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A Compact and Wideband Electromagnetic Bandgap Structure Using a Defected Ground Structure for Power/Ground Noise Suppression in Multilayer Packages and PCBs
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a compact and wideband electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure using a defected ground structure (DGS) to significantly enhance the wideband suppression of power/ground noise coupling in multilayer packages and printed circuit boards. The proposed EBG structure is implemented simply by adding a rectangular-shaped DGS which is etched periodically onto the ground plane without changing any other geometrical parameter from a mushroom-type EBG structure. The DGS effects on the f and f are thoroughly analyzed using the dispersion characteristics. We experimentally verified that the proposed EBG structure achieved the wideband power/ground noise suppression (below −40 dB) between 2.5 and 16.2 GHz. In addition, we demonstrated the considerable reduction in f from 3.4 to 2.5 GHz and a significant increase in f from 9.1 to 16.2 GHz when compared with the mushroom-type EBG structure.
... They are easily implemented by metal patterning of conductive layers, and can thus be simply integrated into PCBs. One promising approach introduced in previously conducted researches is the EBG structure [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. This technique is based on a shunt LC resonator, whereby the capacitance and inductance are respectively induced by an embedded metal patch and a via. ...
... This technique is based on a shunt LC resonator, whereby the capacitance and inductance are respectively induced by an embedded metal patch and a via. These EBG structures have been studied extensively and a variety of cost-effective techniques have been presented for the improvement of the stopband and the miniaturization of an EBG unit cell [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. ...
... Other methods used for stopband improvements employed defected ground structures (DGSs) [21][22][23][24]. The plane that is connected to a resonant patch through a via is etched by particular patterns so that the characteristic impedance (Z o ) increases in an equivalent EBG unit cell circuit. ...
In this study, we propose and analyze a dual-perforation (DP) technique to improve an electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure in thin and low-cost printed circuit boards (PCBs). The proposed DP–EBG structure includes a power plane with a square aperture and a patch with an L-shape slot that overcomes efficiently the problems resulting from the low-inductance and the characteristic impedance of the EBG structure developed for parallel-plate noise suppression in thin PCBs. The effects of the proposed dual-perforation technique on the stopband characteristics and unit cell size are analyzed using an analytical dispersion method and full-wave simulations. The closed-form expressions for the main design parameters of the proposed DP–EBG structure are extracted as a design guide. It is verified based on full-wave simulations and measurements that the DP technique is a cost-effective method that can be used to achieve a size reduction and a stopband extension of the EBG structure in thin PCBs. For the same unit cell size and low cut-off frequency, the DP–EBG structure increases the stopband bandwidth by up to 473% compared to an inductance-enhanced EBG structure. In addition, the unit cell size is substantially reduced by up to 94.2% compared to the metallo–dielectric EBG structure. The proposed DP–EBG technique achieves the wideband suppression of parallel plate noise and miniaturization of the EBG structure in thin and low-cost PCBs.
... To mitigate the PPN of a power distribution network in high-speed PCBs, electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures have been proposed. The EBG structures have been intensively studied due to their superior characteristics of PPN suppression in high-speed PCBs [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. In the EBG structures, the conductors of a power distribution network are etched in specific patterns, which are equivalently considered as resonant circuits to filter out the PPN in high-speed PCBs. ...
... The EBG structure shows PPN suppression of a parallel plate waveguide, which is typically used as a power distribution network. Based on the initial EBG structure, research on improving the EBG structure has been conducted intensively, as reported in [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. To widen the bandwidth of the PPN suppression, various techniques, such as vertically stacked patches, multiple vias, and a high dielectric constant material have been presented [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. ...
... To widen the bandwidth of the PPN suppression, various techniques, such as vertically stacked patches, multiple vias, and a high dielectric constant material have been presented [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. For further improvement in size reduction as well as noise suppression bandwidth, a perforated plane (PP) has been employed [16][17][18]. As can be seen in previous research, the EBG structures achieve excellent PPN suppression with the advantage of high-level suppression over a wideband frequency range. ...
In this paper, we present a unit-cell-based domain decomposition method (UC-DDM) for rapid and accurate simulation of predicting the parallel plate noise (PPN) suppression of a truncated electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure in high-speed printed circuit boards (PCBs). The proposed UC-DDM divides the analysis domain of the truncated EBG structure into UCs as sub-domains. Solving a sub-domain is based on a novel UC model, yielding an analytical expression for the impedance parameter (Z-parameter) of the UC. The novel UC model is derived using a spatial decomposition technique, which results in the modal decomposition of quasi-transverse electromagnetic (TEM) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes. In addition, we analytically derive a impedance-parameter recombination method (ZRM) to obtain the analytical solution of a finite EBG array from the sub-domain results. The proposed UC-DDM is verified through comparison with full-wave simulation results for various EBG arrays. Comparison between the UC-DDM and a full-wave simulation of a truncated EBG structure reveals that a substantial improvement in computation time with high accuracy is achieved. It is demonstrated that the simulation time of the proposed method is only 0.1% of that of a full-wave simulation without accuracy degradation.
... Even though the EBG is desirable for widening the stopband bandwidth, reducing the UC size is particularly important for the practical application of EBG structures. To address this, the DGS technique was introduced in [12,13]. These techniques achieved both a wideband stopband and reduction in UC size. ...
... Its characteristic impedance Zoc is mainly determined by the UC width dc, dielectric thickness hc, and relative dielectric permittivity εr. The Zoc value can be calculated by the closed-form equation in [12], or numerical field solvers such as HFSS, MWS, and Momentum when physical dimensions are given. The patch and corresponding ground plane forms a capacitor with a capacitance value of Cp. ...
... Its characteristic impedance Z oc is mainly determined by the UC width d c , dielectric thickness h c , and relative dielectric permittivity ε r . The Z oc value can be calculated by the closed-form equation in [12], or numerical field solvers such as HFSS, MWS, and Momentum when physical dimensions are given. The patch and corresponding ground plane forms a capacitor with a capacitance value of C p . ...
In the packages and printed circuit boards (PCBs) of high-speed and mixed-signal electronics, parallel plate waveguides (PPWs) are frequently used as the power/ground plane pair, resulting in a significant problem of electrical switching noise such as simultaneous switching noise and ground bounce noise. This noise inevitably deteriorates system performance. In this paper, we propose an electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure using an inductance-enhanced patch (IEP) to suppress PPW modes in high-speed and compact packages and PCBs. The noise suppression characteristics of the proposed IEP-EBG structure were thoroughly analyzed using a dispersion diagram based on a full-wave simulation as well as an equivalent circuit model of a unit cell structure with a Floquet boundary condition. The proposed IEP-EBG structure has the advantages of substantial reductions in the low cut-off frequency of the first stopband as well as unit cell size when compared to a conventional mushroom-type EBG structure without the inductance-enhanced technique. The suppression of the PPW modes of the proposed IEP-EBG structure was verified using measurements of scattering parameters. In the measurements, the low and high cut-off frequencies of the first stopband of the IEP-EBG structure were found to be 1.55 GHz and 2.48 GHz, respectively, while those of the conventional mushroom type EBG structure were 3.52 GHz and 5.3 GHz. For the low cut-off frequency, a 56% reduction was achieved, resulting in substantial miniaturization suitable for compact packages and PCBs.
