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Rediscovery of the Flores Scops Owl Otus alfredi on Flores, Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia, and reaffirmation of its specific status
Abstract
The Flores Scops Owl Otus alfredi remained unreported for almost a century after its description in 1897, and skepticism developed regarding its validity as a species. In 1994 a fourth individual (a juvenile) was collected near the type locality, and an adult was independently mistnetted and photographed. Morphological comparisons of this juvenile, the type series and specimens of related taxa have established a set of distinctive characters (including short rounded eartufts, long auricular filaments, a collar of triangular white spots, completely unstreaked plumage, unbanded tail, heavily feathered tarsi with distal third bare, wing formula and yellow bill, feet and claws) which, in combination, establish both the specific status of O. alfredi and its relationships with the Mountain Scops Owl Otus spilocephala.
... Knowledge of the Flores scops owl (O. alfredi) was initially based on only three specimens collected in Western Flores in 1896 (Widodo et al., 1999). The validity of O. alfredi as a separate species was subsequently questioned and it was argued that O. alfredi rather constituted the red morph of the Moluccan scops owl (Sibley and Monroe, 1993; Mees, 2006). ...
... The validity of O. alfredi as a separate species was subsequently questioned and it was argued that O. alfredi rather constituted the red morph of the Moluccan scops owl (Sibley and Monroe, 1993; Mees, 2006). The rediscovery of the Flores scops owl in the Ruteng Mountains confirmed that O. alfredi is a separate species (Widodo et al., 1999). Both O. alfredi and O. silvicola have been recorded from the montane forests around Ruteng (Widodo et al., 1999), whereas the Moluccan scops owl appears to be a species that prefers deciduous, coastal forests (Butchart et al., 1996) and has never been recorded in the Ruteng area. ...
... The rediscovery of the Flores scops owl in the Ruteng Mountains confirmed that O. alfredi is a separate species (Widodo et al., 1999). Both O. alfredi and O. silvicola have been recorded from the montane forests around Ruteng (Widodo et al., 1999), whereas the Moluccan scops owl appears to be a species that prefers deciduous, coastal forests (Butchart et al., 1996) and has never been recorded in the Ruteng area. LB-Av-608 is smaller than extant O. magicus, but a lack of comparative material from O. silvicola and O. alfredi precludes a direct comparison at this time. ...
Liang Bua, a limestone cave on the Indonesian island of Flores, has a depositional sequence that spans the last 95,000 years and includes well-preserved faunal remains. Birds are well represented throughout the stratigraphic sequence at Liang Bua. Here, we present the results of the first comprehensive study of avian remains retrieved from Sector XI, a 2 m by 2 m archaeological excavation along the east wall of the cave. A total of 579 specimens were identified as avian, with 244 belonging to at least 26 non-passerine taxa in 13 families. The late Pleistocene assemblage (23 taxa) includes the first recorded occurrence of vultures in Wallacea, as well as kingfishers, snipes, plovers, parrots, pigeons, and swiftlets. Together, these taxa suggest that during this time the surrounding environment was floristically diverse and included several habitat types. Two of these taxa, the giant marabou Leptoptilos robustus and the vulture Trigonoceps sp., are extinct. Eight taxa were identified in the Holocene assemblage, and five of these were also present in the late Pleistocene. Imperial pigeons Ducula sp. and the Island Collared Dove Streptopelia cf. bitorquata appear only in the Holocene assemblage. The differences in faunal composition between the late Pleistocene and Holocene assemblages may reflect a change in avifaunal composition due to climatic and environmental changes near the Pleistocene–Holocene transition, possibly amplified by impacts associated with the arrival of modern humans; however, the small Holocene sample prevents a firm conclusion about faunal turnover from being made.
... by birdwatchers and ornithologists to Flores. Understandably, most fieldwork has targeted endemic forest birds in tropical forest habitats at a small number of sites for relatively brief periods (Butchart et al. 1994, 1996, Gibbs 1996, Verhoeye & Holmes 1999, Widodo et al. 1999, Pilgrim et al. 2000, hence it is not surprising that Lewin's Rail has not been recorded. However, there are exceptions: the crater lake Rana Mese for example, is only 11 km east of Ruteng and has been visited regularly by ornithologists, including for mist-netting and other survey work by Widodo et al. (1999), a 10-day survey in 1997 (Pilgrim et al. 2000), and present-day annual visits by birdwatching groups. ...
