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Exploring News Coverage of Femicide: Does Reporting the News Add Insult to Injury?
Abstract
The news media help shape society’s perception of social problems as well as public opinion of victims and offenders. Currently, there is extensive research devoted to the media’s portrayal of violence against women but very little examination of femicide (for purposes of this research, defined as the murder of female intimate partners). Using newspaper coverage of femicide cases across the state of North Carolina over a 6-year period (995 articles representing 299 cases), the current study examines the news media’s use of direct and indirect victim-blaming language, the sources cited in femicide reporting, and whether femicide cases are contextualized as an individual problem or within the broader social issue of intimate partner violence (IPV). Consistent with previous research, findings indicate that public sources (i.e., law enforcement) were the most commonly cited sources of information in news coverage of femicide compared to private sources (i.e., friends and family); however, domestic violence experts are cited more often than in prior studies. In addition, direct and indirect victim-blaming language is not as pervasive as previous research has suggested. Finally, the percentage of articles that contextualized the femicide as IPV is lower than that found in prior studies of femicide. Implications of these findings and future research are discussed.
... The Texas-Mexico border is a vibrant and complex region shaped by notable differences in culture, economy, infrastructure, governance, and social dynamics on each side (Davis, 2020;Gonzalez Hernandez, 2018;Heyman, 2017). Regarding VAWG and newspaper coverage, research on the Texas-Mexico border predominantly addresses crime, drug trafficking, and immigration, with limited attention to VAWG through a gendered lens (Carter & Kodrich, 2013;Mercado, 2015;Richards et al., 2011Richards et al., , 2014Ross et al., 2009). Studies reveal that media coverage often lacks systemic analysis, with Mexican newspapers emphasizing femicide, while U.S. newspapers individualize cases and frequently diminish victims' humanity (Aldrete, 2024;Branch, 2019;Domínguez-Ruvalcaba & Corona, 2010;Gonzalez, 2021). ...
... In 2024, 40.1% of women in Texas experienced this crime (World Population Review, 2024). However, several studies have examined U.S. newspaper coverage, focusing on femicide and domestic violence in the USA but not specifically in Texas (Gillespie et al., 2013;Richards et al., 2014;Richards et al., 2011). Gillespie et al. (2013) investigated how U.S. newspapers report on femicide, focusing on the framing of incidents of deadly domestic VAW. ...
... They found that victims are often portrayed in ways that diminish their humanity or suggest complicity in their victimization. Similarly, Richards et al. (2011) examined how U.S. newspapers report on femicide. They found that coverage frequently includes information about the victim's behavior, lifestyle, or choices, implying responsibility for the violence they experienced. ...
This study investigates violence against women and girls (VAWG) along the Texas-Mexico border through the lens of the news published in newspapers: MyRGV in McAllen (Texas), the El Paso Times in El Paso (Texas), El Mañana de Reynosa in Tamaulipas (Mexico), and El Heraldo de Juárez in Ciudad Juárez (Mexico). It employs a mixed-method approach, conducting quantitative content analysis and qualitative framing analysis. The findings reveal that Mexican newspapers primarily chose to publish stories about murder as the main crime against women and girls, while Texas newspapers focused on sexual violence. Mexican newspapers also covered immigration-related VAWG. Female journalists in Mexico often connected crimes with psychological trauma. Texas newspapers employed episodic framing and victim-blaming, whereas Mexican newspapers framed stories in a victim-supporting manner. Texas newspapers did not distinguish crimes against women from other crimes, whereas Mexican newspapers used the term 'femicide' and treated crimes against women and children as gender- and age-specific.
... The bad offender frame criticizes and blames the offender (e.g., a cowardly and vicious shooting), while the victim blaming frame provides excuses or sympathy for the offender (e.g., a tragic shooting). Research indicates that victim blaming extends beyond directly attributing fault to the victim; it can also involve indirectly blaming them by expressing sympathy for or excusing the offender (e.g., Meyers, 1994;Richards et al., 2011;Simington & Farmer, 2024;Sutherland et al., 2019;Taccini & Mannarini, 2024). ...
... Researchers coded respondents' comments for victim blaming using deductive thematic analysis. A comment was coded as victim blaming if either direct victim blaming techniques (e.g., negative characterization of the victim) or indirect victim blaming techniques (e.g., excusing the offender) were present, to align with past research that emphasizes both techniques as a part of a larger pattern of victim blaming tactics (Meyers, 1994;Richards et al., 2011). Meyers (1994) highlights that there is a dichotomy of victim blame between indirect victim blaming tactics (such as excusing the offender due to mental health issues, marriage separation, alcohol use, or being out of control) and direct victim blaming tactics (such as the negative characterization of the victim by using language that "name calls" the victim). ...
... Meyers (1994) highlights that there is a dichotomy of victim blame between indirect victim blaming tactics (such as excusing the offender due to mental health issues, marriage separation, alcohol use, or being out of control) and direct victim blaming tactics (such as the negative characterization of the victim by using language that "name calls" the victim). Richards et al. (2011) identify further examples of direct and indirect victim blaming. The former can include the victim's failure to report or prosecute previous violence, and actual or suspected infidelity, and the latter the offender's use of alcohol or drugs, and/or their mental, physical or emotional problems. ...
Public perceptions of intimate partner homicide victims are influenced by how the news media frames incidents, often perpetuating gendered stereotypes. In particular, research has found that victim blaming is common in the reporting of intimate partner homicide. However, the way the public engages with news media has changed, as social media platforms allow audiences to engage in news creation by posting comments. Despite this shift, limited research has examined the impact of gender and media frames on victim blaming comments. This study used an experimental vignette design to examine whether victim blaming comments made by Australian survey respondents ( n = 537) were influenced by the gender of the offender/victim pair and the framing of a media report, controlling for respondents’ media usage, attitudes, and demographics. Survey respondents were randomly assigned to one of four vignettes presenting a news report on an intimate partner homicide, which varied by the gender of the offender/victim and media frame (victim blaming/bad offender). Respondents were asked to leave a comment as if they were on a social media platform. Analyses revealed that respondents more commonly blamed the victim where there were female offender/male victim pairs compared to male offender/female victim pairs. Respondents also more commonly blamed the victim when there was a victim blaming frame compared to a bad offender frame. Finally, the analyses showed an interactive effect of the gender of the offender/victim pair and the media frame on respondents’ comments. Respondents were more likely to blame victims when the victim was male (female offender) and there was a victim blaming frame. The insights from this study have significant implications for policy and practice. Specifically, there is a need for enhanced training and resources for media professionals, as well as the creation of safer online communities through effective comment moderation.
... The media coverage of gender-based crimes, with femicides being the lethal outcome of this phenomenon, can play a powerful role in addressing gender-based violence as a social problem, promoting audience engagement, which can lead to institutional and governmental changes. Contrarily, mediatic discourses that promote victim-blaming narratives, which minimize or normalize gender-based violence, lead to perpetrators' impunity, creating obstacles for women's rights (Gillespie et al. 2013;Richards et al. 2011;Taylor 2009). In this sense, media coverage of gender-based crimes mirrors a society's stance regarding gender asymmetries (Comas-d'Argemir 2014;Meyers 1997). ...
... The direct victim-blaming tactic is perceived as a negative overall description of the victims, laying emphasis and/or speculating about her habits, her personal, familiar, and professional history as triggers to the femicide and ignoring contextual factors, namely prior victimization and relational dynamics, as well as social factors such as living in a community that legitimizes intimate partner violence and discourages its report to authorities. The indirect victim-blaming tactic minimizes the responsibility of the perpetrator, often through psychopathology assumptions, personality traits, intergenerationally violence, and/or the consumption of alcohol and drugs (Meyers 1994;Bullock and Cubert 2002;Gillespie et al. 2013;Richards et al. 2011;Taylor 2009;Simões 2008;Wozniak and McCloskey 2010). Here, IPF is often portrayed as a crime of passion, with jealousy, humiliation, and rejection at its core, which activate biased information (Neves 2016;Simões 2008). ...
... A femicide committed as an honor crime, usually related to infidelity suspicion or the non-acceptance of the breakup, brings a promiscuous aura to the deceased woman and, in a certain way, as deserving of her fate. Less frequently, some crimes were framed as euthanasia followed by the perpetrator's suicide, especially in elderly couples, where even though there was a great lack of medical information, the crimes were framed as mercy killings, highlighting the perpetrator's love for the victim (Richards et al. 2011). Although these categories emerged independently of the victim's age, the crimes framed as mercy crimes and categorized as indirect victim blaming were exclusive of older couples. ...
The media’s representation of intimate partner femicides has been contributing to addressing gender-based violence as a structural phenomenon. Aiming to understand which crime elements are valued and how they might contribute to victim blaming, the present study explores the portrayal of intimate partner femicides in Portugal through the analysis of newspaper headlines. The core of the analysis comprises 853 newspaper headlines published between 2000 and 2017, which were subjected to a categorical content analysis. The results suggest two major trends that are aligned with the scope of the two newspapers analyzed. While some headlines offer informative perspectives on crime and its characteristics, the majority tend to sensationalize the narratives, potentially legitimizing violence against women. The results of this study enrich the social and academic debate on the media’s potential influence in preventing and combating gender-based violence. Moreover, by shedding light on the media’s representation of intimate partner femicides, the study reinforces the importance of a broader discussion on the role of journalism in fostering social change.