... This letter presents a new PPW combined with an EBG structure using a defected ground structure (DGS) [12] to overcome the noise problems caused by edge excitation. The proposed edge-located DGS-EBG (EL-DGS-EBG) PPW mitigates resonant modes over a wideband frequency range. ...
... The proposed EBG cell in the array forms high characteristic impedance (Z o ) by etching a conductor. An increase in the Z o of the EBG cell results in broadening the stopband bandwidth [12]. Hence, it can suppress resonant modes and radiated emissions over the wideband frequency range as compared to the EBG structure without a DGS. ...
... One of the significant design variables is the width of the cross-type conductor (w e ) or the length of the DGS (w d ). The design variable mainly affects the stopband of the EBG structure and widens the stopband as described in [12]. ...
An edge-located electromagnetic bandgap (EL-EBG) structure using a defected ground structure (DGS) is proposed to suppress resonant modes induced by edge excitation in a two-dimensional planar parallel plate waveguide (PPW). The proposed EL-DGS-EBG PPW significantly mitigates multiple transverse-magnetic (TM) modes in a wideband frequency range corresponding to an EBG stopband. To verify the wideband suppression, test vehicles of a conventional PPW, a PPW with a mushroom-type EBG structure, and an EL-DGS-EBG PPW are fabricated using a commercial process involving printed circuit boards (PCBs). Measurements of the input impedances show that multiple resonant modes of the previous PPWs are significantly excited through an input port located at a PPW edge. In contrast, resonant modes in the EL-DGS-EBG PPW are substantially suppressed over the frequency range of 0.5 GHz to 2 GHz. In addition, we have experimentally demonstrated that the EL-DGS-EBG PPW reduces the radiated emission from -24 dB to -44 dB as compared to the conventional PPW.
... EBG structures that act as bandstop filters are also able to strongly reduce the noise likely to propagate in the Parallel-Plate Waveguide (PPW) formed by the power/ground planes. Thus, the design of compact wideband SSN canceller in power distribution network [4] is currently a major concern in mixed signal circuit design. ...
... For an n layer-stack, the surface impedance Zn or admittance Yn=jBn is purely reactive which is expressed by (4). As in the case of a single layer EBG, this multilayer lumped representation only estimates the central frequency of the first bandgap as well as the impedance surface. ...
... The equivalent circuit model consists of three parts, which are TL1, res, and TL1. The Z op and β op of the TL1 are calculated considering the effective metal thicknesses [20], [21]. In our PMPP structure, the metal thickness is as large as the thickness of dielectric material. ...
... The transmission matrix can be acquired by multiplying ABCD matrices of cascaded components. The ABCD parameters are given by the following equation [10], [20], [21]: ...
In this paper, a small electromagnetic bandgap structure that is suitable to be integrated into system-in-package is designed. The proposed structure, which is named as pinwheel perforated plane (PMPP), consists of meander line, mushroom-type patch, and the extended ground structure that is called a pinwheel. The proposed structure comprises three layers: top, middle, and ground. Moreover, the size of the proposed unit cell is 2.44 mm x 2.44 mm. The 3-D electromagnetic simulation results reveal that the cascaded 1x2 PMPP structure generates a stopband frequency of 3.35-28.17 GHz at a suppression depth of -40 dB. The power/ground noise suppression effect is confirmed by dispersion analysis from 3-D electromagnetic solver eigenmodes. Signal and power co-simulations are also performed to validate its integrity.
... To solve the radiated noise problem of a PPW-based power bus, methods for the suppression of the parallel plate modes have been studied. In particular, numerous studies have been conducted on electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures [10][11][12][13][14]. The EBG structures suppress the parallel plate modes in the wideband frequency range. ...
... A DGS-EBG structure achieves the wideband suppression without the use of additional materials and expensive methods. The advantages of the DGS-EBG structure are described clearly in [12]. However, its radiated emission characteristic has not been discussed. ...
We present experimental demonstrations of electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures for the wideband suppression of radiated emissions from a power bus in high-speed printed circuit boards (PCBs). In most of the PCB designs, a parallel plate waveguide (PPW) structure is employed for a power bus. This structure significantly produces the wideband-radiated emissions resulting from parallel plate modes. To suppress the parallel plate modes in the wideband frequency range, the power buses based on the electromagnetic bandgap structure with a defected ground structure (DGS) are presented. DGSs are applied to a metal plane that is connected to a rectangular EBG patch by using a via structure. The use of the DGS increases the characteristic impedance value of a unit cell, thereby substantially improving the suppression bandwidth of the radiated emissions. It is experimentally demonstrated that the DGS-EBG structure significantly mitigates the radiated emissions over the frequency range of 0.5 GHz to 2 GHz as compared to the PPW.
... Therefore, wideband suppression of P/G noise coupling is an essential requirement for high-speed PCBs. Electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures have emerged as an effective solution because they have wide stopband bandwidths, high stopband attenuation, and are easily integrated with PCBs [1]. Various techniques have been proposed to improve the noise-suppression characteristics while minimizing the size of EBG structures; these include the use of high dielectric constant materials, multivia structures, cascaded EBG cells, and defected ground structures (DGSs) [1]. ...
... Electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures have emerged as an effective solution because they have wide stopband bandwidths, high stopband attenuation, and are easily integrated with PCBs [1]. Various techniques have been proposed to improve the noise-suppression characteristics while minimizing the size of EBG structures; these include the use of high dielectric constant materials, multivia structures, cascaded EBG cells, and defected ground structures (DGSs) [1]. The employment of DGSs has a distinctive advantage over the other methods: design modi-fications (i.e., removing a part of a ground plane) add no cost. ...
A dispersion analysis is performed to estimate the stopband characteristics of electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures with defected ground structures (DGS) of various shapes. Design guidelines are suggested for both elliptical and rectangular DGS patterns that result in a maximum stopband bandwidth for a given perforation area. This method provides a basis for numerical optimization techniques that can be used in synthesizing DGS shapes to meet bandgap requirements and layout constraints.
... Passive mutual coupling suppression methods have been proposed by many researchers. Among the reported approaches to reduce mutual coupling in a multiantenna system are the defected ground structures (DGS) structure [9], [10], the electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure [11], [12], the parasitic element [13], [14], the metamaterials based isolator [15], [16], the soft surfaces [17], and the hybrid structure [18], [19]. However, in wearable applications, the multiple antennas are located on body, and design strategies for wearable antennas are quite different from the conventional ones. ...
