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Identification of Wooden Objects in Ishak Pasha Palace
Nurgün Erdin
1*
, Kamile Tırak
1
1
İstanbul University, Forest Faculty, Department of Forest Biology and Wood
Protection Technology 34473 Bahcekoy/İstanbul Turkey
*Tel: 0 212 226 11 03, e-mail: nurgun@istanbul.edu.tr
Abstract
In this study, macroscopic–microscopic properties were identified and
confirmed in samples taken from the wooden materials used on door–window
lintels and from animal figured wooden sculptures that belong to Ishak Pasha
Palace, construction of which was completed in 1784, and that have survived until
today.
Macroscopic investigations and microscopic analyses revealed that the wood
samples brought from Ishak Pasha Palace belonged to scots pine
Keywords: Ishak Pasha Palace, wooden lintel, wooden sculpture, scots pine, Pinus
sylvestris.
1. Introduction
Ishak Pasha Palace and its social complex are one of the few historical palace
samples specific to Turkish culture that have managed to survive until today. The palace
was constructed on the rocks of a hill that is 5 km east of Agri county, Dogubeyazit city
and it is the last sizable monumental building in the Tulip Period of the Ottoman
Empire. The palace is one of the most distinctive and distinguished examples of 18
th
century Ottoman architecture and it is of great value in terms of art history.
Because of the fact that the palace was built at the time that castles had lost their
characteristics and firearms had been used, it was built on a hill, three (north, west, and
south) sides of which sloped steep down towards the valley to facilitate its defense, and
its front entrance door in the east direction opens towards a plane (Figure 1).
Received: 23/06/2009; accepted: 01/09/2009
Identification of Wooden Objects in Ishak Pasha Palace
Figure 1. General view of Ishak Pasha Palace from the northeast direction. (Erdoğmuş,
2006)
Şekil 1. İshak Paşa Sarayı’nın kuzeydoğu yönünden genel görünüşü. (Erdoğmuş, 2006)
It has been reported that the palace, which has architectural characteristics of
Ottoman, Persian, and Seljuk civilizations, was built by Colak Abdi Pasha on the Silk
Road close to the border of Iran in 1685 and it acquired its final form in 1784 by Ishak
Pasha the Second of Cildirogullari. The only written source on who had the palace built
is the epigraph of eight lines located on the Harem Arch Gate that sees the second
courtyard. According to the epigraph, the construction date of the palace is 1199 with
respect to the Islamic calendar and 1784 with respect to the Gregorian calendar (Bingöl,
2007; Gündoğdu, 2007; Kılıç, 2007). The following sections are present in the Ishak
Pasha Palace that is built from ashlars: (1) Exterior façades, (2) First and second
courtyards, (3) Men's quarter (selamlık), (4) Mosque building, (5) Soup kitchen
(Darüzziyafe), (6) Turkish bath, (7) Women’s quarter (Harem Section), (8) Hall for
ceremonies and entertainment, (9) Arch gates, (10) Rooms for ammunition and supplies,
(11) Mausoleum, (12) Bakery, (13) Dungeon, and (14) Various sections in its interior
architecture (doors, windows, closets, serbetliks (a kind of inset paneled wardrobe),
hearths, etc.) (Gündoğdu, 2007; Kılıç, 2007; Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, 2009). The
Ministry of Culture and Tourism has applied for this important architecture to be
included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage and it has been approved to be included
in the Tentative List (Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, 2008).
Ishak Pasha Palace is a two–storey building and it is understood from the cavities
present in its stone walls that it has a central heating system (Kültür ve Turizm
Bakanlığı, 2009).
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Nurgün Erdin – Kamile Trak
Six different types of stones supplied from the area are used in the construction
of the palace and wood are used on its roof and pillars. Since the palace was close to the
Russian and Iranian borders of the Ottoman Empire, it had been exposed to severe
damages during the wars started with the Russian siege in 1828, and at this period most
of the wooden roof structure had disappeared. In 1963, a campaign was started by the
General Directorate of Museums and Monuments for the conservation of the area, a
general cleaning of the site and excavation works were done, and in 1966, conservation
of east and south façades was realized (Archnet, 2008).
Although there had not been any conservation studies regarding the wooden
material in the palace, the wooden remains (for example; beams, door-window lintels,
and human-animal figured wooden sculptures located in open spaces) that have
managed to survive until today are in considerably good condition (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Wooden beams of Ishak Pasha Palace. (Erdoğmuş, 2006)
Şekil 2. İshak Paşa Sarayı’nda ahşap hatıllar. (Erdoğmuş, 2006)
Wood, which could not find an area of use in the decorations of the palace as
large as stone, was only used as a decorative material to build a four-row cantilever that
overhung as a loggia in one of the men’s quarters that see the northern façade. Three
dimensional wooden decorations of sculpture style that overhung by 140 cm outside
from the wall carry the symbolic meanings in Turkish Art. Human, lion, and eagle
figures are used together on the wooden sculptures and they are designed in such a
manner that it is impossible to find similar sculptures in Seljuk and Ottoman buildings
(Gündoğdu, 2007). Since these sculptures, similar ones of which cannot be found in
another structure, were exposed to the effects of open air for long years; some parts of
them have jadedly survived until today (Figures 3-5).