... A global average of 30% of women will encounter sexual and/ or physical IPV at least once in their lives; however, the prevalence and incidence of violence in relationships vary widely according to country, region, and neighbourhood (Cheon & Regehr, 2006;Hossain & Heise, 2017;Makleff et al., 2020;Mannarini et al., 2023a;Rajah & Osborn, 2022;Robertson & Murachver, 2006;Taccini et al., 2022;Venäläinen, 2017;Wright & Benson, 2010;Yokotani, 2015). Furthermore, worldwide, 47,000 women and girls died in 2020 due to acts of violence committed by partners or relatives, and the probability of a woman being murdered by an intimate partner is 3.5 times higher than that of being killed by a stranger (Maguire, 2007;Richards et al., 2011;UNODC, 2021). Furthermore, in approximately two-thirds of cases of femicides, there is a previous history of IPV in the relationship (Bullock, 2007;Moracco et al., 1998;Richards et al., 2011). ...
... Furthermore, worldwide, 47,000 women and girls died in 2020 due to acts of violence committed by partners or relatives, and the probability of a woman being murdered by an intimate partner is 3.5 times higher than that of being killed by a stranger (Maguire, 2007;Richards et al., 2011;UNODC, 2021). Furthermore, in approximately two-thirds of cases of femicides, there is a previous history of IPV in the relationship (Bullock, 2007;Moracco et al., 1998;Richards et al., 2011). ...
... A total of eight articles presented results on the newspaper portrayal of IPV-related femicide (Bullock, 2007;Gillespie et al., 2013;Lalli & Gius, 2014;McManus & Dorfman, 2005;Richards et al., 2011Richards et al., , 2014Sims, 2008;Tiscareño-García & Miranda, 2020). According to the results, it appeared that episodic framing was the most used one (Bullock, 2007;Gillespie et al., 2013;Richards et al., 2014;Sims, 2008). ...
Introduction
Media framing encompasses the intentional curation and arrangement of relevant information, revolving around a central theme, to fashion a unified storyline. This article aims to explore how the news media frame women who have experienced intimate partner violence (IPV). By understanding these perceptions, it is possible to gain insight into societal attitudes and biases, shaping how IPV is perceived, discussed, and addressed within our communities.
Methods
The review was pre-registered on the PROSPERO database of systematic reviews (registration number: CRD42022347911). Moreover, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA statement) was followed. A total of 17 articles were selected from 8158 search results across four databases: PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science. Data collection was conducted in 2022.
Results
The 17 articles were divided into two groups: the media framing of women with an IPV experience and IPV-related femicides. Episodic framing was the most used frame in both groups. Moreover, a tendency to minimise the violence that occurred, to use inappropriate language, to blame the women, and to confound violence with love and sex resulted in both groups.
Conclusions
News media tend to depict women who experienced IPV in a stigmatising way, but the review highlighted that media could make a positive impact by increasing public awareness and promoting more positive portrayals.
Policy Implications
The review offers recommendations to develop policies and practises that can train media professionals to avoid perpetuating stereotypical images of women who experienced violence and report in a responsible and ethical ways.
... Literature indicates that media portrayals of crime have significant impacts on how the public and policy-makers perceive the origin of the crime and who is to blame, also influencing potential calls to action against the crime, its perpetrators, and support for victims (Beale, 2006;Springer & Harwood, 2015). While several media mechanisms, such as victim-blaming and perpetrator-excusing tactics, are prevalent in male perpetrated IPH news articles, few studies explored media mechanisms of female perpetrated IPH with male victims (Richards et al., 2011;Taylor, 2009). It could potentially be attributed to the prevalent focus of IPH research on male perpetrated violence against women (Campbell, 1992;Stöckl et al., 2013). ...
... The literature on the representation of IPH in the news media has mainly focused on male perpetrated homicides and identified some prominent frames: the episodic and thematic frames (Easteal et al., 2019;Gillespie et al., 2013;Richards et al., 2011;Taylor, 2009). A media frame is a "central organizing idea for making sense of relevant events and suggesting what is at issue" (Gamson, 1989, p. 157). ...
... However, statistics suggest that 70% of IPH occurs after an accumulation of violence and not a typical "crime of passion" (Dauvergne & Li, 2006). Victim-blaming and abuser-sympathizing discourses are specific episodic framing methods found across several IPH studies that looked at male perpetrated IPH (Bullock & Cubert, 2002;Gillespie et al., 2013;Richards et al., 2011). These approaches shift agency away from the perpetrator and blame the victims by focusing on their behavior before and during the incident. ...
Media research on intimate partner homicide (IPH) has primarily focused on male perpetrators and female victims. This study analyzed 203 English-language news articles of IPH involving male victims and female perpetrators for the year 2019. Using thematic analysis, we identified two main themes: doubting the victim (who is the victim?) and victim recognition (“he didn’t deserve this”). The findings suggest that male victims of female perpetrated IPH tend to be blamed for their victimization and represented as non-ideal and illegitimate victims in the news media.
... The majority of marginalized groups probably will not trust the media for equal presentation and ask an opportunity to be heard, since the inequalities and discrimination they face are institutional and present every time (Richards et al., 2011). For example, a woman victim of domestic violence will not approach the media for the visibility of the problem as the media function within the patriarchal culture and violence against women is not "news". ...
... According to researchers the general visualization of women and the violence towards them, represent partially how society views women and gender violence. (Richards et al.,2011) and (Taylor, 2009). The relationship among patriarchy, media and society results to be more complex than it seems, as it was mentioned above one of the main roles of the media is to inform and to educate people on social issues and call for social reform. ...
In the last decades, the media effect on the issues of domestic violence and violence against women has been thoroughly examined and there is abundant literature covering the phenomenon but very little investigation has been devoted to examine the portrayal of femicide in the news coverage in European countries and more specifically, in Greece. The present study will examine the Greek media news coverage on femicide, examining the crime news stories regarding the language used in the articles, the description of both victim and perpetrator and the sources of the journalists. This investigation is based on the theoretical approach of communication gender theories exploring the representation of women in the media over the years and the relation of both genders in the news. The findings of the research are explained through the feminist theories approach to identify whether violence against women and its fatal stage, femicide, are regarded as social problem in the Greek society. Implications of the findings and future research are discussed.
Key words: Mass Media, femicide, violence against women
... Direct victim blaming includes describing the victim negatively (e.g., as a bad mother or unemployed), suggesting infidelity, lack of cooperation with authorities, or highlighting love affairs (R Taylor 2009; T. N. Richards, L. K. Gillespie and M. D. Smith 2011a; Gillespie et al. 2013). Indirect victim blaming involves portraying the aggressor positively, such as highlighting financial, health, or emotional issues, or loss of control (Meyers 1997;Taylor 2009;Richards, Gillespie, and Smith 2011a;Gillespie et al. 2013). Another indirect technique involves representing the victim as a sexual object and a passive victim of abuse through images, which implicitly blames the victim (Taylor 2009;Richards, Gillespie, and Smith 2011a;Gillespie et al. 2013). ...
... Indirect victim blaming involves portraying the aggressor positively, such as highlighting financial, health, or emotional issues, or loss of control (Meyers 1997;Taylor 2009;Richards, Gillespie, and Smith 2011a;Gillespie et al. 2013). Another indirect technique involves representing the victim as a sexual object and a passive victim of abuse through images, which implicitly blames the victim (Taylor 2009;Richards, Gillespie, and Smith 2011a;Gillespie et al. 2013). K Lumdsen and H Morgan (2017, 14) argue that using overtly sexual images implies that the victim's actions led to the response. ...
International media research has recently emphasized the coverage of “partner homicides” in news media outlets with specific focus on the traits/characteristics and the forms of femicides. This led us to consider the ways in which news media outlets construct, portray, affect audiences and certain groups of individuals through the representations of such crimes. Through thematic content analysis of crime news, the purpose of this study is to determine how femicide victims are portrayed by major news media outlets in the Republic of Cyprus. The research consisted of an analysis of 366 femicide-related articles referring to 37 femicides that took place from 2006 to 2020. The data were analyzed to determine effects on newsworthiness, public perception, and patterns of victim blaming. The phenomenon of victim blaming emerged from the analysis as a recurring frame, both in a direct and indirect manner. Such blaming strategies include the usage of language with negative connotations in descriptions of the victim, such as highlighting their “promiscuous” pasts, and the attribution of “male honor”-related motives to the perpetrators, using sympathetic language to describe the perpetrator, highlighting the victim’s mental or physical problems, and so forth.
... Quienes cometieron un femicidio son 'narrados' por otros actores, que pretenden arrojar luz sobre este fenómeno. Los medios de comunicación, la literatura ficcionada, la crónica periodística, y la producción de otros organismos (ONG, organismos internacionales, etc.) producen y difunden ideas sobre qué es, cómo se explica y qué particularidades tiene este crimen (Masciavé, 2019;Richards et al., 2011Richards et al., , 2013. Si bien esta proliferación de discursos sobre el femicidio da cuenta de la puja por dar relevancia al tema, también tiende a obturar la producción de datos que permiten comprender las especificidades de este crimen (Corradi et al., 2016;Dawson & Mobayed Vega, 2023) y diseñar políticas de prevención primaria. ...