The mutual coupling in small wearable multiantenna systems under bending conditions is studied. Two conventional passive mutual coupling suppression approaches, involving electromagnetic bandgap structures and defected ground structures (DGS) are investigated when curving or deforming. To overcome the limitations of those traditional isolators in on-body applications, a novel metamaterial-inspired isolator that combines DGS and modified split ring resonators (SRR) is proposed. It avoids any vertical conducting parts that have a high risk of being broken with time due to movements of the user. On top, it is wideband, with stable isolating performance under complex bending conditions, and does not affect the compactness of a linear array. The envelope correlation coefficient between the two on-body antennas, when the proposed isolator is present, is found to be low, which is important for a better throughput for a multiple-input-multiple-output system. A prototype is fabricated and measured to prove the validity of the new concept.
... Numerous studies are presented to suppress the resonant modes of a PPW in the GHz frequency range. In particular, electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures show vastly superior characteristics to suppress the resonant modes in a wideband frequency range [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. The EBG structure is the engineered material used to obtain a broad stopband, where the propagation of a GHz noise wave is prevented. ...
In modern printed electronics, the performances of a circuit and a device are severely deteriorated by the electromagnetic noise in the gigahertz (GHz) frequency range, such as the simultaneous switching noise and ground bounce noise. A compact and multi-stack electromagnetic bandgap (CMS-EBG) structure is proposed to suppress the electromagnetic noise over the GHz frequency range with a short distance between a noise source and a victim on multilayer printed circuit boards (MPCBs). The original configuration of the stepped impedance resonators is presented to efficiently form multiple stacks of EBG cells. The noise suppression characteristics of the CMS-EBG structure are rigorously examined using Floquet-Bloch analysis. In the analysis, dispersion diagrams are extracted from an equivalent circuit model and a full-wave simulation model. It is experimentally verified that the CMS-EBG structure suppresses the resonant modes over the wideband frequency range with a short source-to-victim distance; thus, this structure substantially mitigates GHz electromagnetic noise in compact MPCBs.
... They possess an advantage for the SSN suppression because of its feature that can prevent the propagation of electromagnetic wave in certain frequency ranges. EBG structures lead to a wide range of applications for the filter [11], [12] and antenna [13], [14]. ...
... [3][4][5][6] In particular, EBG can be implemented by using defected ground structures (DGS) to significantly enhance the wideband suppression of power/ground noise coupling in multilayer packages and PCBs. [7] On the other hand, CSRRs constitute sub-wavelength effective media resonators (i.e. metamaterials that satisfy the condition λ << p) and can also be used as an EMI-mitigation design technique. ...
This work aims to compare the implementation of two metamaterials for reducing electromagnetic interference (EMI) in printed circuit boards. Specifically, complementary split-ring resonators (CSRRs) and electromagnetic bandgaps (EBGs) were etched on the ground plane of a microstrip transmission line. Both techniques were compared as EMI filters, taking into account frequency response, signal integrity, and near- and far-field radiation with regard to a reference (solid ground) board. The results of electromagnetic simulations and experimental tests show similar EMI rejection levels in both cases, but CSRRs have a significantly better signal integrity response whereas EBGs behave as lower electromagnetic radiation elements in the operation frequency band.
In this paper, a lossy coplanar electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure embedded with periodic resistors is proposed for anti-resonance suppression and stopband extension. With the aid of the resistors, anti-resonance formed by the capacitance of the unit cell and the parasitic interconnect inductance of the decoupling capacitor is mitigated, the lower cutoff frequency is shifted below 1 MHz, three orders of magnitude reduction compared to the conventional coplanar EBG structures and two orders of magnitude reduction compared to the current stopband enhanced coplanar EBG structures. An equivalent circuit model is developed and the effect of parameters of capacitance, inductance and resistance of the lossy components is analyzed. To verify the effectiveness of the structure, test boards are fabricated and measured both in the high and low-frequency range. Measurements and full-wave simulation results are in good agreement, showing that the proposed structure creates a stopband from 0.63 MHz to 9.91 GHz under the suppression level of -30 dB. The lower cutoff frequency falls in the effective frequency range of the lossy RC components and becomes insensitive to the bridge inductance, so the bridges between neighboring EBG cells can be shortened and widened, which will mitigate the degradation of signal integrity. Eye diagram results show the maximum eye open has a 25% improvement by the lossy components.
In this paper, a novel and compact centrosymmetric mushroom electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure is proposed for multiband power noise suppression. Different mushroom patches are integrated in a compact unit cell in centrosymmetric pattern to generate multiple stopbands. The stopbands can be easily designed and adjusted by the area ratio of different sub-patches and scaling. The most obvious advantages of the proposed method are compact in structure and easy in design, especially for tri-band and four-band stopband power noise suppression. EBG structures with double bands, treble bands and four bands are designed and fabricated. Measurements and simulations are performed to verify the multiband characteristic, and good agreement is observed. This structure provides a simple, compact and attractive solution for multiband power noise suppression with more than three bands.
A dual-band mushroom electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure with inductive via coupling is proposed in this paper, in which via coupling is first introduced to generate another new stopband. The principle of how to generate two stopbands is demonstrated by equivalent circuit models with two or more coupling LC series resonators through mutual inductance. Then, a new EBG structure with four-cell inductive via coupling is proposed. Full-wave simulated and measured results show that the four-cell coupling EBG structure introduces two continuous stopbands, which extend the power noise suppression stopband. Finally, an eight-cell via coupling EBG structure is developed to extend the stopband further.
A deep neural network (DNN)-based method is proposed for the fast synthesis of a high-dimensional electromagnetic bandgap structure (HD-EBG) suppressing the power/ground noise in high-speed packages and printed circuit boards (PCBs). In recent EBG structures, a highly flexible design with high dimensionality is required, which is challenging to rapidly achieve an optimal solution. The proposed synthesis method is developed to solve this issue efficiently. The DNN hyperparameter optimization (HPO) associated with the HD-EBG structure is devised using the orthogonal array of the Taguchi method. By using this approach, the search space for HPO is reduced. For the efficient synthesis of the HD-EBG structure, an inverse modeling approach based on a DNN forward model and genetic algorithm optimization is proposed. The proposed DNN inverse modeling (DIM) is applied to two design examples where the HD-EBG structures with a constant fractional bandwidth and stopband bandwidth extension are synthesized. In the demonstration cases, the proposed DIM achieves the fast and accurate synthesis of the HD-EBG structures compared to the conventional method. With the proposed method, the synthesis time is maximally reduced up to 99.8% compared to conventional synthesis based on the forward model of full-wave simulation.
