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Innovation Capacity and Economic Development
Abstract
Both China and India, the emerging giants in Asia, have achieved significant economic development in recent years. China has enjoyed a high annual GDP growth rate of 10 per cent and India has achieved an annual GDP growth rate of 6 per cent since 1981. Decomposing China and India's GDP growth from 1981 to 2004 into the three factors' contribution reveals that technology has contributed significantly to both countries' GDP growth, especially in the 1990s. R&D outputs (high-tech exports, service exports, and certified patents from USPTO) and inputs (R&D expenditure and human resources) further indicate that both countries have been very committed to R&D and their output is quite efficient. Both governments have played an essential role in transforming their national innovation systems so that they can be more adaptable to economic development. The main focus of their reforms has been to link the science sector with the business sector and to provide incentives for innovation activities. Balancing import of technology and indigenous R&D effort is another major theme. Innovation capability development has become more and more critical to the success of biofirms in India and China. Institutional factors have great influence on choice of innovation at the firm level, i.e., the decision at firm level in terms of indigenous R&D or import of technology. Nevertheless, limited financial resources and insufficiently qualified human resources remain two major challenges for domestic companies in both countries.
... Indeed, GDP, used as a monetary measure, shows the market value of all the final goods and services produced in a certain period of time. Since it reflects the economic development of a country, it can be considered as a lever for fostering innovative technologies (Fan 2011). In addition, the GDP growth was taken into account as a proxy to assess the speed of economic development (Naveed et al. 2018). ...
Industry 4.0 technologies, originally developed in the manufacturing sector, can be purposefully implemented to improve City Logistics (CL) processes by automatizing some of their operational tasks and enabling real-time exchange of information, with the ultimate goal of providing better interconnection among the actors involved. This work aims to identify the main social and economic contextual drivers for investing in the application of Industry 4.0 technologies to urban logistics. To this end, a dataset based on the primary collection of 105 CL projects exploiting the main 4.0 technologies has been built. After that, a regression model has been completed including potential economic, strategic, and demographic determinants of investments in CL 4.0. According to the obtained outcomes, Gross Domestic Product, Foreign Direct Investments, Research and Development Expenditure, Employment Rate, and Number of Inhabitants are significant contextual factors for the adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies in last mile logistics. The study might support academicians to investigate novel application fields of Industry 4.0 technologies. Also, it can serve as a roadmap for orienting the investments of private organizations and public entities to promote CL innovation and digitalization. Moreover, Industry 4.0 technology providers might find this study interesting to uncover prospective business sectors and markets. Future research efforts will analyse the impacts of internal business factors on CL 4.0 and the satisfaction levels of urban logistics stakeholders.
... China and India in particular relied on a large and varied governmental toolkit. In addition to investing broadly in an educated labor force, both countries leveraged highly restrictive import regimes coupled with innovation incentivesincluding subsidies for indigenous research and development and special economic zones for businesses specializing in high-tech innovation (Fan 2008(Fan , 2018. The counties also attracted and absorbed foreign technology and skills in part by encouraging joint (foreign-domestic) ventures with technology transfer commitments (Amsden 2001;Gallagher 2005). ...
Over the past four decades Bangladesh has built enough domestic productive capacity in the pharmaceuticals and related industries to generate manufacturing capacity and employment to provide access to medicines in the country and to become a modest exporter of medicines as well. This paper traces the role played by government policy in fostering Bangladesh’s burgeoning pharmaceuticals sector and then examines the extent to which such policies would have been permissible under World Trade Organization (WTO) rules and the rules of recent trade and investment treaties. Bangladesh has not had to adhere to such rules given its status as a Least Developed Country (LDC) but will face those rules as it may graduate from LDC status in the coming years. We find that a significant amount of Bangladesh’s policies would not have been permitted under the WTO, and even more policy space would be constrained under other regional and bilateral trade and investment treaties. These findings reveal that Bangladesh will face a series of challenges as it graduates from LDC status in its efforts to build its domestic pharmaceutical industry moving forward. Our findings also pinpoint challenges for current WTO and other trade and investment treaty members who now seek to build domestic productive capacity in this sector in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic.