... Aunque gran parte de los discursos legos han dado por sentado que los femicidios son cometidos por varones con características salientes (Liem & Richardson, 2014;Masciavé, 2019;Richards et al., 2011), una lectura sistemática de la literatura académica muestra que no existe un consenso. El hecho de que la perpetración de este crimen sea un tema sub-investigado (Di Marco & Evans, 2020;Evans et al., 2023) contribuye a establecer un "bloqueo de datos" (UNODC, 2019). ...
El femicidio es una manifestación extrema de las normas patriarcales en la sociedad, de los modos imperantes de construcción de masculinidades y de las formas legitimadas de ejercer violencia. No obstante, existen pocos análisis focalizados en quienes cometen este crimen. Asimismo, son pocos los estudios que tengan por objetivo identificar características distintivas de esta población. En este artículo nos preguntamos por las diferencias y similitudes entre varones que cometieron femicidio, de otros varones condenados por crímenes violentos. Diseñamos e implementamos una encuesta ad hoc en cuatro penitenciarias en el Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires (AMBA), Argentina. Se siguió un muestreo multietápico, complementando una instancia de muestreo intencional (de instituciones) y sistemático (de personas). Se trabajó con tres grupos de varones: condenados por femicidio (n=71), por homicidio doloso de otro varón (n=73) y otros por crímenes violentos (n=64). Con el fin de comparar los grupos, analizamos cuatro dimensiones: a. características sociodemográficas, b. experiencias adversas en la infancia (ACE) y en la vida adulta (AAE), c. nivel de confianza de las personas en los barrios de origen, y d. redes de apoyo antes y después de los 18 años. Al considerar los grupos, identificamos algunas diferencias en las características sociodemográficas o vinculadas con experiencias adversas: más de la mitad de los perpetradores de femicidio indicaron tener secundario o más y se desempeñaban como empleados o personal administrativo antes de ser encarcelados. No obstante, tanto los niveles de confianza en el barrio y el capital social mostraron diferencias sustantivas, indicando tanto diferentes modos de percibir la violencia como de vincularse con otras personas. Con este artículo, discutimos la necesidad de seguir explorando este campo de estudio.
... Still, today, research continues to show that coverage is primarily episodic and fails to identify domestic violence as a systemic societal issue (Bullock, 2008;Bullock & Cubert, 2002;Carlyle et al., 2008;Meyers, 1994Meyers, , 1997Meyers, , 2004Richards et al., 2011;Seely & Riffe, 2021). In part, the reforms needed in both society and the media industry remain elusive because of journalistic norms. ...
... Comparing the narrative in COLD to traditional media coverage of domestic violence, these added details challenge victim-blaming by centering the voice of the victim and demonstrating the limited choices she had in this situation (Armstrong et al., 2016;Bullock, 2008;Bullock & Cubert, 2002;Carlyle et al., 2008;Meyers, 1994Meyers, , 1997Meyers, , 2004Richards et al., 2011). Researchers have also examined domestic violence coverage in both Utah and Washington (the two states where Susan lived with her husband) during the decade that Susan disappeared and found that over 15% of the articles about domestic violence implied that the victim deserved the abuse or that their actions had encouraged the violence, and over 8% specifically blamed the victim for bringing about their own death (Bullock, 2008;Bullock & Cubert, 2002). ...
... In a similar vein, a content analysis of femicide portrayal of 292 domestic homicide reports by a Florida metropolitan newspaper between 1995 and 2000 showed that female victims are often blamed by the use of negative language, accentuating their relations to other men and highlighting their choices of not reporting former incidents (Lloyd & Ramon, 2017;Taylor, 2009). More recent framing analyses of newspaper reports on deadly domestic violence against women have shown that a high proportion of newspaper articles in the U.S. normalizes misogynist crimes as commonplace, isolated incidents or as individual loss of control by the perpetrator (Gillespie et al., 2013;Richards et al., 2011). Such evaluations of misogynist crimes and murders are corroborated by the use of headlines like "domestic drama," "crime of passion," or "love killing" (Exner & Thurston, 2009). ...
... We conducted two media framing experiments to test whether framing a typical case of deadly domestic violence against a female victim with either a downplaying frame (e.g., "domestic drama") or an adequate crime label (e.g., "murder") affects readers' emotional reactions toward the crime, perceptions of the perpetrator and the circumstances, suggested penalty levels, and victim blaming. Supporting former speculations on the use of downplaying femicide frames (Gillespie et al., 2013;Richards et al., 2011;Taylor, 2009), emotional reactions to the crime were increased (Study 1) and male participants' perceptions of the perpetrator as a "loving person" could be decreased (Study 2) when the crime was labeled with an adequate crime label compared to a downplaying frame. However, we did not find support for our hypothesis that framing influences individual perceptions of the crime circumstances, the perpetrator's motives, or the suggested quantum of penalty. ...
We conducted two framing experiments to test how downplaying femicide frames affect readers' reactions. Results of Study 1 (Germany, N = 158) indicate that emotional reactions were increased when a femicide was labeled as "murder" compared to "domestic drama." This effect was strongest among individuals with high hostile sexism. Study 2 (U.S., N = 207), revealed that male compared to female readers perceived a male perpetrator more as a loving person when the crime was labeled as "love killing" compared to "murder." This tendency was linked to higher victim blaming. We recommend reporting guidelines to overcome the trivialization of femicides.
... Although there is growing interest in the field of media reporting on violence against women, most analyses have focused on high-profile cases (e.g., Hawley, Clifford, and Konkes 2018;Maxwell et al. 2000), looked at only one type of violence and/or one type of victim-offender relationship (e.g., Bullock 2007;Mason and Monckton-Smith 2008;Richards, Kirkland Gillespie, and Dwayne Smith 2011), or only on a very limited number of media outlets, both in numbers and geographical regions (but see Easteal, Holland, and Judd 2015;Morgan and Simons 2018). The study at hand focuses on all news reports on violence against women (irrespective of the type of violence or relationship between victim and perpetrator) with a broad sample of printed newspapers in Germany between 2015 and 2019, including national, regional, and tabloid outlets. ...
... As a result, especially intimate partner violence can be understood as a private matter, and as such, an issue inappropriate for governmental action and intervention. Studies from different cultural contexts and geographical regions show that media reporting on violence against women largely ignore such overarching social contexts and in most of the cases present violence as discrete incidents (Bou-Franch 2013; Bullock and Cubert 2002;Carlyle, Slater, and Chakroff 2008;Fairbairn and Dawson 2013;Halim and Meyers 2010;Karlsson et al. 2020;Maxwell et al. 2000;Owusu-Addo et al. 2018;Richards, Kirkland Gillespie, and Dwayne Smith 2011;Sutherland et al. 2019). ...
Violence against women is a prevalent issue worldwide, even in countries highly ranked on Gender Equality indices. Every third day, a woman in Germany is killed by an intimate partner, and many experience sexual violence at least once in their lifetime. How media report violence against women is significant for understanding the extent of violence in society and for requesting solutions in the public. This study analyzes the salience of violence and the nature of reporting in a broad sample of German print news (n = 3489) between 2015 and 2019 with a specific focus on intimate partner violence as opposed to crimes committed by strangers and the role of perpetrator origin. Results show that especially intimate partner violence is underreported and needs to be of extreme degree to be reported. Situating violence against women within a broader social context rarely happens, again, especially not for intimate partner violence. Since New Year’s Eve in Cologne, perpetrator’s origin has increasingly been mentioned. Although non-German perpetrators are not overrepresented in media reporting on violence against women, it is especially them, whose violence is put into a larger context. Opposed to that, national perpetrators’ violent acts are presented as single incidents.
... They show that media coverage influences public understandings of which issues-including VAWG-are worthy of public attention, through a process known as agenda setting (McCombs and Reynolds 2002). Media also influence public assessments of the causes, prevalence, and morality of these crimes through the ways that they frame violence-including the language, images, contextual information, and sources that they feature (Berns 2004;Bullock 2008;England 2018;Gillespie et al. 2013;Richards et al. 2011). ...
... What is more, media coverage of VAWG may not yield positive effects for social norms. Coverage that relies on stereotypes and tropes and that presents VAWG as a "crime of passion" skews public understandings of what constitutes violence and reinforces its normalization (Du Mont and White 2013; Morgan and Simons 2017;Richards et al. 2011). ...
In 2008, Guatemala passed the Law against Femicide and Other Forms of Violence against Women, establishing the gender-based killing of women (femicide) as a unique crime. Since then, over 9000 Guatemalan women and girls have died violent deaths. How do Guatemalan institutions and publics react to these women’s murders, and what do these reactions reveal about the impacts of legislative reform for individual victims, Guatemalan society, and criminal justice institutions? To answer these questions, we analyze state, media, and public reactions to three high-profile femicides that took place after the 2008 VAW Law. We trace the criminal justice response and legal developments following each femicide, and couple this with an analysis of newspaper coverage and social media commentary about the case. We find that despite the passage of new legislation and the creation of new institutions, various weaknesses in the Guatemalan criminal justice system undermine the impacts of reforms. These weaknesses in the criminal justice system produce three types of injuries: (1) individual injuries by hurting victims and their families; (2) public injuries by diverting public attention away from reflections about social norms and VAWG; and (3) institutional injuries by reinforcing the public’s distrust of the criminal justice system.