The effects of an edge-located electromagnetic bandgap (EL-EBG) structure including a defected ground structure (DGS) on the cavity-mode resonances of power/ground planes are analyzed for the power integrity design of high-speed packages and printed circuit boards (PCBs). The EBG structure localized in the power/ground planes significantly affects the power integrity characteristics. However, previous studies did not consider this effect. An analytical equation and a numerical method based on the contour integral method (CIM) are developed to examine the EL-EBG effect on cavity-mode resonance. The proposed method reveals that the employment of the EL-EBG structure results in resonance frequency reduction, generation of hybrid-type mode, irregular relationship between mode resonance frequencies, and different distribution of mode intensity compared to conventional open-ended power/ground planes. The proposed CIM modeling and analysis for investigating the distinctive features of the EL-EBG effect are validated using full-wave simulations and measurements. The rigorous analysis of the EL-EBG effect enables the improvement of power integrity design for power/ground planes combined with EBG structures. Moreover, the proposed CIM modeling can obtain fast and accurate results for EL-EBG power/ground planes compared to full-wave simulations.
In this study, power/ground noise suppression structures were designed based on a proposed dispersion analysis for packages and interposers with low-loss substrates. Low-loss substrates are suitable for maintaining signal integrity (SI) of high-speed channels operating at high data rates. However, when the power/ground noise is generated in the power delivery network (PDN), low-loss substrates cannot suppress the power/ground noise, thereby causing PDN-induced crosstalk and various power integrity (PI) issues. To solve these issues, noise suppression structures generating electromagnetic bandgap were proposed and designed. The mechanism of the proposed structures was examined based on a proposed dispersion analysis. The proposed structures were designed and fabricated in glass interposer test vehicles, and the effectiveness of the structures on power/ground noise suppression was experimentally validated by measuring the noise suppression band. The proposed dispersion analysis was also verified by comparing the derived noise stopband edges (fL and fU) with electromagnetic (EM) simulation and experimental results, and they all showed good agreement. Compared to EM simulation, the proposed method required smaller computational resources but showed good accuracy. Using the proposed dispersion analysis, various power/ground noise suppression bands were designed considering the applications and design rules of packages and interposers. With measurements and EM/circuit simulations, the effectiveness of the designed structure in maintaining SI/PI was verified. By adopting the designed structures, the noise transfer properties in the PDN were suppressed in the target suppression frequency band, which is key for PI design. Finally, it was verified that the proposed structures were capable of suppressing power/ground noise propagation in the PDN by analyzing PDN-induced crosstalk in the high-speed channel.
Due to the rapid development of semiconductor manufacturing processes and 5G mobile system design, the need for high-speed digital electronic circuit miniaturization, high operating frequency, and high-speed transmission of data continues to increase. Electronic components are becoming smaller with faster operating speed. Fabricating a complete electronic circuit system with components from different manufacturers is likely to lead to unpredictable electromagnetic interference, signal integrity, power integrity, and other issues. Therefore, electromagnetic compatibility has become a key topic in the design of electronic circuits. We present a modeling approach that can be used to build the stopband and passband in a
Z
-shape and the electromagnetic band gap (EBG) individually. In the model, the printed circuit board (PCB) is divided into five segments of different sizes, each of which has separate rectangular power and ground planes. Through the mushroom-type EBG, these structures are connected as part of a vertical blind hole; that is, the
Z
-shaped power bus comprises a rectangular resonant cavity and transmission line. The proposed modeling method is proven to have accurate simulation, and it can be applied to complicated broadband structure for integrating the whole derivation process into computer programs. The proposed titanic broadband suppression structure can better suppress simultaneous switching noise (SSN) coupling (
dB) within the range of 5 MHz–40 GHz.
In this paper, we present the impact of a meander-shaped defected ground structure (MDGS) on the slow-wave characteristics of a lowest-order passband and a low cutoff frequency of the first stopband of an electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure for power/ground noise suppression in high-speed integrated circuit packages and printed circuit boards (PCBs). A semi-analytical method is presented to rigorously analyze the MDGS effect. In the analytical method, a closed-form expression for a low cutoff frequency of the MDGS-EBG structure is extracted with an effective characteristic impedance and a slow-wave factor. The proposed analytical method enables the fast analysis of the MDGS-EBG structure so that it can be easily optimized. The analysis of the MDGS effect revealed that the low cutoff frequency increases up to approximately 19% while comparing weakly and strongly coupled MDGSs. It showed that the miniaturization of the MDGS-EBG structure can be achieved. It was experimentally verified that the low cutoff frequency is reduced from 2.54 GHz to 2.00 GHz by decreasing the MDGS coupling coefficient, which is associated with the miniaturization of the MDGS-EBG structure in high-speed packages and PCBs.
Chadli, HajarBikrat, YoussefChadli, SaraSaber, MohammedFakir, AmineTahani, Abdelwahed Currently, green energy is knowing a massive growth in the world with the growth of newer energy sources such as wind energy, hydro energy, tidal energy geothermal energy, biomass energy and of Corse the Solar energy which is considered the second biggest source of electricity worldwide including morocco. The production of electricity via these centrals requires optimization at the different conversion levels. To obtain electricity that meets the standards of the electrical grid (sine wave of frequency 50 Hz), the inverter remains the first element to design and build. The structures based on multi-level inverters have brought an undeniable advantage to alternative continuous conversion, especially in high power applications. In this article a new 7-level inverter architecture with only six switches is presented and compared along with the other seven level inverter topologies. To improve the performance of our proposed multilevel inverter, we used a digital sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) strategy using the Arduino wich leads to further reduction of THD. In this paper, the inverter was tested using Proteus software and Matlab Simulink simulator for harmonic analysis. Then real-time implementation of inverter was tested for a resistive load.
The 5th generation (5G) Network technology must meet various stringent necessities such as high spectral efficiency, low energy consumption and immense connectivity. Current wireless communication system uses radio resources to transmit data with Orthogonal Multiple Access (OMA). But, as the number of user’s growths, OMA-based technique might not meet user requirements. That why, NOMA has been introduced to fulfil the challenges of 5G network. This article provides a comparison between NOMA and OMA systems. The main NOMA strategies are debated by dividing them into two classes, namely, the power domain and the NOMA code domain. In addition, benefits and limitations are discussed.
In this work, a novel miniaturized microstrip low pass filter using a double Hi-Lo and cross defected ground structure resonators is presented. The Hi-Lo resonator is placed on the top layer of the structure while the two identical cross DGS resonators are etched in the ground plane. Each DGS shape consists of two cross heads, which are connected with a channel slot. The both DGS resonators are electromagnetically coupled. The proposed filter has been designed simulated, optimized and manufactured. The filter topology is simulated using HFSS simulator and measured using Agilent Field Fox NA, N9918A VNA. The both results of the proposed LPF shown a sharp roll-off (ξ) of 84 dB/GHz and exhibit a very low insertion loss in the pass band of 0.4 dB from DC to 0.9 GHz and it achieves a wide rejection bandwidth with overall 20 dB attenuation from 1.2 GHz up to 3.2 GHz. The compact low pass structure occupies an area of (0.37λg × 0.37λg) where λg = 94 mm is the waveguide length at the cut-off frequency 1 GHz. The carried-out results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method.