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Identification of Wooden Objects in Ishak Pasha Palace
Figure 3. 1
st
animal figured wooden sculpture in Ishak Pasha Palace.
.Şekil 3. İshak Paşa Sarayı’nda hayvan figürlü 1. ahşap heykel.
Figure 4. 2
nd
, 3
rd
, and 4
th
animal figured wooden sculptures in Ishak Pasha Palace.
Şekil 4. İshak Paşa Sarayı’nda hayvan figürlü 2.,3. ve 4. ahşap heykeller.
127
Nurgün Erdin – Kamile Trak
Figure 5. Detailed images of wooden lion sculpture in the 2
nd
order in Ishak Pasha
Palace.
Şekil 5. İshak Paşa Sarayı’nda 2. sıradaki ahşap aslan heykelin detay görüntüleri.
The aim of the study is to identify of four wooden samples brought from Ishak
Pasha Palace and to provide information for restoration studies.
2. Material and Method
The research material was obtained from Istanbul University, Faculty of Letters,
Department of History, Section of Prehistory (Figure 6).
Figure 6. Wooden samples brought from Ishak Pasha Palace. A sample of lintel (on the
left), a sample of animal figured wooden sculpture (on the right).
Şekil 6. İshak Paşa Sarayı’ndan getirilen ahşap örnekler. Lento örneği (solda), hayvan
figürlü heykel örneği (sağda).
Four samples having sizes of approximately 5x10 mm were initially analyzed
macroscopically and then the material prepared by obtaining sections via a microtome
was analyzed by an Olympus BX51 photomicroscope (Olympus DP71 camera) having
five digital imaging solution programs and measurement, imaging operations, and wood
type identifications were realized. In the analyses conducted in three anatomical
sections, (1) in transversal sections annual growth ring widths and earlywood, latewood
tracheid diameters, wall thicknesses, lumen widths, vertical resin canals tangent-radial
diameters, (2) in tangent sections ray heights-widths horizontal resin canal tangent
diameters, and (3) in radial sections bordered pit diameters, cross field pit diameters are
128
Identification of Wooden Objects in Ishak Pasha Palace
measured and the structure of ray tracheids was analyzed. Moreover, tracheid lengths
were measured by macerating small wooden parts.
IAWA criteria were used in the terminology and classification of anatomical
characteristics (Richter ve ark., 2004)
3. Results
It is observed in the macroscopic analyses of samples brought from Ishak Pasha
Palace that the growth ring borders are distinct, transition from earlywood to latewood
is fast, resin canals exist, and wood is lusterless.
It is observed in the microscopic analyses that in the transversal section latewood
tracheids are flattened towards radial direction and walls are thick, lumens are small,
vertical resin canals exist, epithelia in resin canals have thin walls, longitudinal
parenchyma cells do not exist; in the radial section there are 1-2 cross field pits and they
are of window-like type, rays are in heterogeneous structure and ray tracheids are
dentate; in the tangent section rays are uniserie and fusiform, and resin canals encircled
by thin walled epithelia exists (Figure 7–10). In microscopic analyses, average lengths
of tracheids, their radial–tangent diameters, diameters of bordered pits on their radial
walls, heights of their uniserie rays were also measured in number and as µm, and
heights of their rays carrying resin canals were measured as µm.
Figure 7. Transversal section of the samples brought from Ishak Pasha Palace.
(Scale 200 µm)
Şekil 7. İshak Paşa Sarayı’ndan getirilen örneklerde enine kesit. (ölçek 200 µm)
129
Nurgün Erdin – Kamile Trak
Figure 8. Radial section of the samples brought from Ishak Pasha Palace.
(Scale 200 µm)
Şekil 8. İshak Paşa Sarayı’ndan getirilen örneklerde radyal kesit. (ölçek 200 µm)
130
Identification of Wooden Objects in Ishak Pasha Palace
Figure 9. Ray tracheids dentate and ray parenchyma cross–field pits window–like,
usually 1 or 2 per cross field. (Radial section, scale 200 µm)
Şekil 9. Dişli öz ışını traheidleri ve pencere tipi karşılaşma alanı geçitleri,
çoğunlukla 1 ya da 2 tane. (Radyal kesit, ölçek 200 µm)
131
Nurgün Erdin – Kamile Trak
Figure 10. Tangent section of the samples brought from Ishak Pasha Palace.
