJHDJDLQVWGLVWLQFWLYHQHVV:HQDPHWKLVW\SHRI
SORW D WUDGHRII FXUYH LQ RUGHU WR DYRLG FRQIXVLRQ ZLWK
52& FXUYHV VLQFH ZH DUH QRW PHDVXULQJ VHQVLWLYLW\ DQG
VSHFLILFLW\7KHUHVXOWVWKDWZHREWDLQHGIRUWKHWZRW\SHV
RIGDWDUHSUHVHQWDWLRQDUHVKRZQLQ)LJXUHVDQG
(DFK FXUYH LQ WKH WZR ILJXUHV LV JHQHUDWHG E\ PHDVXULQJ
FRYHUDJH DQG GLVWLQFWLYHQHVV IRU GLIIHUHQW YDOXHV RI WKH
LQIOXHQFH DQG WKH FRQQHFWLYLW\ WKUHVKROGV ,Q WKH H[SHUL
PHQWVZHYDULHGWKHWKUHVKROGYDOXHVIURPWRZLWKDQ
LQWHUYDORI$ODUJHSURSRUWLRQRIWKHUHVXOWVOLHLQWKH
ORZ FRYHUDJH ± KLJK GLVWLQFWLRQ DUHD EHFDXVH WKH FRP
PXQLW\ PRGHOV DUH XVXDOO\ VPDOO IRU WKUHVKROG YDOXHV
DERYH DV PHQWLRQHG LQ 6XEVHFWLRQ 7KLV LV WKH
UHDVRQ IRU WKH ³QRLV\´ ORRN RI VRPH RI WKH FXUYHV DW WKH
ORZHUOHIWVLGHRIWKHJUDSK
6LPLODUWRWKH52&FXUYHVWKHRSWLPDOSRVLWLRQLVWKHWRS
OHIWFRUQHUZKHUHFRYHUDJHDQGGLVWLQFWLYHQHVVUHDFKWKHLU
PD[LPXP YDOXHV 7KXV WKH VXUIDFH XQGHUQHDWK HDFK
FXUYH LV DQ LQGLFDWLRQ RI WKH RYHUDOO SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKH
PHWKRG LQ WKH H[SHULPHQW ,Q WKLV UHVSHFW $XWRFODVV LV
GRLQJZHOOLQERWKUHSUHVHQWDWLRQV,QWKHSDJHEDVHGUHS
UHVHQWDWLRQ $XWRFODVV RXWSHUIRUPV FOXVWHU PLQLQJ RQO\
IRUKLJKOHYHOVRIFRYHUDJH+RZHYHUGXHWRWKHGHFUHDVH
LQ GLVWLQFWLYHQHVV WKH PRGHOV EHFRPH WRR ODUJH WR EH RI
XVH WR WKH VLWH DGPLQLVWUDWRU )RU WKLVUHDVRQ ZH QHHGWR
WUDGHRIIFRYHUDJHIRUGLVWLQFWLYHQHVVPRYLQJWRDUHDVRI
WKH JUDSK ZKHUH WKH WZR PHWKRGV EHFRPH FRPSDUDEOH
620LVFOHDUO\GRLQJZRUVHWKDQWKHRWKHUPHWKRGVXVLQJ
WKLV UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ ,WV SHUIRUPDQFH LQGLFDWHV WKDW WKH
QXPEHURIFOXVWHUVWKDWZHFKRVHLVWRRODUJHUHVXOW
)
LJXUH7UDGHRIIFXUYHVIRUWKHSDJHEDVHGUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ
)
LJXUH7UDGHRIIFXUYHVIRUWKHWUDQVLWLRQEDVHGUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ
LQJLQORZGLVWLQFWLYHQHVVHYHQZKHQWKHFRYHUDJHLVORZ
,Q WKH WUDQVLWLRQEDVHG UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ $XWRFODVV FOHDUO\
DFKLHYHV WKH EHVW SHUIRUPDQFH 7KH EHKDYLRU RI 620 LV
VLPLODUWRWKDWRI$XWRFODVVGHVSLWHWKHPXFKODUJHUQXP