This paper describes a comparative study between two advanced nonlinear controls strategies; the Sliding Mode Control (SMC) and the Fractional-Order Sliding Mode Control (FOSMC), in terms of both reactive and active powers to improve the quality of the energy injected into the distribution grid by the wind energy conversion system (WECS). This later is based on the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG). The objective is to perform modeling and direct control of the (WECS). Firstly, the dynamic modeling of the different parts of the WECS is performed. Then, the second part of this work concentrates on the proposed nonlinear control laws that rely on FOSMC and SMC. Finally, the performance of those strategies has been simulated in the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment using two wind profiles. One of them is a real wind profile of Asilah-Morroco city to test the system robustness and dynamics as opposed to real conditions.
In this article, we propose a double-sided electromagnetic bandgap (DS-EBG) structure for glass interposers (GIs) with low substrate loss to suppress power/ground noise. For the first time, we validated wideband power/ground noise suppression in the GI using the proposed DS-EBG structure based on dispersion analysis and experimental verification. We experimentally verified that the proposed DS-EBG structure achieved the power/ground noise suppression (below −40 dB) between 2.5 and 8.9 GHz in the GI. Derived stopband edges,
and
based on the dispersion analysis, and 3-D electromagnetic (EM) simulation showed a good correlation with measurements. The effectiveness of the proposed DS-EBG structure on the power/ground noise suppression is verified by analyzing noise propagation in the power distribution network and coupling to the GI channel. Using the 3-D EM simulation, we verified that the proposed DS-EBG structure suppressed the power/ground noise coupling and improved the eye diagram of the GI channel. Finally, we propose a design methodology to broaden the isolation bandgap or miniaturize the dimensions based on the dispersion analysis.
In this paper, we present the power integrity analysis of a power distribution network (PDN) employing a segmentation technique based on the electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure with a defected ground structure (DGS). For efficient analysis of power integrity, a domain decomposition method (DDM) with a novel modeling of the DGS–EBG-based PDN is presented. In the DDM, analytical models for the partitioned parts of the PDN are developed, and their impedance parameters are analytically extracted. The resonant modes for the power integrity analysis are rigorously examined using the DDM and electric-field distribution. The effect of the DGS–EBG stopband on the resonant modes are analyzed. The proposed DDM and power integrity analysis are verified using full-wave simulation and measurements. The DDM result shows good agreement with the full-wave simulation and measurements.
In this paper, we propose a method to suppress differential-to-common-mode conversion noise from right-angle bent differential lines by installing a mushroom structure on the narrow inner line. We assessed the mode conversion noise suppression characteristics of the proposed structure by analyzing dispersion diagrams. The proposed structure exhibits differential-to-common-mode conversion (
) below −20 dB up to 6 GHz, while
of conventional right-angle bent differential lines is only maintained below −20 dB for frequencies up to 1.04 GHz. In addition, we suggest that further enhancements of the mode conversion suppression bandwidth can be achieved by installing multiple distributed mushroom structures on right-angle bent differential lines. The use of multiple distributed mushrooms enabled us to achieve a wider frequency bandwidth by compensating more fully for the phase difference between the inner and outer lines. Therefore, the right-angle bent differential lines with multiple distributed mushrooms can suppress mode conversion noise under −20 dB up to 10 GHz. We assessed the performance of our proposed structure by conducting measurements in both the frequency and time domains. We obtained a good agreement between our experimental and numerical results. In addition, we measured eye diagrams to demonstrate that the proposed structures suppress differential-to-common-mode conversion noise without degrading the differential signaling quality.
This paper proposes a wideband and low directcoupling tapered slot antenna (TSA) using electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure. We name this antenna the EBG-TSA. In some near field imaging systems including ground penetrating radars (GPRs), a number of TSAs are arranged into an array with very small spacing in order to realize high resolution imaging without synthetic aperture processing. Then, the direct coupling among TSA elements is non-negligible and harmful. In this paper, we show that the EBG structure is effective to reduce the direct coupling with its stopband, which prevents electromagnetic wave from propagating in a specific frequency band. Our EBG-TSA reduces its direct coupling by 3 dB or more in a wide band. We also find that the tapered EBG-structure area assists the radiation by guiding the fin-current flow twodimensionally along the tapered slot so that the boresight gain increases. The EBG structure contributes to both the direct coupling reduction and the boresight gain enhancement.
In this paper, we propose glass-interposer (GI) electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure with defected ground plane (DGP) for efficient and broadband suppression of power/ground noise coupling. We designed, fabricated, measured, and analyzed a GI-EBG structure with DGP for the first time. The proposed GI-EBG structure with DGP is thoroughly analyzed using the dispersion characteristics and estimated stopband edges, f
L
and f
U
. We experimentally verified that the proposed GI-EBG structure with DGP achieved power/ground noise isolation bandgap (below -30 dB) between f
L
of 5.7 GHz and f
U
of 11 GHz. Estimation of f
L
and f
U
using dispersion analysis, full 3-D electromagnetic (EM) simulation results, and measurement results achieved good correlation. Effectiveness of the proposed GI-EBG structure with DGP on suppression of the power/ground noise coupling to high-speed through glass via (TGV) channel is verified with 3-D EM simulation. As a result, the proposed EBG structure successfully and efficiently suppressed the power/ground noise coupling and improved the eye diagram of the TGV channel. Lastly, we embedded thin alumina film in the proposed EBG structure and achieved even broader power/ground noise suppression between 2.1 and 14.7 GHz.
Branched open-circuit lines are introduced for artificial negative-permittivity media, which is a type of metamaterial, to simultaneously achieve compact unit cells and adjustable bandgaps to cover multiband frequencies. Our electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures, the unit cells of which are under 1/26 of the wavelength in a substrate, were designed to display characteristic effects, including bandgap-separation control and enhancement of the bandgap width. We analytically and experimentally investigated these effects. The compactness is derived from the length-dependent resonances of the open-circuit line instead of inductance-capacitance resonances, and the adjustable bandgaps originate from the introduction of the branched shape, which destroys the periodic capactive-inductive-impedance alternation of not-branched open-circuit lines. The proposed EBG structures are highly promising for frequency-selective devices, such as for electromagnetic noise suppression in power distribution networks.