... Descriptions of crime victims include less empathy-inducing information, such as names and personal details, when describing women as opposed to men (Anastasio & Costa, 2004). Moreover, news reports of women killed by intimate partners often rely on episodic framing; in one study, only 13.6% of articles depicted intimate partner violence (IPV) as a widespread problem, instead portraying cases as isolated events (Richards et al., 2011). Similarly, Gillespie et al. (2013) found that coverage of femicide that failed to acknowledge it as a form of domestic violence tended to normalize and downplay the incidents, and that news stories about these incidents rarely framed domestic violence as a broader social problem. ...
... Nearly two-thirds of the sampled articles relied on episodic framing, failing to situate incidents within an overall context of transphobic violence. As with coverage of IPV (Richards et al., 2011), lack of context may foster the impression that killings of trans people are isolated occurrences, rather than a systemic issue (Beale, 2006). However, it is important to note that even articles that do employ thematic framing do not necessarily capture the full extent of the social conditions trans people face. ...
Media portrayals of crime help shape public perceptions of victims and the demographic groups to which they belong. For transgender people, who already face heightened disparities and stigma, news coverage may reinforce negative stereotypes and minimize the wider context of transphobic violence. The present study, a content analysis of news articles (n = 316) pertaining to 27 transgender people killed in the United States in 2016, addresses positive and negative depictions of victims, use of language affirming and delegitimizing transgender identities, and framing of transphobia as a systemic problem. Themes, implications, and future research directions are discussed.
... Research has highlighted the widespread misrepresentation of gender-based violence in the media globally. Specifically, studies of the USA, Australia, Republic of Ireland, and from the Global Media Monitoring Project have all shown that reporting on gender-based violence and femicide typically reflects gendered attitudes toward women in ways that perpetuate gender inequalities (Cullen et al., 2019;GMMP, 2020;Richards et al., 2011Richards et al., , 2014Sutherland et al., 2016). This is also born out in the research on Italy and the UK. ...
The 1995 Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action developed at the Fourth United Nations World Conference on Women acknowledged the media as a vital arena for the advancement of women’s equality. Now, thirty years after the Beijing Declaration, it is clear that structural inequalities within journalism and the media continue to shape representations of women and thus the advancement of gender equality. From this starting point, this article examines how images are used in print media reporting on femicide within intimate relationships. It asks how newspapers have visualized incidents of femicide, how this shapes narratives and understandings of domestic violence, and what this means for women’s equality. Drawing on two examples from the media in the United Kingdom and Italy, this article situates the cases within national regulatory frameworks and compares the visual representation of femicide in the printed press in the two countries as a means of understanding core principles of cultural and political narratives (visual and written) in the reporting on femicide in both countries.
... IPF is often portrayed as being perpetrated by individual bad actors whose acts are rare, likely because the crime is perceived as being socially egregious [7][8][9][10]. Yet closer examination of homicide data reveals persistent statistical trends: women are disproportionately killed by their intimate partners. ...
Intimate partner femicide—the killing of women based on their gender by their former or current partners—is a global long-standing manifestation of violence against women. Despite the enactment of femicide-specific laws in Latin America, femicide rates have remained relatively constant throughout the last decade. Often perpetrators are pathologized as suffering from mental illness, yet the data on their mental health status is still relatively unknown. Thus, more research is needed to understand the extent of poor mental health among these individuals. The purpose of this study was to compare levels of psychopathy, psychological distress, and treatment history among an all-male sample of intimate partner femicide perpetrators, male-male homicide perpetrators, and offenders convicted of other violent crimes in Buenos Aires, Argentina. This study utilized a cross-sectional survey based on data derived from a two-stage sampling strategy. The questionnaire included two standardized instruments for the measurement of psychopathy (revised Psychopathy checklist and the Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy scale) and one for general distress (Spanish version of 12-item General Health Questionnaire). The final sample included 205 prisoners including 68 intimate partner femicide perpetrators, 73 homicide perpetrators, and 64 individuals convicted of other violent crimes. There were no significant differences across these groups based on their socio-demographic characteristics. Participants did not differ in terms of their psychopathology; however, femicide perpetrators were statistically more likely to experience psychological distress. In addition, femicide perpetrators self-reported more prior episodes of mental and substance use treatments. The findings of increased psychological distress and prior mental health and substance use treatment among femicide perpetrators suggest that there may be missed opportunities for femicide prevention within the public health subspecialties of mental health and substance use disorders. This study suggests that femicide perpetrators likely require distinctive interventions, including self-assessments and harm mitigation tactics, to prevent their potential for femicide perpetration.
... Come qualsiasi fenomeno sociale, il femminicidio gode di una sua manifestazione linguistica e discorsiva, che è socialmente determinata e socialmente determinante: di conseguenza, le rappresentazioni mediali di ciò che accade quotidianamente sono fondamentali per la costruzione di un senso comune (Moscovici, 1984;Abis & Orrù, 2016). La definizione di femminicidio cui facciamo riferimento è quella proposta da Diane Russell come alternativa al termine gender neutral 'omicidio': «the killing of women by men because they are women» (Radford & Russell, 1992, p.14), sulla base della quale la violenza di genere può essere considerata l'esito più tragico della radicata disparità sociale, culturale, economica, politica tra i due sessi (Richards, Gillespie & Smith, 2011), in un contesto «che alimenta il disprezzo per le donne», e nel quale l'attacco fisico e psicologico ad una donna è stato letto come risposta alla percezione della perdita di potere davanti a soggetti femminili, sempre più indipendenti e autonomi (Corradi, 2008, pp. 13-14), e come tentativo dell'uomo di recuperare una perduta identità di maschio dominante (Bartholini, 2013). ...
The article proposes a reading of the connections between the logic of digital media and the contemporary critical issues of Italian journalism, focusing on the news coverage of a femicide (that of Giulia Cecchettin), which raises important cultural, political and educational questions. It is underlined the persistence of several critical issues, already highlighted by studies on the journalistic narrative of feminicide in Italy. In addition, new information circuits have been activated between news professionals and social media users, who are currently engaged in newsmaking and news searching practices. The analysis confirms the presence of dramatizing narrative stereotypes, but also new spaces for discussion and participation for individuals.
... For sources, journalists relied most on police in IPVAW cases and rarely interviewed medical experts (Taylor, 2009). This also gave the issue an episodic slant, framing IPVAW as a personal problem or a oneoff crime (Richards et al., 2011). Gillespie, et al. (2013) also found that the language used endorsed "traditional representations of females or gender stereotypes" (p. ...
This article explores how three national newspapers cover the cases of intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) in Nigeria from 2015 to 2017 to contribute to global research on mediated representations of violence against women. The study focuses on how Nigerian newspapers, The Guardian, Punch and Vanguard, reported the IPVAW cases from 2015 to 2017, and how they covered and framed IPVAW. Using quantitative content analysis, we found that the newspapers used episodic framing, blamed the victims, and exonerated/ excused the men’s actions. The implications of these findings are discussed.
... Newspaper accounts of DV frequently omit important contextual information about how structural and systemic barriers contribute to DV (Bullock & Cubert, 2002;Fairbairn & Dawson, 2013;Gillespie et al., 2013;Ryan et al., 2006;Seely & Riffe, 2021;Sellers et al., 2014;Singh & Bullock, 2020). For instance, one study found that only 10-34% of newspapers included such context (Richards et al., 2011), and another reported that newspapers rarely framed DV as stemming from the perpetrator's coercive control and male privilege (Lindsay-Brisbine et al., 2014). Singh and Bullock (2020) found that 99% of newspaper portrayals of the 2013 reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act did not mention structural causes of violence, such as economic marginalization or gender inequality, and articles that discussed law enforcement equated it with survivor safety, despite disparities in the treatment of survivors by law enforcement. ...
The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated incidences of domestic violence (DV). The framing of DV within media sources contributes to the public's understanding of DV. Using critical discourse analysis (CDA), this paper explores representations of safety within newspapers' reporting of DV during the pandemic. The sample included newspaper articles (n = 31) from U.S. newspapers. The analysis involved multiple rounds of coding and employing "structured questions." These articles depicted limited courses of action for DV survivors and represented safety as unattainable. Safety was constructed in four ways: homes are unsafe, social services are overburdened, government failures, and the elusiveness of safety. These discursive formations provide insight regarding "idealized" social responses to DV.
... However, we cannot establish a radical border (geographic or in terms of time) regarding the evolution of the news' coverage of violence against women, since its scope still differs today between different countries and media. To name just a few examples, in the early 21st century, focus in the United States press on these events as a social problem was still minority (Cathy Ferrand Bullock and Jason Cubert 2002;Lane Gillespie, Tara Richards, Eugena Givens and M Dwayne Smith 2013;Rae Taylor 2009;Tara N. Richards, Lane Gillespie and M. Dwayne Smith 2011), just like in Canada (Jordan Fairbairn and Myrna Dawson 2013;Guislaine Guérard and Anne Lavender 1999). In Australia, only 15% of articles address the social nature of the problem (Jenny Morgan and Violeta Politoff 2012), and in Italy, in 2012, the three main national newspapers Corriere della Sera, La Repubblica and La Stampa continued to describe the events as "crimes of passion" (Chiara Gius and Pina Lalli 2014). ...
In recent decades, given the crucial role played by the news media in fighting to eradicate violence against women, several organisations and legislative initiatives have begun self-regulating. This study analyses news coverage of gender-based murders in the Basque media over the course of three years, beginning with approval of rules for self-regulation. The results show that the media actively contribute to raising visibility of violence against women as a social problem, although reduced compliance with some of the recommendations indicates difficulty in practically applying them and disparate criteria from one journalist to another.