... Understandably, most fieldwork has targeted endemic forest birds in tropical forest habitats at a small number of sites for relatively brief periods (Butchart et al. 1994, 1996, Gibbs 1996, Verhoeye & Holmes 1999, Widodo et al. 1999, Pilgrim et al. 2000, hence it is not surprising that Lewin's Rail has not been recorded. However, there are exceptions: the crater lake Rana Mese for example, is only 11 km east of Ruteng and has been visited regularly by ornithologists, including for mist-netting and other survey work by Widodo et al. (1999), a 10-day survey in 1997 (Pilgrim et al. 2000), and present-day annual visits by birdwatching groups. Habitat at Rana Mese (forest-edge which lacks a swampy edge with grass and reeds) may be unsuitable for Lewin's Rail but the species could easily be overlooked elsewhere while observers focus on forest birds. ...
The only occurrence of Lewin’s Rail off continental Australasia is the isolated and little-known population on Flores Island (Wallacea, Indonesia) which was described by Hartert (1898) as the endemic subspecies exsul. Flores lies 840 km to the northwest of Australia, 2,870 km from nearest Australian population on the Atherton Tablelands (Queensland) and New Guinea is at least 1,670 km to the east. L. p. exsul was first collected by A.H. Everett in November 1896 at an unknown location in ‘Mangarai district’ of South (West) Flores (Hartert 1898).
... Such evidence suggests an increasing demand in owls for consumption in southeast Asia. Despite this, little is known about the ecology of many species and whether the international wildlife trade is negatively impacting their conservation status (Widodo et al. 1999, Hutchinson et al. 2007). ...
This paper has been retracted by the authors that found an error in the dataset, eventually partially affecting the results. A retraction letter is published in Avocetta 44.2 (Issue released on December 2020) Original Abstract: The global wildlife trade poses an increasing threat to the world’s biota. One-fifth of the global wildlife trade is fuelled by the demand for animals used as pets and entertainment purposes. The CITES Trade Database contains data on the declared trade of CITES listed species from 1975 onwards. Previous research has focussed on the commercial trade of heavily persecuted species such as the Saker Falcon Falco cherrug. However there has yet to be an extensive review quantifying CITES trade data for live raptors and owls destined for global commercial markets. This study analyses trends in CITES trade data between 1975 and 2015 for live raptors and owls, highlighting key importer and exporter countries and discusses implications for raptor and owl conservation. Our results showed that the number of traded raptor and owl species has increased since 1975. We found that the most traded raptor species included hybrids in the genus Falco, the Gyrfalcon F. rusticolus and the Saker Falcon. In addition, our analyses revealed that the Eurasian Scops Owl Otus scops, Northern White-Faced Owl Ptilopsis leucotis and the Little Owl Athene noctua were the most commonly traded owl species. Our results suggested that Japan was the largest global importer of raptors and owls contributing to 94% of wild-caught owl imports since 1975, followed by the United Arab Emirates who imported the largest number of captive-bred raptors. Key exporter and re-exporter countries were the United Kingdom, Guinea and Germany. We conclude that the declared, legal commercial trade in live raptors and owls does not currently pose a large conservation concern to many such species. However, at present, there is a lack of quantified evidence highlighting the global extent and impact of the unregulated illegal raptor and owl trade, which is of conservation concern and is a current research gap that must be addressed.
... For example, the recently described Rinjani Scops-Owl O. jolandae Sangster, King, Verbelen & Trainor, 2013 was found to be a previously undescribed species from Lombok Island, Indonesia (Sangster et al. 2013). Similarly, the Anjouan Scops-Owl O. capnodes (Gurney, JH, 1889) was rediscovered in 1992 (Safford 1993), 106 years after its last observation, in an area of primary forest that is smaller and more regularly visited than that of Príncipe, and the Flores Scops-Owl O. alfredi (Hartert, E, 1897), rediscovered in 1994, 98 years after the previous report (Widodo et al. 1999). ...