In this paper, we propose glass interposer electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure to efficiently suppress power/ground noise coupling. We designed, fabricated, measured, and analyzed a glass interposer EBG structure for the first time. Glass interposer EBG structure test vehicles were fabricated using a thin-glass substrate, low-loss polymer layers, and periodic metal patches with through glass vias (TGVs) in glass interposer power distribution network. Using the dispersion characteristics, we thoroughly analyzed and derived f and f of the glass interposer EBG structure. We experimentally verified that the proposed glass interposer EBG structure achieved power/ground noise suppression (below –40 dB) between f of 5.8 GHz and f of 9.6 GHz. Derived f and f based on dispersion analysis, full three-dimensional electromagnetic (3-D-EM) simulation and measurement achieved good correlation. In the glass interposer EBG structure, tapered structure of the TGV and thickness of the low-loss polymer used for metal-layers lamination affected the noise suppression bandgap significantly. The effectiveness of the proposed glass interposer EBG structure on suppression of the power/ground noise propagation and coupling to high-speed TGV channel was verified with 3-D-EM simulation. As a result, the proposed glass interposer EBG structure successfully and efficiently suppressed the power/ground noise propagation and improved eye-diagram of the high-speed TGV channel.
In this paper, we present wideband common-mode (CM) noise suppression using a vertical stepped impedance electromagnetic bandgap (VSI-EBG) structure for high-speed differential signals in multilayer printed circuit boards. This technique is an original design that enables us to apply the VSI-EBG structure to differential signals without sacrificing the differential characteristics. In addition, the analytical dispersion equations for the bandgap prediction of the CM propagation in the VSIEBG structure are extracted, and the closed-form expressions for the bandgap cutoff frequencies are derived. Based on the dispersion equations, the effects of the impedance ratio, the EBG patch length, and via inductances on the bandgap of the VSI-EBG structure for differential signals are thoroughly examined. The proposed dispersion equations are verified through agreement with the full-wave simulation results. It is experimentally demonstrated that the proposed VSI-EBG structure for differential signaling suppresses the CM noise in the wideband frequency range without degrading the differential characteristics.
In this paper, we present a new structure of a power distribution network (PDN) in silicon interposers with through silicon vias (TSVs) to suppress the high-frequency power/ground noise including simultaneous switching noise. The proposed PDN structure employs the resonant structure consisting of metal patterns and TSVs. To examine the effect of design parameters of the resonant structure on noise suppression characteristics, we present Bloch analysis based on a phase of Bloch impedance and Floquet's theorem. Simulation results show a good correlation between Bloch analysis and a full-wave simulation. Power noise isolation of the proposed PDN structure is verified using full-wave simulations.
We propose a new wideband and compact electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure with balanced slots (BS-EBG). In conventional EBG structures, a significant number of cells are required to ensure periodicity and to meet noise-suppression requirements. However, the large space requirements of conventional EBG structures limit their use in practical designs. The balanced slots force power/ground noise to pass through each and every EBG cell, improving the periodicity and thereby enhancing the noise-suppression characteristics. An analytical model for the proposed BS-EBG structure is developed based on a segmentation method and a cavity-mode resonator model. The proposed BS-EBG structure achieves a 111% improvement in the stopband bandwidth and a 73% size reduction over the conventional EBG structure. Finally, we suggest a simple method to avoid discontinuity in the return current path in the BS-EBG structure.
In this letter, we propose a miniaturized and wideband electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure with a meander-perforated plane (MPP) for power/ground noise suppression in multilayer printed circuit boards. The proposed MPP enhances the characteristic impedance of the EBG unit cell and improves the slow-wave effect, thus achieving the significant size reduction and the stopband enhancement. To explain the prominent results, a dispersion analysis for the proposed MPP-EBG structure is developed. Compared to a mushroom-type EBG structure, it is experimentally demonstrated that the MPP-EBG structure presents a 57% reduction in the start frequency of the bandgap, which leads to a 74% reduction in a unit cell size. In addition, the MPP-EBG structure considerably improves the noise suppression bandwidth (−40 dB) from 0.8 to 4.9 GHz compared to the mushroom-type EBG structure.
A systematic design method is proposed to achieve the optimal design of bandstop power delivery network (PDN) using resonant vias in a multilayered printed circuit board (PCB). With the proposed equivalent-circuit model, design equations, and design charts, the geometrical structure of a resonant via-type bandstop structure can be quickly designed according to the desired stopband bandwidth and isolation level. Wideband bandstop PDN designs using the resonant vias in standard four-layer PCB are fabricated and measured to demonstrate the effectiveness of proposed design method.
The characteristics of the Electromagnetic Band-Gap (EBG) structure composed of regular hexagonal patches is analyzed in the frequency domain and time domain. Respective influences of the side length of patches, space between patches and the radius of vias on the band-gap and transmission characteristics are investigated from the theory of the equivalent circuit. Mathematical expressions which estimate accurately the upper and lower cutoff frequency and bandwidth of the band gap for different side lengths of patches are obtained and verified. Studies show that space between patches changes the bandwidth, but has no influence on the characteristics of the left part of the band gap. When the radius of vias is reduced, the band-gap shifts left and becomes narrow. Finally, The time-domain characteristic of the signal transmission line using EBG structure as a return path is also analyzed. Experiments show that the smaller the period of structure, the worse the signal quality.
Simultaneous switching noise (SSN) is verified as a serious impact on the quality of power distribution and accuracy of the data acquisition system in the mixed signal circuits by modeling and simulating the single-stage output buffer at the driver side. To reduce SSN, a board-level slit-surface disturbance lattice electromagnetic bandgap structure is proposed. The corresponding 1-D equivalent transmission line model is established and lower and upper bound cutoff frequencies of the bandgap are derived. Suitable test boards are fabricated and measured to demonstrate the accuracy of the design concept. The measured SSN reduced to 65% and the signal jitter is decreased by 75% comparing with the solid power/ground plane, which proves that the isolation between the analog and the digital signals can be enhanced to improve the quality of power distribution, and provides a new method to improve precision for data acquisition and transmission in power monitoring system. The results show that the simulated, modeled, and measured results are consistent.
A selectively embedded method for enhancing the suppression against simultaneous switching noise is proposed based on coplanar electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) power plane. According to this method, a novel EBG structure is designed on the basis of periodic L-bridge, and meanwhile, a ML-bridge cell is inserted into each L-bridge unit where a power port is located. It is shown that the structure achieves an ultrawide bandgap extending from 490 MHz to 16 GHz at suppression depth of -30 dB by both simulation and measurement. In addition, the lower and upper cutoff frequencies are estimated by the use of equivalent circuit models and parallel-plate waveguide theory, respectively. In the end, the IR-drop characteristics over the structure are investigated.