... At the moment, several authors study the framing of gender-based violence in the news and its possible social effects on audiences (Richards et al. 2011). The evolution of studies that connect framing theories and information related to violence against women indicates that there is an increase in the perception of that as a social problem (Gillespie et al. 2013). ...
... More precisely, journalists do not make the connection between the femicide cases presented by them and other cases produced in the same way or in the same period of time (Gillespie et al, 2013). Moreover, journalists do not include information regarding the acts of domestic violence to which victims had been exposed durig the relationship (Bullock and Cubert 2002, Campbell et al 2007, Richards et al 2011, Taylor 2009). ...
The study presents the results of the analysis of the way in which the Romanian online media covered the cases of intimate partner femicide committed between 2011-2015. The term intimate partner femicide was used to designate all the homicide committed intentionally by a current or former intimate partner against the woman partner (wife, girlfriend, concubine). The information regarding the intimate partener femicide was identified with the help of Google Chrome search engine and some key words. In the end, I identified N=2282 articles where 184 femicide cases committed between intimate partners. The analysis of the information regarding the intimate partner femicide cases was made with the help of a grid analysis structured on four dimensions: data regarding the violence act, data regarding the aggressor and victim, and data regarding the history of the relationship. The study highlights the journalists’ lack of interest in describing the context in which femicides occurred and the lack of correlation between the acts of domestic violence and intimate partner femicides. Moreover, few journalists include information regarding the way of contacting the institutions of victim protection and thus they do not use an important occasion to contribute to the readers’ information about the way in which they can interfere and help a victim.
... Today, Sri Lanka has a total of 39 registered newspapers spanning both the private and state media (Sinhala 14, Tamil 12, and English 13) (Sri Lanka Press Institute, 2020). Media coverage (especially by newspapers) contributes towards shaping public opinion as well as the public perception of social problems (Richards et al., 2011). It can also be assumed that media coverage has the capacity to expedite the post-mortem investigative and legal processes pertaining to unnatural deaths. ...
A preliminary literature survey on the traumatic deaths of women and girl children in Sri Lanka revealed that published studies on the subject were scarce and included outdated statistics. This is a fundamental drawback when it comes to advocating legislative reform, developing national policies and institutional responses, as well as introducing preventive strategies and judicial redress mechanisms to address the issue. It can also impede possible community action.
E-BOOK (FREE DOWNLOAD) from the UNFPA: https://srilanka.unfpa.org/en/publications/fatalities
... Gradually, a number of countries in the subcontinent have been paying attention to femicide (Meneghel & Hirakata, 2011). Thus, the analyses of femicide news coverage become an important (Richards et al., 2011) and recurrent research topic (Rodríguez, 2012). Simultaneously, political communication on gender issues also began to be perceived as a must (Ross & Comrie, 2012), reporting on femicide (Munévar, 2012) in all countries including the Dominican Republic, where the phenomenon became increasingly visible (Panadero, 2012). ...
Immersive storytelling has changed the way information is produced, distributed, and even consumed by viewers. Media, NGOs, and political parties have understood virtual reality technologies and 360-degree video as an opportunity to connect with users and deliver a closer and more immersive event experience. Regarding political communication, elections (campaigns, rallies, and debates) have been the most fertile ground for immersive storytelling. Using several cases as examples, this chapter addresses the opportunities immersive storytelling presents for institutional communication and public relations, as well as the ethical challenges posed by such content.
... Such tendency, which contributes to make the abuses of women socially acceptable, is mainly based on three biases that occur in the narrative -both journalistic [10] and judicial 6 -of gender-based violence and that we will explore in depth in the next pages: the lovers' quarrel, the jealousy, the raptus. 4 Redazione "Il Tirreno", Violentava la figlia: operaio condannato, 18.11.2017.. 5 M. Lardara, Violenza sulle donne: i ragazzi dicono "no", "Il Tirreno", 14.02.2017. 6 For more on the theme of social representation of gender-based violence in the judicial field in this volume, refer to the article Stereotypes and prejudices in the legal representation of violence against women. ...
This work aims to provide a tool to analyze social representations of gender-based violence, an issue that is receiving increasing media attention in recent years. Focusing on the Italian case, the re- search questions we try to answer are: 1) How is gender-based violence represented in the Italian press? 2) How does Italian press represent the women victims of gender-based violence and the men authors of such violence? Particularly, we try to understand how press contributes to the social discourse on gender-based violence and what role it plays in the perpetuation of a social structure based on unequal power relations between genders.The starting hypothesis is that the press can contributes to create and reinforce stereotypes and prejudices about the role of women in society, thus favoring the persistence of those relations of material and symbolic domination, that still too often lead to gender-based violence.Our work is based on the data collected within the research project STEP – Stereotypes and prejudice. Toward a cultural change in gender representation in judicial, law enforcement and media narrative. It relies on the analysis of a corpus containing more than 16,000 articles published in Italian newspapers in the period between the 1st of January 2017 and the 31st December 2019, dealing with the issue of gender-based violence and with the crimes connected to it: domestic violence, rape, femicide, stalking, women trafficking.
... Indeed, the sources used by journalists and who they choose to quote can be an important factor in how stories about VAW are framed (Sutherland et al. 2016a;Sutherland et al. 2016b). Research in Australia and overseas has repeatedly identified the use of law enforcement sources, at the expense of survivors, victim advocates and academic experts (Bullock 2007;Bullock and Cubert 2002;Comas-d'Argemir 2015;Fairbairn and Dawson 2013;Lindsay-Brisbin, DePrince, and Welton-Mitchell 2014;Meyers 1997;Morgan and Politoff 2012;Richards, Kirkland Gillespie, and Dwayne Smith 2011;Wozniak and McCloskey 2010). ...
... However, as noted by Duff, Nampweya, and Tree (2017), most studies have been generally carried out in developed countries, particularly in the USA. Among these studies, some have focused on the media coverage and framing of domestic violence and its fatalities, IPV and IPH (Meyers 1994(Meyers , 1997Bullock and Cubert 2002;Bullock 2007;Taylor 2009;Richards, Gillespie, and Smith 2011;Sweeney 2012;Gillespie et al. 2013). In a textual analysis of newspaper coverage of the murder of a battered woman by her husband, Meyers (1994: 47) concludes that the newspaper coverage of this murder case "shows how myths and stereotypes combine to blame the victim for her own death … [and] demonstrates the interconnection of gender, race, and class in the representation of violence against women". ...
Intimate partner homicide (IPH) has become one of the most challenging socio-cultural issues in contemporary Botswana. This paper seeks to examine how female victims of IPH are represented in the Botswana print media. Drawing on data collected from 63 newspaper articles published in four Botswana newspapers between January 2010 and December 2013, the study found that the Botswana print media outlets generally do not represent female victims of IPH in a fair manner as they maintain denigration, degradation and infantilisation of women in their reports. At a macro level, this representation seems to be influenced by an embedded patriarchal ideology. At a micro level, media coverage of intimate femicide tends to sensationalise the causes of passion killings by employing a victim-blaming frame in the representations of the female victims. Using a Critical Discourse Analytical approach, we argue that this mode of media representation does not only maintain the existing gender inequality but also reinforces, perpetuates and naturalises a vicious gender circle. While media reports may have translated the embedded patriarchal ideology to its reporting on the female victims of IPH, we suggest that efforts to achieve gender equality should involve public education including gender-sensitive reporting by public and private print media.
Anti-trans fatal violence refers to the hate-motivated murder of transgender and gender-diverse individuals. This study examines news media coverage surrounding 36 victims of anti-trans fatal violence in the United States in 2022. A qualitative content analysis of news articles ( n = 75) reveals that journalists often frame anti-trans fatal violence as a systemic issue while highlighting the perspectives of queer organizations/advocates when discussing the murder of transgender individuals.
Perpetuation of rape myths in news reporting
Introducción y objetivo. El artículo parte del supuesto de que la violencia contra las mujeres -que puede derivar en feminicídios- es un problema público que requiere que las políticas de Estado sean pensadas desde una óptica interseccional (Crenshaw, 2004; Collins y Bilge, 2021). Desde esta perspectiva, nuestro objetivo es comunicar un protocolo de cubrimiento periodístico de feminicidios. Metodología. A partir de lecturas teóricas y empíricas sobre el feminicidio y los estudios de género desde una perspectiva interseccional, proponemos un protocolo de análisis del cubrimiento de los feminicidios, compuesto por siete ejes de lectura. Seis de ellos están relacionados con crímenes específicos reportados por la prensa y pretenden identificar información sobre: (1) el medio, la materialidad y la localización; (2) el crímen; (3) la víctima; (4) el agresor; (5) las fuentes de información; y (6) la estratificación sexual. El séptimo eje se refiere a la lectura de (7) noticias generales, no relacionadas a casos específicos, pero que abordan el tema del feminicidio, cuestionando aspectos que cruzan los otros ejes, principalmente si la violencia contra las mujeres es discutida como un problema público y si hay elementos identificables de marcadores interseccionales. Resultados y conclusiones. El análisis permite percibir la utilidad del protocolo en la búsqueda de marcadores sociales interseccionales. El protocolo permite analizar los límites del cubrimiento periodistico con respecto a la superposición de violencia y opresión en los casos de feminicidio. Al mismo tiempo, permite ver aspectos potencialmente relevantes para un tratamiento más adecuado del tema por parte de la prensa.