A new species of scops-owl (Aves, Strigiformes, Strigidae, Otus ) is described from Príncipe Island, São Tomé and Príncipe (Gulf of Guinea, Africa). This species was discovered for science in 2016, although suspicions of its occurrence gained traction from 1998, and testimonies from local people suggesting its existence could be traced back to 1928. Morphometrics, plumage colour and pattern, vocalisations, and molecular evidence all support the species status of the scops-owl from Príncipe, which is described here as Otus bikegila sp. nov. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that this species descended from the first colonisation of the Gulf of Guinea islands, being sister to the clade including the mainland African Scops-Owl O. senegalensis , and the island endemics Sao Tome Scops-Owl O. hartlaubi and Pemba Scops-Owl O. pembaensis . The most diagnostic trait in the field is its unique call which, curiously, is most similar to a distantly related Otus species, the Sokoke Scops-Owl O. ireneae . The new species occurs at low elevations of the old-growth native forest of Príncipe, currently restricted to the south of the island but fully included within Príncipe Obô Natural Park. Otus bikegila sp. nov. takes the number of single-island endemic bird species of Príncipe to eight, further highlighting the unusually high level of bird endemism for an island of only 139 km ² .
... To date, only limited published information on Otus is available in Southeast Asia, including on phylogeny (Miranda et al., 1997; Miranda et al., 1998; Wink & Heidrich, 2000; Miranda et al., 2011), vocalisations (Marshall, 1978; Becking, 1994; Hutchinson et al., 2007), local abundance (Kemp et al., 2007), occurrence (Sheldon et al., 1983; Nijman, 2004) and nesting (Leadprathom et al., 2009), as well as feeding accounts (Lok et al., 2009). In the last two decades, there have also been publications of species discoveries (Lambert & Rasmussen, 1998; Sangster et al., 2013) and a rediscovery (Widodo et al., 1999) of the genus in the archipelago of Indonesia. In the case of radiotelemetry studies, there are not yet any published findings for the genus in this part of the world. ...
The Sunda scops owl Otus lempiji is commonly found in many wooded habitat types in Malaysia. However, as with other owl species in Southeast Asia, there is a lack of published ecological studies. We examined the home range and activity patterns of six adult Sunda scops owls based on radio-telemetry in an isolated forest, namely Ayer Hitam Forest Reserve, Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia from December 2012 to June 2013. Mean minimum convex polygon and harmonic mean home range areas of the owls were 2.40 ± 0.28 SD ha and 4.00 ± 0.78 SD ha, respectively. The birds exhibited territorial behaviour with little overlapping of home ranges. Movements (the means of inter-fix speed) were not associated with lunar illumination nor with time. This study provided baseline information on the spatial requirements of the Sunda scops owl in a lowland forest.
... The Anjouan Scops Owl O. capnodes was rediscovered in 1992 after 106 years of being unrecorded (Safford 1993) in an area of primary forest that is smaller and more regularly visited than that on Príncipe. Similarly, the Flores Scops Owl O. alfredi was rediscovered in 1994, 98 years after the last report (Widodo et al. 1999). The available evidence for an owl on Príncipe is solid enough to warrant further efforts to search for the species. ...
... Examples of poorly known species which are listed as 'Critically Endangered' by IUCN ( 2014 ) are the three scops owls endemic to the Comoro Islands: the Anjouan Scops Owl Otus capnodes , Mohéli Scops Owl O. moheliensis , and Karthala Scops Owl O. pauliani on Grande Comore (Butchart 2007 ). Although the taxonomy of many Otus species remains uncertain due to the scarcity of records (Widodo et al. 1999, Rasmussen et al. 2000, Miranda et al. 2011, the morphology, vocalisations and genetic differences of these species supports their classification as distinct species of differing evolutionary lineages (Fuchs et al. 2008 ). The discovery of these species was relatively recent: O. pauliani was first described in 1958 from a feather used in the lining of a nest (Benson 1960, Herremans et al. 1991, O. moheliensis was first encountered in 1996 (Lafontaine and Moulaert 1997) and O. capnodes was rediscovered in 1992, having previously been thought extinct (Safford 1993 ). ...
Although birds are among the best studied taxa, many of the globally threatened species lack the information required to fully assess their conservation status and needs. One such species is the Anjouan Scops Owl Otus capnodes which was presumed extinct until its rediscovery to science in 1992. Based on the limited extent and decline of the moist forests in the highlands of Anjouan in the Comoro Islands, a population size of only 100-200 pairs was estimated and the species was classified as 'Critically Endangered'. The current study is the first comprehensive survey ever conducted on this species, and aimed to establish the current distribution and population size. Point counts with distance sampling were conducted across the agroforestry and forest zones of Anjouan in both a dry and wet season. A niche suitability model predicted the species distribution to be wider than expected with owls observed as low as 300 m altitude and in highly modified agroforestry habitats. However, the encounter rate in natural relatively undisturbed forest was significantly greater than in other habitats. The wider than expected geographic range of O. capnodes supports a possible downlisting of this species on the IUCN Red List to 'Endangered'. Population size was found to be far greater than previously thought, at approximately 3,450 individual owls in the dry season and 5,450 in the wet season. These results show the importance of investing in robust surveys of poorly known and cryptic bird species, and provide up to date and important information for landscape scale conservation planning in the Comoros Islands.