(Scale 200 µm)
Şekil 10. İshak Paşa Sarayı’ndan getirilen örneklerde teğet kesit. (ölçek 200 µm)
Microscopic analyses revealed that the wood samples brought from Ishak Pasha
Palace belonged to scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and all values determined are given
in Table 1. Several values obtained as a result of the microscopic analyses were
compared to the values today’s scots pine wood in Table 2
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Identification of Wooden Objects in Ishak Pasha Palace
Table 1. Microscopic properties of scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) wood used in wooden
sculptures and door-window lintels of Ishak Pasa Palace.
Tablo 1. İshak Paşa Sarayı kapı–pencere lentoları ve ahşap heykellerinde kullanılan
sarıçam odunu mikroskopik özellikleri.
Anatomical Properties N
a
X
b
S
c
S
x
d
Min. Max.
Growth ring width (μm) 5* 1582.506 (-) (-) 1175.975 2161.720
Tracheids
Tracheid number in per
mm
2
20 593.500 145.210 32.4702 332.000 876.000
Tracheid length (μm) 50 2417.374 664.899 94.031 1059.600 4302.896
Earlywood tracheid radial
diameter (μm)
50 36.836 7.189 1.017 25.013 49.198
Earlywood tracheid
tangential diameter (μm)
50 35.531 10.040 1.420 16.666 57.905
Earlywood tracheid double
wall thickness (μm)
50 5.206 1.620 0.229 2.227 11.562
Latewood tracheid radial
diameter (μm)
50 19.792 4.768 0.674 9.996 30.104
Latewood tracheid
tangential diameter (μm)
50 28.875 8.563 1.211 13.419 46.422
Latewood tracheid double
wall thickness (μm)
50 10.952 3.240 0.458 4.226 17.977
Resin Canals
Vertical resin canal
diameter (μm)
14 125.587 (-) (-) 56.505 195.396
Horizontal resin canal
diameter (μm)
12 45.167 (-) (-) 40.212 50.842
Rays
Uniserie ray cell number 50 8.260 3.331 0.471 3 16
Uniserie ray height (μm) 50 177.879 64.818 9.1668 75.050 309.458
Uniserie ray width (μm) 50 29.017 43.748 6.187 14.837 331.161
Fusiform ray height (μm) 35 316.134 68.929 11.651 176.817 516.752
Fusiform ray width (μm) 35 55.460 4.066 0.687 49.316 66.474
Pits
Bordered pit diameter (μm) 50 19.405 2.390 0.338 15.282 24.588
Cross field pit diameter
(μm)
50 17.813 5.230 0.739 4.700 27.881
(
a
) Number of measurements, (
b
) Mean value, (
c
) Standard deviation, (
d
) Standard error of mean
(–) Because the sample size is very small, less than 20 measurements were made and statistical
properties are not calculated
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Nurgün Erdin – Kamile Trak
Table 2. Comparison of anatomical characteristics of scots pine samples from Ishak
Pasha Palace and recent scots pines.
Tablo 2. İshakpaşa Sarayı ve günümüz örneklerinde sarıçam anatomik özelliklerinin
karşılaştırılması.
Anatomical Properties Ishak Pasha
Palace Samples
Recent Samples
Values Reference
Tracheid length (µm) 1059,6–4302,9 1800–4500 Bozkurt/Erdin, 1998
Earlywood tracheid
Tangential diameter (µm)
16,7–57,9 10–50 Bozkurt/Erdin, 1998
Vertical resin canal
diameter (µm)
107,4–150,5 100–150 Bozkurt/Erdin, 2000
Uniserie ray cell number
1–16 1–12 (>15) Bozkurt/Erdin, 1998
4. Conclusions
As a result of the anatomical analysis of the wooden samples brought from Ishak
Pasha Palace, it was found that the woods used in door–window lintels, and human,
lion, and eagle figured sculptures were produced from scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.).
When the natural spread of scots pine in Northeastern Anatolia Region is
inspected today, it is observed that they are located in the north, in the precipitation
shelter of Black Sea coastal mountains and in south exposures which are drier and more
appropriate in terms of competition. Beyond the Caucasus and in northeastern Anatolia
which has connection with the Caucasus, spread areas of Pinus sylvestris separate from
each other are more frequently encountered. For example; in the high steppes of East
Anatolia (Ardahan, Kars, Sarikamis), at altitudes of 1900–2750 m they constitute high
steppe forests growth of which is at low or medium level (Mayer/Aksoy, 1998).
Moreover, they go down to Agri in small clusters and they go down further (Gökmen,
1970).