EHURIFOXVWHUVWKDW620JHQHUDWHVLQVWHDGRI
&KRRVLQJDVHWRI&RPPXQLW\0RGHOV
7KH UHVXOWV RI WKH H[SHULPHQWV SUHVHQWHG DERYH FDQ KHOS
XV FKRRVH D WKUHVKROG YDOXH IRU HDFK PHWKRG DQG HDFK
GDWD HQFRGLQJ 6LQFH ZH DUH LQWHUHVWHGLQ D KLJKOHYHO RI
FRYHUDJH ZH VKRXOG UHMHFW KLJK WKUHVKROG YDOXHV DERYH
WKDW UHGXFH FRYHUDJH GUDVWLFDOO\ 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG
VHWWLQJ WKH WKUHVKROG YDOXH WRR ORZ LV OLNHO\ WR LQFUHDVH
VLJQLILFDQWO\ WKH VL]H RI WKH PRGHOV DQG GHFUHDVH WKHLU
GLVWLQFWLYHQHVV7DEOHSUHVHQWVRXUSUHIHUUHGFKRLFHVIRU
WKHWKUHHPHWKRGVDQGIRUWKHWZRW\SHVRIUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ
7KH FKRLFH RI ORZ WKUHVKROG YDOXHV IRU $XWRFODVV
DQG620LQWKHWUDQVLWLRQEDVHGUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ7LVGXH
WR WKH KLJK OHYHO RI GLVWLQFWLYHQHVV WKDW WKH WZR PHWKRGV
DFKLHYH2QWKHRWKHUKDQGWKHFKRLFHRIDORZWKUHVKROG
YDOXHIRU620LQWKHSDJHEDVHGUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ3
LVGLFWDWHGE\WKHVKDUSIDOOLQFRYHUDJHIRUKLJKHUWKUHVK
ROGYDOXHV7KHUHVXOWVLQ7DEOHDUHLQDFFRUGDQFHWRWKH
REVHUYDWLRQVPDGH LQ6XEVHFWLRQ $XWRFODVVVHHPV WR
KDYH WKH EHVW RYHUDOO SHUIRUPDQFH ZKLOH 620 IROORZV
FORVHO\ZKHQXVLQJWKHWUDQVLWLRQEDVHGUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ
7DEOH0RGHOVHWSURSHUWLHVIRUWKHVHOHFWHGWKUHVKROGV
8VLQJ&RPPXQLW\0RGHOV
$OWKRXJK WKH VHOHFWLRQ RI FRPPXQLW\ PRGHOV JRHV VRPH
ZD\WRZDUGVGHOLYHULQJXVHIXONQRZOHGJHDERXWWKHXVDJH
RI WKH V\VWHP WKH SUHVHQWDWLRQ RI WKH PRGHOV WR WKH VLWH
DGPLQLVWUDWRULQDGLJHVWLEOHIRUPDWUHTXLUHVIXUWKHUHIIRUW
,W LV QRW LQ WKH VFRSH RI WKLV SDSHU WR DGGUHVV WKLV LVVXH
IXOO\EXWZH SURYLGHKHUHVRPH LQGLFDWLRQRIWKH W\SHRI
IHHGEDFN WKDWZH KDYH UHFHLYHGIURP WKH VLWHDGPLQLVWUD
WRUVZKR DUH DOVR&KHPLVWU\ VFLHQWLVWV,Q RUGHUWRLQWUR
GXFH RXU UHVXOWV WR WKH DGPLQLVWUDWRUV ZH KDYH VHOHFWHG
WKH ³VWURQJHVW´ FRPPXQLW\ PRGHO IRU HDFK PHWKRG DQG
HDFK W\SH RI UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ :H GHILQH WKH VWURQJHVW
PRGHODVWKHODUJHVWPRGHOWKDWVXUYLYHVIRUODUJHWKUHVK