The portrayal of key participants in gender-based violence (GBV) by the media has been analyzed as ideologically driven by critical discourse analysis (CDA) scholars. Nevertheless, previous studies of media coverage of GBV cases with a CDA approach were confined to qualitative analysis while quantitative evidence was lacking and were perpetrator-oriented without the victim’s perspectives. Addressing these gaps, this study conducted a case analysis of four British newspapers, each representing different political inclinations. Results revealed that the political inclinations did not influence media’s preference for certain constructions. However, the perpetrator was ascribed with a much greater degree of agency in high frequency active constructions. Even in passive and nominal constructions, he was specified more frequently than deleted, contradicting most previous research indicating that the perpetrators were often deleted to conjure away responsibility. We also verified the significance of the context particularly in interpreting the agentless passive and nominal constructions. Further research from diachronic and reader-oriented perspectives should bring more converging evidence.
This paper presents the results of a questionnaire-based study of adolescents in secondary schools in Almería and Madrid ( n = 1135), Spain. Based on scales developed and tested by Ozer and Bertelsen (2018), we investigate whether social media use correlates with self-reported extremist and pro-violence attitudes. We analyze the results of a moderation analysis on the rates of extremism and pro-violence, as well as illegal acts, in relation to social media use. We find that boys use social media more than girls, and that greater social media use does not correlate with adolescents being more extremist, but rather more pro-violence.
Ellas Pueden es un podcast alojado en la plataforma RTVE Audio de la corporación Radio Televisión Española. En este trabajo nos planteamos comprender cómo ha sido tratado el problema público de la violencia contra las mujeres en este programa. Partimos de reflexiones sobre el potencial del podcast como formato radiofónico, sobre las características de prácticas de comunicación y periodismo con perspectiva de género, y sobre los límites aún existentes en la cobertura de la violencia de género en los medios convencionales. Ellas Pueden coloca la vida de las mujeres en el centro de su propuesta y contribuye al debate público y al aprendizaje acerca de las desigualdades que sostienen la violencia de género y las acciones necesarias para superarla. Es una investigación cualitativa, con un estudio de caso combinado con el análisis temático. La muestra consta de 15 emisiones difundidas entre 2012 (inicio de emisiones) y 2023. El análisis incluye cuatro dimensiones: 1) el programa, la perspectiva y la presentadora; 2) las fuentes de información; 3) los temas recurrentes; y 4) el encuadre de la violencia de género. Identificamos que Ellas Pueden logra profundizar el debate sobre la violencia contra las mujeres a partir de un posicionamiento explícito en la lucha contra la violencia de género, de la utilización de diversas fuentes informativas que abordan variados aspectos del tema, y del encuadre de la violencia como un problema público que demanda acción colectiva.
Intimate partner violence (IPV), including intimate partner homicide (IPH) and femicide, raises issues for general theories of crime, such as control and opportunity theories, that see close relationships among friends and family as barriers to interpersonal crimes. Crime-specific studies of both correlates and trends in IPV, including recent interrupted trend studies that examine the effects of COVID restrictions, often test opportunity theories absent considerations of theoretically driven images of actors. Review of empirical research on IPV and IPH reveals strong compatibility between the predictions of modern control theory and consistent findings from trend data. Barriers to understanding of the explanatory power of general theories of crime (including, for example, control theories and feminist perspectives) in contemporary research include use of poor definitions of intimacy, misspecification of age effects, failure to consider the versatility of offending behavior, neglecting the importance of trends in analogous behaviors, neglecting the role of situational factors in violence, and the limitations in the measurement of repetitive victimization. Theories such as routine activity and situational crime prevention that fail to explicitly include characteristics of actors can go only a limited way in providing meaningful policy. Research supports the potential policy effects of investments in early childhood and attention to situational barriers (including limitations on alcohol use and firearm availability) to reduce IPV. Although modern control theory is used to illustrate these issues, other general theories, like feminist theories, can make similar arguments.
The Supreme Court of Canada has ruled on four cases of women’s defensive violence in the context of intimate partner violence. The Canadian news media plays a role in explaining the legal and social importance of these decisions. Its coverage can contribute to stronger social awareness of the problem and legal tools available or to the perpetuation of myths about intimate partner violence and the role of the courts. Examining local and national newspaper coverage of the four cases reveals a consistency in the amount of legal discussion and a decline in the quality of Canadian print news attention to these decisions. Implications for social awareness are discussed.
Objectives. Femicide and violence against women (VAW) represent two phenomena with a major impact concerning the public health, women rights and the freedom of speech. This article aims to capture the manner in which a Romanian femicide case is framed in news reporting, the depictions of the victim and the abuser and the context, sources, language used in media news reporting on femicide.
Material and methods. The analysis emphasizes media patterns (frames, portrayals, linguistic structures), which represent an important instrument in shaping public opinion and awareness. For this study, there were selected 20 articles which present a Romanian femicide case – August 2021. In order to get specific results, there were used two qualitative methods – critical discourse analysis and frame analysis.
Results. Media news were analyzed from several points of view: the general context, the representation of the victim and of the perpetrator, the narrative of the event, the management of voices which appear during the description of the event and the language used by the journalist. The key findings show that femicide articles published in Romanian print media actualize the negative sensationalistic news tendency, detrimental to civic mobilization and public agenda change.
Conclusions. The denunciation of violence committed by men against women has been and continues to be one of the major issues of the contemporary society, which needs an appropriate mediatization and framing; violence against women and femicide were accentuated by the pandemic context as well as by the race, class, age of the abused women.
Research on femicide news revealed discriminatory narratives against the victims in specific cases and social contexts. This article uses a quantitative approach to analyze the news content that serves to create social representations of victims and perpetrators. We propose a methodology based on examining independent elements in the descriptions, identifying extratextual patterns, and providing the data to compare the social representations of intimate partner violence (IPV), familiar, and non-IPV femicides. Three online news outlets were analyzed from July 2014 to December 2017, creating a corpus of 2,527 articles. The results revealed that it is more common to create negative representations of victims than negative representations of the perpetrators.
This study examines how the production of news making is evidenced in published content about the complex social phenomenon of murder-suicide. Building on Reese and Shoemaker’s hierarchical model (2016), this study aims to understand the impact of the individual, routines, ideological, organisational and social institution levels on news content surrounding a case of murder-suicide in the Republic of Ireland. Data was gathered from in-depth interviews with journalists and news editors who detailed the nexus of competing interests that influence their work processes. Findings reveal how organisational structures, coupled with ideological orientations, industrial routines and the professional ideology of objectivity, acted as crucial gatekeepers, encouraging a dependency on elite sources. A crime narrative supported through the operationalisation of a media template perpetuated a hierarchy of victims. These representations served to mirror the institutionalised patriarchal power.
Author deals with a problem of a justification of the leading ideas that inspired new Code on Prevention of Family Violence in Serbia. Author proofs assumption that the Code is grounded on a basic premisses of the, so called, radical feminist criminology regarding family violence. After short retrospect to elementary rules of a scientifically founded criminal policy, in the second part author exhibit the origin of this legislative solution. Out of it becomes clear that this is a piece of legislation special to totality of legal system which bears the burden of a suppression of family violence in Serbian society, whose substance was compiled by the group of NGO of a radical feministic orientation. In the third, central part of the paper, author proofs the origin of a specific doctrines in the Code by comparison with key tenets of this extreme and radical school of criminological thought. Author concludes that they are nothing more but an unscientific attempt to shroud radical feministic ideas behind a mask of a scientific discipline - ethology of a crime. At the very end author illustrated aforementioned comparison with negative effects of a Code to family in Serbian society. In the same time author criticise total legislative indifference toward prevailing culture and values of a society in which the Code should apply.
This chapter examines the mental illness/distress frame in news reporting on familicide – the way familicide was framed as
the outcome of perpetrator mental illness or emotional distress. It contextualises the mental illness/distress frame within
evolving discourses of mental illness in Australia and the broader rise of ‘psychocentrism’ (Rimke, 2016) in Western
contexts, as well as the role of feminist discourses of domestic and family violence that reject the premise that mental
illness causes violence against women. It charts how the mental illness/distress frame manifested in reporting on familicide,
including the complex ways it was fortified by victims’ families and, at times, by disability support advocates. Exploring how
the mental illness/distress frame was rationalised through tropes of the ‘nice, normal’ family, the chapter highlights that
while this news frame is problematic, it does not go unchallenged, with feminist-informed counter-narratives playing a
significant role in the news.
Research on media and diversity rarely compares portrayals of Us and Them with a quasi-experimental design. The present study does a content and discourse analysis of stories on women’s victimization that differ only in respect to the role performed by national or foreign characters. The main pillars of fact-based, «objective» journalism are thus quantitatively scrutinized in their dichotomic application to these two different sets of protagonists. We perform a similar, qualitative, analysis on emotional news based on storytelling. Finally, we explain the bias that emerges considering the shared cultural backdrop that pre-exists newsmaking routines, commercial considerations, and political leaning.