Scots pine wood has a low tendency to crack or curve while drying and it is a
material that is easy to process with hand tools (and machines). Although the essential
wood of scots pine has moderate natural resistance against fungi and insects in the
reliability classification conducted for the tree types naturally growing in our country,
its existence in Ishak Pasha Palace, construction of which was finalized in 1784, until
today is important in terms of demolishing the wrong ideas on the service life of
wooden material.
134
Identification of Wooden Objects in Ishak Pasha Palace
İshak Paşa Sarayı Ahşap Objeleri Teşhisi
Nurgün Erdin
1*
, Kamile Tırak
1
1
İstanbul Universitesi, Orman Fakültesi, Orman Biyolojisi ve Odun Koruma
Teknolojisi Anabilim Dalı 34473 Bahçeköy/İstanbul
*Tel: 0 212 226 11 00, e-posta: nurgun@istanbul.edu.tr
Kısa Özet
Bu çalışmada; yapımı 1784 yılında tamamlanan İshak Paşa Sarayından
günümüze kadar ulaşan ahşap kapı–pencere lentolarından ve ahşap heykellerden alınan
örneklerde makroskopik–mikroskopik özellikler belirlenerek, teşhisleri yapılmıştır.
Araştırma materyali, 2008 yılında İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Tarih
Bölümü Eskiçağ Tarihi Anabilim Dalı’ndan temin edilmiştir (Şekil 6). Yaklaşık 5x10
mm boyutundaki dört örnek öncelikle makroskopik olarak incelenmiş, daha sonra
mikrotomla kesitler alınarak hazırlanan preparatların analysis five digital imaging
solutions programlı Olympus BX51 fotomikroskopta (kamera Olympus DP71) ölçüm,
görüntüleme işlemleri ve ağaç türleri teşhisi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Anatomik özelliklerin
terminolojisi ve sınıflandırılmasında IAWA (2004) tarafından hazırlanan ölçütlerden
yararlanılmıştır.
İshak Paşa Sarayından getirilen örneklerin makroskopik incelemelerinde yıllık
halka sınırlarının belirgin, ilkbahar odunundan yaz odununa geçişin hızlı olduğu, reçine
kanalarının bulunduğu ve odununun mat olduğu görülmüştür.
Mikroskopik incelemelerde enine kesitte: yaz odunu traheidlerinin radyal yönde
yassılaşmış ve çeperlerinin kalın, lümenlerinin küçük olduğu, boyuna reçine kanalları
bulunduğu, reçine kanallarında epitel hücrelerinin ince çeperli olduğu, boyuna paranşim
hücrelerinin bulunmadığı, radyal kesitte: karşılaşma yeri geçitlerinin 1–2 adet ve
pencere tipinde olduğu, öz ışınlarının heterojen yapıda ve öz ışını traheidlerinin dişli
olduğu, teğet kesitte: öz ışınlarının tek sıralı ve fusiform olduğu, ince çeperli epitel
hücrelerinin çevrelediği enine reçine kanallarının bulunduğu görülmüştür (Şekil 7–10).
Mikroskopik incelemelerde ayrıca, traheidlerin ortalama uzunlukları, radyal-teğet
çapları, radyal çeperleri üzerindeki kenarlı geçitlerin çapları, tek sıralı öz ışınlarının
yüksekliği adet ve µm olarak, reçine kanalı taşıyan öz ışınlarının yüksekliği µm olarak
ölçülmüş, tespit edilen tüm değerler Tablo 1’de verilmiştir.
Yayın Komisyonuna sunulduğu tarih: 23/06/2009
Yayına kabul edildiği tarih: 01/09/2009
135
Nurgün Erdin – Kamile Trak
Yapılan incelemeler sonunda İshak Paşa Sarayı’ndan getirilen ahşap örneklerin
sarıçam (Pinus sylvestris L.) odununa ait oldukları saptanmıştır. Mikroskopik
incelemeler sonucunda belirlenen bazı değerler, literatürde bulunabilen günümüz
sarıçam değerleri ile Tablo 2’de karşılaştırılmıştır.
Sarıçam odunu, kurutulması sırasında çatlamaya ve dönüklüğe eğilimi az olan, el
aletleriyle (ve makinelerle) kolay işlenen bir malzemedir. Ülkemizde doğal olarak
yetişen ağaç türleri için yapılan dayanıklılık sınıflandırmasında mantar ve böceklere
karşı sarıçamın öz odununun doğal dayanıklılığı orta derecede olmasına rağmen, yapımı
1784 yılında biten İshak Paşa Sarayı’nda hâlâ varlık gösterebilmesi, ağaç malzemenin
hizmet ömrü hakkında yanlış düşünceleri yıkmak bakımından önemlidir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: İshak paşa sarayı, ahşap lento, ahşap heykel, sarıçam, Pinus
sylvestris.
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Identification of Wooden Objects in Ishak Pasha Palace
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