ROG YDOXHV 7DEOH SUHVHQWV RXU FKRLFHV 3DJHEDVHG
PRGHOVDUHSUHVHQWHGDVOLVWVRISDJHQDPHVVHSDUDWHGE\
VHPLFRORQV 7UDQVLWLRQEDVHG PRGHOV DUH SUHVHQWHG DV
WUDQVLWLRQVHTXHQFHVFRQQHFWHGE\DQDUURZ
7DEOH 7KH VWURQJHVW FRPPXQLW\ PRGHOV GLVFRYHUHG E\ WKH
WKUHHDOJRULWKPV
$WPRVSKHULF&KHP'DWDEDVHV
3KDUPDFHXWLFDO&KHP'DWDEDVHV
0HGLFLQDO&KHP'DWDEDVHV
&KHPLVWU\2YHUYLHZ'DWDEDVHV
+HOODV,QWHUQHW2YHUYLHZ
&RPSXWDWLRQDO&KHPLVWU\-RXUQDOV
&KHPLVWU\2YHUYLHZ'DWDEDVHV
7KHUPRFKHPLVWU\
(QJLQHHULQJ(QYLURQPHQWDO6FLHQFHV
&U\VWDOORJUDSK\2WKHU7RSLFV
&KHPLVWU\!UHODWHG!,QWHUQHW
GHPRN!DNQR
&KHPLVWU\!,QWHUQHW!:::
&KHPLVWU\!%LRFKHPLVWU\
,QWHUQHW!,QVWLWXWH
$NQR!VWDWV!VWDWVBDOO!DZDUGV
7KH DGPLQLVWUDWRUV KDYH LGHQWLILHG SDWWHUQV WKDW ZHUH H[
SHFWHG DV ZHOO DV LQWHUHVWLQJ ³VXUSULVHV´$Q H[DPSOH RI
WKH IRUPHU W\SH LV WKH SDJHEDVHG PRGHO IRU $XWRFODVV
ZKLFK FRUUHVSRQGV WR D JURXS RI &KHPLVWU\ VFLHQWLVWV
ZKRNQRZKRZWRXVHWKHVLWH7KHLUVSHFLDOWLHVDUHTXLWH
WHFKQLFDO MXVWLI\LQJ IDPLOLDULW\ ZLWK ,QWHUQHWEDVHG VHU
YLFHV2QWKHRWKHUKDQGWKHSDJHEDVHGPRGHOLGHQWLILHG
E\FOXVWHUPLQLQJ ZDVDVXUSULVHWKDWKDVFDXVHGWKRXJKW
7KH H[SODQDWLRQ WKDW ZDV JLYHQ WR WKLV SDWWHUQ ZDV WKDW
VRPHILHOGVVXFKDVµ
(QYLURQPHQWDO6FLHQFHV¶DUHQRWFRY
HUHG VXIILFLHQWO\ IRU WKH HQJLQHHUV LQ WKH ILHOG FDXVLQJ
WKHP WR QDYLJDWH WR PRUH JHQHUDOWKHPH SDJHV VXFK DV
µ
(QJLQHHULQJ¶DQGµ2WKHU7RSLFV¶7KLVLVVXHLVZRUWKIXUWKHU
FRQVLGHUDWLRQDQGFRXOGFDXVHDFKDQJHLQWKHVLWH
&RQFOXVLRQV
8QVXSHUYLVHG PDFKLQH OHDUQLQJ PHWKRGV VHHP WR EH D
JRRG FKRLFH IRU H[WUDFWLQJ XVHIXO NQRZOHGJH IURP XVDJH
GDWD RQ D :HE VLWH :H KDYH ORRNHG DW WKUHH FOXVWHULQJ
PHWKRGV WZR RI ZKLFK DUH SRSXODU LQ PDFKLQH OHDUQLQJ
UHVHDUFKDQGKDYHDOUHDG\EHHQXVHGVXFFHVVIXOO\LQSUDF
WLFH:HKDYHLQFOXGHGWKHFOXVWHULQJPHWKRGVLQDPHWK
RGRORJ\ ZKLFK FRQVLVWV RI SUHSURFHVVLQJ WKH XVDJH GDWD
LQWZRGLIIHUHQWZD\VFRQVWUXFWLQJWKHFRPPXQLWLHVXVLQJ
FOXVWHULQJ DQG PRVW LPSRUWDQWO\ H[WUDFWLQJ FRPPXQLW\
PRGHOV 8VLQJ IRXU HYDOXDWLRQ FULWHULD DQG GDWD IURP D
ODUJH :HE VLWH ZH KDYH H[DPLQHG WKH EHKDYLRU RI WKH
WKUHH PHWKRGV DQG KDYH VKRZQ KRZ WKH IRXU FULWHULD FDQ