The frequency characteristics of an Electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure composing of regular hexagonal patches for simultaneous switching noise (SSN) suppression in high-speed printed circuit board (PCB) is studied by analysis and simulation. First, the effects of the side length of patches and the slit width between patches on the band-gap parameters and transmission characteristics are analyzed. Based on the analysis, the mathematical expressions to estimate accurately the lower and upper cutoff frequency and the bandwidth of the band gap for different side length are given and verified by experiments. Finally, the distinct influence of the slit width on the left and right part of the band-gap is studied. High transmission performance of the EBG structure is shown by comparing with the ideal transmission characteristic.
In this article, electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structure with T-shaped slits is proposed for suppressing simultaneous switching noise. T-shaped slits, bridges, and the solid ground plane are used to constitute the novel L-EBG structure. Considering a threshold of −35 dB, the stopband of the proposed EBG structure is about 7.29 GHz which is 1.68 GHz wider than that of a conventional L-EBG structure. Measurement results confirm the wide bandwidth of the prototype that is predicted in simulations. In addition, the lower and upper cutoff frequencies are estimated by use of lumped-component circuit models and parallel-plate waveguide models, respectively. Moreover, the IR-drop and dc resistance are examined through simulations. Additionally, common signal integrity issues in a power distribution network such as IR-drop, DC resistance, and eye diagrams are investigated and compared to a conventional L-EBG structure. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2014.
This work presents an application of a planar electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structure with a perspective product implementation in the back of the mind. The focus is on the integration of such structure under the constraint of space and system coexistence. It is discovered that it is possible to achieve simultaneously both the enhancement of the antenna radiation efficiency and the shrinking of its dimensions, while making the device more resilient to out-of-band electromagnetic interference (EMI). The patterning of the ground plane allows, in fact, to effectively suppress higher-order resonances (alternatively, parallel plate noise) and decrease the radiation efficiency of the structure forbidding higher-order modes to propagate and subsequently be diffracted by the ground plane.
Mitigation of EMI from a PCB is obtained through the use of a metamaterial unit cell. The focus is on the reduction of narrow-band radiation in the forward hemisphere when the resonant element is etched on a layer located between the source of radiation and the ground plane. As opposed to previous publications in the literature, the aim of this work is the application of a filter to scattered radiation, generalizing the former characterizations based solely upon transmission lines' insertion loss. The radiating area accounts for traces and components placed on the top layer of a PCB and is simulated via a patch antenna. The study exhibits how the radiation pattern and the electric field on the patch antenna change within and outside the resonance bandwidth of the parasitic element. An EMC assessment provides experimental verification of the operating principle.
We propose a new analysis method to determine the bandgap characteristics of an electromagnetic bandgap structure with a defected ground structure (DGS). The proposed method is based on a 1-D segmented transmission line model and a piecewise linear approximation of within a unit cell. Although the previous method is only applicable to rectangular DGSs (RDGSs), the proposed method is applicable to any DGS shapes. As an example, the proposed method is applied to a circular DGS and shows a good agreement with full-wave simulations of the unit cell and measurements of 11,times,11 unit cells. The circular DGS achieves a 15% improvement in the stopband bandwidth over the RDGS with the same perforation area. The proposed method allows us to explore a variety of DGS shapes in the search for better stopband characteristics. It also offers the basis for numerical optimization techniques to be used in synthesizing DGS shapes to meet required stopband characteristics.
This paper presents efficient noise isolation and suppression method in mixed-signal systems using alternating impedance electromagnetic bandgap (AI-EBG) structure-based power distribution network (PDN). Currently, split planes are used for isolation in mixed-signal systems for isolating sensitive RF/analog circuits from noisy digital circuits. However, split planes show good isolation only at low frequencies due to electromagnetic coupling through the gap. The AI-EBG structure-based PDN presented in this paper provides excellent isolation (-80 dB ~ -100 dB) in the frequency range of interest by suppressing almost all possible electromagnetic modes. The AI-EBG structure has been integrated into a mixed-signal test vehicle to demonstrate the isolation level achievable. The ability of the AI-EBG structure to suppress switching noise has been quantified in this paper. The AI-EBG structure provided greater than 100 dB of isolation in passive S-parameter measurement and suppressed in-band noise down to -88 dBm of isolation in a functional test.
We propose a novel electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure with a significantly extended noise isolation bandwidth, called a double-stacked EBG (DS-EBG) structure, fabricated on a low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) multilayer substrate. The DS-EBG structure was devised for wideband suppression of simultaneous switching noise (SSN) coupling in system-in-package (SiP) applications. Our design approach was enabled by combining two EBG layers embedded between the power and ground planes. The two EBG layers had different bandgaps from using different cell sizes. Enhanced wideband suppression of the SSN coupling was validated using a 11.4-GHz noise stop bandwidth with 30-dB isolation in time and frequency domain measurements up to 20GHz
In this paper, the split power planes with electromagnetic bandgap structures enhancement is proposed for the wideband suppression of ground bounce noise in high-speed printed circuit boards. A systematic design procedure is presented, featuring a modified analytic design formula, a novel compact electromagnetic bandgap layout, and a discussion on the minimum number of cascaded rows. As it is capable of selectively suppressing the ground bounce noise at several desired frequencies, the approach is applied to deal with the coupled noise between two isolation islands and the ground bounce noise induced by signal line crossing the split power planes. Successful noise suppression over an ultrawide band from dc to 5 GHz and reduction of the peak ground bounce noise in the time domain by 75% by an electromagnetic bandgap strip 1.44 cm wide is demonstrated. Good agreement is seen from the comparison between simulation and experimental results
A power/ground planes design for efficiently eliminating the ground bounce noise (GBN) in high-speed digital circuits is proposed by using low-period coplanar electromagnetic bandgap (LPC-EBG) structure. Keeping solid for the ground plane and designing an LPC-EBG pattern on the power plane, the proposed structure onmidirectionally behaves highly efficiently in suppression of GBN (over 50 dB) within the broad-band frequency range (over 4 GHz). In addition, the proposed designs suppress radiated emission (or electromagnetic interference) caused by the GBN within the stopband. These extinctive behaviors of low radiation and broad-band suppression of the GBN is demonstrated numerically and experimentally. Good agreements are seen. The impact of the LPC-EBG power plane on the signal integrity for the signals referring to the power plane is investigated. Two possible solutions, differential signals and an embedded LPC-EBG power plane concept, are suggested and discussed to reduce the impact.
In this paper a method for the reduction of linear networks with a large number of nonlinear elements is presented. In the standard approach the nonlinear elements are extracted from the linear part and the linear part is reduced. A large number of nonlinear elements leads to a large number of ports for the interconnection of linear and nonlinear network parts which is a strong limitation for the reduction. A method for the reduction of the number of ports of the linear part which enables a more efficient model order reduction with standard projection techniques is presented. The method is based on decomposition of the equations of the nonlinear elements which are explicitly described by one current or voltage function. By reducing an example model the method is illustrated and validated.