... (17 species) are among the most numerous of those traded. However, little is known about many of them and even less about the impact that the trade has on their conservation status (Widodo et al. 1999, Hutchinson et al. 2007). ...
... Owls in this region, including Flores, are poorly known (see Widodo et al. 1999) and it is possible that other bird species remain undescribed. The discovery of a new owl on Sumba continues the trend of recent discovery of new Ninox Buckingham and Jackson (1990). ...
Since the late 1980s ornithologists have reported an unknown Otus owl from the island of Sumba, Indonesia. From a specimen of this unknown owl we analysed the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene in feathers and compared its sequence with those in our data library, which includes most owl genera. A phylogenetic analysis unequivocally places the unknown owl into the Ninox clade. It differs from N. novaeseelandiae and N. scutulata by 8.2 and 9.1% nucleotide substitutions, but our Ninox data set contains few representatives so we cannot define to which other Ninox species it is most closely related. There was no overlap in measurements of body length or mass for this specimen and those of other Ninox known from this region. The call of this new owl was a monosyllabic hoot repeated about every three seconds and quite unlike the repeated 'cluck-cluck-cluck' made by the endemic N. rudolfi or the disyllabic notes made by most Ninox, including others in the region. For this new species we assign the common name Little Sumba Hawk-Owl. The conservation status of this owl has yet to be determined, but the species might be threatened and we propose it as Data Deficient.
... Over the next 1.5 hours the birds called almost continually and were observed well four times in isolated tall trees close to the roadside at heights of 10-15 m and for 2-5 minutes on each occasion. The birds were identified as Flores Scops Owl based on the following features, all of which conform to the morphological distinctions given by Widodo et al. (1999): a small compact scops owl; short, rounded ear tufts; solidly rufous face with distinct white eyebrows but no black border to the facial disk; rufous-brown on the breast and flanks becoming finely vermiculated on the lower flanks and belly; underparts lacking black streaking; solidly rufous upperparts; and rufous-brown wing feathers with distinct white scapular markings and small, well-spaced, pale notches on the primaries. Additional characters noted include yellow irides, legs and feet. ...
Flores Scops Owl Otus alfredi is a little-known speciesendemic to the island of Flores, Indonesia. Followinguncertainty regarding the taxonomic validity ofO. alfredi(e.g. Sibley and Monroe 1993), which resulted in omissionfrom world lists of threatened birds and conservationplans (Collar et al. 1994), the species status of this taxonhas now been confirmed (Widodo et al. 1999).Prior to our observations, Flores Scops Owl was knownfrom only six records: three specimens collected by AlfredEverett in October and November 1896 at Gunung Repok‘and other hills’ at c.1,050 m in the Todo mountains ofsouth-west Flores; a single juvenile male mist-netted andcollected on 15 May 1994 at 1,400 m on the northernslopes of Poco (= Mt) Mandasawu in the Rutengmountains; an adult mist-netted on 9 March 1994 nearDanau (= Lake) Ranamese at 1,200 m in the Rutengmountains (and subsequently held in captivity); and asingle individual observed at a height of 15 m in the sub-canopy of a tree on the forest fringe of Danau Ranamesein September 1997 (Pilgrim et al. 2000). The species’svocalisations have thus far remained unknown.
(PDF) Observations of Flores Scops Owl Otus alfredi on Flores, Indonesia, with a first description of its vocalisations. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242754107_Observations_of_Flores_Scops_Owl_Otus_alfredi_on_Flores_Indonesia_with_a_first_description_of_its_vocalisations [accessed Aug 27 2023].
... Similarly, the Flores scops owls (O. alfredi) was rediscovered in 1994, 98 years after the last report (Widodo et al. 1999). ...
São Tomé and Príncipe, in the Gulf of Guinea, are the oceanic islands with the highest
concentration of endemic bird species in the world. In a combined area barely reaching 1000
km2, 28 endemic species have been recognised. Recent evidence collected on the less
explored Príncipe Island has suggested that two new endemic species may be added to the list.