... This literature has a very strong innovation picture that has led to the comparative study between what is happening in our R&D Sector and the twin valleys explanations, however macro and micro variable to be considered to level two chasms are not yet explicit in this time with more emphasis of technology validation. As cited by Sanga (2016) innovation Diffusion is a driving force for economic development, with about 50% growth contribution in the 21 st century (URT, 2010b, Jörg, 2007, NIIR, 2004, Peilei, 2008, Shah, 2004. However, the classical systematic design processes used for technology development in Research and development (R&D) organisations have the main objective of prototype development rather than technology innovation diffusion (Budynas, 2006, Hurst, 1999. ...
Validation Cantered Technology Development. The technology validation is expected to be a very important activity in the process of technology development and verification of the quality for the stakeholders expected to benefit from the technology. Tanzania is one of the least developed countries that has put a great effort in establishing the technology development centres. On the extensive visit made in a number of technology development centre related to mechanical engineering, it was observed that the technology validation process is partially undertaken and sometimes completely not understood and hence not fully practiced. The scope of validation process and the need for the same process is not clear. On the other side the design process starts at the need identification, need justification, need interpretation, development of technology design specification and technology/process validation. Certainty of the appropriate technology design development should be the result of comparative analysis of the expected technology development variables and the actual market performance of the technology. There has been a need of studying the deriving variables for technology validation thence mining these variables so that they are made as input to a development of a model for Engineering Design Validation Process. Structured interviews, questionnaires and observations in R&D organisation, staffs, validators and activities studies were used to collect data from sources identified. Literatures on engineering design, use of technology validation and various models for innovation were studied. At the later stage the model was developed and validated. The major finding of the validation process was the transformation of the technology design specification into the complete and thorough validation procedure, the understanding and the development of the design procedure was still a myth in least developed countries. It was noted that the development of technology for market acceptance or diffusion is more than the prototype development. The whole technology validation processes need be to considered for relevant technology development. Validation is the heart of design process (Design for technology life cycle)
... Sin embargo, China no está sola en este proceso, y los desarrollos que se han presenciado ahí pueden observarse cada vez más en otros países y regiones del mundo. De hecho, India y Brasil parecen estar siguiendo un camino similar aunque con algunas diferencias (Fan, 2008;Massarini, 2008). Los gigantes emergentes lideran el camino a través de un esfuerzo significativo y sustancial por parte de los países en desarrollo para ponerse al día con el conocimiento basado en las economías del norte (Ogodo, 2009). ...
En el último tramo del siglo pasado y lo que va del presente, la discusión académica y de políticas públicas sobre migración y desarrollo ha cobrado especial ímpetu, tanto en América Latina como en el resto del mundo. La migración internacional, en particular aquella que se dirige en dirección sur-norte y sur-sur, experimentó un vertiginoso crecimiento acompañado de un ascenso todavía más acentuado de las remesas captadas por los países periféricos o del sur. En las últimas tres décadas el monto global de migrantes internacionales se duplicó y el de las remesas creció seis veces más, al multiplicarse por 12. La mayor parte de este crecimiento correspondió a los países periféricos, que en 2010 aportaron 172 millones de migrantes y recibieron 325 mil millones de dólares por concepto de remesas, que respectivamente representaron 80 y 74 por ciento del total mundial (Banco Mundial, 2011).
Dada la magnitud alcanzada por las remesas captadas en la periferia, que triplica la ayuda oficial para el desarrollo y resulta equivalente a la inversión extranjera directa recibida por estos países, ha retomado particular fuerza en los círculos académicos y políticos la discusión acerca de la relación entre migración y desarrollo. Al respecto, el debate se ha situado en dos polos esencialmente contrapuestos, que a su vez se decantan en agendas de investigación que atienden a los intereses en pugna.
Saudi Arabia's strategic decision to transform its economy to rely on intellectual assets rather than natural resources involves knowledge-intensive activities in order to introduce a novel product, service or process to the marketplace or the society at large. Innovation is considered as the currency in this knowledge economy. On a national level, innovation depends on the capacity of individuals, institutes or agencies and, just as importantly, the strength of the interaction among all institutions that promote and foster innovation in the country. The framework that orchestrates and the pillars that governs those activities are referred to as National Innovation Ecosystem (NIE). Developing an NIE for the country requires analyzing the fundamental foundational elements then focusing on a set of interventions in order to bridge the gap of innovation which will lead the transformation of the national economy from industrial, agricultural or natural resources to knowledge-based.
http://www.mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/saudi-arabia-oil-kingdom-knowledge-based-economy
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