Mitigating power distribution network (PDN) noise is one of the main efforts for power integrity (PI) design in high-speed or mixed-signal circuits. Possible solutions, which are based on decoupling or isolation concept, for suppressing PDN noise on package or printed circuit board (PCB) levels are reviewed in this paper. Keeping the PDN impedance very low in a wide frequency range, except at dc, by employing a shunt capacitors, which can be in-chip, package, or PCB levels, is the first priority way for PI design. The decoupling techniques including the planes structure, surface-mounted technology decoupling capacitors, and embedded capacitors will be discussed. The isolation approach that keeps part of the PDN at high impedance is another way to reduce the PDN noise propagation. Besides the typical isolation approaches such as the etched slots and filter, the new isolation concept using electromagnetic bandgap structures will also be discussed.
A novel approach for the suppression of the parallel-plate noise
in high-speed circuits is proposed by utilizing a metallic
electromagnetic band-gap (EBG) structure. The key idea relies on
replacing one of the two solid electric conductor plates with a metallic
EBG surface of compact texture. To validate the concept, an EBG surface
was fabricated and employed in a number of via-containing parallel-plate
test boards. Frequency domain measurements showed a band-gap of about
1.7 GHz around 3.77 GHz. More importantly, suppression of the
parallel-plate noise by 65% was achieved based on time domain
reflectometry experiments
Hybrid electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) power distribution networks (PDNs) with VHF-band cutoff frequency, small unit cell size, and wideband noise suppression characteristics are proposed. Commercial lumped chip inductors are used to implement inductive bridges between neighboring metal patches instead of conventional microstrip lines. A 1D analysis model of the EBG structure is developed to find a mathematical ground for the use of the lumped chip inductors in the EBG PDN designs. From 158 MHz to 4528 MHz a measured stopband bandwidth of 4.37 GHz is achieved with over -60 dB noise suppression levels.
In this letter, a power plane with wideband simultaneous switching noise (SSN) suppression using a novel multi-via electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure is proposed. The -40dB stopband of the proposed EBG structure is about two to six times wider than the one-via structure, and the relative bandwidth is increased by about two times. It is implemented by only adding some vias between patches and the reference plane without changing any other geometrical parameters from one-via EBG structures. The excellent SSN suppression performance was verified by simulations and measurements
A novel design of power/ground plane with planar electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures for suppressing simultaneous switching noise (SSN) is presented. The novel design is based on using meander lines to increase the effective inductance of EBG patches. A super cell EBG structure, comprising two different topologies on the same board, is proposed to extend the lower edge of the band. Both novel designs proposed here are validated experimentally. A -28dB suppression bandwidth starting at 250MHz and extending to 12GHz and beyond is achieved
We experimentally demonstrated the great advantages of a high dielectric constant thin film electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) power distribution network (PDN) for the suppression of power/ground noises and radiated emissions in high-performance multilayer digital printed circuit boards (PCBs). Five-layer test PCBs were fabricated and their scattering parameters measured. The power plane noise and radiated emissions were measured, investigated and related to the PDN impedance. This successfully demonstrated that the bandgap of the EBG was extended more than three times, covering a range of hundreds of MHz using a 1-cm × 1-cm EBG cell, the SSN was reduced from 170 mV to 10 mV and the radiated emission was suppressed by 22 dB because of the high dielectric constant thin film EBG power/ground network.
A novel L-bridged electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) power/ground planes is proposed with super-wideband suppression of the ground bounce noise (GBN) from 600Mz to 4.6GHz. The L-shaped bridge design on the EBG power plane not only broadens the stopband bandwidth, but also can increase the mutual coupling between the adjacent EBG cells by significantly decreasing the gap between the cells. It is found the small gap design can prevent from the severe degradation of the signal quality for the high-speed signal referring to the perforated EBG power plane. The excellent GBN suppression performance with keeping reasonably good signal integrity for the proposed structure is validated both experimentally and numerically. Good agreement is seen.
In this paper, a deep bandgap behavior analysis of the vertical cascaded electromagnetic-bandgap (EBG) structure is made. It is shown that the vertical cascaded EBG structure can be decomposed into two EBG structures cascaded horizontally, one with the bigger patches and the other with the smaller patches. The design guidelines of the vertical cascaded EBG structure are drawn. Furthermore, the vertical cascade concept is extended to 3-D cascade for wideband simultaneous switching noise (SSN) suppression. The number of rows of patches for noise coupling reduction is investigated. Building SSN isolation walls along a printed circuit board for wideband electromagnetic-interference reduction and along sensitive devices for SSN isolation using a 3-D cascaded EBG structure is proposed. Simulations and measurements are performed to verify the SSN suppression. High performance is observed.
A practical set of engineering design equations are derived for predicting stopband performance of electromagnetic-bandgap (EBG) structures within parallel power planes. The EBG circuits suppress the TEM-mode noise within parallel plates used within digital power distribution networks. Stopbands are realized over designed frequency bands of interest in the microwave spectrum. The mathematical relationships between the physical hardware and the electrical models are clearly stated. Several examples are given and proof-of-concept experiments are described and compared to the predicted results with good agreement.
A power/ground planes design for efficiently eliminating the ground bounce noise (GBN) in high-speed digital circuits is proposed by using low-period coplanar electromagnetic bandgap (LPC-EBG) structure. Keeping solid for the ground plane and designing an LPC-EBG pattern on the power plane, the proposed structure omnidirectionally behaves highly efficiently in suppression of GBN (over 50 dB) within the broad-band frequency range (over 4 GHz). In addition, the proposed designs suppress radiated emission (or electromagnetic interference) caused by the GBN within the stopband. These extinctive behaviors of low radiation and broad-band suppression of the GBN is demonstrated numerically and experimentally. Good agreements are seen. The impact of the LPC-EBG power plane on the signal integrity for the signals referring to the power plane is investigated. Two possible solutions, differential signals and an embedded LPC-EBG power plane concept, are suggested and discussed to reduce the impact.
A novel approach for the suppression of the parallel-plate waveguide (PPW) noise in high-speed printed circuit boards is presented. In this approach, one of the two conductors forming the PPW is replaced by an electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) surface. The main advantage of the proposed approach over the commonly practiced methods is the omnidirectional noise suppression it provides. For this purpose, two EBG structures are initially designed by utilizing an approximate circuit model. Subsequently, the corresponding band structures are characterized by analytical solutions using the transverse resonance method, as well as full-wave finite-element simulations. The designed EBG surfaces were fabricated and employed in a number of PPW test boards. The corresponding frequency-domain measurements exhibited bandgaps of approximately 2.21 and 3.35 GHz in the frequency range below 6 GHz. More importantly, suppression of the PPW noise by 53% was achieved based on time-domain reflectometry experiments, while maintaining the signal transmission quality within the required specifications for common signaling standards.
RF Circuit Design Theory and Applications