EH XVHG WR VHOHFW D VHW RI PRGHOV ,Q WKH VLWH WKDW ZH
ORRNHG DW $XWRFODVV VHHPHG WR RXWSHUIRUP WKH RWKHU
PHWKRGVEXWIXUWKHUVWXG\ZLWKGDWDIURPGLIIHUHQWVLWHVLV
QHFHVVDU\LQRUGHUWRGUDZDJHQHUDOFRQFOXVLRQ
,Q DGGLWLRQ WR IXUWKHU HPSLULFDO HYDOXDWLRQ ZH DUH LQWHU
HVWHG LQ DVVRFLDWLQJ WKLV PHWKRGRORJ\ WR GRPDLQ NQRZO
HGJHDERXWWKH VWUXFWXUHDQGWKH FRQWHQWRI:HEVLWHV,Q
SDUWLFXODUZHDUHLQWHUHVWHGLQSURYLGLQJJXLGHOLQHVDERXW
WKHXVHRIWKHFRPPXQLW\PRGHOVLQGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIVLWH
$GGLWLRQDOO\ ZH DUH ORRNLQJ LQWR WKH V\VWHPDWL]DWLRQ RI
WKH SDUWV LQ RXU DSSURDFK ZKLFK VWLOO UHTXLUH PDQXDO LQ
WHUYHQWLRQHJDWWULEXWHVHOHFWLRQDQGWKUHVKROGVHOHFWLRQ
)LQDOO\ WKH LPSRUWDQW LVVXH RI SUHVHQWLQJ WKH PRGHOV WR
WKH DGPLQLVWUDWRU UHPDLQV RSHQ 9LVXDOL]DWLRQ WHFKQLTXHV
ZLOOEHRIXVHLQWKLVSUREOHP
$FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV
:HZRXOG OLNH WRWKDQN WKHPHPEHUV RIWKHWHDP ,QIRU
PDWLRQ 5HWULHYDO LQ &KHPLVWU\ ( 9DUYHUL $ 9DUYHULV
DQG37HORQLVIRUSURYLGLQJWKHGDWDDQG37]LW]LUDVIRU
KLVKHOSZLWKWKHH[SHULPHQWV
5HIHUHQFHV
%DODEDQRYLF 0 6KRKDP < &RQWHQWEDVHG
FROODERUDWLYH UHFRPPHQGDWLRQ &RPPXQLFDWLRQV RI WKH
$&0
%DVX & +LUVK + &RKHQ : 5HFRPPHQGD
WLRQDVFODVVLILFDWLRQ8VLQJVRFLDODQGFRQWHQWEDVHGLQ
IRUPDWLRQ LQ UHFRPPHQGDWLRQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH )LI
WHHQWK 1DWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ $UWLILFLDO ,QWHOOLJHQFH
SS&DPEULGJH0$$$$,3UHVV
%LVZDV * :HLQEHUJ -% )LVKHU ' ,7(5
$7( $ FRQFHSWXDO FOXVWHULQJ DOJRULWKP IRU GDWD PLQ
LQJ,(((7UDQVDFWLRQVRQ6\VWHPV0DQDQG&\EHUQHW
LFV
%UHHVH-6+HFNHUPDQ'.DGLH.(PSLUL
FDO DQDO\VLV RI SUHGLFWLYH DOJRULWKPV IRU FROODERUDWLYH
ILOWHULQJ3URFHHGLQJVRI WKH )RXUWHHQWK&RQIHUHQFH RQ
8QFHUWDLQW\ LQ $UWLILFLDO ,QWHOOLJHQFH SS 6DQ
)UDQFLVFR0RUJDQ.DXIPDQQ3XEOLVKHUV
%URQ&.HUERVFK-)LQGLQJDOOFOLTXHVRIDQ
XQGLUHFWHG JUDSK &RPPXQLFDWLRQV RI WKH $&0
%FKQHU$*%DXPJDUWHQ 0$QDQG660XOYHQQD
0' +XJKHV -* 1DYLJDWLRQ SDWWHUQ GLV
FRYHU\ IURP ,QWHUQHW GDWD 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH .''