The phenotypically distinct São Tomé and Príncipe populations of the endemic Gulf of
Guinea thrush Turdus olivaceofuscus are likely to constitute separate species; as supported by
genetic evidence obtained form a single sample obtained in 2004. Additionally, there has been
a growing suspicion that a small owl occurs in the lowland primary forest remnants. This
possibility has been supported by anecdotes from parrot harvesters and by the recent
recording of owl-like vocalisations. A five-week expedition to Príncipe Island was carried in
November-December 2007 with the aim of clarifying the taxonomic and conservation status
of these two potential new endemic species. We were able to mist-net three individuals of the
thrush and obtain the first ever vocalisation recordings for this population. Genetic,
phenotypic (morphometrics, colour of bare parts, feather coloration and patterning), and song
data strongly support the split of the Gulf of Guinea thrush into two distinct species: the São
Tomé thrush T. olivaceofuscus and the Príncipe thrush T. xanthorhynchus. In total, 18
thrushes were encountered from 177 point transect locations covering 12 sites (six in primary
forest, three in secondary forest, three in plantations). Thrushes were restricted to primary
forest. Overall densities were 0.06 birds/ha, with the highest densities found at the highest
altitude site (0.22 birds/ha). We did not encounter thrushes in two out of the six primary forest
sites and encounters were usually made above the altitude of 400 m a.s.l. This indicates that
the area of occupancy of this species may be significantly lower than the remaining area of
primary forest (c. 30 km2). Conservation status of the São Tomé thrush will likely be of ‘Least
Concern’ whereas the Príncipe thrush is at least ‘Vulnerable’, but will more likely be
‘Endangered’ or even ‘ Critically Endangered’ pending further analyses and/or data
collection. Regarding the putative owl, we heard and recorded its song in new sites.
Vocalisations were always restricted to low altitude primary forest (< 200 m a.s.l), where they
could be heard every night. Notes were in the same frequency range as notes of other scops
owl species. We collected first-hand evidence from parrot harvesters corroborating two
previously recorded anecdotes from harvesters finding ‘owl-like’ birds in tree holes. Although
inconclusive, this evidence supports the need for further efforts in locating what will very
likely be a new owl species. We recorded all species encountered in the 177 point transect
locations, obtaining therefore a large dataset that will allow us to determine the distribution
and habitat requirements of all Príncipe endemics. The Príncipe thrush, the Príncipe white-eye
Zosterops ficedulinus, the Príncipe seedeater Serinus rufobrunneus and the putative owl were
restricted to primary forest, whereas all other endemics were common in human-modified
habitats.
... Label data: iris golden yellow, bill brown, feet dull ochraceous. Previously assigned to Pisorhina albiventris [31], Scops albiventris (label data), or Otus magicus albiventris [34]. ...
The avifauna of Indonesia is one of the richest in the World but the taxonomic status of many species remains poorly documented. The sole species of scops owl known from Lombok has long been assigned to the widespread Moluccan Scops Owl Otus magicus on the basis of superficial similarities in morphology. Field work in 2003 has shown that the territorial song of the scops owls inhabiting the foothills of Gunung Rinjani differs dramatically from that of O. magicus and is more similar to those of Rufescent Scops Owl O. rufescens and Singapore Scops Owl O. cnephaeus. Detailed comparisons of sound recordings and museum specimens with those of other scops owls in Wallacea and the Indo-Malayan region have confirmed the distinctiveness of the Lombok population. We describe Otus jolandae as a new species, the Rinjani Scops Owl. It is locally common at elevations from 25-1350 m and occurs within Gunung Rinjani National Park. The new species is known from seven specimens collected by Alfred Everett in 1896. Otus jolandae represents the first endemic bird species from Lombok.
Pulau Tinjil and Pulau Deli are islands of 600 ha and 950 ha respectively lying 14 km off the south coast of West Java. The authors made six visits to one or other of the islands between 1988 and 1995. Both are covered with primary forest, but a large population of Long-tailed Macaque monkeys has recently been introduced on both islands as a free-range monkey-breeding facility. The islands have an depauperate avifauna with probably just 20 resident landbird species, common to both islands. These include one near-threatened species, the Nicobar Pigeon, which was formerly very common but which may have suffered as a result of the introduction of monkeys. Other small island/coastal specialists include the Beach Thick-knee, Pied Imperial Pigeon and Chestnut-capped Thrush. Except along the beaches, there are few forest-edge habitats, and most of the landbirds, including those normally occupying open habitats on the mainland such as White-breasted Waterhen, Yellow-vented Bulbul and Brown-throated Sunbird, have expanded their range to occupy the forest niche.
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