El objetivo general del estudio fue conocer el tratamiento periodístico de El Comercio y La República sobre la violencia doméstica durante la pandemia de la COVID-19 en el Perú entre los meses de marzo del 2020 a marzo del 2021. El método que se utilizó fue el análisis de contenido, el diseño fue de tipo básico, descriptivo, exploratorio y cuantitativo de una muestra no probabilística procedente de nuestras unidades de análisis. La población y muestra: A lo largo de todo el año, los meses que más unidades registraron notas informativas sobre violencia doméstica fueron los meses de mayo (La República con 6 notas) y junio (El Comercio con 5 notas). Para poder analizar números iguales por cada diario, se optó por eliminar una nota al azar del primer medio de comunicación. En ese sentido, se analizó la cobertura periodística de este problema de salud pública de los diarios El Comercio y La República con base en las perspectivas de la agenda setting y la del framing para identificar las temáticas y los encuadres que han abordado estos medios de comunicación con el fin de conocer el tratamiento que le han dado a este hecho. De acuerdo con la hipótesis planteada, se concluyó que la prensa dio importancia a las distintas formas de violencia doméstica, adquiriendo un esquema propio de cobertura y enfatizando encuadres como los de interés humano y atribución de responsabilidad.
El tratamiento informativo sobre la violencia de género ha sido un tema ampliamente tratado en la literatura académica. En este artículo aportamos un análisis novedoso respecto a lo que se ha hecho hasta ahora. Nos focalizamos en tres casos de feminicidio de pareja para analizar, por un lado, el tratamiento informativo de cada uno de estos casos y, por otro, los marcos interpretativos de los hechos, que revelan los condicionantes culturales y morales que aparecen en el discurso periodístico.
Femicides are topics frequently covered by the media, and journalists use different frames when reporting on such lethal acts of violence against women. This chapter addresses the media coverage and framing in German online press articles of two femicides with victims of Romanian ethnicity. The research presented used as methodology thematic content analysis, along with media framing analysis. In the chapter, the results of this study are discussed, that is, the characteristics of media coverage and content related to the killings of the two Romanian women in the German press are analysed, the main frames used by the media in their reporting on the femicides are pointed out, and the extent to which journalists use in their narratives techniques of blaming the victims is examined. Moreover, the chapter investigates whether the media report the crimes against women as singular facts or address them in the broader context of social problems, and contribute, in this way, to the increase of public awareness and social responsibility towards them.
Political communication has changed a great deal in recent years, thanks in no small part to new technology and above all to the new ways in which citizens can engage with politics. Thus, the media can report on feminist policies or pro-gender equality policies in various ways, for example the way news about femicides is disseminated. Femicide has become a major issue for governments in recent years, since as these crimes are solved, the media tend to report on progress in terms of pro-equality, feminist policies, which still stir up intense controversy. Thus, we present a comparative study on how the news on femicide is reported, in order to shed light on how news on this issue is produced and disseminated.
Background: The news coverage of domestic violence survivors who lethally defend themselves is often negative and promotes misconceptions. The trials of Nicole Doucet, who tried to hire a hitman to kill her abusive husband, provides an opportunity to assess if tone of the coverage changed over time.
Analysis: News coverage of the Ryan case started neutral or favourable to Doucet and included feminist legal analysis. Interjections by Michael Ryan and the RCMP shifted the coverage to use more men’s rights arguments and negatively portray Doucet.
Conclusion and implications: Canadian newspapers demonstrated, in equal measure, a better grasp of women’s defensive violence and a susceptibility to be swayed by men’s rights arguments.
Most female homicides are perpetrated by an intimate partner, but this is not reflected in news media coverage of the murders of women, which tends to focus on killings committed by family members, friends, neighbours, co-workers, and strangers. Nearly 60% of South African media coverage of female homicide profiles non-intimate killings. This study looks at multiple-year news coverage of 284 incidents of non-intimate femicide that took place in South Africa between 2012 and 2013, and compares narrative content and news frames used to report non-intimate femicides with those frames most commonly found in media coverage of intimate partner violence. This analysis reveals conspicuous differences between how the “problem” of femicide is reported and understood depending on the status of the victim and her relationship with the perpetrator, and how this distorts the reality of who is at risk of becoming a victim and who is to be feared as a perpetrator.
Media reporting of violence against women (VAW) has the potential to contribute to improving the community’s understanding and response to this social problem. However, journalists are not immune to gender biases and myths concerning VAW. Both can affect how the subject is framed. We look at an Australian training programme implemented to improve VAW news reporting practices such as including social context, family violence experts and help-seeking information for survivors, challenging myths and avoiding perpetrator exoneration and victim-blaming. We compare journalists’ reporting before and after training and also compare the trained reporters’ content with a matched comparison sample written by untrained journalists to see if training translates into best practice reporting. We conclude that reportage practices have improved overall in recent years and that the training model, in which participants were selected to take part, appears to be effective in improving some key elements of best practice reporting, but some areas of concern remain. We recommend more targeted programmes with curriculum additions to better address some reporting deficiencies we identify.
This study explores how newspapers portray domestic violence fatalities, how accurately they reflect the victim' experiences and the broader social problem of domestic violence, and the implications of the patterns of portrayal. Using quantitative content analysis and frame analysis, the authors examined 1998 coverage of domestic violence homicides by all newspapers in Washington State. Overall, the analyses indicate that coverage gave a distorted view of domestic violence and victims' experiences, often supporting common misconceptions about domestic violence. The coverage generally presented domestic violence in terms of isolated incidents, rather than portraying it as a larger social problem. A handful of articles did not fit this mold. These portrayed domestic violence as a social problem with the potential to affect every reader, indicating that domestic violence fatalities can be more accurately portrayed within the boundaries of current journalistic norms and practices and pointing to ways journalists can improve coverage.
The relationship between a victim and an offender is critical to understanding the context and dynamics of homicide. It is recognized that the causes and correlates of homicides within intimate relationships differ from the causes and correlates of homicides by strangers. Systematic research has seldom examined, however, differences in the nature of intimate violence, particularly lethal violence, among intimate relationships that vary in the degree of intimacy and level of commitment. Such an examination is important, not only for understanding the phenomenon of intimate femicide, but also for explaining variations in the reactions to such acts. Using relationship state and relationship status to differentiate among various degrees of intimacy and commitment, we show that the characteristics of the people involved in intimate femicides as well as the circumstances surrounding the killing do differ by relationship type.
This report presents final 1999 data on the 10 leading causes of death in the United States by age, race, sex, and Hispanic origin. Leading causes of infant, neonatal, and postneonatal death are also presented. This report supplements the annual report of final mortality statistics and responds to an increasing volume of requests by data users for leading-cause tables with more age and race detail than previously published.
Data in this report are based on information from all death certificates filed in the 50 States and the District of Columbia in 1999. Causes of death classified by the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) are ranked according to the number of deaths assigned to rankable causes. Age categories used to present leading causes of death in this report represent a substantial expansion from the age categories previously used to present leading-cause data in the annual report of final mortality statistics.
In 1999 the 10 leading causes of death were (in rank order) Diseases of heart; Malignant neoplasms; Cerebrovascular diseases; Chronic lower respiratory diseases; Accidents; Diabetes mellitus; Influenza and pneumonia; Alzheimer's disease; Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis; and Septicemia and accounted for nearly 80 percent of all deaths occurring in the United States. Differences in the rankings are evident by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin. Leading causes of infant death for 1999 were (in rank order) Congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities; Disorders related to short gestation and low birthweight, not elsewhere classified; Sudden infant death syndrome; newborn affected by maternal complications of pregnancy; Respiratory distress of newborn; Newborn affected by complications of placenta, cord, and membranes; Accidents; Bacterial sepsis of newborn; Diseases of the circulatory system; and Atelectasis. Important variation in the leading causes of infant death is noted for the neonatal and postneonatal periods.
This 11-city study sought to identify risk factors for femicide in abusive relationships.
Proxies of 220 intimate partner femicide victims identified from police or medical examiner records were interviewed, along with 343 abused control women.
Preincident risk factors associated in multivariate analyses with increased risk of intimate partner femicide included perpetrator's access to a gun and previous threat with a weapon, perpetrator's stepchild in the home, and estrangement, especially from a controlling partner. Never living together and prior domestic violence arrest were associated with lowered risks. Significant incident factors included the victim having left for another partner and the perpetrator's use of a gun. Other significant bivariate-level risks included stalking, forced sex, and abuse during pregnancy.
There are identifiable risk factors for intimate partner femicides.
Stressing relation-building and participatory communication approaches, the Rhode Island Coalition against Domestic Violence worked with journalists to develop a best practices handbook on news coverage of domestic violence murders. This study compares print coverage of domestic violence murders prehandbook (1996-1999) and posthandbook (2000-2002). Significant changes include increased labeling of the murder of intimates as domestic violence and doubled usage of advocates as sources. As a result, domestic violence murders, previously framed as unpredictable private tragedies, are more commonly framed posthandbook as social problems warranting public intervention. The authors conclude that relation-building approaches can affect news cultures and public discourse when conducted in conjunction with comprehensive participatory communications strategies.
The killing of women by men who then take their own lives (femicide-suicide) is the most common form of homicide-suicide. This study identified femicide-suicide risk factors in an 11-city case-control study of femicide in the United States. Perpetrator, victim, relationship, and incident characteristics were analyzed for femicide-suicide cases (n = 67) and controls (n = 356, women living in the community with nonfatal physical abuse) using logistic regression modeling. Two risk factors emerged that were unique to femicide-suicides cases compared to overall femicide risk analyses: prior perpetrator suicide threats and victims having ever been married to the perpetrator.
