Article

Ways of knowing about the relationship of matter and energy

October 2000

Authors:

This study used qualitative interviews, with manipulatives, to investigate understanding and construction of knowledge about the relationship of matter and energy. The participants ranged in age and expertise from elementary aged children to renowned physicists. Results indicated that all participants manifested nonverbal indicators of relational ideas. Verbal expression and knowledge of a relationship, including that given by special relativity, varied. The importance of sensory-motor perception and unification of perception in concept development was evidenced.

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Article

A Comparison of Concept Development and Human Figure Drawings of Children who Receive Preschool Educ...

January 2010 · Gifted Education International

Gulden Uyanik

This study evaluated from a developmental point of view the basic concept knowledge and human figure drawings of children who did and did not attend preschool. A total of 118 children who received preschool education and 147 children who did not do so participated in the study. The mean age of children was 75.4 months. Their concept knowledge was evaluated by using the Boehm Test of Basic ... [Show full abstract] Concepts (Boehm-3) and their human figure drawings were evaluated by using Koppitz's developmental scoring criteria. Consequently, a meaningful difference was found between the basic concept knowledge of children who attended preschool (p.05). In addition to these, the study also examined the correlation between children's basic concept scores and their developmental human figure drawing scores (children who went preschoolers r= 0.156, p>.05, children who did not attend preschoolers r= 0.40, p>.05).

Article

The Effect of Introducing a New Brand on Consumer Perceptions of Current Brand Similarity: The Roles...

October 2002 · The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice

This study examines how the introduction of a new and differing brand may significantly impact similarity perceptions consumers have concerning existing brands. A total of 192 students participated in an experimental study in which the presence or absence and the level of desirability of focal attributes were manipulated. In addition, brand, attribute, and experience knowledge as well as ... [Show full abstract] involvement were included as moderating variables. Results indicate that the introduction of a new brand which shares an attribute with an existing brand or shares the same level of an attribute with an existing brand will cause that existing brand to be seen as less similar to another existing brand. This is particularly true for low knowledge and high involvement consumers.

Article

Full-text available

Children’s and Adults’ Understanding of Faux Pas and Insults

July 2016 · Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology

p>We examined 7- to 11-year-old children’s and adults’ social understanding by presenting stories containing either a verbal faux pas or a deliberate insult. Participants were asked about the speaker’s knowledge, intent, and affect, and about the listener’s perception of the speaker’s intent, and the listener’s affect before and after the speaker apologized. Nine-year-olds, 11-year-olds, and ... [Show full abstract] adults recognized that the speaker’s knowledge or ignorance, but younger children did not. All age groups judged that the speaker did not intend harm and that the listener would not perceive the listener as intending harm. Nine-year-olds, 11-year-olds, and adults rated the speaker as feeling worse in faux pas stories than in insult stories, but younger children did not. All age groups rated the listener as feeling worse in insult stories than in faux pas stories. Children judged that an apology would improve the listener’s feelings more than adults did.</p

Article

The effects of knowledge, strategies, and the interaction between the two in verbal analogy problem...

December 2018 · Contemporary Educational Psychology

An experiment was conducted to assess how accessibility to relevant knowledge would affect performance on verbal analogy problems as well as the efficacy, perception, and continuation of use of a componential strategy for solving these problems. Participants were either taught to use a componential strategy for solving verbal analogy problems or just given practice opportunities while the ... [Show full abstract] accessibility of relevant knowledge was manipulated and the performance and perception of the strategy was assessed. We also investigated whether variations in accessibility to relevant knowledge affected the continuance of strategy use. Results showed that knowledge accessibility affected both performance and the way in which the strategy was perceived. Participants rated the strategy as more useful, easier to use, and less effortful when their initial strategy experience involved solving analogy problems based on familiar vocabulary and relationships. Also, participants who had experience with easily accessible vocabulary and relationships were significantly more likely to choose to continue to use of the strategy on a subsequent task. It is also argued that accessibility to knowledge and strategy use play independent, as opposed to interactive, roles in determining performance.

Article

Physical Activity Behaviors of Older Adults

January 2001 · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity

The purpose of this study was to determine older adults' physical activity hehaviors and stage of readiness for physical activity. Data were collected on 403 American adults over the age of 60. Of these participants, 206 were aged 61-70 and 197 were over the age of 70. Participants first provided information regarding their perceptions of the benefits of physical activity. Then questions were ... [Show full abstract] asked to determine their stage of readiness for physical activity (i.e., precontemplation, contemplation, etc.). Results indicated that older adults are aware ofthe health benefits of physical activity (89%), but 69% of them are not participating in sufficient physical activity to obtain such benefits. Physical activity involvement decreases with increased age, and older men tend to be more physically active than older women. Increased knowledge about the benefits of physical activity and one's stage of readiness for it might help increase the number of older adults who engage in sufficient physical activity.

Article

Effects of Bottle Closure Type on Consumer Perceptions of Wine Quality

June 2007 · American Journal of Enology and Viticulture

The effects of natural cork, synthetic cork, and screwcap closures on wine consumer perceptions of the quality of commercial wines bottled for 33 months were examined in two experiments. The first determined that wine consumers could not detect sensorial differences between Chardonnay and Merlot wine samples sealed with the three closure types. The second measured if and how consumer wine-quality ... [Show full abstract] perceptions changed based on the type of closure used to seal the wine. Wines were presented twice to the same consumers: first when the clo-sures were not revealed and second when each wine closure was revealed. For the Chardonnay samples, the knowledge that the wine was sealed with a natural cork did not significantly affect the liking or quality scores. However, when participants knew that the sample was bottled with a synthetic cork, the liking score tended to be lower and the difference was nearly significant, but quality ratings did not change. When participants learned the wine had a screwcap, both the liking and quality ratings were significantly lower. For the Merlot samples, there was no change in liking scores for any of the closures, but quality scores for the wine with a natural cork increased significantly. Acknowledgments: The authors thank Hogue Cellars for the contribution of all the wine used in this study and Pechiney Cork & Seal for their work in bottling the mock-up screwcap wines.