:RUNVKRSRQ:HE8VDJH$QDO\VLVDQG8VHU3URILOLQJ
&RROH\0REDVKHU%6ULYDVWDYD-:HEPLQ
LQJ ,QIRUPDWLRQ DQG SDWWHUQ GLVFRYHU\ RQ WKH :RUOG
:LGH :HE 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH 1LQWK ,((( ,QWHUQD
WLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ 7RROV ZLWK $UWLILFLDO ,QWHOOLJHQFH
SS1HZ<RUN,(((
&RROH\57DQ316ULYDVWDYD-:HE6,)7
7KH:HE VLWH LQIRUPDWLRQILOWHUV\VWHP 3URFHHGLQJVRI
WKH .'' :RUNVKRS RQ :HE 8VDJH $QDO\VLV DQG
8VHU3URILOLQJ
)LVKHU'.QRZOHGJHDFTXLVLWLRQYLDLQFUHPHQWDO
FRQFHSWXDOFOXVWHULQJ0DFKLQH/HDUQLQJ
)X < 6DQGKX . 6KLK 0< &OXVWHULQJ RI
:HEXVHUVEDVHGRQDFFHVVSDWWHUQV3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH
.'' :RUNVKRS RQ :HE 8VDJH $QDO\VLV DQG 8VHU
3URILOLQJ
+DQVRQ56WXW] -&KHHVHPDQ3%D\HVLDQ
FODVVLILFDWLRQ WKHRU\ 7HFKQLFDO 5HSRUW ),$
$,%UDQFK1$6$$PHV5HVHDUFK&HQWHU&$
,%0 8VLQJ WKH ,QWHOOLJHQW 0LQHU IRU 'DWD 9HU
VLRQ5HOHDVH,%0&RUSRUDWLRQ
-RDFKLPV 7 )UHLWDJ ' 0LWFKHOO 7 :HE
:DWFKHU$WRXU JXLGHIRUWKH:RUOG:LGH:HE3UR
FHHGLQJVRIWKH)LIWHHQWK,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RLQW&RQIHUHQFH
RQ $UWLILFLDO,QWHOOLJHQFHSS 6DQ)UDQFLVFR
0RUJDQ.DXIPDQQ3XEOLVKHUV
.RKRQHQ 7 6HOIRUJDQL]LQJ PDSV VHFRQG HGL
WLRQ%HUOLQ6SULQJHU9HUODJ
/DQJOH\38VHUPRGHOOLQJLQDGDSWLYHLQWHUIDFHV
3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH6HYHQWK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ
8VHU 0RGHOOLQJ SS 1HZ <RUN 6SULQJHU
9HUODJ
2UZDQW-+HWHURJHQHRXVOHDUQLQJLQWKH'RSSHO
JlQJHU XVHU PRGHOOLQJ V\VWHP 8VHU 0RGHOOLQJ DQG
8VHU$GDSWHG,QWHUDFWLRQ
3DOLRXUDV* 3DSDWKHRGRURX &.DUNDOHWVLV9 6S\UR
SRXORV &' 0DODYHWD 9 /HDUQLQJ XVHU
FRPPXQLWLHV IRU LPSURYLQJ WKH VHUYLFHV RI LQIRUPDWLRQ
SURYLGHUV3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH6HFRQG(XURSHDQ&RQIHU
HQFH RQ 'LJLWDO /LEUDULHV SS %HUOLQ
6SULQJHU9HUODJ
3DOLRXUDV*.DUNDOHWVLV93DSDWKHRGRURX&6S\
URSRXORV &' ([SORLWLQJ OHDUQLQJ WHFKQLTXHV
IRUWKHDFTXLVLWLRQRIXVHUVWHUHRW\SHVDQGFRPPXQLWLHV
3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH6HYHQWK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ
8VHU0RGHOLQJSS1HZ<RUN6SULQJHU9HU
ODJ
3D]]DQL0 %LOOVXV'/HDUQLQJDQGUHYLVLQJ
XVHUSURILOHV7KHLGHQWLILFDWLRQRILQWHUHVWLQJ:HEVLWHV
0DFKLQH/HDUQLQJ
3HUNRZLW]0(W]LRQL2$GDSWLYH:HEVLWHV
$XWRPDWLFDOO\ V\QWKHVL]LQJ :HE SDJHV 3URFHHGLQJV RI
WKH )LIWHHQWK 1DWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH LQ $UWLILFLDO ,QWHOOL
JHQFHSS&DPEULGJH0$$$$,3UHVV
5LFK ( 8VHUV DUH LQGLYLGXDOV ,QGLYLGXDOL]LQJ
XVHU PRGHOV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI 0DQ0DFKLQH
6WXGLHV
6DKDPL 0 8VLQJ PDFKLQH OHDUQLQJ WR LPSURYH
LQIRUPDWLRQ DFFHVV 'RFWRUDO GLVVHUWDWLRQ 'HSDUWPHQW
RI &RPSXWHU 6FLHQFH 6WDQIRUG 8QLYHUVLW\ 6WDQIRUG
&$
6FKZDUW] ( , :HERQRPLFV 1HZ <RUN %URDG
ZD\ERRNV