Current rates of intimate partner homicide of females are approximately 4 to 5 times the rate for male victims, although the rates for both have decreased during the past 25 years. The major risk factor for intimate partner homicide, no matter if a female or male partner is killed, is prior domestic violence. This review presents and critiques the evidence supporting the other major risk factors for intimate partner homicide in general, and for intimate partner homicide of women (femicide) in particular, namely guns, estrangement, stepchild in the home, forced sex, threats to kill, and nonfatal strangulation (choking). The demographic risk factors are also examined and the related phenomena of pregnancy-related homicide, attempted femicide, and intimate partner homicide-suicide.
This paper examines the role of the police as news sources in Canada. Analysis focuses on the ways in which the police patrol the regions of their organization to which journalists can have access, and on the forms of enclosure they effect over knowledge about their activities. The analysis builds upon theoretical foundations laid by Goffman and Giddens regarding privacy and revelation, illustrating that their social psychological formulations can be extended to the organizational and sociological levels. A typology is developed to distinguish police practices in back region enclosure (secrecy), back region disclosure (confidence), front region enclosure (censorship), and front region disclosure (publicity). Journalists' efforts to overcome the spatial, social and cultural barriers erected by the police are delineated. Consideration is given to the ways in which journalists police the police: how news texts 'play back' into the police organization and affect relations and practices there, including renewed efforts to patrol the facts. The process is shown to be equivocal and problematic, respecting the fact that information is the most difficult thing to guard because it can be taken without leaving its place.
News, Violence and Women News and the Mythology of Anti-Woman Violence The Murder of a Battered Woman Good Girls, Bad Girls and TV News News of Self-Defense 'Unusualness' and Crime News Reforming the News Conclusion
The present study is a content analysis of crime news to determine how femicide victims are portrayed by a Florida metropolitan newspaper. The analysis consisted of 292 domestic homicide-related articles published by one newspaper from 1995 to 2000. The data were analyzed to determine effects on newsworthiness, context revealed, and patterns of victim blame. A dichotomy concerning victim blame emerged from the analysis, suggesting victims are blamed directly and indirectly for their own femicides. Direct tactics include using negative language to describe the victim, highlighting her choices not to report past incidences, and portraying her actions with other men as contributing to her murder. Indirect tactics include using sympathetic language to describe the perpetrator; emphasizing the perpetrator's mental, physical, emotional, and financial problems; highlighting the victim's mental or physical problems; and describing domestic violence in terms that assign equal blame to both partners.
The news media are a vital part of the process by which individuals' private troubles with crime—as victims or offenders—are transformed into public issues. The social construction of crime problems may be understood as reflecting the types of relationships that link news agencies to their sources, and the organizational constraints that structure the news-gathering process. The ways in which the news media collect, sort, and contextualize crime reports help to shape public consciousness regarding which conditions need to be seen as urgent problems, what kinds of problems they represent, and, by implication, how they should be resolved. While much attention has been focused on the ways in which media attention to crime influences the fear of crime, it is likely that the most significant effects of media reporting are broadly ideological rather than narrowly attitudinal. By restricting the terms of discussion, the news media facilitate the marginalization of competing views regarding crime and its solution.
This article reports resultsof an ongoing studyof femicide in New York City. Using medical examiner records, femicides occurring between 1990 and 1999 were categorized according to whether an intimate partner perpetrated the homicide. Descriptive analyses results revealed that most femicide victims were young, Black, and killed in poor neighborhoods. Among cases with a known perpetrator, 40% were intimate partner femicides. Whereas the rate of nonintimate partner femicide decreased between 1990 and 1999, the rate of intimate partner femicide remained relatively stable. Multivariate analyses revealed that the strongest predictors of femicide by an intimate partner included having children under 18, living in a private residence, and being foreign born. Homicide followed by the suicide of the offender was also strongly associated with intimate partner femicide. Intimate partner femicide exhibits a unique epidemiology, and this knowledge should be used to plan and guide prevention activities.
This population-based study describes all 586 North Carolina femicide victims age 15 and older between 1991 and 1993. We combined reviews of medical examiner records with interviews of law enforcement officers to obtain information about the events and the contexts in which the Femicides occurred. Victimization rates were highest for African American and young women. Fifty-four percent of the femicides were committed with firearms and 67% occurred at a residence. More than half the women were killed by current or former intimate partners; at least 67% of these cases were preceded by domestic violence. Nonpartner femicides often involved multiple overlapping circumstances such as criminal activity, drug-related activity, and arguments. The findings demonstrate the complexity of femicide and the need to disentangle the many contributing factors. Medical examiner data and law enforcement interviews proved complementary, but information gaps still exist, signaling possibilities for changes in data collection, as well as needs for further research.
Explores the issues and problems that have emerged in news reporting of rape. Evaluates the adequacy of journalism texts and other materials in relationship to the teaching of these issues. Proposes an approach to improving journalism training on rape-related issues. Discusses appropriate material for an introductory reporting course and describes a teaching method. (SR)
explores the themes of naming, defining, and redefining sexual violence, using data from an in-depth study of how women experience and cope with sexual violence
after examination of current definition of sexual violence, the feminist perspective underlying the methodology and analysis is presented
after detailed discussion of the factors affecting how women defined their experiences of sexual violence, implications for research design, intervention, and feminist research and practice are summarized (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Bu çalışmada, David Croteau ve William Hoynes tarafından yayınlanan MEDIA / SOCIETY: Industries, Images and Audiences (3 rd Edition) adlı kitap irdelenerek tanıtımı yapılmıştır. Kitap, 2005 yılı, 3. baskısı olup, 408 sayfadan ve 5 bölümden oluşmaktadır. Önsöz kısmında yazarlar, kitlesel medya tarafından doyurulmuş bir toplumda yaşadığımızı vurgulayarak, bu durumun özellikle 11 Eylül 2001'deki Dünya Ticaret Merkezi ve Pentagon saldırılarının gerçekleştiği "kriz" zamanlarında olduğu gibi, dünya üzerindeki yüz milyonlarca insanın televizyonları karşısında adeta hipnotize olmuşcasına oturmalarını ya da "sıradan" zamanlardaki yazılı ve görsel medyaya olan bağımlılıklarımızın sosyoloji, kitle iletişimi, siyaset bilimi, Amerikan çalışmaları ve diğer disiplinler açısından medya ve toplum arasındaki ilişkileri önemli bir konu haline getirdiğinin altını çizmektedirler. Bir başka ifadeyle kitap, okuyucuların gündelik hayat içerisindeki medya alışkanlıklarını toplumsal, politik ve ekonomik açılardan geniş bir bağlam içerisinde sorgulamalarına yardımcı olmayı amaçlamaktadır. Kitap, Medya ve Toplum, Üretim: Medya Endüstrisi ve Toplumsal Hayat, Medya Temsilleri ve Toplumsal Hayat, Đzleyiciler: Anlam ve Etki ile Küreselleşme ve Gelecek olmak üzere beş ana bölüm ve bu bölümlere bağlı on alt bölümden oluşmaktadır. Kitabın her bir alt bölümünde konu özetlerine yer verilmiştir. Kitabın kaynakça bölümünde toplam 323 farklı kaynağa atıfta bulunulmaktadır. Kitabın ilk bölümü olan Medya ve Toplum'da, medyanın toplumsal hayat içerisindeki önemi, kitlesel medyanın yükselişi, kitlesel medyanın bireylerin sosyalleşme süreci ve sosyal ilişkiler içindeki rolü, bir medya sosyolojisi denemesi ile medya ve toplumsal yaşam modeli üzerinde durulmaktadır. Yazarlar bu bölümde, medyanın oturma odalarımızın mahreminden, başkanlık seçimlerindeki kamu tartışmalarına kadar geniş bir yelpazeye uzanan ve toplumun bir çok öğesini birbirine bağlayan bir enformasyon ağının birleştiricisi haline geldiğini ve medyanın günümüz toplumundaki öneminin küçümsenemeyecek bir boyuta eriştiğini vurgulayarak, medyaya yönelik bir sosyolojik yaklaşımın, medyayla ilgili konuların tartışılmasında "büyük resmin" aklımızdan çıkmaması ve anahtar soruların tanımlanmasında hayati önemde olduğunun altını çizmektedirler.
This textual analysis of the newspaper coverage of the murder of a battered woman by her husband shows how myths and stereotypes combine to blame the victim for her own death. It also demonstrates the interconnection of gender, race, and class in the representation of violence against women.
This paper presents a general statistical methodology for the analysis of multivariate categorical data arising from observer reliability studies. The procedure essentially involves the construction of functions of the observed proportions which are directed at the extent to which the observers agree among themselves and the construction of test statistics for hypotheses involving these functions. Tests for interobserver bias are presented in terms of first-order marginal homogeneity and measures of interobserver agreement are developed as generalized kappa-type statistics. These procedures are illustrated with a clinical diagnosis example from the epidemiological literature.
In November 1989, a national workshop that included suicidologists, public health officials, researchers, psychiatrists, psychologists, and news media professionals was held to address general concerns about, and specific recommendations for, reducing the possibility of media-related suicide contagion. These recommendations, which are endorsed by CDC, outline general issues that public officials and health and media professionals should consider when reporting about suicide. These recommendations include a depiction of those aspects of news coverage that can promote suicide contagion, and they describe ways by which community efforts to address this problem can be strengthened through specific types of news coverage.
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Suspect in killing had record of crimes—Guilford County's chief prosecutor hasn't decided whether to seek the death penalty against Grady Wyatt. Greensboro News and Record
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