Article

Full-text available

Knowledge, Adaptivity, and Performance in Tax Research

January 2000 · The Accounting Review

Anne M. Magro

In the current environment of increasing exposure to liability in tax practice, it is particularly important to understand the judgment and decision processes of tax practitioners and the relation of those processes to features of the tax setting. One way that tax practitioners reduce their exposure to practice risk is by conducting appropriate tax research to support their judgments. Because tax ... [Show full abstract] tasks and decision contexts vary, the appropriate tax-research process may vary as well. In this study, I investigate the interactive effects of contextual features and knowledge of those features on the information-search processes and tax-research performance of tax practitioners. Tax planning and compliance decision contexts differ in the extent to which they are characterized by complexity, ambiguity, and justifiability demands. I predict that tax practitioners who demonstrate knowledge of these differences will conduct broader and more extensive information search in planning than in compliance. I also predict that the ability to adapt information search to the decision context is an important component of expert performance in the tax-research task. I tested my hypotheses in an experiment in which decision-making context was manipulated within-participant and participant knowledge and decision quality were measured. Five measures of information-search breadth were employed as dependent variables. As predicted, participants who knew that the contexts differed in complexity, ambiguity, and justifiability conducted broader and more extensive information search in planning than in compliance while participants without such knowledge did not, and higher-quality tax researchers conducted broader and more extensive search in planning than in compliance while the lower-quality decision makers did not.

Article

Level of happiness and happiness-determining factors perceived by women aged over 60 years

July 2018 · Journal of Women & Aging

The aim of this article is to present the level of happiness perceived by women aged over 60 years (N = 100), to indicate the factors that determine the perception of happiness, and to determine the possibilities for strengthening the feeling of happiness. For the purposes of this article and the analysis of the obtained empirical data, the authors of this article assumed the structural theory of ... [Show full abstract] happiness, which allows for study participants to be viewed as biological, psychological, social, and spiritual beings.

Article

Full-text available

The Separation of Action and Perception and the Issue of Affordances

April 2001 · Ecological Psychology

Michaels's (2000) reassessment of the relation between action and perception is endorsed. In alignment with Milner and Goodale (1995), she proposed a separation between action (i.e., control of movement) and perception (i.e., the explicit knowledge of environmental properties, including animal-referential ones), the separation being based on the reliance on different optical variables. However, ... [Show full abstract] how should the concept of affordances be incorporated into this scheme? We present data showing that affordances, both when perceived and acted on, are not susceptible to optical illusions. Because action and perception are distinguished on the basis of information used, but are also proposed to interact, it is hypothesized that, dependent on the task goal, "information for action" may be used in perception, and "information for perception" may be used in action. Participants may become more attuned to information for action when perception serves to acquire explicit knowledge about what the environment affords for action.

Article

Hypermedia learning and prior knowledge: Domain expertise vs. system expertise

February 2005 · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning

Abstract Prior knowledge is often argued to be an important determinant in hypermedia learning, and may be thought of as including two important elements: domain expertise and system expertise. However, there has been a lack of research considering these issues together. In an attempt to address this shortcoming, this paper presents a study that examines how domain expertise and system expertise ... [Show full abstract] influence students' learning performance in, and perceptions of, a hypermedia system. The results indicate that participants with lower domain knowledge show a greater improvement in their learning performance than those with higher domain knowledge. Furthermore, those who enjoy using the Web more are likely to have positive perceptions of non-linear interaction. Discussions on how to accommodate the different needs of students with varying levels of prior knowledge are provided based on the results.

Article

Managers' perceptions of workplace romances: An interview study

December 1995 · Journal of Business and Psychology

Although workplace romances occur frequently, no research has directly examined managers' perceptions of these relationships. In this study, managers (N=30) were interviewed about workplace romances. Included in these interviews were questions about organizational policies regarding these relationships, knowledge of prior or current workplace romances, and reactions to workplace romances and the ... [Show full abstract] participants in those relationships. Managers also responded to 12 items designed to assess the effect of different characteristics of workplace romances on perceptions of the need for management intervention. Responses to these items indicated that managers were most likely to recommend intervention when the relationship occurred between unequal organizational status participants, and it was negatively affecting the work group. The hypothesis that women managers would respond more negatively than would male managers to workplace romances was not supported. Factors that may affect managers' reactions to participants in workplace romances are discussed.

Article

HIV knowledge, risk perception and risk behaviours among Technikon staff in the Eastern Cape, South...

June 2005 · African Journal for Physical Health Education Recreation and Dance

v>The aim of this study was to explore HIV knowledge, risk perception and risk behaviours, using a quantitative descriptive design. Participants included 233 randomly selected Technikon academic and non academic staff aged 19 to 65 (Mean age=40.0; SD=10.7), of which 56% were males and 44% were females, with more than two-thirds being black (70.4%). The results indicated that participants were ... [Show full abstract] generally knowledgeable about HIV, had low HIV risk perception and high intentions to engage in risk reducing behaviours and a sizeable minority indulged in risky behaviour. It could be concluded that there is a need for an HIV risk reduction programme aimed at strengthening HIV knowledge, preventing new infections, and increasing HIV risk perception.